Maik KOCH, Dr.-Ing.

FKH, Switzerland
1. Monitoring approaches
2. Bushing monitoring
3. Partial discharges
On-Line Monitoring of Transformers
A New Method and Experiences
Scope of Monitoring Expectations and Needs
Continuous
Diagnostics
Condition based
maintenance
Full utilization
of life span
F
a
i
l
u
r
e

R
a
t
e

time / a 0 10 20
Classical
Diagnostics
Temporary
Monitoring
Permanent
Monitoring
5a
3a
Brand-New: Cigr A2.37
Preliminary results published 2012
Failure mode based on 913 failures

Dielectric
37 %
Electrical
15 %
Thermal
11 %
Transformer Monitoring Multiple Parameters

0. Operational
1. DGA
2. Bushings
3. OLTC
Case Study: 600 MVA Transformer
P


O


DGA Gas Measurements
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
15.6.12 20.6.12 25.6.12 30.6.12 5.7.12 10.7.12 15.7.12 20.7.12 25.7.12 30.7.12
AmbientTemp
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
CH4
CO
CO2
H2
H2O
OilTemp
On-line monitoring results
Confirmed by off-line results
Analysis and Decision
Decision: Removal and
Repair in Workshop
Advantages:
Not visible with oil sampling
Avoided over-saturation
and Buchholz alarm
Planned outage of only 2w

Drnenburg: Local overheating
Rogers: Thermal failure >700C
MSS: Not defined
IEC60599: Overheating >700C
Duval: Overheating 300-700C
Cigre: Overheating
Maik KOCH, Dr.-Ing. FKH, Switzerland
1. Monitoring approaches
2. Bushing monitoring
3. Partial discharges
On-Line Monitoring of Transformers
A New Method and Experiences
Failure Mechanisms and Diagnostics
Partial breakdowns
Capacitance
Partial discharges
Voltage
[kV]
No. of
layers
%
change
123 14 7.1
245 30 3.3
420 40 2.5
550 55 1.8
A
E
max
= high
E
max
= low
A
without
layers
with layers
Failure Mechanisms and Diagnostics
Voids, cracks
Partial discharges
Capacitance
Ageing by-products, moisture
Dissipation factor / power factor
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
D
i
s
s
i
p
a
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
%
)

typ: 0,25
OIP
typ: 0,35
IEC60137
max: 0,7 %
RIP
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
P
o
w
e
r

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
%
)

typ: 0,25
OIP
typ: 0,35
max: 0,85
RIP
max: 0,5
IEEE C57.19.01
Where Can I Get the Reference from?
Off-line test: Reference from HQ capacitor
On-line test: Reference?
u
U
X
(t)
U
R
(t)
Z
1
Z
2
C
X,
C
R
0
(t)
Reference
Measurement path
I
R
I
X
Im


Uo
I
X
I
R
Relative C/DF Measurement
>Sum of the bushing currents
> Three phase vectors are added up
>Bushing-to-bushing comparison
> Vectors of bushings in same phase are
compared
L1
L2 L3
from 2011-02-13 to 2011-02-15
[P. Picher Integration of New Transformer Monitoring Technologies ...
TechCon Asia-Pazific 2011]
Systematic error
0.65 %
plus instrument
inaccuracy 0.5 %
Capacitance?
DF impossible!
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
D
F

(
%
)

typ: 0,25
OIP
typ: 0,35
Systematic error
RIP

VT
Bushing
Data Storage and
Analysis Unit
Connection Diagram VT Reference


I
B
U
VT
+
90
TanDelta Measurement Phase U
Comparison to accurate
off-line tests:
DF 2.701 E-3
C (pF) 467.1
C/DF Measurement over 1.75 Years
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
D
F

(
%
)

typ: 0,25
OIP
RIP
400
467 +/- 2 pF
Measurement
478 pF Warning
500
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e

(
p
F
)

