1

CHAPTER 3: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION B. 3.0

OXIDATION
AND REDUCTION
Redox
reactions
Rusting as a
redox reaction
Activation Series
of Metal and its
application
Electrolysis cell
and chemical cell
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
1. Define redox reaction.
2. Stated the difference between redox
and non redox reaction..
3. List 5 examples of redox reaction and
non redox respectively.
1. State two conditions to cause the metal
rusting.
2. Explain the rusting process of iron.
3. Explain why iron plated by aluminium less
rusted compared to the iron plated with
copper..
4. Define metal corrosion
1. State the difference between
electrolysis cell and chemical cell.
2. Draw an example of electrolysis
cell and then explain the process
occurs in the cell.
3. Draw an example of chemical
cell and then explain the process
occurs in the cell.
1. Define Activation Series of Metal.
2. Draw a diagram showing
arrangement of apparatus for experiment
to get metal activation series.
3. Draw a diagram and then describe an
experiment to locate hydrogen in the
activation series of metal.
2
B. 3.1























































REDOX REACTION (oxidation &
reduction)
Oxidation and reduction in
terms of oxygen.
Oxidation and reduction in
terms of electron transfer
Oxidation and reduction in
terms of oxidation numbers
Definition for redox
reaction

The reaction
involved oxidation
and reduction
simultaneously
*3.1.1
Oxidation and reduction refers
to hydrogen.

*3.1.2
*3.1.3
*3.1.4 Examples of
Redox reaction
*3.1.5
1. Define oxidation process in term of
oxygen transfer.
2. Define reduction process in term of
oxygen transfer.
3. Give an example of oxidation
reaction and then write the chemical
equation.
1. Define oxidation process
in term of hydrogen transfer.
2. Define reduction process
in term of hydrogen transfer.
3. Give an example of
oxidation reaction and then
write the chemical equation.

1. Define oxidation process
in term of electron transfers.
2. Define reduction process
in term of electron transfers.
3. Give an example of
oxidation reaction and then
write the chemical equation.

1. Define oxidation process in
term of oxidation number.
2. Define reduction process in
term of oxidation number.
3. Define oxidation process in
term of oxidation number.
4. Give an example of reduction
reaction. Write the chemical
equation
1 List 3 example of redox
reaction. Write chemical
equation for each example.
2. List 3 example of non-
redox reaction. Write
chemical equation for each
example.


3
*B. 3.1.1























































OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN
TERMS OF OXYGEN.
Experiment for oxidation of
metal by oxygen.

Experiment for reduction of
metal oxide by carbon

Diagram

Definition for oxidation:

Diagram

Definition for reduction:

Equation

Equation

2CuO + C Cu + CO
2


Other example to reduction
Other example to
oxidation

C + O
2
CO
2


4
*B. 3.1.2























































OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
IN TERMS OF HYDROGEN.
Definition for
oxidation

Example of
oxidation

Definition for
reduction

Example of
reduction


3CuO + 2NH
3
3Cu + N
2
+ 3H
2
O

2NH
3
+ 3Br
2
N
2
+ 6HBr

H
2
S + Cl
2
S + 2HCl


3CuO + 2NH
3
3Cu + N
2
+ 3H
2
O

2NH
3
+ 3Br
2
N
2
+ 6HBr

H
2
S + Cl
2
S + 2HCl

Determine;
Oxidizing agent
Reduction agent
Elements that have been oxidize.
Elements that have been reduced



5
*B. 3.1.3

































G





















OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION IN TERMS OF
ELECTRON TRANSFER
Experiment to observe redox refers to
the electron transfer in a distance.

Definition for
oxidation

Other example

Definition for
reduction

Diagram

Equation

Sulphuric acid
Chlorine water Potassium iodide
Carbon Carbon
2I
-
I
2
+ 2e
(oxidation)
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
-

(reduction)

Overall equation
2I
-
+ Cl
2
I
2
+ 2Cl
-

(Redox)
e
Electron transfer in a
distant
6
*B. 3.1.4























































OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION IN TERMS
OF OXIDATION
NUMBERS.
Oxidation
number

Calculation of oxidation number

1.

