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(1) Javed Ali; Chemical Weapons and the Iran-Iraq War: the Nonproliferation Review, Spring 2001 pp 43-58.
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(3) Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
(4) Multilatral Arms Control Regimes

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And Sons Inc., 1991) and Samir al - Khalil, The Republic of

Fear (New York: Panthon Books, 1990).
13. Seth Carus, "The Genie Unleashed: Iraq's Chemical and
Biological Weapons Production," The Washington Institute
Policy Papers, No. 14 (washington, D.C.: The Washington
Institute for Near East Policy, 1989), P. 7.
14. William Polk, "The Iran-Iraq War," The Arab World Today
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 4th Edition,
1991), pp. 335-336; also see Dilip Hiro, "The Founding of the
Islamic Republic," Iran Under the Ayatollahs (New York:
Routledge and Kegan Paul Inc., 1987), pp. 106-107.

. ~
_ 
/ } { }
:
@  .15
~ ( ~ 25 { 20 )
.~~| ~ } 
~ }
Hiro, "The Gulf War," Iran Under the Ayatollahs, P. 165. For a
detailed Description of the historical events that lead up to the
1975 Algiers Accord, see Col. (Retd) S.G. Mehdi, "Shatt-AlArab: A Survey of Wars and Treaties, "<http://www.
defencejournal.com/ju199/shatt-al-arab.htmand>

~ ~
{ ~
Major Francis Xavier (USAF), "Iran and Iraq: A Prediction for
Future Conflict," Master's Thesis, Maxwell Air Force Base, Al:
Air Command and Staff College, March 1997, pp. 13-16.
17. Brogan, Ibid, p.261.
18. "Iraq - Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82," Library of Congress
Country Studies <http://lcweb2. loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/ r?frd
/cstdy:@field(DOCID+iq0102)>,p.1
19. Ibid.
20. Mike Eisentadt, "The Sword of the Arabs: Iraq's Strategic
Weapons," Washington Institute Policy Papers, No. 21
(Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy,
1990), p.9.

.~  ~
| } { { .16
:
.21
} } } ()
{
Status of the Verification of Iraq's Chemical Weapons
Programme," Enclosure I/Report: Disarmament, United
Nations Security Council 2/1999/94, January 29, 1999, p.56,
<www.un.org/Depts/unscom/s99-94.htm>.
22. Ibid. p.75.

~{ { ~{ ~{
. } 1990 { 1982
: }
~{ } .23
(1989 )  }
. ~ { }
} 1989
. ~ ~
~|
Peter Valentine, "2 Charged in Poison Gas Deal; Md Firm
Linked to Export of Key Chemical to Mideast, "Washington
Post, January 31, 1989, p.A1.

{ { ~
. ~ } ~} ~

}



1. Patrick Brogan, Iraq, The Fighting Never Stopped (New York:
Vintage Books, 1990), P.263.

~ } .2
~ 
} ~ |
: 1988  1982
I b i d, p p . 2 5 2 , 2 6 6 .

} .3
: .~
{ { ~~ ~ >
. ~
~{| ~ | {
Martin Walker, "Iraq`s Use of Chemical Arms Main Source of
U.S. Fears, "The Guardian (London), January 6, 1989, p.1.

: .<~ ~{~ |~
272000 { .4
{ 27000
Frederick Sidell, Ernest Takafuji, and David Franz, etal,
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
(Washington, D.C.: Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997),
p.24.
5. Geneva Protocol,: Arms Control and Disarmament
Agreements Texts and Histories of the Negotiations
(Washington.D.C:U.S.Arms Control and Disarmament
Agency, 6th Edition, 1996), pp. 5-7.
6. Jean Pascal Zanders, "The CWC in the Context of the 1925
Geneva De-bates," Nonproliferation Review 3 (SpringSummer 1996), P.43.
7. "Geneva Protocol." Arms Control and Disarmament
Agreements, pp.5-6.
8. Ibid., p. 7.

} 1200 ~
: .~ ~ }
10 .9
. { 1973 22 1972
 { 1972 11
{ . { 1991 18 |
}
@ ~ { ~ |
Ibid, p.102.
10. Andrew Terrill Chemical Weapons in the Gulf War
Strategic Reviw (Spring 1986), P.55.

