N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP

2012-2013 Trang 1
N THI TT NGHIP
NGNH: IN CNG NGHIP
1. K THUT C S
1.1 IN T CNG SUT
1. Chuyn mch v tn hao trn cc chuyn mch
a. Trnh by chc nng, c tnh v trng thi c bn ca chuyn mch
b. Xc nh tn hao cng sut trn chuyn mch gm:
Tn hao trong thi gian Ton, Toff, s mch tng ng.
Tn hao trong thi gian chuyn mch T
sw(on)
, T
sw(off)
.
th in p, dng in v cng sut khi chuyn mch hot ng.
Trnh by cng thc tng qut tnh tn hao.
2. Mch chnh lu 1 pha ton k khng iu khin
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch vi cc loi ti R, RL, RL + D
o
:
V, gii thch s mch, dng sng in p ra trn ti, dng in qua ti, dng
sng in p trn chuyn mch.
Cc cng thc tnh ton.
3. Mch chnh lu 3 pha 6 xung khng iu khin
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch vi cc loi ti R, RL, RL+ D
o
:
V, gii thch s mch dng sng in p ra trn ti, dng in qua ti, dng
sng in p trn chuyn mch, bng trng thi cc chuyn mch.
Cc cng thc tnh ton.
4. Mch chnh lu 1 pha ton k c iu khin
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch vi cc loi ti R, RL, RL + D
o
:
V, gii thch s mch, dng sng in p ra trn ti, dng in qua ti, dng
sng in p trn chuyn mch, phm vi gc iu khin.
Trnh by cc cng thc tnh ton.
5. Mch chnh lu 3 pha 6 xung c iu khin
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch vi cc loi ti R, RL, RL+ D
o
:
V, gii thch s mch dng sng in p ra trn ti, dng in qua ti, dng
sng in p trn chuyn mch, bng trng thi cc chuyn mch.
Cc cng thc tnh ton.
6. Mch bm gim
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch.
V v gii thch s mch, th, tnh ton cc cng thc.


N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 2
7. Mch bm tng
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch.
V v gii thch s mch, th, tnh ton cc cng thc.
8. Mch bm tng gim
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch.
V v gii thch s , th, tnh ton cc cng thc.
9. Inverter 1 pha ngun p.
Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch.
Phng php iu khin in p ca inverter.
V gii thch s , bng trng thi cng tc, dng sng in p v dng in
pha ti, in p dy, dng in qua cc cng tc bn dn.
Trnh by cc cng thc
10. Inverter 3 pha ngun p gc dn 120
o
, 180
o

Trnh by ng dng, nguyn l lm vic ca mch.
Phng php iu khin in p ca inverter.
V gii thch s , bng trng thi cng tc, dng sng in p v dng in
pha ti, in p dy, dng in qua cc cng tc bn dn.
Trnh by cc cng thc.

1.2 MY IN - THIT B IN
1. My bin p
My bin p: nh ngha, phn loi, cng dng.
My bin p 1 pha: cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s nh mc.
Trnh by cc bc tnh ton dy qun trong my bin p mt pha?
Vi my bin p 3 pha cch ly hai dy qun dy qun s cp v dy qun th cp
c lp nhau c cc dng u dy no? V s u dy ca my bin p ba pha sau
A /Y-3
Trnh by iu kin vn hnh song song cc my bin p ba pha?
nh hng do ti khng i xng ca my bin p ba pha nh th no? Trnh by
cc trng hp ngn mch khng i xng ca my bin p ba pha?
Trnh by nhng nguyn nhn gy qu in p trong my bin p? Phi lm g bo
v my bin p khi qu in p?
2. ng c khng ng b
My in khng ng b: nh ngha, phn loi, cng dng.
My in khng ng b: cu to, cch to t trng quay, c im t trng quay,
nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s nh mc, ngha cc thng s.
Xy dng m hnh ton my in khng ng b.
Thit lp s thay th ng c khng ng b.
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 3
Cng sut trong my in khng ng b? Dng gin nng lng trong my in
khng ng b? Hiu sut ca my?
c tnh c ng c khng ng b: thit lp biu thc tnh momen quay, xy dng
c tnh c?
Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b 1 pha?
Trnh by cch iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b ba pha bng phng php
thay i tn s?
Mun ng c khng ng b c momen khi ng ln, dng in khi ng nh v
hiu sut cao khi lm vic nn ch to ng c khng ng b nh th no? Trnh
by nguyn l lm vic c bn ca cc phng php ch to?
Trnh by phng php m my Y- Acho ng c in khng ng b ba pha khi
lm vic u A
Trnh by phng php xy dng th ng trn cho my in khng ng b?
Trnh by phm vi p dng, cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng
b mt pha?
V s mch ng lc v mch iu khin o chiu quy ng c ba pha c gim
st tc ?
V s mch ng lc v mch iu khin khi ng Y- A
V s mch ng lc v mch iu khin khng ch o chiu c gim st tc ?
V s mch ng lc v mch iu khin thay i tc ng c roto dy qun
bng cch thay i in tr ph?
V s mch ng lc v mch iu khin khi ng ng c roto dy qun theo
nguyn tc thi gian?
V s khi tng qut ca b bin tn iu khin ng c xoay chiu 3 pha? u
im ca b bin tn? k mt vi loi bin tng ph bin?
V s mch ng lc v mch iu khin khng ch ng c roto lng sc kiu
i ni Y- Ac o chiu?
3. My pht ng b
My in ng b: khi nim, cu to chung, nguyn l hot ng cc thng s nh
mc, ngha cc thng s.
Thit lp mch in tng ng my in ng b cc n. Dng gin vect?
Thit lp phng trnh cn bng in p, ngha cc thng s trong phng trnh?
Thit lp mch in tng ng my in ng b cc hin. Dng gin vect?
Thit lp phng trnh cn bng in p, ngha cc thng s trong phng trnh?
Cc tn hao trong my in ng b? Dng gin nng lng? Cng thc tnh hiu
sut ca my?
Trnh by phn ng phn ng trong my in ng b ng vi cc ti khc nhau?
Xy dng c tnh ngoi v c tnh iu chnh ca my in ng b?
Trnh by nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my pht in ng b?
nh hng ca ti khng i xng i vi my pht in ng b?
Trnh by cc iu kin khi ghp mt my pht in ng b lm vic song song
trong h thng in lc hoc vi mt my pht in ng b khc?
Trnh by cc phng php ha ng b chnh xc?
Trnh by chc nng ca my b ng b?
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 4
4. My in 1 chiu
My in 1 chiu: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s
nh mc v ngha cc thng s?
Xy dng phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c in 1 chiu? c im c tnh c
ca tng loi my?
Khi ng ng c 1 chiu: khi nim, cc yu cu, cc phng php ci thin qu
trnh khi ng.
iu chnh tc ng c 1 chiu: cc phng php v c im tng phng php.
Xy dng cc c tnh cng tc ca my pht in 1 chiu kch?
Trnh by iu kin ghp song song cc my pht in mt chiu?
Trnh by cu to nguyn l lm vic ca ng c Bc?
Trnh by cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca ng c Servo?
5. Kh c in
Cu ch: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k thut c
bn, ngha cc thng s?
CB: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng cc mc bo v c bn, cc
thng s k thut c bn, ngha cc thng s?
Rle nhit: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k thut
c bn, ngha cc thng s?
Contactor: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k thut
c bn, ngha cc thng s?
Rle trung gian: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k
thut c bn, ngha cc thng s?
Rle thi gian: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k
thut c bn, ngha cc thng s?
Nt nhn: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k thut
c bn, ngha cc thng s?
Cng tc: khi nim, phn loi, cu to, nguyn l hot ng, cc thng s k thut
c bn, ngha cc thng s?