2.
The relation of oxidation
numbers and the IUPAC
nomenclature.
Determination of
oxidation number of
an element.

Definition for
oxidation
number

General guidance to determine oxidation number.
1. Oxidation no. of an atom/molecule of an element = 0
2. Oxidation no. of an element in monatomic ion = number of charge at the ion.
3. Oxidation number for halogen is -1 except when reacted with more electronegative element (i.e. NBr
3

and Cl
2
O
7
is +1 and +7 respectively)
4. Oxidation no. in oxygen is -2 except in F
2
O and H
2
O
2
is +2 and 1 respectively


5. Oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except in metal hydrides such as NaH and MgH
2
is equal -1
6. Total of oxidation no. in all elements in a neutral compound = 0
7. Total of oxidation no. of all element in a complex ion = number of charge at the ion
The change of oxidation
numbers in the oxidation
and reduction process.
Oxidation:

Reduction:

7
*B. 3.1.5























































THE EXAMPLES OF
REDOX REACTION

Conversion of iron (II) to
iron (III) ion and vice
versa
Displacement reaction of
a metal from the solution
of their compound

Electrons transfer in a certain
distance.
Displacement reaction of
the halogen from their
halide solution

Experiment

Half equation (oxidation):

Half equation (reduction):

Overall equation:


Experiment: Displacement of
copper by magnesium

Half equation (oxidation):

Half equation (reduction):

Overall equation:


Sulphuric acid
Oxidation agent
Reduction agent
Carbon Carbon
e
Electron transfer in a
certain distance
G

Diagram

Examples

8
B.3.2























































RUSTING IS REDOX
REACTION.
Definition of
metal corrosion

Rusting process of iron
refers to oxidation and
reaction.
Using of the other metals to protect the
iron from rusting. (Example, iron plated by
zinc):


Zinc is more electropositive than iron,
suppose to be the negative terminal. Zinc
eliminated electrons and corroded to
prevent iron from corroded. Therefore iron
not corroded and not rusted. Zinc is called
Zink dianggap sebagai logam korban.

Experiment: The effect
of contact by other
metal to the rusting of
iron.

9
B. 3.3








































Application of the
Reactivity series of
metals in the metal
extraction

1. Extraction of iron

2.

3.

Def. of metal
reactivity series


THE REACTIVITY
SERIES OF METALS
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS

Experiment: To get the
reactivity series of metals.

Experiment: To determine
the position of carbon in
metal activation series.
Experiment: To determine
the position of hydrogen
in the reactivity series.

Extraction of iron and tin
in industry
KMnO
4

Glass
wool
Metal
powder
Heat
Heat
Metal oxide
+
Carbon
CO
2

Metal
oxide
Heat
Dry H
2

10
B. 3.4























































ELECTROLYTIC CELL
AND CHEMICAL CELL
Reactions in
electrolytic cell
Cu
2+
, NO
3
-
,
H
+
, OH
-

At cathode:
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
(Reduction)

At anode:
4OH
-
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e
(Oxidation)
Carbon
Copper nitrate (electrolyte)
Other
examples
Anode Oxidation took place
Cathode Reduction took place
Reaction in a
chemical cell
Simple
cell
Metal Pb

Metal Mg

Electrolyte
H
2
SO
4

At terminal (-)
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
(Oxidation)
At terminal (+)
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

(Reduction)
anode
A
Other
examples
Oxidation is at the anode.
Reduction is at cathode.
Oxidation is at cathode.
Reduction at anode
Comparison between
electrolytic and
chemical cells refers to
the oxidation and
reduction.
11

3.1 Analysing redox reactions












1. Determine which substance is oxidized or reduced in each of the following reactions.
( In terms of loss or gain of oxygen and hydrogen )

a. Mg + CuO MgO + Cu

b. Zn + PbO ZnO + Pb

c. C + 2 ZnO CO
2
+ Zn

d. H
2
S + Cl
2
S + HCl

e. 2NH
3
+ 3 Br
2
N2 + 6 HBr

2. Fill in the blanks.





2Fe
(S)
+ 3Cl
2(g)
2FeCl
3






( a)is oxidized.

is reduced.

is the oxidising agent.

is the reducing agent.









Lost electron (oxidation)
receive electron
(reduction)
Oxidation : Combination of a substance with oxygen.
Loss of hydrogen
Loss of electrons

Reduction : Removal of oxygen from a substance
Gain of hydrogen
Gain of electrons.

12




2Ag
+
+ Cu 2Ag + Cu
2+





b..is oxidized

..is reduced.

is the oxidizing agent.

..is the reducing agent.


