Dep. of PHYSICS, YONSEI Univ.

PHYSICS LAB(B) (PHY3107)

EXPERIMENTAL HANDBOOK
Hdbk#1-Rev#2-07/03/05
1. Microwave Optics


,
(B) (PHY3107) ,
Microwave Optics Experiment ,
,
. ,
.

,
,
.

Microwave
Optics (Geometric optics, Wave optics)
Reflection
Refraction
Snells law
Huygens principle
Standing wave
Polarization, Brewsters angle
Interference
Lloyds mirror, Double-Slit interferometer
Fabry-Perot interferometer, Michelson interferometer
Bragg diffraction, Braggs law
Miller index
Etc.


(130, #2561~2)
.
Preface




Contents





Preface

1
Objective

2
Introduction

2
Safety & Caution

2
Equipments

2
Equipment Setup

5
Experimental Procedure

5






1


2
1.MicrowaveOptics

Objective

Equipments

Gunn diode microwave transmitter with power supply Microwave, wavelength
electromagnetic wave, reflection,
refraction, diffraction . wavelength


. microwave classical
optics optical phenomena
, microwave wavelength .
Microwave receiver
Goniometer
Fixed arm assembly
Rotating table
Component holders (2)
Rotating component holder
Metal reflector (2)
Partial reflector (2)
Polarizers (2)
Slit extender arm

Introduction
Narrow spit spacer
Wide slit spacer
Ethafoam prism mold with styrene pellets Wavelength 2.85cm (frequency 10.525GHz) microwave
, electromagnetic wave optical phenomena
. Microwave optical property
,
textbook . ( : Introduction to Modern
Optics, by Fowles)
.
Cubic lattice with 100 metal spheres 554 array
Polyethylene panel


(1) Gunn Diode Microwave Transmitter














Safety & Caution




microwave
, microwave horn
.

Microwave electronic medical device
, pacemaker electronic
medical device ,
, 10.525 GHz low power
microwave .

wavelength 2.85cm linearly polarized
microwave(15mW) . , 10.525 GHz
resonant cavity Gunn diode, output
microwave horn, microwave
18cm stand
. , LED power-indicator light
, rotational scale
polarization angle . Transmitter
9 VDC, 500mA adaptor
.
Gunn diode electric field


3
1.MicrowaveOptics
Gunn effect frequency 1~20GHz microwave
non-linear resistor .
microwave diode linearly polarized
, horn .


(2) Microwave Receiver



NOTE:
`
range intensity selection setting
, intensity
intensity intensity selection setting
(30X, 10X, 3X, 1X) .
, signal , intensity
selection switch 30X 30
1X . (
variable sensitivity knob
.)

Incident microwave signal polarity microwave horn
. Polarization effect
transmitter receiver polarization angle
. ( vertical horizontal
.)

Meter mid-scale variable sensitivity
knob . intensity
intensity selection switch
amplification . ,
intensity range
, intensity selection setting . microwave signal intensity
meter . Receiver microwave
, transmitter horn receiver horn
10.525 kHz resonant cavity Schottky diode
. Schottky diode diode polarity microwave
signal , microwave signal magnitude
DC voltage .


(3) Accessory Set


Receiver amplification range
, variable sensitivity knob range
amplification . 9V battery
, LED battery indicator
. , transmitter
microwave 18cm
stand , polarization angle
rotational scale .

Microwave receiver .

Intensity selection switch off 30X (lowest amplification
level) . , battery indicator LED
battery . (
130 .)



4
1.MicrowaveOptics




5
1.MicrowaveOptics

Equipment Setup

Experimental Procedure

Experiment 1. Introduction to the System microwave transmitter receiver
stand .
Equipments:
Transmitter

Receiver
Goniometer
Reflector (1)

Microwave optics system
.



(1) Transmitter receiver
.

(2) . Washer . (1) transmitter receiver goniometer
. Transmitter receiver polarity ,
horn . (3) Transmitter receiver polarization angle
, , unit
. Polarization angle
unit rotational scale .

(2) Transmitter , receiver intensity
selection switch 10X . ( unit LED
. receiver battery
.
(130, #2561) .)


.

(3) Transmitter source diode receiver detector diode
( R ) 40cm
.
horn 5cm . Receiver intensity selection
switch variable sensitivity knob intensity 1.0
(full scale) .

















6
1.MicrowaveOptics

(4) R
intensity . (
receiver intensity sensitivity .)

R (cm) Meter reading (M) MR (cm) MR
2
(cm
2
)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100


transmitter intensity .
transmitter receiver polarity .

(5) R 70~90cm . Transmitter receiver
intensity .

(6) R 50~90cm .
, reflector microwave ,
intensity . (5) (6)
. ( experiment 3 ,
experiment 8 .)

NOTE:

Transmitter microwave polarized wave
. ,
Transmitter receiver
polarity .

(8) transmitter horn goniometer arm
degree plate . Receiver
transmitter
, receiver intensity 1.0 sensitivity
. , goniometer rotatable arm
angle intensity .



