1

úLm §V¬
Øû]Yo L U¦

r k;gj;Jk; FkhUk; nfhilf;fhy tpLKiwia gRgpf;

jPt[fspy; fHpj:Jtpl;L tPL jpUk;gpf; bfhz;oUe;jdh;/ ,th;fs;
xUtiu xUth; mwpahjth;/ gazj;jpd; epidthf ,Uf;fl;Lk;
vd;W ,UtUk;. xU filapy; xnu khjpupahd bghk;ikia
MSf;bfhd;W th';fpdh;/ tPL te;jJk; ,UtuJ bghk;ikfSk;
cile;jpUe;jJ fz;L tUe;jpdh;/ fhh;nfh gFjpapy;jhd; mJ
cile;jJ. vdnt e@;l;l <L nfl;L Vh;iyd;!; epWtdj;jplk;
g[fhh; bra;jdh;/
Vh;iyd;!; epWtdk; e@;l;l <L jUjtjw;F xj;Jf;
bfhz;lJ/ bghk;ikapd;
#hd; eh@; cz;ikahd tpiy vd;d vd;gJ
epWtdj;jpw;Fj; bjhpahJ.
gazpfisf; nfl;lhy; cz;ik
tpiyf;Fnky; ,uz;L Zd;W kl';F
nrh;j;J brhy;thh;fs; vd;W
nahrpj;J. Vh;iyd;!; epWtdk;
g[j;jprhypj;jdkhf xU jpl;lk;
jPl;oaJ/
rk;gj;J. Fkhh; ,Utiua[k;
xUtiu xUth; fye;jhnyhrpf;fhky;
mtutUf;F epahak; vd;W gLk;
bghk;ik tpiyia rPl;oy; vGjpj;
jUk;go nfl;Lf;bfhz;lJ/ >gha; 2 Kjy; 100 tiu ve;j
tpiyahf ,Ue;jhYk; guthapy;iy/ ahh; Fiwe;j tpiyiaf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhnuh mJnt cz;ik tpiyahf ,Uf;Fk;/ me;j
tpiyiana ,UtUf;Fk; bfhLj;J tpLthh;fs;/ cz;ikiar;
brhd;dtUf;F Cf;fj; bjhifahf (Fiwthff; nfl;ltUf;F) mth;
Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyf;F nkny 2 >gha; nrh;j;Jj; jUnthk;/ mjpftpiy
Fwpg;gpl;ltUf;F 2 >gha; Fiwj;Jj; jUnthk; vd;W xU bgho
itj;jJ/
 2

