This document describes the mathematical properties of a sinusoidal wave. It explains that a sinusoidal wave can be represented by a vector rotating counterclockwise at a constant angular velocity. The amplitude of the wave is the maximum displacement of the vector from the center. It then derives the sine wave equation y(t)=A sin(ωt), where y(t) is the displacement at time t, A is the amplitude, and ω is the angular velocity. The document also discusses phase difference between waves and how this can be represented by a phase angle φ in the generalized sine wave equation.
This document describes the mathematical properties of a sinusoidal wave. It explains that a sinusoidal wave can be represented by a vector rotating counterclockwise at a constant angular velocity. The amplitude of the wave is the maximum displacement of the vector from the center. It then derives the sine wave equation y(t)=A sin(ωt), where y(t) is the displacement at time t, A is the amplitude, and ω is the angular velocity. The document also discusses phase difference between waves and how this can be represented by a phase angle φ in the generalized sine wave equation.
This document describes the mathematical properties of a sinusoidal wave. It explains that a sinusoidal wave can be represented by a vector rotating counterclockwise at a constant angular velocity. The amplitude of the wave is the maximum displacement of the vector from the center. It then derives the sine wave equation y(t)=A sin(ωt), where y(t) is the displacement at time t, A is the amplitude, and ω is the angular velocity. The document also discusses phase difference between waves and how this can be represented by a phase angle φ in the generalized sine wave equation.
-The sinusoidal wave is the most frequently periodic signal. -Common examples are electromagnetic radiation, current produced by rotation of a coil in a magnetic field etc. -When electric(or magnetic) field vector of EM radiation is plotted as a function of time, the result is a sine wave -A pure sine wave is conveniently represented as a vector of length A. -The vector rotates counterclockwise at a constant angular velocity .
-Amplitude(A) of the wave is the length(y) of electric field vector(y) at the wave maximum. -Let us recall trigonometry: Sin = y/radius = y/Amplitude. y is the displacement value of vector at any time t & peak displacement or circle radius is Y max or amplitude(A) is: y= A Sin We know , 2 radians corresponds to 360.
-Moving around the complete circumference of the circle i.e., through 360 degrees or 2 radians, corresponds to one cycle of motion.
1cycle= 2 radians.
We know, rate of change of angle in radians with passage of time t or angular velocity(or frequency) is represented by . 2
-The angular position of the point or the vector moving around the circle circumference can be represented at any time, t, as: =t -The vector or point along the Y axis for any time, t, can be expressed as: y(t)= A Sin t -The vector rotates at a rate of 2 radians in the period T(or P) . -Then relationship between frequency radians/Sec & frequency( ) Hertz(Hz) is = 2 / T = 2 ,(We know, =1/T)
-Now, sine wave equation, y(t)= A Sint becomes, y(t)= ASin2t Where y(t) is electric field at time t.
-Two waves are out of phase by 90 or /2 & the waves have different amplitudes. -Phase difference is called the phase angle. -It arises when one vector leads or lags a second by this amount. -Here, the sine wave equation becomes: y = Asin(2t + /2)
or = Asin(2t + ) Generalized sine wave. where, is the phase angle relative to a reference sine wave.