[urnal Biosains, 15(1),49-61,2004

THE FISH FAUNA OF PANTAI ACHEH FOREST RESERVE IN PENANG, MALAYSIA: SPECIES COMPOSITION, LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND INTER-SITE RELATIONSHIP

"Amirrudin Ahmad", -Yusri Yusuf, Siti Azizah Mohd Nor and Ahyaudin Ali

School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Abstract: Thirty-five species belonging to twenty families of fish were collected from 5 coastal streams at the Pantai Acheh Forest Reserve (P AFR), Penang. The number of species varied among streams, with Sg. Pantai Kerachut having the highest number of species (26 species), followed by Sg. Tukun (19 species), Sg. Teluk Awak (14 species), Sg. Pantai Mas (11 species) and Sg. Teluk Kampi (9 species). Gobies from families Eleotridae and Gobiidae were the most dominant in the area, contributing 40% (14 species) of the total number of species found. Stigmatogobius sadanundio (Gobiidae) was the most widely distributed fish and was found at all sites. Based on habitat categories, the ben tho-pelagic species were the most speciose, representing 42.86% of all species found in the study area, followed by benthic fish (37.14 %). This study shows that the physical environment such as habitat heterogeneity and local disturbance, which determine current distribution pattern, is the most important factor that influences the fish community in the area.

Keywords: Fish, Coastal streams, Estuarine

INTRODUCTION

The coastal zone is among the most productive of marine ecosystems. This area comprises of estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds. Many marine teleosts congregate in this zone for reproduction, feeding and shelter (Kuo & Shao 1999). Several species often enter coastal rivers and streams during high tides to forage. However, these areas are also subjected to great human impacts through exploitation of coastal resources and through economic and social developments.

The coastal zones are often characterized by the occurrence of several freshwater streams and stream mouths. Along the shore of the Pantai Acheh Forest Reserve (P AFR) situated at the northwestern corner of Penang Island, there are several prominent, relatively small and shallow coastal freshwater streams. The condition of these streams range from the relatively pristine to those highly utilized for recreational purposes. The streams along the northwestern coast of Penang Island are presently lacking in basic faunistic study.

*Corresponding author: amirrudinahmad@yahoo.com, amirrudin@kustem.edu.my **Present address: lDepartment of Biological Science, Faculty Science and Technology, Kolej Universiti Sa ins dan Teknologi Malaysia, Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu. 2ICLARM-The World Fish Center, [alan Batu Maung, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.

[urnal Biosains, 15(1),49-61,2004

/unirrudin Ahmad et al.

In a large river ecosystem, habitat heterogeneity is observed from the uplands to the lowlands and reaching its maximum at the middle reaches of the river. While many have reported relatively high fish diversity in large river systems, little is known about fish composition in small coastal streams in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the species composition of this region to fill the above gap, and to compare the fish assemblages of several coastal streams in this area to better understand the spatial distribution of coastal stream fishes and the possible causes of this distribution along the northwestern coast of Penang Island.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

The PAFR (50 29' N, 1000 12' E) is a coastal forest covering an area of 1,200 ha. It consists of a series of forested hills located on the northwestern side of the Penang Island (Fig. 1). The area is made up of 2 main geographic units; the granitic hills, which constitute about 80% of the landscape ranged from 100 to 500 m above sea level, are overlain by oxisol and ultisol soils, and the narrow coastal plains that were cut by several small and shallow freshwater streams. The main vegetation is made up of coastal hill dipterocarp forest characterized by an abundance of the gregarious dipterocarp Shorea curtisii (Turner et al. 1990) on the higher coastal plains and several patches of mangrove forest along the wet shore. The streams are relatively short, the longest and largest is Sungai Pantai Kerachut, which flows into a meromictic lake before entering the sea.

The climate of Penang Island is hot tropical with a fairly dry season from December to March and a wet season during May to September. Mean annual precipitation is over 2,500 mm recorded at Bayan Lepas, which is situated at the southeast part of PAFR and is well distributed through the year in a distinct bimodal pattern. The streams at PAFR are short, mainly fed by rainfall and ground water. The streams generally flow under forest cover and are swift following a boulder-strewn course with many small cascades and short riffles at the upstream. In the flat coastal areas, the typical stream meanders with slow flowing water creating several small pools. The water is generally slightly acidic at the upstream (pH 6.2) to medium-hard at the lower reaches (pH 7.5). General site characteristics are given in Table 2.

