APPENDIX A

PROPERTIES OF COMMON GASES

499
A Practical Guide to Compressor Technology, Second Edition, By Heinz P. Bloch
Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
APPNA.qxd 7/29/06 10:53 AM Page 499
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APPNA.qxd 7/29/06 10:53 AM Page 502
PROPERTIES OF COMMON GASES 503
The generalized charts (Figs. A.2 through A.5) are redrawn by permission from those
developed by L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert and presented at the 1953 Annual ASME meet-
ing. They were published in Chemical Engineering in July 1954, from which article
Dresser-Rand (formerly Ingersoll-Rand) replotted these curves.
Four charts, based on a study of experimental data on 30 gases, have been prepared to
cover a wide range of values. Although steam (H
2
O) and ammonia (NH
3
) were considered,
they do not coordinate well, and since excellent tables and charts of their properties are
available, their specific rather than generalized data should be used at all times. Hydrogen
and helium also cannot be correlated well with these charts, particularly below T
r
2.5,
unless effective or pseudocritical conditions are used in place of the actual critical condi-
tions. Effective conditions are given belowfor use only with generalized charts. These
are as developed in 1960 by John M. Lenior, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, in the case of hydrogen and by E. F. Obert in his 1953 paper in the case of helium.
A.1 EFFECTIVE CRITICAL CONDITIONS
Note, however that three of these noncomformist gases have been included among the
more accurate specific gas compressibility curves and one should always use the latter
when suitable.
The four generalized charts cover the following ranges of reduced pressure and reduced
temperature. The maximum indicated deviation from experimental data is also shown.
A.2 OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE
1. Calculate pseudocritical temperature and pressure for a given gas mixture using the
method outlined later in the text (see Gas Mixtures). If working with a pure gas
rather than a mixture look up the critical temperature and pressure in Table A.1 or A.2.
2. If interested in compressibility at discharge conditions, estimate the discharge tem-
perature T
2
from the following formula for adiabatic compression:
T
2
T
1
r
(k1)/k
3. Calculate the reduced temperature and pressure for the conditions in question using
Eqs. (1.19) and (1.20).
4. Read the compressibility factor Z from the applicable generalized chart on the fol-
lowing pages.
5. Use this compressibility factor in the proper formula to determine volume or horse-
power.
Chart Range p
r
Range T
r
Max. Error (%)
1 00.65 0.75.0 1.0
2 06.5 1.015.0 2.5
3 612.5 1.015.0 2.5
4 1042.5 1.015.0 5
Helium T
c
24R p
c
151psia
Hydrogen T
c
83R p
c
327psia
APPNA.qxd 7/29/06 10:53 AM Page 503
Example A.1 Find the compressibility factors at inlet and discharge conditions for the
following gas mixture when compressed from 315 psia and 100F to 965psia.
Step 1: See Section 1.19.
Pseudocritical temperature 195R
Pseudocritical pressure 493psia
Step 2: Calculate the theoretical discharge temperature.
r 965/315 3.06
k 1.37 (see Section 1.18)
Theoretical discharge temperature, T
2
758R (298F)
Step 3:
Inlet Discharge
Pressure, psia 315 965
Temperature, R 560 758
Reduced pressure 0.64 1.96
Reduced temperature 2.87 3.88
Compressibility (from Fig. A.3) 1.002 1.025
Gas component H
2
N
2
CO
2
CO
Mol % 61.4 19.7 17.5 1.4
504 APPENDIX A
FIGURE A.2 Generalized compressibility chart for low values of reduced pressure.
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PROPERTIES OF COMMON GASES 505
FIGURE A.3 Generalized compressibility charts for medium values of reduced pressure.
FIGURE A.4 Generalized compressibility chart for moderately high values of reduced pressure.
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506 APPENDIX A
FIGURE A.5 Generalized compressibility chart for very high values of reduced pressure.
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