gzf;fhu Kjyhspfs; elj;Jk; epWtdky;yth. je;jpu

g[j;jpf;Ff; Fiwth ,Uf;Fk;/ gazpfs; FHk;g[thh;fs;/
,Ug;gjpnyna kpft[k; kypthd tpiyia e@;l;l <lhff;
bfhLj;Jr; rkhspj;J tplyhk; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lk;/
rk;gj; jd; tpiyahf > 46 vd;Wk;. Fkhh; jd;tpiyia
100 vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; vd;W itj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;/ epWtdk;
46 vd;gij cz;ik tpiyahf vLj;Jf; bfhz;L rk;gj;Jf;F 2
>gha; btFkhdj;Jld; nrh;j;J > 48 jUfpwJ/ FkhUf;F > 2
fHpj;Jf; bfhz;L > 44 kl;Lk; jUfpwJ/
cz;ikapy; rk;gj;Jk; FkhUk; vd;d tpiyiaf;
Fwpg;gpLthh;fs;+ vd;W ehk; bfh";rk; nahrpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy;
vd;d+ ,Jjhd; nfk; jpahp_ `tpisahl;Lf; bfhs;if=/
ft;gh!%. fhh;bdy; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; Ma;t[ bra;a[k;
bghUshjhu epg[zh;/ ,th; jahhpj:Jf; bfhLj;jJjhd; ,';nf
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gazpfs; r";ryk;/ ,Jnghd;W fw;gid
epfH;r;rpfisr; n#hoj;J. kdpjh;fs; vg;go KobtLf;fpwhh;fs;
vd;gijg;gw;wp (mtrpank ,y;yhky;) jiyKoiag; gpa;j;Jf;
bfhs;Sk; mwp"h;fis `nfk; jpahp!;l;= vd;ghh;fs; (Game Theorist
Ml;lf; nfhl;ghl;lhsh;fs;)
,dp rk;gj;Jk; FkhUk; vj;jifa bfl;of;fhu Kot[f;F
tUthh;fs; vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;/ jh;f;fk;. vjph;jh;f;fk; vd;W
,UtUk; kdj;Jf;Fs; fzf;Fg; nghl;Lf;bfhz;L Kotpy; 2
>ghapy; te;J epw;ghh;fs; vd;W nfk; jpahp fzpf;fpwJ/
rk;gj; ,Ug;gjpnyna bghpa bjhifahfpa > 100 I
nfl;Litg;nghk; vd;W jpl;lkpLfpwhh;/ mnj rkak; rk;gj;Jf;F xU
nahrid njhd;WfpwJ\ xUntis Fkhh; xU >gha; Fiwj;J 99
vd;W vGjptpl;lhy; FkhUf;F Cf;fj; bjhifa[ld; 101k; (99+2 =
101). jdf;F ,uz;L fHpj;J 97kl;Lk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W fzf;Fg;
nghLfpwhh;/ mjdhy; 100 nfl;gij tpl >gha; 99 nfl;gnj nky;
vd;W rk;gj; Kot[f;F tUthh;/
,nj nahrid FkhUf;F tuhkyh ,Uf;Fk;_ FkhUk;
kdf;fzf;Fg; nghLfpwhh;/ ehk; 99 nfl;ngd; vd;W rk;gj;Jk; 99
nfl;ghh; vdnt ehk; 97 nfl;Litg;gnj eyk; vd;W epidf;fpwhh;/
,ij rk;gj;Jk; epidj;Jg; ghh;g;ghh; my;yth mjdhy; mth;
mjw;Fk; Fiwthf 95 nfl;ghh;/ mij vjph;ghh;j;J ,th;. ,tiu
vjph;ghh;j;J mth; vd;W Kotpy; 2 >ghapy; te;J epw;ghh;fs;
vd;W epWtdk; epidf;fpwJ/
,UtUk; xU >gha; nfl;lhy; ,UtUf;Fk; rkkhfptpLk;/
ahuhtJ >gha; 3 nfl;L mLj;jth; 2 nfl;Ltpl;lhy; xUtUf;F
g{r;rpaKk;. mLj;jtUf;F 5 >gha[k; fpilj;JtpLk;/ vdnt ,e;j
kdf;fzf;Fg; ge;jaj;jpy; cdf;Fkpy;iy vdf;Fkpy;iy vd;W
Kothf ,UtUnk >gha; 2 jhd; rPl;oy; Fwpj;Jf; bfhLg;ghh;fs;
vd;W Vh;iyd;!; epWtdk; fUJfpwJ/
gazpfs; r";ryk; nghynt ifjpfs; r";ryk; vd;W
,d;bdhd;W cs;sJ/ ,uz;L ifjpfs; hpkhz;oy;
milf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;/ xUtiu xUth; fhl;of; bfhLj;;jhy;. fhl;of;
bfhLj;jtUf;F rYiffs; fpilf;Fk;/ ,UtUk; kt[dkhd
,Ue;jhy; nghjpa rhl;rpak; ,y;iy vd;W ,UtUk;
tpLtpf;fg;glyhk;/ khwhf ,uz;LngUnk xUtiu xUth; xUth;
fhl;of; bfhLj;J jg;gpf;f epidj;jhy; nghyPRf;F mJ
rhjfkhfptpLk;/
eP';fs; mjpy; xU ifjpahf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d bra;tPh;fs;
vd;W tpisahl;Lf;Ff; nfl;lhy; eP';fs; vg;go tpisahLtPh;fs;
,Jjhd; Ml;lf; - bfhs;iffspd; Tj;J/
rkkhf vy;nyhUf;Fk; gad; mila[k; epiy tUk;tiu
,e;j jh;f;fk; - vjph;jh;f;fk; kdjpy; eilbgWk;/ gazpfs;
r";ryj;jpy; >gha; 2 filrpahf te;J epd;wJ my;yth me;j
epiyia eh@: rkepiy vd;ghh;fs;/
 3