50

Fish: Species, Distribution 8 Inter-site Relationship

,

t7

.ON

o 100 200km

N

t

SO

100'

102'

10~OE

Figure 1: Map showing the positions of the 5 sampling sites. Insert is the map of Peninsular Malaysia showing the location of the P AFR. The sampling locations were Sg. Tcluk Awak (STA), Sg. Tukun (STU), Sg. Pantai Kerachut (SPK), Sg. Teluk Kampi (STK) and Sg. Pantai Mas (SPM) situated at the northwestern coast of the Penang Island. The shaded area indicates the meromictic lake at Pantai Kerachut.

Sampling Procedures

Species composition and local distribution were investigated by employing 2 sampling methods: (1) in situ observation and (2) active sample collecting. On all occasions, in situ observation and identification of fish species were made prior to intensive sampling. Fishes were caught using the least-damage sampling strategy in order to avoid mass destruction to fish habitat. The main collecting gear was a hand-held pushnet measuring 450 x 500 mm wide with fine mesh (about 2 mm)

51

Amirrudin Ahmad et at,

while a cast net measuring 2.5 m long and 1.5 cm mesh size was occasionally used. Samplings were conducted during daytime as well as at night. All catches were identified following Kottelat and Whitten (1993), Lieske and Myers (1994), De Bruin ei al. (1995), Allen (1997) and Harrison and Senou (1999). All samples were immediately preserved in 10% formalin solution. After 2 weeks, the specimens were immersed in freshwater to remove excessive formalin. The specimens were then transferred to 70% alcohol for long-term storage. All specimens are deposited in the Ichthyology Collections at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.

Table 1: General characteristics and habitat description of the five coastal streams in P AFR, Penang Island.

Locality

Habitat description

Depth (cm)

Distance sampling m)

Width (m)

STA

30

10-S0

2-3

STU

30-S0

3-S

2S0

SPK

30-100

S-lS

SOO

Situated at the entrance of the FR. Short, slow flowing and clear water. Fine sandy bottom. Canopy cover > 7S%.

Short with fast flowing and clear water except stream mouth slightly turbid. Rocky bottom upstream, fine sandy bottom downstream. Upstream canopy covered about 7S% but stream mouth slightly open.

The longest stream within the forest reserve with fast flowing and clear water that flow into the meromictic lake. Rocky, gravel bottom upstream, fine sandy bottom downstream. Upstream with many small and shallow pools, downstream with several deep pools. Upstream canopy covered about 7S% but partially open near to the lake margin.

Amirrudin Ahmad et al.

(Continued on next page)

l-'i:,lI: Species, Distribution & inter-site Relationship

Table 1 - Continued

Locality Depth

(cm)

Width (m)

Distance sampling (m)

Habitat description

STK 15-30

3-5

500

Fast flowing and clear water at the upstream but downstream is blocked by sandbank at stream mouth. Rocky, gravel bottom upstream, fine sandy bottom downstream. Upstream canopy covered more than 75% but downstream partially open.

SPM

30-50

2-4

250

Short with fast flowing and clear water at the upstream except stream mouth relatively turbid. Rocky bottom

upstream, fine sandy bottom

downstream. Upstream canopy

covered more than 75'% but stream mouth slightly open.

Notes: STA - Sungai Teluk Awak STU - Sungai Tukun

SPK - Sungai Pantai Kerachut STK - Sungai Teluk Kampi SPM - Sungai Pantai Mas

Each species was categorised as: (1) marine fishes (M) which includes marine stragglers and marine estuarine-opportunists, (2) estuarine fishes (E) which include euryhalin as well as catadromous species, or (3) freshwater fishes (F) based on the criteria by Lenanton and Potter (1987). Marine straggler refers to those species that only occasionally occur in estuaries and stream mouths and are usually restricted to their lower reaches, marine estuarine-opportunist refers to species that enter estuaries regularly, often in large numbers, and also frequently penetrate into these systems. Although the estuarine category refers to species that complete their life cycles in estuaries, catadromous species which spend much of their life cycle in river, but migrate into the lower regions of estuaries to breed are also included in this category. Freshwater fishes are those which life cycles are typically confined to freshwater including several species that are obligate inhabitants of freshwater throughout their adult lives. The definition of freshwater fishes and their nomenclature follows Lim and Tan (2002). Life habits were divided into 4 categories: surface (S), pelagic (P), ben tho-pelagic (BP), or benthic (B) (Lenanton & Potter 1987). The abundance of each species at each locality was noted as common (C), occasional (0), or rare (R) based on the occurrence ratio of that species during the entire study period. Economically important fishes are those that are either consumed (Co) based on interviews with the local fisherman or having or potentially have ornamental (Or) value. Fishes were classified as non-native (Nn) if they had been introduced from