~| ~ ~} } .11
. { { }
 {| ~|{
 { 1972
.~ ~
{|{ | }
{ ~
{ { } |} ~
} {| | ~{
Ken Alibek and Stephen Handleman, Bioohazard (New York:
Random House, 1999).
12. Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi, Saddam Hussein: A
Political Biography (New York: MacMillan Incorporated, April
1991); Elaine Sciolino, The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein,s
Quest for Power and the Gulf Crisis (New York: Wiley, John,

72

1383 8

.
~ {
~
. }
{ ~ } ~
~ | |
 . } { {{
.
{|~ |{ .~| }
~ ~|
} . {|
~ ~ } { | }
~ { } ~
. ~} }
"CW Use in Iran-Iraq War,"<http: //www.gulflink.osd.mil
/declassdocs/cia /19960626/ O62596_cia_67222_67222
_01.html>, pp. 2-3.
36. "Task Force V Lessons Learned: The Iran-Iraq
War,"<http://www.gulflink.osd.mil
/declassdocs/af/19961205/120596_aaday_03.html>, p.1.
37. Ibid ..p.1.
38.Terrill, Chemical Weapons in the Gulf War , pp. 53.55.
39. Sale of Chemical Weapons to Iraq Denied, London Press
Association in English, LD041455, March4, 1984, in Foreign
Broadcast Information Service- Western Europe (March
6,1984),p.U1
40.Iraq Assails U.S. Accusation Over Use of Poison Gas, New
York Times, March 7, 1984, P,4, Henry Kamm "New Gulf War
Issue: Chemical Arms" New York Times, March5, 1984,p.1,
Iraq Reportedly Uses Mustard Gas in War, Los Angeles
Times, January 26, 1984,p. 8, Seymour Hersh, "U.S. Aides
Say Iraqis Maae Use of a Nerve Gas" New York Times, March
30, 1984, p. 1, and "Is Baghdad Using Poison Gas?",
Newsweek, March 19, 1984, p. 39.
41. Chemical Weapons and the Iran - Iraq War: Department
of State, March 5, 1984, Department of state Bulletin, No.
2085, April 1984. pp. 65-66.
42. Terrill, "Chemical Weapons in the Gulf War, p.55.
43. Foroutan Abbas, Reaport of the Specialists Appointed by
the Secretary-General of the United Nations to Investigate
Allegations by the Islamic Republic of Iran Concerning the ues
of Chemical Weapons, Proceedings of the First World
Congress, p 303
44. Peter Dunn, "The Chemical War: Journey to Iran," NBC
Defense & Technology International (April 1986), p.28.
45. United Nations Security Council, Document S 16433,
Report of the Specialists Appointed by the Secretary General
to Investigate Allegations by the Islamic Republic of Iran
Concerning the Use of Chemical Weapons, March 26. 1984.
46. Dunn, "The Chemical War," p.35.
47. "Iran-Iraq: Chemical Warfare Continues, November
1986''? <http:// www. gulflink.osd. mil/declassdocs/cia/1997
0409/970409- cia-9524-95224-01.htm>.p.7.
48. "Iraqi Strategy and Tactics in the Use of Chmical Weapons
During the Iran - Iraq War," <http:// Fas. Org/ irp/ gulf/Cia
60626/61709-01,htm>,p4.
49. Iraqi Air Force Capability to Deliver Chemical Weapons,
http://www. qulflink osd .mil/ declasscocs/dia/ 199610319610
31-950925-0422 pgftxt- 90 html, p.2.

{ ~ | {
~| |
Harvey J. McGeorge, "Iraq's Secret Arsenal," Defense and
Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy (January/February 1991), P. 6.

73

. } 1988 { 1987
} 1984 .24
. ~{ ~ |
{ } ~ { 6/5
{ 200 ~ { 250 ~
~ } ~ { 200 }|{
{ 60 | .~
25. "Status of the Verification of Iraq's Chemical Weapons
Programme, "p.75.
26. Carus, The Genie Unleashed, pp. 11-15;

. ~ ~
~} } ~
. }
Carus, The Genie Unleashed, note 9, p.21.

 |{
{ { 110000 ~{ ~  (19801976)
} .~ 1 } {
Kenneth Timmerman, The Death Lobby (New York:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991), pp 35-36.

{| } ~ {
~| { } ~~| ~{
~{ ~{| { .~| |
: . } ~{ }
} } { }
} } |
. 1990 | { 70
~ ~{ } } .27
{ . ~  |
~}  }
{ |
Leonard Doyle, Donald Macintyre, and Tom Wilkie,
"Saddam's Nerve Gas Secrets," The Independent (London),
August 4, 1991, p. 1.
28. "Iraq - The War of Attrition. 1984-87," Library of Congress
Country Studies, <http: // lcweb2. loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/
r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+iq0104)>,p.1
29. "CW Use in Iran-Iraq War,"<http:// www.gulflink.osd.
Milldeclassdocs/Cia/ 1996.7021.70296.cia- 72506-01.
html>, P.9.

