Professional Documents
Culture Documents
758 Isak Njutn
758 Isak Njutn
758 Isak Njutn
:
99192
2008.
.............................................................................................3
........................................................................4
...................................................................................4
...............................................................................5
......................................................................................6
.....................................................................................7
..................................................8
...................................................................9
........................................................................10
.................................................................................10
.........12
R1....................................13
............................................15
........................................................15
......................................................................................17
,
1642. .
.
, .
, ,
. :
- : ,
.
- ( );
- ;
- (
);
- - ;
- ;
- .
,
.
1665-1666., 1686. ,
, .
(Arithmetica universalis), 1707. ,
, 1673. 1683. . 1669.
, 1676. , 1711.
. 1671. 1704.
.
1736. .
1727. .
.
. ,
.
,
.
, . ,
, ,
, ( )
, ,
. ,
.
, , .
, , ,
. .
, .
. 1661. .
, ,
, ,
.
1669.
(
). .
1696. ,
.
.
.
: ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
(Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica,1687).
,
. .
.
:
( ) ,
, ,
.
.
:
F
, g
1,2
r (
) .
(SI ), F (N),
1`,2 (kg), r (),
6.67*10-11N2kg-2( ).
.
.
. ,
.
.
.
,
. , ,
, ,
:
1666.
. ,
( )
,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
. , (
) ,
, .
, , ,
.
,
,
:
. ,
.
?, .
, ?.
(1727),
,
, .
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
6
, ,
.
.
. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
matematica. .
.
:
, , :
Lex I:
Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in
directum, nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare.
,
.
-
.
:
:
Lex II:
Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, et fieri secundum
lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.
.
.
F , m , a .
, ,
.
:
:
Lex III:
Actioni contrariam semper et qualem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum
actiones in se mutuo semper esse quales et in partes contrarias dirigi.
.
.
,
(, , ). ,
, , ,
.
.
,
, 1665-1666. .
,
. .
1665. , ,
,
. .
,
.
(+b)2=a2+2ab+b2 , (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3 , .
;
n
n(n-1)
n(n-1)(n-2)
(+b)n=an+ an-1b+ an-2b2+ an-3b3 + ...
1
1x2
1x2x3
+1
. .
.
,
.
, .
8
, , , ,
.
, , , (
).
, 1693.,
1704. . ,
1684. ,
, 1820.
.
.
1699. , ,
1711. .
,
, .
,
.
,
. , ,
,
.
. (Enumeratio linearum terti ordinius, 1704.)
, 72 .
y2=ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
.
,
.
. x3-2x-5=0
x=2,09455147.
( )
.
().
,
. ,
(
). ,
, II, ,
.
.
,
,
.
1600. .
.
.
(1665-1666.), (1673-1676.),
( 1684-1686.),
, 1704. 1736. .
, . .
,
(Lectiones geometricae, 1670). (1665-1666.)
. ,
, , ,
, .
.
,
. ,
(
) , (
)
. , x = f(t), t ,
, .
( , 1736.).
v, x, y z,
(
)
. .
vo, vx, vy vz , o
.
1676. , 1684.
1687. ( Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica).
. , ,
.
dy/dx S ( ) .
,
, , , .
, ,
10
360. ...
,
. .
17. ,
.
()
(Stereometrija doliorum, 1615.).
Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova (1635),
,
. ,
. (Arithmetica
ifinitorum, 1655) .
.
,
. 1820-
.
,
.
.
, . ,
( ,
, ) . ,
, ,
.
, , . ,
, ( )
( ).
, dx/dy f(x)dx
.
, y=f(x)
.
11
, x , BB
B . , B
a, b . B , , (,0) (b,0).
, ,
,
,
. : ? .
, f(x)dx. F(x). b
F() F(b). F(b)-F(a). .
,
, F(b)-F(a). s, Suma.
, :
b
f(x)dx=F(b)-F(a)
a
, b .
- .
.
y=f(x)
.
,
. , , f(x)
, . g(x)
f(x) f(x)g(x).
(c0,,cn) g(x).
g(x)
,
g(x)=c00(x)++cnn(x),
0(),...,()
.
c0,,cn
f(x) g(x) 0 ,..., ,
f(xk)=g(xk), k=0, ,n
. 0 ,...,
. g(x)
ii(xk)=f(xk)
k=0 , ,n .
i=0
12
(x) () , =0,...,
g(x) ,
n
Ln(x)=cixi .
i=0
:
Ln(x)=f(x0)+f[x0,x1](x-x0)++f[x0,,xn](x-x0)(x-xn-1) .
f(x) .
i h , i=0+ih
. fi+1-fi=fi .
:
q(q-1)
q(q-1)(q-n+1)
2
Ln(x0+qh)=f0+qf0+ f0++nf0
2!
n!
:
q(q+1)(q+n)
f(x0+qh)-Ln(x0+qh)=hn+1f(n+1)(),
(n+1)!
x-n<<x0
R1
XYR1, . F ().
()
+1=- , =0,1,...,
()
()0 .
()
=tn(x)(xn)(x-xn)+(xn),
13
+1 tn(x)=0. ,
() (,()),
+1 .
.
()
-1=- , =0,1,...
(0)
- () (,()),
(0,(0)) (.1).
R1
:
: :[a,b]R1
() ,
(b) [a,b], (a)(b)<0,
(c) [a,b] (),
(d) [a,b] (x) (x) , ()0
[a,b] ,
() 0 [a,b] (0)(0)>0,
{xn}, 0 ,
* [a,b] ()=0.
:
2
| *-|< |--1| ,
21
1= min |(x)|, M2=max |(x)|
x [a,b].
14
1701-1702.
, 1703. .
?- .
. ,
. .
,
,
.
.
.
.
: .
( )
?
. 1696. ,
( ) ,
. .
:! ..
.
1716.
.
, , .
. .
.
( )
.
, :
,
, ,
,
.
,
, , .
( 1664-1665. ):
,
.
15
-
, , , ,
.
, ,
:
;
.
(Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;
God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.)
16
[1] . . , ,
, , 1991.
[2] . . Bell, , , , 1972.
[3] C. B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics,Wiley, New York, Chichester,
Brisbane,Toronto, 1968.
[4] . , ,
, , 1992.
[5] . , , ,
, 1998.
[6] http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki
17