3. Determine which elements is oxidised and reduced in each of the following reactions.(In term of
electron transfer).

a. Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2

b. 2Fe + 3I
2
2FeI
3

c Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu


Oxidation : O:xidation number of the element increases
Reduction : Oxidation number of the element decreases


4. Fill in the blancks.




2Fe
(S)
+ 3Cl
2(g)
2FeCl
3







a.is oxisided

.is reduced









Receive electron (reduction)
Lost electron (oxidation)
Oxidation number increase
(Oxidation) from 0 to +3
Oxidation number
decrease (reduction)
from 0 to -1
13




2Ag
+
+ Cu 2Ag + Cu
2+





b.is oxidized.

..is reduced.

5.



The oxidation number of an atom or molecule in its element is zero.
a. Fill in the table for the oxidation number of the atom and molecule.

Atom Oxidation number Molecule Oxidation number
Mg 0 H
2
0
Cu O
2

Na I
2

He Br
2

Fe Cl
2

F
2

N
2


Oxidation number of hydrogen in a compound is always +1 ( except in metal hydrides
where is is -1 )

Oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is always -2 ( except in peroxides)
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the elements in the formula of a compound
must be zero.
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the elements in a polyatomic ion must be equal
to the charge of the ion.

















Oxidation number decrease (reduction) from +1 to 0
Oxidation number increase (oxidation) from 0 to +2
Oxidation number is the charge that the atom of the element would have if complete
transfer of electrons occur.
14
b. Calculate the oxidation number,ON of the following.

(i ) Mangan in MnO
4
-

Let ON mangan is x
1(x) + 4(-2) = -1
x = =+ 7


(ii) Sulphur in S
2
O
3
2-





(iii) Mangan in MnO
2





(iv)
Mangan in Mn
2
O
3




(v) Nitrogen in NH
3






6.




Name the following compounds.The first two has been done .

Formula Oxidation number,ON of
element
Name
FeSO
4

Fe : +2 Iron (II) sulphate
NaClO


Na : +1
O : -2

Let ON of Cl = x

(+1) + x +(-2) = 0
x = +1


Sodium chlorate (I)











The Roman numerals represent the oxidation numbers of
Elements.The oxidation number is included in the IUPAC nomenclature of
a compound only if the element in involved has more than one oxidation
number
15
Formula Oxidation number,ON of element Name
PbO
2





PbO




MnO
2





K
2
Cr
2
O
7






7.









7.1 Change of Fe
2+
to Fe
3+

Fill in the blanks.

1. When bromine water is added to iron(II)sulphate solution, the bromine water

turns from.to Iron(II)sulphate

solution turns from ..to..


2. The iron(II)ions is oxidized to.by..

electrons.

3. Bromine water is reduced as bromine molecules .electrons

to form bromide ions.

Redox reactions are chemical reactions involving oxidation and reduction
occurring simultaneously.

7.1 Change of Fe
2+
to Fe
3+
/ Fe
3+
to Fe
2+

7.2 Displacement of metal from its salt solution
7.3 Displacement of halogen from its halide solution
7.4 Transfer of electrons at a distance.
Iron(II)sulphate solution
Bromine water
16
4. Half-equation for oxidation :

Fe
2+
(aq) Fe
3+
(aq) ..

5. Half equation for reduction :

Br
2
(aq) 2 Br
-
(aq)

6. Overall equation for redox reaction :

..Fe
2+
(aq) + Br
2
(aq) 2 Fe
3+
(aq) + Br
-
(aq)


Change of Fe
3+
to Fe
2+




Complete the table for the reactions that take place in the test tube above.

Observations

Half-equation : oxidation


Half equation : reduction


Overall equation


Comfirmatory test




















Zinc powder
Iron(III)chloride solution
17
7.2 Displacement of metal from its salt solution.












For each of the following reactions, write down the half equations and overall equation.State which
substance is oxidised and reduced.
a. Magnesium is added to aqueous copper(II) sulphate.

Oxidation Reduction
Half-equation



Observations



Overall equation











K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe S Pb H Cu Hg Pt Ag


Increasing electropositivity.

A more electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive metal from
its salt solution.
Zinc is more electropositive than
copper ( zinc is in
higher position than copper in
electrochemical series).
Zinc displaced copper from
copper(II) sulphate solution.

Zn(s) Zn
2+
(aq) + 2e

Zinc is oxidised

The copper(II) ions are
taken out from the solution to
form copper metal .

