Theo cc cuc kho st gn y c hn 80% nh cung cp dch v di ng (telco) trn th gii hin

ang s dng cng ngh GSM (gm GSM, GPRS/EDGE, HSPA). Theo gii chuyn gia phn tch v
nh gi, li th v h tng sn c v s lng ngi s dng ng o l l do chnh pht trin
th trng di ng bng thng rng vi cng ngh HSPA v tip theo s l LTE. c t k thut ca
cng ngh LTE c kh nng tng thch gn nh hon ho vi cng ngh nn tng GSM. Khng
ch GSM, cc telco s dng cng ngh CDMA cng khng b qua c hi chuyn tip ln 4G vi
cng ngh LTE y hp lc ny.
Thc t cho thy, hu ht cc hng sn xut thit b vin
thng hng u th gii: Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson,
Motorola, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks, Huawei,
LG Electronics, Samsung, NEC, Fujitsu... nhn ra
tim nng to ln ny v cng bt tay vi cc telco
ln trn th gii (Verizon Wireless, AT&T, France
Telecom-Orange, NTT DoCoMo, T-Mobile, China
Mobile, ZTE...) thc hin cc cuc th nghim quan
trng trn cng ngh LTE v t nhng thnh cng
ng k.
Trong , Nokia Siemens Networks cng b th
nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc ln n 173Mbps trong mi trng th vi nhiu thu bao cng lc trn
tn s 2,6GHz, bng thng 20MHz. Alcatel-Lucent thng bo th nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc ti v
t 80Mbps. ZTE (Trung Quc) cng cho bit trnh din thnh cng LTE vi mc tc ti v 130Mbps.
Tip , Motorola cng tuyn b, h cng tc vi cc nh khai thc di ng ca Anh hon thnh cuc th
nghim kt ni ngoi tri i vi cng ngh LTE, tn s 700MHz v 2,6GHz. Mi y, Motorola tip tc cng
b h hon tt th nghim giai on mt cng ngh TD-LTE (TD Mode LTE) vi B Cng nghip v
CNTT (MIIT) Trung Quc, tc ti xung thc t t c 80Mbps.
Cc cuc th nghim v trnh din ny chng t kh nng tuyt vi ca cng ngh LTE v kh nng thng
mi ha LTE n rt gn. K hoch th nghim v trin khai cng ngh LTE vn ang c cc cng ty
trn cng hp tc thc y v n nay chnh thc c dch v LTE thng mi.
Cuc ua thng mi ha
Trong cuc chy ua tr thnh tr thnh nh khai thc mng u tin a vo vn hnh thng mi cc
dch v LTE, TeliaSonera v ch sm nht. TeliaSonera l telco u tin trn th gii thng mi ha cng
ngh LTE ti hai th Stockholm (Thy in) v Oslo (Na Uy) vo cui nm qua v tip tc trin khai sang
Phn Lan. Song hnh vi chin dch trin khai mng 4G LTE, TeliaSonera cng tip tc m rng mng Turbo-
3G (cng ngh HSPA) nhm tng dung lng v khu vc ph sng. Trong nm nay, TeliaSonera tip tc m
rng mng 4G n 25 thnh ph ln ca Thy in v 4 thnh ph ca Na Uy. Hng ny s dng cng ngh
LTE tn s 2,6GHz cng vi bng thng 20MHz, tc ti a ln n 100Mbps. V cc ph, t nay n

Hnh 1: Cc hng bt tay th nghim LTE
thng 6/2010 ngi dng ch tr khong 11.000/thng (4 Krona) bao gm VAT, k t 6/2010 tr i khch
hng phi tr khong 160.000/thng (599 Krona) gm 30GB d liu, ngi s dng t trang b modem (hin
ti ch c modem ca Samsung). c bit, Ericsson v lin doanh Nokia Siemens Networks l hai hng cung
cp trang thit b cho TeliaSonera.