1.3 C S TRUYN NG IN
c tnh c v cng ca c tnh c ca ng c in.
c tnh c ca my sn xut, phn tch mt s dng c tnh c c bn ca my sn
xut.
Cc trng thi ng c v trng thi hm ca ng c in.
Phng php tnh qui i lc v m men v trc ng c.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca truyn ng in.
1. Truyn ng ng c in 1 chiu
Cc phng trnh c bn v c tnh c ca ng c in 1 chiu kch t c lp v
kch t song song.
nh hng ca cc thng s n c tnh c ca ng c in 1 chiu kch t c
lp.
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 5
Phng php v c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c nhn to ca ng c in 1
chiu kch t c lp.
Khi ng ng c in 1 chiu kch t c lp, phng php gii tch v phng
php hnh hc xc nh in tr khi ng.
Cc phng trnh c bn v c tnh c ca ng c in 1 chiu kch t ni tip.
Phng php v c tnh c t nhin v nhn to ca ng c in 1 chiu kch t
ni tip.
Cc trng thi hm ng c in 1 chiu: hm ti sinh, hm ng nng v hm ni
ngc.
iu chnh tc ng c in 1 chiu bng phng php thay i in tr phn
ng.
iu chnh tc ng c in 1 chiu bng phng php thay i in p.
iu chnh tc ng c in 1 chiu bng phng php thay i t thng.
iu chnh tc ng c in 1 chiu bng phng php r mch phn ng.
Truyn ng ng c in khng ng b
Cc phng trnh c bn v c tnh c ca ng c in d b: s thay th,
phng trnh dng in, phng trnh c tnh c, cng thc tnh m ment v
trt ti hn, cng thc Closs n gin v y .
Cc thng s nh hng n c tnh c ng c khng ng b.
Khi ng ng c in d b: Khi qut, cc yu cu, dng in, m ment khi
ng, cc phng php khi ng.
Tnh ton in tr khi ng ng c in d b: cch mc mch in, c tnh c,
chn cc tr s m ment, phng php th, i s xc nh tr s in tr khi
ng.
Phng php hm ti sinh ng c in d b: khi qut, cng thc dng in, c
tnh c ng vi cc trng hp hm ti sinh.
Phng php hm ngc ng c in d b: khi qut, cng thc dng in, c
tnh c ng vi cc trng hp hm ngc.
Phng php hm ng nng ng c in d b: khi qut, cng thc dng in, cc
s ni dy, c tnh c ng vi cc trng hp hm ng nng.
iu chnh tc ng c in d b bng cch thay i in p khng thay i tn
s: s ni dy, c tnh c, cc phng php thay i in p.
iu chnh tc ng c in d b bng cch thay i in tr rotor; s ni
dy, c tnh c, cc phng php thay i in tr rotor.
iu chnh tc ng c in d b bng cch thay i tn s ngun; lut iu
chnh theo kh nng qu ti, c tnh c, cc phng php thay i tn s.
iu chnh tc ng c in d b bng cch thay i s cp cc: s ni dy,
so snh cc gi tr s
th
, M
th
, c tnh c ng vi cc phng php thay i cp cc.
n nh tc truyn ng in
Nguyn l v c tnh c ca h n nh tc ng c in mt chiu dng phn
hi dng dng ti.
Nguyn l v c tnh c ca h n nh tc ng c in mt chiu dng phn
hi m in p phn ng.
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 6
Nguyn l v c tnh c ca h n nh tc ng c in mt chiu dng phn
hi m tc .
Nguyn l iu p n nh tc dng phn hi m tc ng c khng ng b.
Nguyn l iu p - tn s n nh tc dng phn hi m tc v phn hi
dng dng in ng c in khng ng b.
Tnh ton cng sut v la chn ng c cho T
Phng trnh cn bng nhit trong ng c in.
Cc ch lm vic ca truyn ng in.
th ph ti ca truyn ng in.
Chn ng c in lm vic di hn cho T khng iu chnh.
Chn ng c in lm vic ngn hn cho T khng iu chnh.
Chn ng c in lm vic ngn hn lp li cho T khng iu chnh.
Chn ng c in cho T c iu chnh tc .
Kim nghim ng c in
Phng php kim nghim ng c theo nhit sai cc i.
Phng php kim nghim ng c theo tn tht trung bnh.
Kim nghim ng c theo phng php trung bnh bnh phng.
Phng php nghim ng c in theo iu kin qu ti, khi ng v thi gian.
Phng php kim nghim ng c theo nhit sai cc i.
iu khin t ng T
Nguyn tc iu khin theo thi gian: Trnh by nguyn tc chung, cc qu trnh t
ng khi ng v hm ng c in theo nguyn tc thi gian.
Nguyn tc iu khin theo tc : Trnh by nguyn tc chung, cc qu trnh t
ng khi ng v hm ng c in theo nguyn tc tc .
Nguyn tc iu khin theo dng in: Trnh by nguyn tc chung, cc qu trnh t
ng khi ng v hm ng c in theo nguyn tc dng in
H thng iu khin T
ngha ca bo v cc h thng truyn ng in. Cc loi bo v h thng T.
Thuyt minh cu trc, nguyn l hot ng, cc loi bo v ca s iu khin khi
ng ng c mt chiu kch t song song.
Thuyt minh cu trc, nguyn l hot ng, cc loi bo v ca s iu khin h
thng khi ng ng c mt chiu kch t song song c o chiu.
Thuyt minh cu trc, nguyn l hot ng, cc loi bo v ca s iu khin h
thng iu khin ng c khng ng b 3 pha rotor dy qun.
Thuyt minh cu trc, nguyn l hot ng, cc loi bo v ca s iu khin h
thng iu khin ng c khng ng b 3 pha rotor lng sc 3 tc .