`v gpa{l;o~g[y; ikd;l;= (A Beaytiful Mind) vd;w

ep#thH;f;if rpdpkhtpd; fjhghj;jpuk;jhd; #hd; eh@:/ u!:!y;
f;nuhnt vd;w eofh; eh@; fjhghj;jpuj;ij vLj;J eoj;jhh;/
mw;g[jkhd nfk; jpahp tp":"hdp xU kdnehahspahfptpLk;
cz;ikf; fij mJ/
Fkhh; >gha; 2 my;yJ 3 vd;w ,uz;oy; VjhtJ xd;iwj;
njh;e;njLj;jpUe;jhYk; rk;gj;jpd; njh;thfpa > 2.
g[j;jprhypj;jdkhdnj/ ,Jjhd; eh@; rkepiy (Nash equilibrium)/
eh@; rkepiyapy; ,uz;L Ml;lf;fhuh;fSk; xUtiu xUth; tp";r
Koahj epiy Vw;gLk;/
,bjd;d tpisahl;L. ve;j kilad; ,g;go btWk; 2
>ghia e@;l;l <lhff; nfl;ghd;+ ekf;Ff; Fiwe;jhYk;
guthapy;iy ,d;bdhUtd; ek;iktpl mjpfk; gyd;
milaf;TlhJ vd;W kdpjh;fs; epidg;gJ tHf;fk;jhd; mjw;fhf
,g;goah+
mokhl;L nul;il e@;l;l <lhff; nfl;gij tpLj;J
bghUspd; ep#khd tpiyiaf; nfl;lhny ,UtUf;Fk;
ey;yJjhnd vd;W eP';fs; epidg;gJnghynt ehDk;
epidf;fpnwd;/ Mdhy; bghUshjhu mwp"h;fspd; nfhl;ghLfs;
(nfk; jpahp) kdpjDf;F xj;JtuhJ nghynt ,Uf;fpwJ/ Vd;
kdpjd;. eh@; rkepiyf;F tuj; ja';Ffpwhd;/ mJ fplf;fl;Lk;
ruhrhp kdpjd; ,e;j rpf;fypy; ve;j Kot[f;F tUthd; vd;gij
ve;jj; jpahpahtJ fz;Lgpof;Fkh+ rk;gj; my;yJ Fkhh; ,Uthpd;
Kothd jPh;t[ vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;+/
cz;ikapnyna jPh;it fz;Lgpof;fj;jhd; bfhs;iffs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ eh@; <f;tpypgphpak; nghynt. fuhh;
rkepiy. ajhh;j;j rkepiy. Rj;jrkepiy. tYthdrkepiy/ (Strict
equilibrium, Rationalizable solution, Perfect equilibrium, Strong equilibrium)
vd gytpj nfhl;ghLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ mitaht[k;
Kotpy; >gha; 2 ,y;jhd; te;J tpGfpd;wd/
nfk;jpahp btWk; bghGJnghf;fpw;fhf. fw;gidahf MLk;
Ml;lky;y/ ,J ehl;od; bghUshjhuk;. uhqtk;. murpay;.
tzpfk;. nghd;w cah;epiy jpl;l';fspYk;; gad;gLfpd;wd/
`gazpfs; r";ryj;jpy;= ,UtUf;Fnk rPhpa gadspf;Fk; Kot[
,UtUk; >gha; 100 Ij; njh;e;bjLg;gnj/ Mdhy; Vd; kf;fs;
mjpypUe;J tpyf tpUk;g[ fpwhh;fs;+
tph;#pdpah gy;fiyf;fHfk; gyKiw kf;fis miHj;J
,Jkhjphp Ml;l';fspy; <LgLj;jp nrhjid bra;J ghhj;jJ/
Kot[fs; gyjpwkhf te;jhYk; eh@; rkepiyia ahUk;
milatpy;iy vd;gJjhd; cz;ik/
VG bghpa ehLfspypUe;J 2500 ngh;fis itj;J
,izajsk; Zyk; ep#khd ghprspj;J nrhjidfis bra;J
ghh;j;jjpy; kf;fs;; 4tpj Kot[fis vLf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ
bjhpe;jJ/
gazpfs; r";ryk; xd;wpy; >gha; 180 Kjy; 300 tiu
e@;l;l <L nfhUk;go kf;fsplk; nfl;lfg;gl;lJ/ epiwa ngh;fs;
cldoahf > 300 vd;w cr;rfl;l bjhifiana nfl;ldh;/ mnj
rkak; mokl;lkhf eh@; rkepiyahfpa > 180 If; nfl;lth;fSk;
,Ue;jdh;/ vijahtJ nfl;Litg;nghk; vd;w me;epr;rakhf
(Random) brhd;dth;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;/ kdf;fzf;Fg;nghl;L
Mnyhrid bra;J xU Kot[f;F te;jth;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;/
kf;fs; bjhifapy; ahh;. ahh; vt;tst[ tpfpjj;jpy;
,Ue;jdh; vd;gij gl;oaypy; fhzyhk;/ mjd;go kf;fis. jPtpu
jpl;lkpLgth;fs;. je;jpu jpl;lf;fhuh;fs;. jpl;lkplhjth;fs;. czh;r;rp
trj;jpy; jpl;lkpLgth; vd ehd;fhfg; gphpfpwhh;fs;/ KobtLf;f
mtuth; vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; neuk;Tl mjd;go ntWgl;ld/
jpl;lkplhjth;fSk; czh;r;rp trg;gLgth;fSk; xnu epkplj;jpy;
KobtLj;JtpLfpwhh;fs;/ jPtpu kw;Wk; je;jpu jpl;lf;fhuh;fs; Kot[
brhy;y mjpfneuk; vLj;Jf;; bfhs;fpd;wdh;/
 4