Cu
2+
(aq) + 2e Cu (s)

Copper(II) ions are reduced.
The blue colour of
copper(II)sulphate solution
fades.
18
b. Copper is added to silver nitrate solution.


Oxidation Reduction
Half-equation



Observations



Overall equation





c. Zinc is added to copper (II) sulphate solution.

Oxidation Reduction
Half-equation



Observations



Overall equation






7.3 Displacement of halogen from its halide solution
















A more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from
its aqueous halide solution.The more reactive halogen has a
higher tendency to gain electron.

F
2
Highest tendency to gain electrons
Cl
2

Br
2

I
2

At
2




19


Cl
2
+ 2 KI 2 KCl + I
2


Chlorine is more reactive than
iodine.Chlorine molecules Cl
2
(aq
)
+ 2e 2 Cl
-
(aq)
receive electrons to form
chloride ions.Chlorine is
reduced.Chlorine is the
the oxidising agent.

Iodide ions in potassium bromide 2I
-
(aq) I
2
(aq) + 2e
lose electrons to form iodine
molecules.Potassium iodide solution
is the reducing agent.

a. Bromine water id added to potassium iodide solution.

Oxidation Reduction
Half-equation



Observation




Overall reaction



Reducing agent :

Oxidising agent :









Potassium iodide solution
Chlorine water
20
b) Chlorine water is added to potassium bromide solution.

Oxidation Reduction
Half-equation



Observation




Overall reaction



Reducing agent :

Oxidising agent :



2.Halogens give different colours in 1,1,1,-trichloroethane.

Complete the table below.

Halogen Colour of halogen in
aqueous solution
Colour of halogen in 1,1,1-
trichloroethane.

Chlorine


Bromine


Iodine

























21
7.4 Transfer of electrons at a distance








1. Classify the following substances into oxidising agent and reducing agent.








Oxidising agent

Reducing agent












e


e -























When an oxidising agent and a reducing agent are kept at a distance, the
electrons have to be transferred from one to the other through an external circuit. A
redox cell is a device to produce electric current from a redox reaction
Bromine water potassium iodide solution iron(II) sulphate solution

Potassium manganate (VII) solution Tin(IV)chloride
G
Acidified potassium (Oxidising
manganate(VII),KMnO
4
agent )

Reduction :
MnO
4
-
(aq) + 8H
+
(aq) + 5e
Mn
2+
(aq) + 4 H
2
O(l)

ON of mangan is reduced from
+7 to +2.

The purple acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution decolourises.




Iron(II)sulphate
( reducing agent)
Oxidation :

Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+e

ON of iron is
oxidised from
+2 to +3.
Carbon
electrodes
22
























Complete the following table for the transfer of electrons at a distance.




Negative Terminal

Positive Terminal


Reducing agent



Oxidising agent



Half-equation



Name of the products.



Observations



Comfirmatory test











G
Potassium iodide (aq)
Bromine water
Sulphuric acid
Carbon electrodes
23
























Complete the following table for the transfer of electrons at a distance.




Negative Terminal

Positive Terminal


Reducing agent



Oxidising agent



Half-equation



Name of the products.



Observations



Comfirmatory test











G
Carbon electrodes
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
/ H
+

Ferum(II) sulphate
Potassium chloride,KCl
24






















Complete the following table for the transfer of electrons at a distance.




Negative Terminal

Positive Terminal


Reducing agent



Oxidising agent



Half-equation



Name of the products.



Observations



Comfirmatory test













G
Copper(II) sulphate
Copper
Magnesium sulphate
Magnesium
Potassium iodide
25


3.2 Analysing rusting as a redox reaction.













1.Fill in the blancks.


Negative pole : Iron atoms in contact with the centre of the water droplets ionsise to

form..Oxidation occurs. .The half- equation is

Fe(s) + 2e

Electrons are transferred from the iron atoms to oxygen and water molecules at the

edge of the water droplets. Reduction occurs when the surface of the water droplets

exposed to the air has a tendency to..electrons.The half-equation is :

O
2
(g) + 2H
2
O (l) + 4 OH
-
(aq).

The .ions from the ionisation of iron then combined with the hydroxide

ions to form.as a dirty green precipitate.The overall

equation for the redox reaction is : 2Fe(aq) + O
2
(g) +2H
2
O 2 Fe(OH)
2
(s)

is then oxidised in the air to form..

which then becomes rust,.,Fe
2
O
3
.3H
2
O.