0,27 +/- 0,05 %
Measurement
0.7 % IEC Warning
Maik KOCH, Dr.-Ing. FKH, Switzerland
1. Monitoring approaches
2. Bushing monitoring
3. Partial discharges
On-Line Monitoring of Transformers
A New Method and Experiences
PD Activity
over 4 Days
10
1
0.1
0.01
00:00:00 01:00:00 02:00:00 03:00:00 04:00:00 05:00:00
Q

i
n

n
C
t in dd:hh:min
L1
L2
L3
Fighting PD Noise: UHF Gating
Electr. PD
UHF PD
Internal
PD
Corona
EM Field
3PARD: PD Discrimination by Amplitude
MPD1
Internal
PD
Corona
EM Field
MPD2 MPD3
1
2
3
3PARD and Back Transformation
20 10 0
t in ms
10
1
0.1
0.01
Q
I
E
C

i
n

n
C

Ph. U Ph. W
Ph. V
Ph. U Ph. W
Ph. V
On-Line Application of 3PARD
10
1
0.1
Q
I
E
C

i
n

n
C

100
20 10 0
t in ms
PD Risk Assessment
Noise rejection
Source
separation
Pattern
classification
PD localization
Galvanic
decoupling
Gating
UHF
RTD
3 PARD
3 FREQ
Manual
Automatic
Asset
Phase
Acoustic
localization

G
Grid
400 kV
GSU
1100 MVA
Generator
900 MW
21 kV
Transmission line
400 kV
6 km
Substation
Transformer 2
Transformer 1
ca. 10 m
UMTS
Generator
OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF
UHF620 + UVS
OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF
Voltag Transformers
OMS843
- C/DF
(Reference)
UHF620 + UVS
PDM600
Case Study: Combined Generator and
Transformer Monitoring
C/DF and PD Couplers
Generator:
Capacitive couplers
Transformer:
Capacitive bushing
adapters and UHF
drain valve sensor
Transformer 2
Transformer 1
ca. 10 m
UMTS
Generator
OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF
UHF620 + UVS
OMS843
- PD
- Transients
- C/DF
Voltage Transformers
OMS843
- C/DF
(Reference)
UHF620 + UVS
PDM600
Monitoring Results
20 10 0
t in ms
1
0.1
0.01
Q
I
E
C

i
n

n
C

10
20 10 0
t in ms
100
1
0.001
U

i
n

V

1000 500 0
f in MHz
P

i
n

d
B
m

-120
-100
-60
0,0%
0,2%
0,4%
0,6%
0,8%
1,0%
11-20-2012 11-25-2012 11-30-2012
D
F

/

%
U
V
W
Influence of Environmental Conditions
0 5 10 15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
d
i
s
s
i
p
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

i
n

%

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C

V-phase
U-phase
W-phase
IEC60137 max: 0,7 %
time / days
G
Grid
400 kV
GSU
1100 MVA
Generator
900 MW
21 kV
Transmission line
400 kV
6 km
Substation
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

k
V

18
t in ms
12 6 0
200
-400
400
-200
C Phase
B Phase
A Phase

BAT20
BAT10
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

k
V

200
-400
400
-200
Transient Over-Voltages
>Oszillation frequency 10 kHz,
beat frequency 600 Hz
>Several times a day

t in ms
12
6
0
BAT10
18
t in ms
12 6 0
Switching Transients
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

k
V

t in ms
80 40 0
200
-200
24 17
t in ms
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

k
V

t in ms
100
50 0
200
-200
29 15
t in ms
DGA Monitoring
User Interface: Asset Page
Capacitance /
dissipation factor:
IEC limits
Transients: 2.5 p.u.
Partial discharges
transformer: Yes/no
Partial discharges
generator: Expert
analysis (remote)

Summary
On-line monitoring as
future trend
C/DF monitoring
The reference problem
Solution: VT reference
Accuracy +/- 2pF
On-line PD monitoring
The noise problem
Possible solutions:
UHF-gating
Software separation
Pattern recognition
Outlook
Commoditization of on-line
monitoring