Angle of
Receiver
Meter
Reading
Angle of
Receiver


NOTE:

(6) ,
microwave
reflection .
,
,
.
Meter
Reading
Angle of
Receiver
Meter
Reading
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160

(7) receiver
receiver . maximum detection polarity
. (Receiver horn detector diode
.) Horn 360 intensity
. Receiver intensity
. Receiver intensity
angle .
170
180



7
1.MicrowaveOptics
Experiment 2. Reflection

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Rotating component holder
Metal reflector



(1) . (Transmitter
goniometer fixed arm .
transmitter fixed arm .) Transmitter receiver
polarity .

(2) Transmitter receiver intensity 30X
.

(3) transmitter incident wave
reflector incident angle
. Rotating component holder incident angle 45
.



(4) Transmitter reflector ,
reflector intensity goniometer
movable arm . Receiver horn reflector
reflection angle .

(5) incident angle
reflection angle . ( angle
reflected wave direct wave
.)

Angle of
Incidence
Angle of
Reflection
20
30
40
50
60
70

80
90



Experiment 3. Standing Waves Measuring Wavelengths

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer

electromagnetic wave .
, total electric field
wave field . frequency
wave
, standing wave . , wave
node , maximum minimum
antinode . Standing wave pattern
node wavelength 1/2.



(1) . Transmitter
receiver maximum intensity
receiver . Goniometer arm
receiver transmitter . Intensity
.



8
1.MicrowaveOptics
Experiment 4. Refraction through a Prism Transmitter microwave receiver horn
. microwave
transmitter receiver horn .
( .)

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer , transmitter receiver diode n/2 (n :
constant, : wavelength) receiver horn
reflected wave transmitted wave
. receiver intensity . (,
maximum intensity
/2.)
Rotating table
Prism mold with styrene pellet

Electromagnetic wave . ,
.
refraction ,
(Law of refraction or Snells law) . (2) Receiver 1~2cm maximum
intensity . Goniometer arm
receiver .

2 2 1 1
sin sin n n =


Initial Position of Receiver = ____________


(3) Receiver intensity , receiver transmitter
. 10 minimum
, maximum intensity
receiver . Receiver
, minimum
.

Minima Traversed = ______________
Final Receiver Position = ____________

(4) microwave wavelength
.
, n (Index of refraction)
electromagnetic wave velocity ,
. Snells law styrene pellet
index of refraction .
= _________________

(5) wavelength .













(1) . prism mold
, prism mold incident wave ,
, .





9
1.MicrowaveOptics
(2) Prism mold styrene pellet . Transmitter
prism surface incident wave
prism .
receiver detector diode
transmitter diode , detector diode
microwave .
polarization , polarizer
microwave polarization . (3) Receiver goniometer movable arm
maximum intensity angle .


(4)
1
angle

2
.





(5) Snells law n
1
/n
2
.

(6) index of refraction n
2
1 .
styrene pellet index of refraction n
1
.

(1) . Receiver
variable sensitivity knob intensity 1.0 (full scale)
.

(2) Receiver , receiver 10
. angle
intensity .

Angle of
Receiver
Meter
Reading
Angle of
Receiver
Experiment 5. Polarization

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver Meter
Reading
Angle of
Receiver
Meter
Reading
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Goniometer
Component holder
Polarizer

Transmitter transmitter diode axis
linearly polarized microwave . ,
transmitter diode , vertically
polarized microwave .
170
180


(3) Receiver 180 intensity
.






10
1.MicrowaveOptics
(4) . ,
polarized wave , transmitter
receiver horn . (0)
Experiment 6. Double-slit Interferometer

Equipments:
Transmitter, Receiver
Goniometer, Rotating

Component holder
Metal reflector (2)
Slit extender arm
Narrow slit spacer
Wide slit spacer



(5) Polarizer angle
intensity .

Angle of Polarizer Meter Reading
0 (Horizontal)
22.5
45

67.5
90 (Vertical)
Double slit wave intensity angle .
Slit d, dsin=n angle
maximum .

(6) Polarizer . Receiver transmitter horn
receiver horn .
intensity . Polarizer
Polarizer , , 45 intensity
.



Angle of Slits Meter Reading
Horizontal
Vertical
45




(1) . Slit extender arm
reflector narrow slit spacer double
slit . ( slit 1.5cm .)




(2) Transmitter receiver polarity vertical (0)
.


(3) Receiver intensity 1.0(full
scale) intensity selection switch variable
sensitivity knob .






11
1.MicrowaveOptics
(4) Receiver moving goniometer arm
intensity .


(5) Transmitter receiver
goniometer arm . Intensity 1.0
variable sensitivity knob .
angle intensity
.

Angle
Meter
Reading
Angle
Meter
Reading
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85


Lloyds mirror diagram. Point source A
electromagnetic wave C ,
B C . C wave
maximum intensity .
maximum intensity
, reflector reflected beam
AB+BC+ maximum intensity
.

(6) Narrow slit spacer wide slit spacer slit
d . (Slit 1.5cm .)
Wide slit spacer narrow slit spacer 50%
(90mm vs. 60mm) transmitter 50% relative
intensity . .