Rusting is the corrosion of iron.Rust forms on
the surface of iron.

Fe(s) Fe
2+
(s) + 2e

It involves electron loss which is oxidation.



Negative pole
Positive pole
26
In order to rust, both air and water a must
Air alone wont do, without water there too,
So protect it,or get a brown crust!












When iron and copper are in contact with each other in the presence of electrolyte,electrons are transferred
from iron to copper.Rusting of iron occurs.






















All metal atoms ionise to form metallic ions .The higher the metal in in the
electrochemical series, the easier its atoms ionise and the easier the corrosion
occurs.

Rusting is prevented if iron is in contact with a more electropositive
metal.
Rusting is faster if iron is in contact with a less electropositive metal.


Fe(s) Fe
2+
(s) + 2e

Iron loses electrons more readily
than copper.

Fe
2+
ion formed in the
electrolyte react with potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution to
form dark blue
spots.

Hot agar solution which
contains potassium
hexacyanoferrate(II)
copper
Dark blue spots Blue spots


Pink colour observed. Less intensity
Gas bubbles are formed. of pink colour
27
2. Complete the table.( The observations are given in the box.)


Pair of Metals

Is the iron corrode?

Observations


Mg/Fe


Zn/Fe


Sn/Fe


Pb/Fe



3.

.
















Alloys
Painting




Clothes
Hanger

Roofs of houses

Medical
instruments

Method of preventing rusting of iron
A protective layer
A sacrificial metal
Oiling


Tin-plating

28
Comparison between electrolytic and voltaic cells


Similarities:

Electrolytic cell










Voltaic cell
Contains an electrolyte
Consists of an anode and a cathode
Positive ions and negative iond move in the electrolyte
Chemical reactions involve the release and acceptance of electrons

Differences:

Characteristics Electrolytic cell Voltaic cell
Energy change


Electric current and
reactions

Electric current results in a chemical
reaction
Chemical reaction produces an
electric current
Cathode and anode Cathode:

Anode:
Cathode:

Anode:
Flow of electrons


Negative terminal


Positive terminal


Types of electrodes



















29
EXECISES

1. Below is the half equation of a reaction





What is meant by oxidation reaction based on the equation ?

A. Electrons are received by bromine
B. Electrons are donated by bromine
C. Electrons are received by bromide ions
D. Electrons are donated by bromide ions.

2. Which of the following are oxidizing agents ?

I. zinc
II. Bromine water
III. Potassium iodide solution
IV. Acidified potassium manganate(VII)solution.

A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I,II and III only
D. II, III and IV only

3. Below is an ionic equation





Which of the following is true of the equation ?

A. Y
2+
is oxidized
B. X is an oxidizing agent
C. X
2+
is a reducing agent
D. X donates electrons to Y
2+


4. Fe
3+
ions in solution can be converted to Fe
2+
ions by adding zinc powder.
Which of the following can replace zinc powder in this reaction ?

A. Bromine water
B. Potassium iodide solution
C. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)solution
D. Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution









2 Br
-
Br
2
+ 2e
X (s) + Y
2+
(aq) X
2+
(aq) + Y (s)
30
5. Table 1 shows the result of an experiment for three chemical cells.


Chemical cell Metal pairs Negative terminal Cell voltage/V
X P and R R 1.9
Y R and S S 0.8
Z Q and R R 0.3

Which of the following can be deduced from table 1 ?

I. The cell voltage is 1.6V when P and Q are used as electrodes.
II. The cell voltage is 1.1 V when P and S are used as electrode.
III. Electrons flow from terminal Q to terminal S in the metal pair Q and S.
IV. P functions as a positive terminal when it is paired with Q,R or S in a cell.

A. I and IV only
B. II and III only
C. I,II and III only.
D. I,II,III and IV





































31
STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS

1. The figure below shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reactions that take place in
test tubes P and Q















(a) State the observation for the reaction

(i) In test tube P.



[ 1 mark ]

(ii) In test tube Q.



[ 1 mark ]

(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (a)(i).



[ 1 mark ]

(c ) State what is meant by oxidising agent in terms of electrn transfer.



[ 1mark ]











Copper(II) sulphate
solution
Magnesium ribbon
Bromine water
Ferum(II) sulphate
solution
Test tube P Test tube Q
32

(d ) Referring to the reaction that takes place in test tube P.