N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 7
BI TP CS T
1. Bi tp phn 1
Bai 1 - Cho ong c ien 1 chieu kch t oc lap vi cac thong so nh sau: P
m
= 25
kW, U
m
= 220 V, I
m
= 130.4 A, n
m
= 2800 rpm, q = 87%. Hay xac nh:
- ac tnh c t nhien
- ac tnh c vi cac ien ap au vao la: U
1
= 50V, U
2
= 100V.
- ac tnh c khi mac them cac ien tr r
1
= 1, r
1
= 2 vao mach phan ng.
- ac tnh c khi t thong thay oi: u
1
= 0,9u
m
, u
1
= 0,75u
m
.
Bai 2 - Cho ong c ien 1 chieu kch t oc lap vi cac thong so nh sau: P
m
= 7,5
kW, U
m
= 220 V, I
m
= 42A, n
m
= 700 rpm, R
u
= 0,4 ,Mp =0,25M
m
. Hay xac nh:
- He so thay oi t thong ng vi moment tai Mp =0,25M
m
va toc o e
1
=150 rad/s.
- Tnh dong ien tng ng vi trng hp tren.
Bai 3 - Cho ong c ien 1 chieu kch t oc lap vi cac thong so nh sau: P
m
=
14,7 kW, U
m
= 220 V, I
m
= 78,5A, n
m
= 585 rpm, R
u
= 0,4 , Mp =0,6M
m
. Hay xac
nh ien tr khi ong e dong ien trong khoang I
1
=1,1 I
m
, I
1
=1,7 I
m
.
Bai 4 - ong c ien 1 Chieu kch t oc lap keo mot quat gio co ac tnh c la
2
42 8
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
P
M
e
e
. Hay tnh
a) Toc o vi ac tnh c t nhien
b) Ta phai giam ien ap en gia tr nao e toc o la e
p

P
m
= 13 kW, U
m
= 220V, I
m
= 66,8 A, n
m
= 2400 rpm, R
u
= 0,162 O, e
p
= 200
rad/s.
Bai 5 - ong c ien mot chieu kch t noi tiep co cac thong so: P
m
= 17 kW, U
m
=
220V, I
m
= 94 A, e
m
= 65,97rad/s, R
u
= 0,207 O, R
kt
=0,10O, Hay xac nh:
- ac tnh c t nhien cua ong c.
- ac tnh c ien va ac tnh Moment theo dong ien.
(s dung ac tnh van nang trong sa ch)
Bai 6 - ong c ien mot chieu kch t noi tiep co cac thong so: P
m
= 2,9 kW, U
m
=
220V, I
m
= 16,4 A, e
m
= 146,6rad/s, q = 0,81, R
kt
=0,10O Hay xac nh:
- Toc o ong c ien ng vi M
p
= 0,6 M
m
khi a them ien tr phu r = 4O, vao
mach phan ng.
- Gia tr ien tr phu mac noi tiep vi phan ng khi toc o la e
1
= 125,6rad/s .
- Dng ac tnh c cua ong c ien vi ien tr phu r = 4O mac vao phan ng.
(s dung ac tnh van nang trong sach)
Bai 7 - ng c in 1 chiu kch t noi tiep vi cac thong so : P
m
= 14,7 kW, U
m
=
220V, I
m
= 78,5 A, n
m
= 585 rpm, R
u
= 0.208, R
kt
=0,104O, Hay xac nh:
Toc o ong c ien ng ien ap bang na ien ap nh mc.
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 8
Toc o ong c ien ng ien ap nh mc, tai nh mc va ien tr mac noi tiep vao
phan ng r =1,2O.
(S dung ac tnh van nang trong sach)
Bai 8 - ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap khi ong bang ien tr. Moment tai
la M
P
, moment quan tnh rotor ong c la J
M
, moment cua may san xuat quy oi ve
truc ong c la J
p
. Hay tnh cac nac ien tr cua bo khi ong khi cho trc cac gia
tr I
1
, I
2
.
P
m
= 46,1 kW, U
m
= 400V, I
m
= 127,4 A, n
m
= 36,5rpm, R
u
= 0,17 O, J
M
=0,26 kgm
2
,
J
p
=0,84 kgm
2
, M
P
=0,6 M
m
, I
2
= 240 A, I
1
=140 A.
Bai 9 - ong c ien 1C KTL chu tai M
p
. Hay tnh:
a) Toc o ong c khi ac tnh c la t nhien
b) Ta phai them vao mach pha n ng ien tr bao nhieu e vi ien ap U
m
th ong
c co toc o e
1