Hnh 2: Tn s - Thi gian ca tn hiu OFDM
Tip theo TeliaSonera s l ai? Theo Wireless Intelligence, s c khong 10-15 mng LTE c a vo phc
v vo cui nm 2010 v ln n 30 mng vo cui nm 2012. Ti th trng M, Verizon Wireless cho bit,
mng LTE ca h s s dng ph 10MHz v h tr tc t 5Mbps-12Mbps v s c khong 100 triu khch
hng s dng dch v khng dy tc cao LTE vo cui nm 2010. i din hng Verizon Wireless cho bit,
nhng chic in thoi LTE u tin ca hng s c hai b chip v tuyn. V vy, chng s lm vic trn c
mng LTE v mng vin thng trn cng ngh CDMA hin nay. Verizon Wireless d kin s cho ra mt chic
in thoi khng dy u tin tch hp cng ngh LTE vo gia nm 2011. Ericsson v Alcatel-Lucent l cc
i tc cung cp thit b cho mng LTE ca Verizon Wireless.
Tip theo, AT&T cng c k hoch thng mi ha LTE vo nm sau. Hng ny tuyn b c bng thng
20MHz dnh cho LTE ph sng cho hn 100 thnh ph ln nht ca M. NTT DoCoMo l nh khai thc di
ng u tin ca Nht Bn th nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc t n 250Mbps tuyn b s bt u a
ra cc dch v LTE vo cui nm nay. Giai on u mng LTE ca NTT DoCoMo s s dng tn s 2GHz,
bng thng 15MHz v anten MIMO cho khong 20 nghn trm gc. V n cui nm 2012 s chuyn sang s
dng tn s 1,5GHz. Hin nay, Ericsson cng l hng cung cp c s h tng mng cho NTT DoCoMo.
Song hnh vi NTT DoCoMo KDDI, cc telco nh KDDI, Softbank Mobile, eMobile u c c quan
qun l vin thng Nht Bn B ni chnh v truyn thng (MIC) ph chun k hoch trin khai mng LTE.

Hnh 3: B to tn hiu OFDM
C quan pht trin Vin thng v CNTT Singapore (IDA) ang cn nhc v vic cho ra mt bng tn LTE v
WiMAX vo nm 2012, trc 3 nm so vi thi gian d kin ban u. Cng lc ny, c ba nh khai thc di
ng Singtel, StarHub v MobileOne cng cho lp t th nghim dch v LTE tn s 2,5GHz.
Qualcomm cng va thng bo mt l trnh sn phm mi, b sung cng ngh 4G LTE cho tt c cc modem
Gobi ca h. Da trn s thnh cng ca Gobi, Qualcomm (i tc ca cc hng sn xut my tnh: Sony,
Acer, Lenovo, Dell, HP...) chun b tp trung vo cc dng sn phm: e-reader, thit b chi game, modem
USB v cc ng dng thng mi M2M (mobile to mobile di ng ti di ng). Cc chipset mi gm:
MDM9200 h tr tc ln n 100Mbps, tng thch ngc vi HSPA, MDM9600 h tr tc 100Mbps,
tng thch ngc vi HSPA+ v EV-DO (Rev. A v Rev. B).
t c cc "thnh tch" nh th, LTE ph thuc vo 3 yu t chnh OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access); SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) v anten MIMO.
Ti xung OFDM
Theo c t k thut, hng DL ch FDD v TDD u da trn k thut OFDM truyn thng. Trong h
thng OFDM, ph tn s c sn c chia thnh nhiu sng mang, c gi l cc sng mang th cp (Sub-
carriers). Mi sng mang th cp c iu ch c lp bi chui d liu tc thp. WiMAX, WLAN v cc
cng ngh pht qung b nh DVB u s dng k thut OFDM. Trong min thi gian, GI (Guard Intervals)
c th c thm vo mi k hiu (Symbols) kh nhiu lin k hiu OFDM (inter-OFDM-symbol-
interference) do hin tng tr hon trong qu trnh tri ph. Trong E-UTRA, GI c chn trc mi k hiu
OFDM theo mt chu k (cyclic prefix) nht nh. y l k thut c kh nng trnh c hin tng nhiu a
ng v gip vic xy dng thit b thu t hiu qu cao.