czh;r;rp tag;gLk; Kot[fs; 55 rjk;

jPtpu jpl;l kply; 13 rjk;
jpl;lkplhjth;fs; 14 rjk;
je;jpukhf jpl;lkpLgth; 17 rjk;
kdpjuplk;; RaeyKk;- bghJ eyKk; nrh;e;nj
fhzg;gLfpwJ/ xt;bthUth; ZisapYk; ve;j mst[f;F
Raeyj;jpw;fhd euk;gikg;g[ cs;snjh me;j mst[f;Fj;
jd;dykw;w jpahf czh;t[fSf;fhd euk;gikg;g[fSk; cs;sd/
nfk; jpahpfSk; eh@;- rkepiyfSk; kdpjdpd; Raeyg;gFjpia
mog;gilahff; bfhz;L fzf;fpLfpd;wd/ mit kdpjdplk;
fhzg;gLk; bghJey czh;t[fis fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;
bfhs;tjhfj; bjhpatpy;iy/ cz;ikapy; ve;j kdpjDk; E}Wrjk;
Raeyf;fhDk; ,y;iy bghJeyf;fhuDk; ,y;iy/
jdpkdpjd; vLf;Fk; Kot[fs; aht[k; Raey. bghJey
kdg;nghuhl;l';fspd; tpisthf vGk; ,Ggwpiag; bghUj;nj
mikfpwJ/ me;jr; rkepiyia btWk; nfhl;ghLfSk; fzpj
Nj;jpu';fSk; fzf;fpl;Ltpl Koa[kh. vd;gJ re;njfnk/ jdJ
rkepiy vJ vd;gij jhnd Kot[ bra;a ,ayhj epiyapy;
xt;bthUtUk; ,Uf;fpnwhk;/ ghpR 2 >gha; vd;why; vLf;fg;gLk;
Kot[. ghpR 25 >gha; vd;why; khwptplyhk; my;yth/