53

/vmirruuin /shnuut e! at.

elsewhere. Those that are not considered for human consumption or for ornamental purposes are classified as unspecified (Us) species. Fish familial arrangement follows Vidthayanon and Premcharoen (2002).

Data Analysis for Inter-site Relationship

Sorensen's index of similarity (5) which measures the similarity of 2 sites or habitats in terms of species composition was used to express the association between localities. A dendrogram was derived from the dissimilarity index as expressed by 1-5. The matrix of dissimilarity index expressed as 1-5 for each pairwise comparison was used to derive a dendrogram using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) in MEGA version 2.1 (Kumar et al. 2001).

The index value is based on presence-absence data. It is, however, affected by sample size since there is an increased chance of encountering additional species with increased sample size, frequency and the time of sampling. Furthermore, this index gives equal weight to each species irrespective of abundance and therefore "overvalues" the rare species relative to the dominant species (Whittaker & Fairbanks 1958). This index differs from the other indices in that it places greater emphasis on the number of species common to both sites but does not take into consideration the absence of a species from a sample although this may be of equal significance in a presence-absence data, which are subjected to error arising particularly during sampling and counting (Southwood 1968). Despite the above limitation, Sorensen's Index is still used nowadays because of its operational simplicity (Davis 1963).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Twenty families comprising of 35 fish species of fish were collected in the study (Table 2). Number of species varied among the streams: fourteen species were found at Sg. Teluk Awak (STA), followed by Sg. Tukun (STU - 19 species), Sg. Pantai Kerachut (SPK - 26 species), Sg. Teluk Kampi (STK - 9 species) and Sg. Pantai Mas (SPM - 11 species). Gobies (Eleotridae and Gobiidae) were by far the most dominant family, contributing 40% (14 species) to the total number of species. Other families were represented by a single species except for Mugilidae, Belonidae and Ambassidae, which were represented by 2 species. SPK being the largest coastal stream at PAFR recorded the highest number of fish species.

54

Table 2: List of frequency occurrence, economic species (ES), life cycle (LC) categories,
and life habitats (LH) in different coastal streams in P AFR, Penang Island.
Family Species STA STU SPK STK SPM ES LC LH
Megalopidae Megalopo cuprinoidcs 0 R Co M P
Anguillidae AngUIlla bic%r 0 R R Co F BP
Chanidac Chonos Ch01105 R Co M r
Ariidae Arius sp. I{ E B
Mugilidae Eilochclon vaigiensis 0 Co E BP
Liza suboiridis 0 C 0 0 Co M P
Aplocheilidae Aplocheiius panchax 0 0 Or F S
Pocciliidae Poecilia rcticulata 0 Nn F BP
Belonidae Sirongulura leiura R Co M f'
Sirongulura strongylura 0 Co E S
Adrianichthyidae Oryzias iaoanicus C 0 C C Or E 5
Synbranchidae Monopferus albu: R F B
Centropomidae Laies calcarifer R Co M BP
Ambassidae Ambassis inierrupta 0 0 0 M BP
Ambassis miops 0 M BP
Lutjanidae Luiianu» argentimaculaius 0 Co M Bf'
Ccrrcidae Genes [itameniosus 0 0 M BP
Scatophagidac Scatophngu« argus R R Or E B1'
Terapontidae Terapon [arbua R 0 C 0 C E Bf'
Eleotridae Butis butis 0 E BP
Butis humeralis R R E BP
Eleoiris meianosoma 0 Or F Bf'
Opuiocara porocepltala C R E B
Gobiidac Accntrogobius oiridipunctatus R E B
Glossogobius aureus 0 0 0 R E B
GlossogobiliS giuris 0 0 C 0 Co F B
Eugnathogobiu50ligactis C C R F B
Mugr/ogobillO' [asciutus 0 0 0 E B
Mugilogobuis rumbaiae C C C C E B
Stiglllatogobius sadanundio C I{ 0 R 0 Or E B
Boieophthalmu» boddarti 0 0 0 C E B
(Continued 011 next page) Amirrudin Ahmad ct al