Hnh 2 biu din tn hiu OFDM vi bng thng 5MHz, tng t vi cc bng thng E-UTRA khc. Cc k
hiu d liu (data symbols) c iu ch c lp v c pht qua cc Sub-carrier trc giao cch nhau lin
tip vi s lng ln. Hng DL ca E-UTRA s s dng cc k thut iu ch QPSK, 16QAM v 64QAM.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) cn c gi l EUTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) hay E-UTRAN
(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) l cng ngh c kh nng cung cp cho ngi dng tc truy
cp d liu nhanh, cho php cc telco c th pht trin thm nhiu dch v truy cp sng v tuyn mi da trn nn
tng IP ti u, v c bit thun tin cho vic nng cp mng t 3G ln 4G. Mc tiu m 3GPP t ra cho LTE
(Release 8) gm: tc truyn d liu cao, tr thp v cng ngh truy cp sng v tuyn gi d liu ti u. C th
nh sau:
Tc : Tc ti xung (Downlink - DL) cao nht bng thng 20MHz c th ln n 100Mbps, cao hn t 3-4
ln so vi cng ngh HSDPA (3GPP Release 6) v tc ti ln (Uplink - UL) c th ln n 50Mbps, cao hn t 2-
3 ln so vi cng ngh HSUPA (3GPP Release 6) vi 2 anten thu v 1 anten pht thit b u cui
tr: Thi gian tr ti a i vi dch v ngi dng phi thp hn 5ms
rng bng thng linh hot: c th hot ng vi bng thng 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz v 20MHz, thm ch nh
hn 5MHz nh 1,25MHz v 2,5MHz
Tnh di ng: Tc di chuyn ti u l 0-15km/gi, v vn hot ng tt vi tc di chuyn t 15-120km/gi,
thm ch ln n 500km/gi ty bng tn
Ph tn s: hot ng theo ch phn chia theo tn t (FDD Mode) hoc ch phn chia theo thi gian (TDD
mode). ph sng t 5-100km (tn hiu suy yu t km th 30), dung lng hn 200 ngi/cell (bng thng 5MHz)
Cht lng dch v: H tr tnh nng m bo cht lng dch v QoS cho cc thit b. VoIP m bo cht lng
m thanh tt, tr mc ti thiu (thi gian ch gn nh khng c) thng qua cc mng chuyn mch UMTS
Lin kt mng: Kh nng lin kt vi cc h thng UTRAN/GERAN hin c v cc h thng khng thuc 3GPP
(non-3GPP) cng s c m bo. Thi gian tr trong vic truyn ti gia E-UTRAN v UTRAN/GERAN s nh
hn 300ms cho dch v thi gian thc v khng qu 500ms cho cc dch v cn li
Chi ph: Chi ph trin khai v vn hnh gim
t c cc mc tiu trn, LTE s phi s dng cc k thut mi: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access - Truy cp a phn chia theo tn s trc giao) cho hng DL v SC-FDMA (Single Carrier
Frequency Division Multiple Access - Truy cp a phn chia theo tn s sng mang n) cho hng UL. Thm vo
, vic s dng anten MIMO cng l mt yu cu tt yu. n gin ha kin trc, LTE c mt s thay i ln
lin quan n SAE (System Architecture Evolution). Ch hot ng ca LTE gm FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex Phn chia theo tn s song cng) v TDD (Time Division Duplex Phn chia theo thi gian song cng).
LTE TDD hay TD-LTE cung cp bc tin trin di hn cho cc mng da trn k thut TD-SCDMA (Time
Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access Phn chia theo thi gian- a truy cp phn chia theo m
ng b).