Ml;lf;bfhs;ifa[k; - ajhh;j;jf; bfhs;ifa[k;

vdf;Fj; bjhpa[k; vd;gJ cdf;Fj; bjhpa[k;. vd;gJ
vdf;Fk; bjhpa[k;///
jkpH;ehl;oy; Fy;yh tpahghhpa[k;
Fu';FfSk; gw;wpa ghl;of;fij cz;L/
mJ c';fSf; bfy;yhUf;Fk;Tl
bjhpe;jpUf;Fk;/ Fy;yha; tpahghhp
kuj;joapypUe;J J}';fp tpHpj;jnghJ.
jiynkl;oy; itj;jpUe;j Fy;yha; Zl;il
fhypahf ,Uf;ff;fz;L caug;ghh;j;jhdk;/
kuf;fpisapy; tPw;wpUe;j Fu';Ffs;
MSf;bfhU Fy;yha; nghl;Lf;
bfhz;oUe;jdthk;/ Fy;yha; tpahghhp
nfhgk;. Vkhw;wk; jh';fhky; btFz;L
jiyapypUe;j Fy;yhiaj; jiuapy;
tPrpdhd;/ mijg;ghh;j;j Fu';FfSk;
mtidg; nghynt jiyapypUe;j Fy;yhit vLj;J jiuapy;
tPrpdthk;/ tpahghhp ey;yjha; nghapw;W vd;W vy;yh
Fy;yha;fisa[k; bghWf;fpf; bfhz;L kfpH;r;rpa[ld; brd;whdhk;/
E}W tUl';fSf;Fg;gpwF
Fy;yha;tpahghpapd; bfhs;Sg;nguDk;
mnj kuj;joapy; J}';fp vGk;nghJ.
Fu';Ffs; Fy;yha;fis vLj;Jj;
jiyapy; nghl;Lf;bfhz;oUjijf;
fz;lhd;/ jhj;jhtpd; fij epidt[
te;jjhy;//// clnd jiyapypUe;j jdJ
Fy;yhiaj; J}f;fp fPnH nghl;ldhk;/
kuj;jpypUe;j Fu';Ffs; vJt[k;
mtd; vjph;ghh;j;jgo Fy;yhiaf; fPnH
nghltpy;iy/ khwhf mjpypUe;j xU
Fu';F ,w';fpte;J ngud; J}f;fpg; nghl;l
Fy;yhiaa[k; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L. mtid
nehf;fpr; brd;W mtid miHj;J ``cdf;F kl;Lk;jhd; jhj;jh
cz;L vd;w epidg;gh== vd;W brhy;yp fd;dj;jpy; xU miu
bfhLj;jjhk;/
 5

ajhh;j;jKk;-bfhs;ifa[k; Ml;lk; bghUj;jtiu

ntWgLtij ,e;jf;fij tpsf;FfpwJ/ gazpfs; r";ryj;jpy;.
rk;gj;Jk; FkhUk;. ,UtUk;. ,d;bdhUj;jh; vd;d jpl;lk;
jPl;Lfpwhh; vd;W vjph; jpl;lkpLfpwhh;fs;/ me;j jpl;lj;ij vjphpfSk;
mwpthh;. mij ehd; mwpntd;. ehd; mwpe;jij mtUk; mwpthh;
vd;w nga;r; RHw;rpapy; rpf;fpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;/
mLj;jth; ,g;goj;jhd; jpl;lkpLthh; vd;W Kd;Tl;ona ehk;
jpl;lkpLfpnwhnk mjpy; jhd; jg;g[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ Kd;Tl;o
jpl;lkpLjYk; jpl;l';fs; ,g;goj;jhdpUf;Fk; vd;W Kot[ fl;LtJk;
jtW/ me;jj; jtwpdhy;jhd; Ml;lf;bfhs;ifs; jg;ghfpd;wd/
epiwa re;jh;g;g';fspy; tFj;j jpl;l';fistpl. me;je;j neuj;jpy;
vLf;fg;gLk; ajhh;j;jkhd jPh;t[fns btw;wpiaj; jUfpd;wd/
yh#pf;if itj;Jf; bfhz;L Kot[f;F tUtijtpl.
ajhh;j;j Kot[f;F yh#pf; fz;Lgpog;gnj mwpt[ilahjhFk;/