Table 2 - Continued

Family

Species STA STU SPK STK SPM ES LC LH
Periophthalmus noncmradiatus 0 C E 6
Pseudapocryptes elongatus 0 R R E 6
Betta pugnax R R Or F 6P
Mystus gulio C F 6P Osphronemidae Bagridae

Notes:

The frequency occurrences are denoted as:

C - common 0 - occasional R - rare

Life cycle is denoted by:

M - marine E - estuarine F - freshwater

Life habitat is denoted with:

S - surface P - pelagic B - benthic

BP- ben tho-pelagic

Economic species is denoted as:

Co - consumption Or - ornamental Nn - non-native

"blank" indicates that a species is not specifically consumed or collected for ornamental purposes

Table 3 presents the frequency of occurrence of fish in the 5 coastal streams along at the P AFR. Most of the fish species recorded in the study were only occasionally observed. Many were not present in great numbers or even throughout the whole sampling period in the visited locations. Common species are those that were very few present at each location and their numbers at any particular streams varied and may be observed throughout the sampling period. Several fishes that were classified as rare species were collected only once or in small representative numbers during sampling. The distribution of these rare species is normally confined to one particular stream and the number observed was also small.

The most abundant estuarine species in the P AFR coastal streams were MURiloRobius rambaiae, Oryzias iaoanicus and Stigmatogobius sadanundio. However, the most abundant marine species were Ambassis inierrupta, Gerres filamentosus and Liza subviridis. The most abundant freshwater species were Closeogobius guiris and Anguilla bicolor. As mentioned earlier, marine species may be regarded as marine estuarine-opportunist or marine straggler that utilizes the coastal streams for food and shelter particularly the juveniles. For example, all Megalops cyprinoides recorded from STA were at the juvenile stage. Lutjanus argentimaculatus were mostly juveniles observed occupying a small shaded pool at SPK. The adult fish can be found associated with coral reef. Two juveniles of the freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor were recorded from SPK and the adult fishes were recorded at the upstream of STAin a small rocky pool with heavy leaf detritus. Other juvenile fish species recorded at the 5 coastal streams were Arius sp.. l.iza suboiridis, L. oaigiensis, Late» calcarifer and Scatophagus argus.

56

Fi,lI: Species, Dislrihutiol1 & Inter-site Relatiol1ship

Table 3: Number of species (n) for the frequency of occurrence in five coastal streams in
P AFR, Penang Island.
Frequency of occurrence STA STU SPK STK SPM
Common 4 2 8 2 3
Occasional 7 11 11 4 5
Rare 3 6 7 3 3
Total 14 19 26 9 11 With regards to life-cycle, fishes collected throughout the coastal stream areas comprised of 17 estuarine species (48.58%) and 9 marine and freshwater species, respectively. Estuarine species were also typically the most abundant group of fishes reported in other studies (Ansari et al. 1995; Vidthayanon & Premcharoen 2002). Although there were marine species, which due to their regularity in entering coastal streams in relatively large numbers have often been included as estuarine fishes, Claridge et a/. (1986) termed them as "estuarinedependent". However, Loneragan et al. (1989) observed that these species are frequently abundant in Australian estuaries, suggesting that they would be more appropriately referred to as "estuarine opportunists". There were also transient species such as Strongylura leiura, which stayed in these coastal streams for a short time. As mentioned, estuarine species makes up the most specious care gory (according to the life cycle category) in the sampling areas with 17 species and this represented 48.58% of all species found (Table 4). Except for Stigmatogobius sadanundio from the family Gobiidae, which was present in all areas, the distribution of other species was highly varied, especially for those pelagic or soft bottom-associated families.

Table 4: Number of species (n) and percentage contribution (%) for each life-cycle
categories in five coastal streams in PAFR, Penang Island.
Life-cycle category STA STU SPK STK SPM Total %
Freshwater 3 4 7 2 2 9 21.71
Estuarine 10 11 13 5 7 17 48.58
Marine 1 4 6 2 2 9 25.71
Total 14 19 26 9 11 35 100 Based on habitat category, the bentho-pelagic species which contributed to about 42.86% were the most speciose group, followed by benthic fishes (37.14 %) in all areas studied (Table 5). This result may reflect the importance of sediments in addition to other physico-chemical factor such as salinity and dissolved oxygen. Nevertheless, the result may be simply because there were more bentho-pelagic and benthic fishes than pelagic and surface species in the coastal streams ecosystem utilizing the estuarine environment.

