Theory Current Transformers Theory Current Transformers

Vrieswijk, T & Srinivasan,A

Amerongen,NL, 25 januari 2012
Theory Current Transformers 25 januari 2012
Topics
- Theory of current transformers (CTs)
Equivalent Circuit for CTs - Equivalent Circuit for CTs
- Magnetic saturation
- Time constant
- CT features
- Specifications for a CT
- Types of CT cores - Types of CT cores
- Calculation example
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Transformer Loading(1) Transformer Loading(1)
I0
0
n1
U1
E1
n2
E2
n2
AC voltage source sets up a flux in the coil core..
The load current (I0) is very small as long as E1 and U1 almost cancel each
h
The exchange flux (F0) induces voltages (E1 andE2) in both coils.
E1 and E2 are related as the number of windings n1 and n2.
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other.
Transformer Loading(2) Transformer Loading(2)
0
+1
+ I1
n1
U1
I0
E1
I2
R
U
E2
R
U2
n2
E2

Resistance R causes coil current I2 through coil 2 and current

2
I1 and I2 are inversely proportional to number of turns n1 and n2
Resistance R causes coil current I2 through coil 2 and current
I1flowthrough coil 1.
Since I1 x n1 = I2 x n2 , induced flux 1 & 2 cancel each other.
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I1 and I2 are inversely proportional to number of turns n1 and n2..
Equivalent circuit of a CT
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Magnetic Field strength and Induction g g
Magnetic field strength H (A/m) in the coil is given by: ag e c ed s e g ( / ) e co s g e by
I = Current through the coil in Amperes (A)
n = Number of turns in the coil
I x n
H =
L = Total circumference of the peripheral coil
L
Induced Magnetic flux density B ( in Wb/m
2
or
Tesla) is given by: Tesla) is given by:
= Magnetic permeability in (Wb/A.m) in the
medium(air or iron core) in the coil
B = x H
H =Magnetic field strength
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Saturation
The plot shows the relationship between changing magnetic field strength The plot shows the relationship between changing magnetic field strength
(H) and associated changing flux density / magnetic induction (B)
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Induced Voltages g
The effective induced voltage in the coils
i i b
E = 4,44 x f x x n
Magnetic flux (in Wb) in the core of the coil is the
is given by:
,
Magnetic flux (in Wb) in the core of the coil is the
flux density (B) multiplied by the cross sectional
area A (in m2) of the core.
= B x A
Bmax 0,6 0,8 T for Mu metal. Bmax 2 T Cold rolled Steel
Example: Suppose Bmax = 1.8 T and core area of 10 x 10 cm = 0.01 m2
Maximum effective stress induced in one convolution (n = 1) of coil:
4.44 x 50 x 1.8 x 0.01 = 4 V
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9
High Voltages on CTs g g
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10
When a CT saturation occurs true power factor is dependent on several factors:
1 The overflowfactor of the CT 1. The overflow factor of the CT
2. The capability of CT (Rated burden)
3. The internal resistance of the CT
4. The connected load, in terms of wiring and power protection relays. , g p p y
5. The time constant of the network. This gives a DC component which speeds the
saturation .
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Time constant
If ti il ith i t i i d d thi il i h t d th If a magnetic coil with a resistance is energized and this coil is shorted, the
energy stored in the coil discharges in the form of a current through the coil
(and subsequent resistance).
The speed and thus the time in which this occurs depends on the ratio of the
coil inductance and resistance. This is a time constant.
The time constants in a network may be determined from the short-circuit
power factor.
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For a 220 kV line the Iksymis reached after: 22.6 * 5 = 113 msec.
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Features of current transformers Features of current transformers
A primary winding (usually a cable or other conductors by toroidal).
Set high primary currents to default value, usually 1 A or 5 A.
Number of secondary windings in a CT with 1 A sec. current is equal to InP. For
CTs with 5A secondary the number of turns is 1 / 5 x InP
Maximum voltage for each winding is dependent on core material and diameter.
S d i l t h t d d t d f f t i / t ti Secondary is almost shorted and operated far from max tension / saturation.
For Ru < Ru the Accuracy limiting factor (N) is higher than the nominal(N).
I t l i di i t (Ri) i th i t t N N (Ri + R ) / (Ri + R ) Internal winding resistance (Ri) is then important: N = N x (Ri + Ru) / (Ri + Ru)
Calculates the continuous 120% Ins. In short circuit conditions InP max
lasts for upto 1 or 3 s
An open winding leads to a very hot and dangerous voltage (2500 / 1A,
5P650, 5 VA supplies 10 kV) and causes magnetic saturation. Winding
lasts for upto 1 or 3 s.
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insulation is only rated for a 2 kV peak voltage!
Specifying the nominal CT burden Specifying the nominal CT burden
Typically used classes: 1 1,5 2 2,5 5 10 15 30 60 VA.
The reted CT Burden should account for all the power consumption in the
circuit(includingthe losses in the leads and the connected loads).
For 1A circuits 2 VA CT Burden is usually sufficient For 1 A circuits 2 VA CT Burden is usually sufficient.
Resistance of the lines calculated with formula : (0 0175 x l ) / A Resistance of the lines calculated with formula : (0,0175 x l ) / A
0,0175 is the resistivity of copper ( . mm
2
/ m) at 20 C.
l = total length of all lines between CT terminals and consumers. (length of
bl f t i it t k 2 ) cables for return circuit take 2x)
A = surface cross section of conductor in mm2.
For 1 A circuits the line losses (I
2
x R ) in VA are equal to the resistance.
For 5 A circuits the line losses (I
2
x R ) in VA is equal to 25 times resistance.
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Accuracy Limit Factor N Accuracy Limit Factor N
Typically used classes: P5 - P10 P15 P20 - P30
Factor (after the P) gives the current overload as a factor of nominal loading
under rated current and 5% (5P) of 10% (10P) gives the accuracy limiting
factor applicable at that overload of the CT. factor applicable at that overload of the CT.
Limit Factor (N) calculated by multiplying the following factors:
The Symmetric factor Kscc =Ikmax / Ipn
Asymmetry factor Ktd depends on the net timeconstant
The Symmetric factor Kscc = Ikmax / Ipn.
Thus a higher primairy nominal current (Ipn) limits the Kscc.
Asymmetry factor Ktd depends on the net timeconstant.
However, rapid protection, core type and smart digital relays limit KTD.
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CT Classes used in protection applications CT Classes used in protection applications
Type P,PX,TPX,TPS Closed core types, also known as high remenence
Type TPY,PR Anti rememenance core, also known as low Type TPY,PR Anti rememenance core, also known as low
remenence
Type TPZ Linear cores, also known as non remenence types
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CT Behaviour during reclosing CT Behaviour during reclosing
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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (1)
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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (2)
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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (3)
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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (4)
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Questions ??? Questions ???
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