{ 5 { 2/5 ~{
} 25 { .
| } { |
: .~| { {~{ }
{ 1982 } .30
{ 3315 ~{ { 3859 1990
} . { }
1988 { 1982 ~ 80
31. Carus, The Genie Unleashed, note 8, p.21.
32. "Task Force V Lessons Learned: The Iran-Iraq War,"
<http://www. gulflink.osd.mil/ declassdocs /af/19961205/
120596_aaday_01.html>, p.2.
33. Ibid., p.2.
34. "CW Use in Iran-Iraq War," <http://www.gulflink.osd.mil
/declassdocs/cia/19960626
/062596_cia_63704_63704_01.html>, p. 2.
35. Terrill, "Chemical Weapons in the Gulf War," P.53;

{ 130 . }
~ |  . ~
( { 40 { { 76 { 295) { 411

67. Brogan. Ibid, p, 264.

~ } 190
~ 50 _{
25 { ~{ ~
: . ~
~ } .68
{ ~|
Christine Gosden, "Why I Went, What I Saw," Washington
Post, March 11, 1998, p. A19.
69. Doyle, Maclntyre, and Wilkie, "Saddam S Nerve Gas
Secrets," p.1.

( { )
} { _ })
~{ 1991 |  } 2200
:| . (
} 1995 .70
Janny Scott, "Iranian Veterans Suffer Chemical Warfare's
Chilling Effects," Los Angeles Times January 25, 1991, p.45

{ }
 ~|} ~ {
{ .~ ~
..... : ~
Walker, "Iraq's Use of Chemical Arms Main Source of
U.S.Fears."
72.Hume, Ibid, p.168
73. U.N. Security Council Resolution 598 (1987), S/RES/598
(1687),P.1.
74. Hume, Ibid, p.151.
75. Ibid, p.152.
76. Ibid, p.153
77. Ibid.
78. David Ottaway, "U.S. Decries Use of Chemical Weapons,"
Washingtin Post, March 24.1998.p. A37.
79. Ibid, p .A37
80. Hume, Ibid, pp.153-154.
81. Resolution 612 (1988), S/RES/1988, 9May 9 1988, p.1.
82. Hume, Ibid, p.165.
83. Resolution 620 (1988), S/RES/620/1988, 26August
1988, p.1.

{ 1988 { .71

} |~ {
Thomas Etzold "Timely Action on Chemical Weapons," The
Christion Science Monitor June 24. 1985, p.14.

: .~|
~ { .84
~ } ( ) { }
: .

~}{| { ~
: .~~
~ } } { .50
: {
{ ~|
.~ } { 250
} {
~ .~~|
}| 120 | }| 90 }
122 } }| 150 }| 130 { |
"Status of the Verification of Iraq's Chemical Weapons
Programme," P.57.
51."Iraqi Chemical Warfare Data," <http:// www. Gulf link. Osd.
mil/ declassdocs/ cia/ 19970825/970613-cia-092596-ui-txt0001.html>,p.1.
52.Dunn, The Chemical War, p.34.
53. S.D.Feller. "Chemical Weapons- Theory &Practice," War
Studies Jour nal (London: King's College.1996),<http:// www.
Ocad.on. ca/dd/ju123-26 winge/ pages/pubhem.html>,p 4.
54. "Impct and Implications of Chemical Weapons Use in the
Iran- Iraq War," p.11 <http://www.Fas. Org/irp/gulf/cia/960702
/72566-01.htm>.
55.Ibid. p.14.

.| } |{ }|
~ 1988 { 1982

: . }
.~} } .56
~ 1990
. } { ~{
Australia Group, "http://www. State.gov/www/global/arms/
bureau- np/000401-ag.html.
57. U.N Secuity Resolution 582, S/RES/582 (1986), February
24,1986.
58. "Impact and Implications of Chemical Weapons Use in the
Iran- Iraq War," p6.
59. Iraqi Strategy and Tactics in the Use of Chmical Weapons
During the Iran - Iraq war," p 2.

~ { ~ {
. 54
} . 2000 }
"Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons in the War with Iran,"<http://
www.fas.org/irp gulf/cia/960702/73922_01.htm>.
61. Dilip Hiro; The Longest War; (New York: Routledge, 1991),
p.203.

: .~|
} ~}{ } .60
~  }
"Special Report-Chemical and Biological Warfare Programs,
" Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1, 1995, p.15.
63.Hiro, Ibid, p.201.
64. Andrew Rathmell, "Iran's Weapons of Mass Destruction,
" Jane's Intelligence Review, Special Report 6 (1995), P.17.
65. Feller, Chemical Weapons; Theory& Practice, p. 5.

:|| .~
1988 { .62
{   ~
. ~ ~
{ }{ { .66
Cameron Hume, The United Nations, Iran, and Iraq: How
Peacemaking Changed (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown
University, 1994), P. 149.

74