P
m
= 8 kW, U
m
= 220V, I
m
= 43 A, n
m
=1400 rpm, R
u
= 0,41 O, M
P
= 0,6 M
N
, e
1
=
100 rad/s.
Bai 10 - ong c ien 1C KTL chu tai M
p
= 0.8M
m
. Hay tnh ien tr phu mac
vao mach phan ng e dong ham ngc ban au I
h
= 1,2I
m
. Tnh dong ham cuoi
giai oan ham.
2. Bi tp phn 2
1 - ong c d bo rotor day quan chu tai nh mc. Mach rotor c noi them ien tr
R
S
. Hay tnh toc o cua ong c:
P
dm
= 22,5KW; U
dm
= 380V/220V / 50Hz; n
dm
= 1460 v/p; 2p = 4; R
1
= 0,2O; R
2
=
0,24O; X
1
= 0,39O; X
2
= 0,46O; R
S
= 1,2O;
2 - ong c d bo rotor day quan chu tai nh mc. Mach stator co noi them tr khang X.
Hay tnh toc o cua ong c:
P
dm
= 22,5KW; U
dm
= 380V/220V / 50Hz; n
dm
= 1460 v/p; 2p = 4; R
1
= 0,2O; R
2
=
0,24O; X
1
= 0,39O; X
2
= 0,46O; X = 0,75O.
3 - ong c d bo 3 pha chu tai M
P
. Ta thay oi nhanh ien ap li ve gia tr U
11
, U
12
vi
tan so khong oi. Hoi toc o cua ong c thay oi nh the nao?
P
dm
= 3 KW; U
dm
= 380V/220V / 50Hz; n
dm
= 1420 v/p; R
1
= 0,81O; R
2
= 0,91O; L
1
=
L
2
= 8,85 mH; 2p = 4; M
P
= 15Nm; U
11
= 340V; U
12
= 300V;
4 - ong c d bo 3 pha rotor long soc c na p t nguon co tan so thay oi, ien ap
khong oi. ong c chu tai Mp. Hay tnh: Toc o ong c khi tan so f
1

P
dm
= 60 KW; n
dm
= 577 v/p; U
dm
= 380V/220V; 2p = 10; R
1
= 0,0549 O; R
2
=
0,0677O; L
1
= 0.5mH; L
2
= 0,46 mH; Mp = 1000 Nm; f
1
= 45Hz;
5 - ong c d bo 3 pha chu tai M
P
. Ta thay oi ien ap li ve gia tr U
11
, va tan so ve f
1
.
Hoi toc o cua ong c thay oi nh the nao?
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 9
P
dm
= 3 KW; U
dm
= 380V/220V / 50Hz; n
dm
= 1420 v/p; R
1
= 0,81O; R
2
= 0,91O; L
1
=
L
2
= 8,85 mH; 2p = 4; M
P
= 15Nm; U
11
= 342V; f
1
= 45Hz;
6 - ong c d bo 3 pha vi rotor day quan chu tai b ong ( chieu tai phu thuoc vao chieu
quay) M
P
. Khi ham ngc dong ien vi ien tr mac them vao mach rotor.
a. Hay tnh ien tr can phai mac them vao rotor, e moment ham ban au co gia tr
M
ho
.
b. Moment cuoi qua trnh ham co o ln the nao?
P
dm
= 3kW; U
dm
= 380/220V/ 50Hz; I
dm
= 6,9A; 2p = 4; n
dm
= 1420 v/p; M
P
=
17Nm; R
1
= 1,81O; R
2
=1,91O; L
1
= L
2
= 8,85 mH; M
ho
= -30Nm.
7 - ong c d bo 3 pha vi rotor day quan chu tai the nang M
P
. Khi ham ngc dong
ien vi ien tr mac them vao mach rotor.
a. Hay tnh ien tr can phai mac them vao rotor, e moment ham ban au co gia tr
M
ho
.
b. Tnh toc o khi moment ham xac lap.
P
dm
= 3kW; U
dm
= 380/220V/ 50Hz; I
dm
= 6,9A; 2p = 4; n
dm
= 1420 v/p; R
1
=
1,81O; R
2
=1,91O; L
1
= L
2
= 8,85 mH; M
ho
= 55Nm, tai co m = 500Kg, Dtt =
0,2m, i = 6.



N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 10
2. K THUT CHUYN NGNH
2.1 CUNG CP IN
A. L THUYT CHUNG
1. Cu 1
Trnh by u khuyt im ca nh my thu in so vi nh my nhit in. Nhng
nh my thu in v nhit in no m sinh vin bit Vit Nam, c th ni r hn
v cng sut thit k ca cc nh my .
Da trn c s no ngi ta phn ra cc loi h tiu th in. Trnh by c im ca
mi loi h.
Mc tiu chnh ca thit k h thng cung cp in l g? Mt phng n thit k
cung cp in x nghip c xem l hp l khi no?
2. Cu 2
Ph ti in c th hin trn th l g? th ph ti in hng ngy cho ta
nhng thng tin cn thit g cho thit k v cho vn hnh. x nghip, trong qu
trnh sn xut c cn thit xc nh th ph ti khng? Cch xc nh th ph ti
hng ngy ca x nghip hay nh my nh th no?
Hy nh ngha cc ph ti sau y:
Ph ti cc i P
max
, ph ti nh nhn P
n
, ph ti tnh ton P
tt
v ph ti trung bnh
P
tb
. Cho bit quan h ca cc loi ph ti ny. Trnh by l do: khi tnh ton thit k
h thng cung cp in, ngi ta da trn ph ti P
tt
tnh ton dung lng my
bin p v cc thit b kh c in ca nh my x nghip.
C my phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton P
tt
. Trnh by tm tt cc phng
php v phm vi ng dng.
Ph ti nh nhn P
n
xut hin khi no? Ti sao chng ta phi quan tm n tr s
ph ti nh nhn v tn sut xut hin ca n trong thi gian sn xut.
Gii thch cng thc tnh dng in nh nhn sau:

I
n
= I
mm(max)
+ ( I
tt
k
sd
.I
m(max)
) (1)
3. Cu 3
Trnh by u khuyt im ca tng dng s sau:
+ S phn phi dng hnh tia (hay cn gi dng cy)
+ S phn phi dng phn nhnh (dng trc chnh)
+ S phn phi dng dn su.
s dng dn su, hy trnh by c th u khuyt im v phng din tn tht
P A v U A .
4. Cu 4
Khi chn v tr t trm bin p ca x nghip ta phi tho mn cc yu cu chnh
no? Trong cc yu cu , c yu cu: trm phi t gn trung tm ph ti. Gii
thch v sao? C th gii thiu v cch xc nh trung tm ph ti ca x nghip c
khng?
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 11
S ni dy (nguyn l) ca trm bin p x nghip nh sau (Hnh 1). Hy gii
thch cc phn t cc kh c thit b in trong s v nhim v ca chng trong s
.
STT Tn gi Chc nng nhim v cc kh c thit b in trn s
1
:
:
13

5. Cu 5
Trnh by cc dng ngn mch xy ra trong h thng cung cp in. V hnh, k hiu
v xc xut xy ra trong li in. Trong cc s c trn ngn mch no l i xng
ch gm thnh phn th t thun. Tuy ngn mch 3 pha t xy ra, nhng ti sao phi
nghin cu v quan tm n ngn mch ny?
Hy nu tc hi ca dng in ngn mch.
Tnh ton ngn mch ca h thng cung cp in lm g?
Trnh by nguyn nhn c th xy ra dn n cc loi ngn mch ny.

N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 12
6. Cu 6
Trnh by nhim v ca my ct in cao th (> 1000V) trong li in. Cc iu
kin la chn v kim tra my ct in cao th.
Trnh by nhim v ca dao cch li cao th (> 1000V) trong li in. Cc iu kin
la chn v kim tra ca dao cch li cao th.
V cu to, hy trnh by s khc nhau cn bn gia my ct in v dao cch ly cao
th.
7. Cu 7
Trnh by nhim v ca my ct ph ti, gii hn lm vic ca tng b phn trong
my ct ph ti. Cc iu kin la chn v kim tra my ct ph ti.
8. Cu 8
Trnh by nhim v ca cu ch cao v h p. Trnh by iu kin la chn v kim
tra cu ch cao p.
Yu cu chn b cu dao cu ch tng 1 pha cho cn h gia nh c U
m
=
380V/220V, cng sut t 6 KW, bit h s ng thi K
t
= 0,8 v cos= 0,85.
9. Cu 9
ptmt h p hay cu dao t ng (CB) c chc nng g trong li in. Cc iu
kin la chn ptmt h p.
Yu cu chn ptmt tng 1 pha cho cn h gia nh c U
m
= 380V/220V, cng
sut t 8 KW, bit h s ng thi K
t
= 0,8 v cos = 0,85.
Ch : y SV khng cn tnh v kim tra iu kin ngn mch ti h gia nh v
xa ngun.
10. Cu 10
H s cng sut cos l g? ngha ca vic nng cao cos .
Trnh by tm tt cc gii php cn thit nng cao cos t nhin (khng b).
Nu dng cc bin php nng cao cos ti x nghip th x nghip c li g v
chi nhnh cp in c li g?
11. Cu 11
C li cung cp in cho mt nh my c kh loi trung bnh ln nh hnh v
LT.11. Hy trnh by cc k hiu in trn s v phng php tnh ph ti tnh
ton trn thanh ci ca trm bin p 110kV/6kV pha th cp ca trm ny. Nu
mun b cos cho phn xng pha h p ca T7 th c my v tr t t b.
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 13

12. Cu 12
Ti sao phi chn cp in p nh mc ca mng in? C my cch chn cp in
p nh mc ca mng in? Gii thch cc cch chn cp in p hp l? Theo em
nn chn theo cch no?
Hy trnh by cc u khuyt im ca cc dng ct in vi vt liu lm ct in: ct
st, ct b tong, ct g, ct bng tre, v cc loi vt liu dng truyn ti in
nng.
Cho bit cc loi dy c k hiu sau y l loi no: M, Cu, A, Al, C, St, AC.
V d AC-95, PVC-16 l th no?
13. Cu 13
Trnh by cc tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng trong my bin p? Cng thc
tnh ton tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng trong my bin p in lc?
V phng in cu to, lm th no gim c cc tn tht ny? V vn hnh
nn thc hin phng thc vn hnh no gim c cc tn tht ny?
14. Cu 14
Th no l mng in kn? Th no l mng in h?
Mng in kn c u khuyt im g so vi mng in h?
im phn b cng sut tc dng trong mng in kn l im nh th no? Ti sao
phi tm im phn b cng sut tc dng trong mng in kn?
im phn b cng sut phn khng trong mng in kn l im nh th no? Ti
sao phi tm im ny?
15. Cu 15
C my phng php la chn tit din dy dn v dy cp?
c im ca mi phng php v phm vi p dng? Gii thch s b ti sao?
D chn theo phng php no, cui cng phi kim tra ba iu kin no?
16. Cu 16
Cc loi bo v chng st t ng dy truyn vo trm in. Trnh by cc loi
chng st ny? (CSV, CSO, khe h phng in)
Cc bin php chng st nh trc tip vo trm in? Trnh by cc bin php ny?
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 14
17. Cu 17
Hy gii thch s bo v trm 35kV 110kV sau y: (hnh LT.17)

18. Cu 18
Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca ptmt chng r nh sau: (hnh LT.18)

19. Cu 19
V cc dng s li in phn h p ca my bin p h p ca x nghip?
Cc s dng TNC, TNC.S, TNS, IT, T.T nh th no?
Trong cc s trn, s no hay dng hin nay? Ti sao cc khu cng nghip c
yu t nc ngoi thng dng loi TN-C.S hay TNS?
20. Cu 20
Cc ptmt c s ng c tnh tc ng m vi dng in tc ng gia cc
gi tr ng vi cc ng cong B, C, D v Z, K, M, A nh hnh LT.20
Gii thch cc ng c tnh ny? Cc ptmt ny v nhim v c khc vi
ptmt chng r RCCB v DDR khng?
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 15

