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II

:
99192

2008.


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1642. .
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(Arithmetica universalis), 1707. ,
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. 1671. 1704.
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1736. .
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(Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica,1687).
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F
, g
1,2
r (
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(SI ), F (N),
1`,2 (kg), r (),
6.67*10-11N2kg-2( ).

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. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
matematica. .
.
:
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Lex I:
Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in
directum, nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare.

,
.

-
.
:
:
Lex II:
Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, et fieri secundum
lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.
.
.
F , m , a .
, ,

.

:
:
Lex III:
Actioni contrariam semper et qualem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum
actiones in se mutuo semper esse quales et in partes contrarias dirigi.
.
.

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(, , ). ,
, , ,
.

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1665. , ,
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(+b)2=a2+2ab+b2 , (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3 , .
;
n
n(n-1)
n(n-1)(n-2)
(+b)n=an+ an-1b+ an-2b2+ an-3b3 + ...
1
1x2
1x2x3
+1
. .

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8

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).
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1704. . ,
1684. ,
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1699. , ,
1711. .
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. (Enumeratio linearum terti ordinius, 1704.)
, 72 .

y2=ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
.
,
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. x3-2x-5=0
x=2,09455147.

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1600. .
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.
(1665-1666.), (1673-1676.),
( 1684-1686.),
, 1704. 1736. .

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,
(Lectiones geometricae, 1670). (1665-1666.)
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(
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)
. , x = f(t), t ,
, .
( , 1736.).
v, x, y z,
(
)
. .
vo, vx, vy vz , o
.
1676. , 1684.
1687. ( Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica).
. , ,
.
dy/dx S ( ) .

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, , , .
, ,

10

360. ...
,

. .
17. ,
.
()
(Stereometrija doliorum, 1615.).
Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova (1635),
,
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. (Arithmetica
ifinitorum, 1655) .

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.
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.

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, ( )
( ).
, dx/dy f(x)dx
.
, y=f(x)
.

11

, x , BB
B . , B
a, b . B , , (,0) (b,0).
, ,
,
,
. : ? .
, f(x)dx. F(x). b
F() F(b). F(b)-F(a). .
,
, F(b)-F(a). s, Suma.
, :
b

f(x)dx=F(b)-F(a)
a

, b .
- .
.

y=f(x)
.
,
. , , f(x)
, . g(x)
f(x) f(x)g(x).
(c0,,cn) g(x).
g(x)
,
g(x)=c00(x)++cnn(x),
0(),...,()
.
c0,,cn
f(x) g(x) 0 ,..., ,
f(xk)=g(xk), k=0, ,n
. 0 ,...,
. g(x)

ii(xk)=f(xk)

k=0 , ,n .

i=0

12

(x) () , =0,...,
g(x) ,
n

Ln(x)=cixi .
i=0

:
Ln(x)=f(x0)+f[x0,x1](x-x0)++f[x0,,xn](x-x0)(x-xn-1) .
f(x) .
i h , i=0+ih
. fi+1-fi=fi .
:
q(q-1)
q(q-1)(q-n+1)
2
Ln(x0+qh)=f0+qf0+ f0++nf0
2!
n!
:
q(q+1)(q+n)
f(x0+qh)-Ln(x0+qh)=hn+1f(n+1)(),
(n+1)!

x-n<<x0

R1
XYR1, . F ().

()
+1=- , =0,1,...,
()
()0 .
()
=tn(x)(xn)(x-xn)+(xn),

13

+1 tn(x)=0. ,
() (,()),
+1 .
.

()
-1=- , =0,1,...
(0)
- () (,()),
(0,(0)) (.1).

R1
:
: :[a,b]R1
() ,
(b) [a,b], (a)(b)<0,
(c) [a,b] (),
(d) [a,b] (x) (x) , ()0
[a,b] ,
() 0 [a,b] (0)(0)>0,
{xn}, 0 ,
* [a,b] ()=0.
:
2
| *-|< |--1| ,
21
1= min |(x)|, M2=max |(x)|
x [a,b].

14


1701-1702.
, 1703. .
?- .
. ,
. .
,
,
.
.
.


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1716.
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( 1664-1665. ):
,
.

15

-
, , , ,
.
, ,
:
;
.
(Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;
God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.)

16


[1] . . , ,
, , 1991.
[2] . . Bell, , , , 1972.
[3] C. B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics,Wiley, New York, Chichester,
Brisbane,Toronto, 1968.
[4] . , ,
, , 1992.
[5] . , , ,
, 1998.
[6] http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki

17

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