Experiment 7. Lloyds Mirror
(1) .
, transmitter receiver
. Receiver transmitter goniometer degree plate
horn
. Reflector surface transmitter receiver
.

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Fixed arm assembly

Component holder
(2) Reflector receiver
intensity .
Reflector
Meter stick

(3) Minimum intensity degree plate
reflector .
Lloyds Mirror interference pattern
. interference pattern microwave
wavelength .

(4) Degree plate reflector surface h
1



12
1.MicrowaveOptics
.

h
1
= ____________

(5) Intensity maximum minimum
reflector . Degree plate
reflector surface h
2

.

h
2
= ____________

(6) Degree plate transmitter diode d
1

.

d
1
= ____________

(7) microwave wavelength
.

= ____________

(8) Transmitter receiver
.





Experiment 8. Fabry-Perot Interferometer

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Component holders (2)
Partial reflector (2)

Electromagnetic wave partial reflector
. Fabry-Perot interferometer wave source,
detector partial
reflector .

Source wave partial reflector
. partial reflector
detector . partial reflector
n/2 detector wave
, receiver maximum intensity .



(1) . Intensity
intensity selection switch variable
sensitivity knob .

(2) Partial reflector intensity
.

(3) Intensity maximum partial reflector
d
1
.

d
1
= ____________

(4) Intensity , partial reflector
partial reflector .
10 minimum
maximum .
minimum , partial reflector d
2

.

minima traversed = ____________
d
2
= ____________

(5) microwave wavelength
.

= ____________

(6) Partial reflector .



13
1.MicrowaveOptics
(2) Goniometer arm reflector A , intensity
.
Experiment 9. Michelson Interferometer

Equipments:
(3) Maximum intensity reflector A .
Reflector A x
1
.
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Fixed arm assembly x
1
= ____________
Component holders (2)
(4) Intensity , reflector A
reflector A partial reflector .
10 minimum
maximum .
minimum , reflector A x
2
.
Rotating table
Reflector (2)
Partial reflector

Michelson interferometer, single wave partial reflector
split
interference pattern . A
B reflector, C partial reflector. Microwave
transmitter reflector
. , wave C A
C receiver .
C , B wave C
receiver .

minima traversed = ____________
x
2
= ____________

(5) microwave wavelength
.

= ____________
wave receiver
maximum intensity . Reflector
, wave receiver
, intensity .
wave reflector partial reflector
, reflector /2
wave receiver
360 . minimum intensity
maximum intensity .
(6) Reflector A .












Experiment 10. Brewsters Angle

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Rotating table
Polyethylene panel

electromagnetic wave
, radiation .
, polarization radiation angle
. Brewsters angle .
, wave polarization reflected signal
intensity .

(1) . Intensity
intensity selection switch variable
sensitivity knob .


14
1.MicrowaveOptics
(5) Intensity incident angle graph .
graph vertical, horizontal polarization .
Brewsters angle, horizontally polarized wave
angle .









(1) . Transmitter receiver
horizontal polarization(90) .



(2) Incident angle 20 panel .
Goniometer arm , panel
wave maximum intensity receiver
. Intensity selection switch variable sensitivity knob
intensity 0.5 (mid-scale) intensity
.

Experiment 11. Bragg Diffraction

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
(3) Transmitted beam, polyethylene panel, receiver angle
, transmitter receiver horn
vertical polarization(0) . Intensity
.
Rotating table
Cubic lattice

Braggs law, crystal inter-planar spacing incident x-
ray scattering angle , crystal
structure .
ethafoam cube 10mm metal sphere
cubic crystal macroscopic scale Braggs law
.

(4) incident angle (2) (3)
. , transmitter receiver
horizontal polarization intensity ,
vertical polarization intensity .

Angle Meter Reading
(Horizontal Polarization)
Meter Reading
(Vertical Polarization)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

Brag diffraction
. Wave crystal , crystal
plane incident angle reflection angle ,
2dsin=n wave
intensity .
.


(1) .


15
1.MicrowaveOptics

(2) cubic lattice
plane . ((100), (110) plane set
Miller index.)

(3) Transmitter receiver
.

(4) (100) plane incident beam crystal
.

(5) Intensity intensity
selection switch variable sensitivity knob intensity
.

(6) Crystal 1 goniometer arm
2 . Incident beam grazing angle intensity
. (Grazing angle incident angle .
angle cube surface angle ,
plane (100) plane angle.)



(7) (6) , crystal 1 goniometer arm 2
angle intensity . (
receiver intensity switch ,
.)

(8) x incident beam grazing angle, y intensity
graph . Peak angle . ,
microwave radiation wavelength (2.85cm), Braggs law
Bragg crystal (100) plane .
plane
.

(9) (110) plane (210) plane .


NOTE:

(100) plane graph ..


0~10 direct wave
intensity .
,
graph .


graph peak angle .




IMPORTANT:


.
Microwave receiver intensity selecting knob off
.