57

Amirrudin Ahmad et a/

Table 5: Number of species (n) and percentage contribution (%) of their life habitat
categories in five coastal streams in PAFR, Penang Island.
Life habitat category STA STU SPK STK SPM Total %
Surface 1 1 3 2 () 3 8.57
Pelagic 1 2 3 1 1 4 11.43
Bentho-pelagic 3 6 11 3 4 15 42.86
Benthic 9 10 9 3 6 13 37.14
----------
Total 14 19 26 9 11 35 100 In this investigation, we also recorded a number of economically important species, which were mostly at the young stages, such as Lutjanus argentimacukuus, Laies calcariier, Megalops cyprinoides, Liza suboiridis and Ellochelon vaigiensis. This result suggests that these coastal streams may be utilized by marine species and estuarine opportunists for nursery, feeding and sheltering, and by euryhaline coastal and estuarine species for residence. Ansari et al. (1995) reached a similar conclusion based on their study in the west coast of India. Several species recorded in this study can be considered as ornamental species such as Stigmatogobius sadanundio and Aplocheilus panchax but these are generally lowly priced.

Figure 2 is a UPGMA dendrogram of the 5 coastal streams along the northwestern coast of PAFR. The two northern coastal streams of ST A and STU are grouped together joined by the southern coastal stream SPK branch followed by STK and SPM. This result shows that the similarity indices of the various streams are closely related to their proximity between each other. Thus, ST A and STU are the closest followed by SPK. The southernmost locality of SPM diverges from the rest of the sites. STK, which is situated between SPK and SPM, joins the first 3 northern sites probably because of the occurrence of many common species that are also found in the first 3 sites.

-

,-----------------------------STA ~-----------------------------STU I~-------------- SPK L------------------------------------STK

~------------------------------------------SPM

0.05

Sorensen Similarity Index

Figure 2: UPGMA dendogram for comparing fish assemblages among the 5 coastal streams in PAFR, Penang Island.

58

Fi~lr: Species, IJisfrihutioll [i Inter-site 1?l.'latiun:::hip

Thiel et al. (1995) stated that changes of fish community structure in different estuaries occur in response to spatial and temporal variations of abiotic environmental factors, such as salinity gradients, current velocity differences, water temperature fluctuations and pollution. Our result show that habitat proximity played an important role but physical environment such as habitat heterogeneity and local disturbance could have also contributed to the current distribution pattern as well. In addition, physical barrier at the stream mouths may prohibit the entrances of marine stragglers and/ or marine estuarine opportunists from utilizing coastal stream resources.

It is appropriate for future studies to attempt to look at the relationships of habitat structure and water quality parameters to the distributions and community structure of fish and other aquatic organisms. Studies on the interdependence between the riparian community and aquatic environment need further attention. The information will assist in planning a strategic programme of conservation in view of rapid land developments and deforestation, which is causing a serious threat to the diversity of fishes in the coastal areas of Malaysia.

CONCLUSION

This study has successfully recorded 35 species of fishes which inhabit the coastal streams of the PAFR in Penang. Most of the species are regarded as estuarine species but freshwater and marine species contributed significantly to the diversity of coastal stream ichthyofauna in this area. Based on life habitat, benthic and bentho-pelagic fishes form the dominant categories of estuarine fauna. The 2 coastal streams at the northern part of the PAFR showed close similarity based on species occurrence. The results of this study showed that the coastal streams of PAFR are species rich areas that are utilized by different categories of fish fauna, of different stages and life habitats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia for providing the facilities and equipment during the field survey. We are also grateful for much assistance from Mr. Kelvin K. P. Lim of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University Singapore, for his help in identifying some fishes and Mr. Asyraf Mansor, Mr. Norhidayat Kamaruzzaman, Mrs. Ruzainah Ali and Mr. [ohari Mohd Nor for their help with field work.

59

/vnnrr udin /shmad et al

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Fish: Species, Distribution & Inter-site Relatiol1ship

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