B. BI TON
1. Bi ton 1
Yu cu xc nh ph ti tnh ton S
tt
ca 1 trng trung hc huyn bao gm nh hc
3 tng, mi tng 6 phng hc, mi phng c din tch
2
m 80 . Cc khu nh: thng
trc, vn phng, phng hp c din tch
2
m 200 . S lng my vi tnh: 10 b, cng
sut mi b 300W, h s ng thi l K
t
= 0,85. Sut ph ti in trong mi phng
hc l 16W/
2
m . Cho phng thng trc, vn phng, phng hp l 20W/
2
m . Gi s
dng n ng hunh quang v cc b my tnh c cos = 0,85 ; in p nh mc
ca li in l U
m
= 380V/220V.
2. Bi ton 2
Hy tnh dng in nh nhn P
n
ca ng dy cung cp in cho cn trc ti cng
vi s liu sau:
ng c P
m
(KW)
H s tit
din c %
cos I
m
(A)
H s m
may k
mm

Nng hng
Xe con
Xe ln
15
4
7,5
15
15
15
0,85
0,85
0,85
29,3
9,8
17,0
5,5
2,5
2,5
Bit in p nh mc U
m
= 380V/220V, h s s dng k
sd
= 0,3
3. Bi ton 3
Hy xc nh tn hao cng sut v tn hao in nng trn ng dy dn AC_70; di
l = 9,5km, cung cp in cho 1 nh my c ph ti tnh ton l S
tt
= 550 kVA. H s
cos = 0,85. Thi gian chiu tn tht cng sut ln nht l = 3633 gi, in p 15
kV. Bit cm nang bng 2.35 trang 645_CC NXP, ta c r
0
= 0,46 /km v x
0
=
0,396 /km.
AC-70, 15 KV
l = 9,5 km;
Stt = 550 KVA




N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 16
4. Bi ton 4
Hy xc nh tn hao in p trn ng dy 22kV dy dn AC_70, di l = 47 km;
cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy l S = (400 + j225) kVA. Bit rng tra bng 2.35
trang 645_CC NXP i vi dy AC_70 c r
0
= 0,46 /km v x
0
= 0,396 /km.
AC-70, 22 KV
l = 47 km;
S = (400 + j225) KVA

5. Bi ton 5
Hy chn tit din dy dn pha h p cho ng dy truyn ti in nng thn c
U
m
= 380V/220V, chiu di l = 0,6 km. Cng sut truyn ti S = 34 kVA, h s
cos = 0,85. Bit rng tn tht in p cho php i vi ng dy ny l
% 5 , 5 U
cp
= A so vi nh mc. Ngi ta dng dy nhm trn A vi khong cch
trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy D
tb
= 600 mm. Bit in dn ca vt liu nhm
7 , 31
1
= =
A
A

[m/mm
2
. ]
Trch bng 2.34 trang 645 CC-NXP
Loi dy A.16 A.25 A.35 A.50 A.70 A.95 A.120 A.150 A.185
in tr
r
0
/km

1,98 1,28 0,92 0,64 0,46 0,34 0,27 0,21 0,17
in khng
D
tb
= 600 mm
x
0
(/km)
0,358 0,345 0,336 0,325 0,315 0,303 0,297 0,288 0,279
6. Bi ton 6
Hy chn dy dn trn ton tuyn A.1.2. C ng dy trn khng U
m
= 15 kV, cp
cho 2 ph ti nng thn t im A trn trc ng dy ti ca huyn. Cho bit tn
tht cho php t im A r v ph ti 2 l 3% U
m
, chiu di l
A-1
= 8 km, l
1-2
= 5 km,
cos = 0,85. Ton tuyn A.1.2 dng 1 loi dy nhm li thp cng tit din.
Ghi ch: tra bng 3.25 trang 645 CC NXP v chn dy AC.
400 KVA;
cos = 0,85
200 KVA;
cos = 0,85
15 KV
2 1
A
l
1
= 8 km l
2
= 5 km

7. Bi ton 7
Mt ng dy mng in thnh ph di 3 km c ph ti phn b u I
0
= 0,3 A/m.
Dy dn bng nhm A, tit din A_95 mm
2
. Hy xc nh tn tht in nng trn
ng dy trong 1 nm. Bit thi gian chu tn tht cng sut ln nht l = 1600
gi.
Ghi ch: tra bng 2.34 trang 645 CC NXP, dy A_95 c r
0
= 0,34 /km.
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 17
l = 3 km; AC-95
I
o
= 0.3 A/m

8. Bi ton 8
Yu cu chn ptmt AT cho cn h gia nh c cng sut t P
t
= 12 kW. Bit
rng h s ng thi K
t
= 0,85; cos= 0,85. Cn h dng in p pha 220V.
Ch : ng dy ny xa ngun nn khng cn kim tra iu kin ct ngn mch ca
AT s dng bng 3.9 trng 674 CC NXP.
9. Bi ton 9
Trm bin p phn phi TBAPP, cng sut 300 kVA, in p 10 kV/0,4 kV; tng tr
ca my bin p ny quy v pha h p l (10,5 + j28,8) m. Tng tr ca on cp
tng 4 li ng PVC (3.120 + 1.95) l Z
c
= (1,25 +j1) m.
a/ B qua tng tr ca ptmt tng AT. Hy tnh dng in ngn mch ti thanh
gp 0,4 kV, tnh dng in nh mc ca ptmt tng AT.
b/ Hy chn ptmt tng AT v kim tra iu kin ct ngn mch ca ptmt ny.
Ghi ch: dng bng 3.9 trang 677 CC NXP.
10. Bi ton 10
Mt x nghip c kh c 2 phn xng, cng sut ca cc phn xng nh sau:
S
1
= (100 + j 120) kVA,
S
2
= ( 70 + j90) kVA.
1/ Nu b tp trung ti ngay di ptmt tng AC th cn b bao nhiu Q
b
nng
cos
1
ln n cos
2
=0,95
2/ Nu khng b tp trung m b ring l ti cc phn xng th mi phn xng cn
b bao nhiu c hai phn xng u nng cos ln n cos
2
=0,95. Bit rng
t trm bin p TBAPP n cc phn xng 1 v 2 c cc thng s sau:
ng dy Loi cp dng Chiu di l [m] ro [/km]
TBAPP-PX1 PVC(3.70+1.50) 55 0,29
TBAPP-PX2 PVC(3.50+1.35) 45 0,40
11. Bi ton 11
Xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca mt nhm thit b ng lc c cc tham s cho trong
bng sau theo phng php h s nhu cu K
nc