(i) What is the change in the oxidation number of magnesium?


[ 1 mark ]

(ii) name the oxidizing agent.




[ 1 mark ]

(e) Referring to the reaction that takes place in test tube Q,

(i) State the type of reaction that occurs.


[ 1 mark ]

(ii) State the oxidation number of bromine in bromine water.




[ 1 mark ]

(iii) what is the function of bromine water?


[ 1 mark ]

(iv) name another reagent that can replace bromine water..



[ 1 markah ]

















33




3.











The figure above shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of dilute copper(II)
sulphate solution.

(a) (i) What is meant by cation ?


[ 1 mark ]

(ii) What is the energy change that occurs in the electrolysis process?

[ 1 mark ]



(b) In the electrolysis of dilute copper(II) sulphate solution:

(i) State all the ions in the electrolyte.


[ 1 mark ]

(ii) In the table below, write the ions in b(i) which moved to electrodes X and Y.

Elektrode X Elektrode Y





[ 1 mark ]

(iii) What are the processes that occur at electrodes X and Y ?
Elektrode X :

Elektrode Y :

[ 1 mark ]




Carbon
electrode X
Copper(II) sulphate
solution
Carbon electrode
Y
34

(iv) What would you observe at electrode Y



[ 1 mark ]

(iv) What is the colour change of the electrolyte?



[ 1 mark ]

(c ) (i) Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode X.



[ 1 mark ]

(ii) The volume of gas collected at electrode X is 20.0 cm
3
,
How many moles of gas were collected?
Use the information that 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 24. 0 dm
3
at room
temperature and pressure [ 1 mark ]







(iii) Based on the answer in c(ii) what is the number of gas molecules collected?

Use the information that the Avogadro number is 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
.





[ 1 mark ]

















35

3(a) Lime juice was electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
What is produced at the cathode? Write a half equation for the reaction. [2 marks]

(b ) The figure below shows two types of cell.


















Compare and aontrast cell P and cellQ. Include in your answer the observation and half-equatins
for the reactions of the electrodes in both cells.
[ 8 marks ]

(c ) A student Intends to electroplate an iron key with a suitable metal to beautify it.

Design a laboratory experiment to electroplate the iron key.

Your answer should consists of the following:

Chemicals required.
Procedures of the experiment
Diagram showing the set-up of apparatus.
Chemical equation involved in the reaction
Observation
[ 10 marks ]













Copper
plates
Zinc
plate
Copper(II)
sulphate
solution
Copper plate
Cell P Cell Q
36

4. (a) You have an iron key that rusts easily.
State how you would solve this problemusing an electrolysis process.
[ 4 marks ]

(b) Electrolysis is carried out on a dilute sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes.
Explain how this electrolysis occurs.
Use a labeled diagram to explain your answer.
[ 6 marks ]

(c ) Aluminium is placed above zinc in the electrochemical series.
Aluminium and zinc can be used to build a chemical cell , using suitable apparatus and
the following chemicals;

Aluminium sulphate solution
Zink sulphate solution
Sulphuric acid solution

Describe how you would build this chemical cell.
Include a labeled diagram in your answer.
On your diagram , mark the direction of electron flow, the positive terminal and the
negative terminal

[ 10 marks ]


5. a) The following are the formulae of two compounds.

Al
2
O
3
Cu
2
O

(i) Based on the two formulae , state the oxidation number for aluminium
and copper. [2 marks]

(ii) Name both the compounds based on the IUPAC nomenclature system.
[2 marks]

(iii) Expalin the difference between the names of the two compounds based
on the IUPAC nomenclature system.

b) The diagram below shows the set up of the apparatus fo an experiment to investigate
electron transfer through a solution.















37























(i) Name the oxidation agent in the experiment. [1 mark]

(ii) Write the half equations for the reactions that occur at the negative and positive
terminals. [5 marks]

(iii) Based on your answer in 5b(ii), describe the oxidation and reduction processes in
terms of the electron transfer that occurs at the negative and positive terminals.

State also the changes that can be observed after 10 minutes
[8 marks]



G
Graphite electrode
(Negative electrode)
Graphite electrode
(Positive electrode)
Iron(II) sulphate
Solution, FeSO
4

Acidic potassium manganate
(VII) solution, KMnO
4

Dilute sulphuric acid,
H
2
SO
4