Ti ln SC-FDMA
OFDMA c xem l phng n ti u cho hng DL nhng hng UL th cha c thun li. iu ny l
do thuc tnh ca OFDM c t l cng sut nh trung bnh (PAPR - Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) thp, lm
nh hng n vic truyn tn hiu ca hng UL. Do , hng UL ca ch FDD v TDD s s dng k
thut a phn chia tn s sng mang n SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) theo
chu k. Cc tn hiu SC-FDMA c tn hiu PAPR tt hn OFDMA. y l mt trong nhng l do chnh
chn SC-FDMA cho LTE. PAPR gip mang li hiu qu cao trong vic thit cc b khuch i cng sut UE,
v vic x l tn hiu ca SC-FDMA vn c mt s im tng ng vi OFDMA, do , tham s hng DL
v UL c th cn i vi nhau. Tn hiu SC-FDMA c to ra bng k thut tri ph DFT-OFDM (DFT-s-
OFDM) (xem hnh 4).

Hnh 4: S khi DFT-s-OFDM
E-UTRA hng UL cng s dng cc k thut iu ch QPSK, 16QAM v 64 QAM. Vi DFT-s-OFDM, vic
bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT - Discrete Fourier Transform) kch thc M-Point FFT c p dng u tin
trong khi cc k hiu iu ch. DFT chuyn i cc k hiu iu ch thnh min tn s. Kt qu s c nh
x vo cc sng mang th cp c sn. Hng UL ch cho php nh v truyn dn trn cc Sub-carrier lin tc.
Trc khi c chuyn i t song song sang ni tip, N-point IFFT c thm vo mt chu k.
Do , vic x l DFT c s khc bit c bn gia tn hiu SC-FDMA v OFDMA. iu ny sinh ra thut ng
"DFTspread-OFDM". Trong tn hiu SC-FDMA, mi Sub-carrier s dng truyn ti thng tin c cha tt c
cc k hiu iu ch, do , chui d liu u vo phi c tri ph bng bin i DFT trn cc Sub-carrier
c sn. Ngc li, mi Sub-carrier ca tn hiu OFDMA ch mang thng tin c lin quan n cc k hiu iu
ch c th.
Anten MIMO
MIMO l mt phn tt yu ca LTE t
c cc yu cu y tham vng v thng
lng v hiu qu tri ph. MIMO cho php s
dng nhiu anten my pht v my thu. Vi
hng DL, MIMO 2x2 (2 anten thit b pht,
2 anten thit b thu) c xem l cu hnh c

Hnh 5: Khi anten MIMO 2x2
bn, v MIMO 4x4 cng c cp v a vo bng c t k thut chi tit. Hiu nng t c ty thuc
vo vic s dng MIMO. Trong , k thut ghp knh khng gian (spatial multiplexing) v pht phn tp
(transmit diversity) l cc c tnh ni bt ca MIMO trong cng ngh LTE.
Spatial Multiplexing: Ghp knh khng gian cho php pht cc chui d liu khc nhau ng thi nhm tn
dng trit ti nguyn sng ca knh v tuyn. Cc chui d liu ny c th l ca mt ngi dng n l
(single user MIMO hay SU-MIMO) hay nhiu ngi dng (Multi User MIMO hay MU-MIMO).
Hnh 5 minh ha n gin v a phn chia theo khng gian. Trong v d ny, mi anten pht s pht i mt
chui d liu khc nhau. Mi anten thu c th nhn nhiu chui d liu t c hai anten pht.
Transmit Diversity: K thut phn tp c bit n t WCDMA release 99 v cng s l mt phn ca
LTE. Thng thng, tn hiu trc khi pht c m ha tng hiu qu ng phn tp. MIMO c s dng
khai thc vic phn tp v mc tiu l lm gia tng tc . Vic chuyn i gia MIMO truyn phn tp v
ghp knh khng gian c th ty thuc vo vic s dng knh tn s.
Mi cng ngh iu c th mnh ring ca n. LTE v WiMAX cng vy. WiMAX c th l s la chn ph
hp cho vic cung cp Internet bng rng tc cao v mt s dch v cn bng thng khc mt s v tr
nht nh no . Cn vi LTE, li th v tnh k tha th h trc l mt th mnh. V thc t cho thy rng,
LTE ang tn dng tt iu . thi im ny c th khng nh rng LTE ang trn thng th.