P
m
, kW 3 4,5 5,6 6,3 8 10 12 14
k
sd
0,64 0,54 0,48 0,48 0,62 0,67 0,43 0,53

Bit:
1 k
sd
k k
nc sd
n
hq

E
= +
E

Trong : - k
sd
: H s s dng tng
- n
hq
: s lng hiu dng, y l s thit b
- k
nc
: H s nhu cu
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 18
12. Bi ton 12
Xc nh tn hao in p v tng hao cng sut
P v Q A
trong mng in gm
ng dy dn AC-70 di 14km, bit cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy l S = (460
+ j375) KVA.
Cho thng s dy AC-70, bng 2.35 trang 645, sch Cung cp in Nguyn Xun
Ph cho: r0 = 0,46
/ km O
v x0 = 0,396
/ km O

AC-70, 22 KV
l = 14 km;
S = (460 + j375) KVA

13. Bi ton 13
Hy chn tit din dy dn cho ng dy h p 0,38 KV di 0,46Km, bit rng tn
hao in p cho php l
% 5 , 5 U
cp
= A
, cng sut truyn ti S = 34KVA, h s
cos

=0,8; d kin dng dy nhm c

1
31, 7
A
A

= =
[m/mm
2
. ]
Bit bng 2.34 trang 645, sch Cung cp in Nguyn Xun Ph cho ta bng sau
vi khong cch hnh hc gia cc dy dn l 600mm.

Loi dy A.6 A.10 A.16 A.25 A.35 A.50 A.70 A.95 A.120 A.150 A.185
in tr
r
0
/km

5,26 3,16 1,98 1,28 0,92 0,64 0,46 0,34 0,27 0,21 0,17
in khng
D
tb
= 600 mm
x
0
(/km)
- - 0,358 0,345 0,336 0,325 0,315 0,303 0,297 0,288 0,279
14. Bi ton 14
Hy xc nh tit din dy dn kp cho ng dy ca mch in l AB v BC theo
phng php mt kinh t dng in. Bit rng cng sut truyn ti trn hnh tnh
bng MVA, h s cos

=0,86, vi thi gian s dng cng sut cc i l TM = 4500

gi, cho ta chn fkinh t = 1,1A/mm2 i vi thanh ci hay dy dn li nhm A.
S
1
=135MVA S
2
=56MVA
2 1
A

15. Bi ton 15
Chn tit din dy dn cho mng in chiu sang 380/220V, di l = 300m (hnh v
di), c sut ph ti trn mt n v chiu di l f
0
= 0,15KW/m. Tn hao in p
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 19
cho php l 2, 5%
cp
U A = . D kin chn dy li ng. Cho bit h s
2
5
10
dm
U
C

= = 77
(i vi ng); Cng thc tnh tit din l:
2
[ ]
.[ %]
M
F mm
C U
=
A

l = 300 m
P
o
= 0.15
kW/m

Bng cho c dy ng:
Loi dy M.6 M.10 M.16 M.25 M.35 M.50 M.70 M.95 M.120 M.150 M.185
in tr
r
0
/km

3,06 1,84 1,20 0,74 0,54 0,39 0,28 0,20 0,158 0,123 0,103
in
khng
D
tb
= 400
mm
x
0
(/km)
0,371 0,355 0,333 0,319 0,308 0,297 0,283 0,274 - - -
16. Bi ton 16
Chn cu ch in p thp kiu H-2 bo v cho mch in 380V cung cp cho
ng c c P
m
= 20KW; h s cos =0,8; h s m my k
mm
= 5,5; iu kin khi
ng nh 2, 5 o = . Kim tra dy cp li ng XLPE c tit din 35mm
2
t trong ng
thp xem c ph hp khng trong iu kin bnh thng. Bit dy XLPE c tit din
35mm
2
c dng in cho php l I
cp
= 150A trng hp qu ti l 1,25%.
Cho bng cu ch H-2 nh sau:
Kiu
Dng in nh mc, A Dng in ct gii
hn, KA Ca cu ch Ca dy chy
HHH 40 6,10,15,20,30,40 --
HH-2-100 100 30,40,50,60,80,100 50
HH-2-250 250 80,100,120,150,200,250 40
HH-2-400 400 200,250,300,400 25
HH-2-600 600 300,400,500,600 25
Bng in tr v in khng ca dy ng trn:
Loi
dy
M.6 M.10 M.16 M.25 M.35 M.50 M.70 M.95 M.120 M.150 M.185
in
tr
/km
3,06 1,84 1,20 0,74 0,54 0,39 0,28 0,20 0,158 0,123 0,103
Khong
cch
trung
bnh
hnh hc
gia cc
dy dn,
mm
in khng (/km)
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 20
400 0,371 0,355 0,333 0,319 0,308 0,297 0,283 0,274 - - -
600 0,397 0,381 0,385 0,345 0,336 0,325 0,309 0,300 0,292 0,287 0,280
800 0,415 0,399 0,377 0,363 0,352 0,341 0,327 0,318 0,310 0,305 0,298
1000 0,429 0,418 0,391 0,377 0,356 0,355 0,341 0,332 0,324 0,319 0,313
1250 0,443 0,427 0,405 0,391 0,380 0,369 0,255 0,346 0,338 0,333 0,327
1500 - 0,438 0,416 0,402 0,391 0,380 0,366 0,357 0,349 0,344 0,338
2000 - 0,457 0,435 0,421 0,410 0,398 0,385 0,376 0,368 0,363 0,357
2500 - - 0,449 0,435 0,420 0,413 0,399 0,390 0,382 0,377 0,371
3000 - - 0,460 0,446 0,435 0,423 0,410 0,401 0,393 0,388 0,382
17. Bi ton 17
Cho ptmt bo v mng in 380V cung cp cho nhm ng c gm: 3x10KW
v mt my vi cng sut nh mc l 33KW, h s cng sut ca cc my l
cos =0,8; h s m my ca chng u l k
mm
= 4,5; iu kin khi ng nng n
1, 6 o = ; h s ng thi k
t
= 0,9.
Kim tra dy cp ng c tit din li: 70mm
2
vi cch in giy tm du, t trong
t vi I
cp
= 440A.

18. Bi ton 18
Li in h p 220V c ph ti tp trung, vi P = 30KW, tag
1
=0,577 mun nng
ln vi h s cos
2
=0,93. Hy tm cng sut b cn thit Q
bu
v chn t b theo bng
sau:
Loi U
n
, kV Q
n
, kVAr Loi U
n
, kV Q
n
, kVAr
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Do Nga sn xut
KM01-0,22 0,22 4; 5; 6; 8 KC1-0,38-20-3Y1 0,38 20
KM01-0,38 0,38 13 KC1-0,66-20-3Y1 0,66 20
KM01-0,5 0,5 13 KC1-10,5-37,5-2Y3 10,5 37,5
KC1-0,22-8-3Y1 0,22 8 KC2-0,38-40-3Y3 0,38 40
KC1-0,22-14-3Y1 0,22 14 KC2-0,38-40-3Y3 0,38 40
KC1-0,38-14-3Y1 0,38 14 KC2-22-60-2Y1 22 60

19. Bi ton 19
Xc nh dung lng b v chn t b
Hy tm gi tr cng sut phn khng cn b nng h s cng sut hin ti ca
phn xng c cng sut tc dng P = 51KW vi cos
1
=0,76 ln cos
2
=0,9. Bit
mng in vi in p 380V. Dng bng bi ton 18.

20. Bi ton 20
Mng in vi in p nh mc 380V, cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy cp ngm
l 186, 7 ; 94, 3 P KW Q KVAr
E E
= = , ng dy cp ngm c r
0
= 0,19O/Km v
x
0
=0,08O/Km chiu di truyn ti l l=55m. C thi gian tn hao cng sut cc i
l 2180 . h t =
N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 21
Hy tm tn tht in nng trn ng dy cp v tnh thnh tin bit gi 1KW l
1000 ng.
r
0
, x
0
l = 55 m;
S = (186,7 + j94,3) KVA


2.2 IU KHIN, BO V H THNG IN
1. Nguyn l bo v dng in cc i:
Nguyn l tc ng, trnh by nguyn l ca mt s in hnh ca BV?
Trnh by cc dng c tnh thi gian ca bo v: c tnh c lp, c tnh ph thuc
gii hn?
2. Nguyn l bo v ct nhanh
Nguyn l tc ng, trnh by nguyn l ca mt s in hnh ca BV?
Gii thiu nguyn l cc s : BVCN my bin p, BVCN my pht, BVCN ng
dy 2 ngun cung cp, BVCN chnh nh theo in p?
Gii thiu nguyn l BV qu dng p dng trong BV cho ng dy?
Gii thiu nguyn l BV qu dng p dng trong BV cho MBA?
Gii thiu nguyn l BV qu dng p dng trong BV cho My pht in?
3. Nguyn l bo v dng in c hng:
Nguyn l tc ng?
Gii thiu r-le cng sut: nguyn l cu to, hot ng v c tnh?
Gii thiu s nguyn l: s khi, s thc hin bng r-le cng sut?
4. Bo v so lch:
Nguyn l tc ng? Gii thiu cc s nguyn l?
Cc phng php nng cao nhy trong BVSL: dng my bin dng bo ha trung
gian BIG, dng r-le c cun hm?
Gii thiu r-le bo v so lch in t: nguyn l, hot ng?
5. Bo v khong cch:
Nguyn l tc ng? Gii thiu s nguyn l thc hin BVKC?
Gii thiu s nguyn l BVKC 3 cp?
Trnh by c tnh thi gian v vng BV ca BVKC 3 cp?
Gii thiu nguyn l BV khong cch p dng trong BV cho ng dy?
6. T ng iu chnh tn s:
Gii thiu s ng hc iu chnh tn s vi c tnh tnh? (Hnh 13.4 trang 261)
Gii thiu s ng hc iu chnh tn s vi c tnh tnh? (Hnh 13.5 trang
262)
Trnh by qu trnh iu chnh tn s cp 1?
Trnh by qu trnh iu chnh tn s cp 2 v 3?

N THI TT NGHIP IN CNG NGHIP


2012-2013 Trang 22
7. T ng iu chnh in p:
T ng iu chnh in p: c im, cc loi s , phm vi p dng c cu iu
chnh vi c tnh tnh v tnh?
Trnh by s t ng iu chnh in p theo nguyn l n dng? (Hnh 14.2a
trang 276)
Trnh by s t ng iu chnh in p theo nguyn l b dng? (Hnh 14.2b
trang 276)
Trnh by s phc hp t ng iu chnh kch t my pht? (Hnh 14.3 trang
278)
Trnh by s t ng iu chnh in p bng c cu phc hp vi corrector in
p? (Hnh 14.5 trang 279, xem thm phn Khuch i t trang 61)
8. T ng kh t trng v t ng ha ng b my pht:
Gii thiu nguyn l cc c cu c cu kh t trng thng dng? Trnh by nguyn
l c cu kh t trng bng cch a in tr vo mch kch t my pht? (Hnh
15.2 trang 294)
Gii thiu cu trc s t ng ha ng b my pht?
Trnh by nguyn l ca b phn ng trc trong s cu trc trn? (Hnh 15.4
trang 261)
Trnh by nguyn l ca b kim tra lch tn s? (Hnh 15.5 trang 299)
Trnh by nguyn l ca b kim tra lch in p? (Hnh 15.6 trang 300)
Trnh by nguyn l ca b phn ng? (Hnh 15.7 trang 301)
9. T ng ng li v t ng ng d phng:
Gii thiu s t ng ng li mt ln? (Hnh 16.1 trang 261)
Gii thiu s t ng ng li hai ln? (Hnh 16.2 trang 261)