mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

Wt Avk&ivd wmwÏKx
evsjvi gyL
Rxebvb›` Kwe wj‡L‡Qb t Òevsjvi gyL Avwg †`wLqvwQ/ ZvB Avwg c„w_exi iƒc LyuwR‡Z hvB bv
Avi/... †hBLv‡b GKw`b k•Lgvjv P›`ªgvjv gvwbKgvjvi/ KvuKb evwRZ, Avnv †Kvbw`b evwR‡e
Avi...Ó weMZ 9 I 10B †g Ôevsjv‡`k evDj msMxZ msi¶Y I Dbœqb cwil`Õ gvwbKM‡Äi †mŠR‡b¨
kn‡ii miKvix D”P we`¨vjq gv‡V (AvDUvi †ówWqv‡g) wecyj Drmvn I DÏxcbvi g‡a¨ AbywôZ n‡q
†Mj gnZx evDj m‡¤§jb-2001| hv‡Z †`‡ki me AÂj †_‡KB cÖL¨vZ evDj wkíxMY G‡mwQ‡jb| G
Dcj‡¶¨ †`‡ki cvuPRb ¸Yx evDj wkíx‡K m¤^a©bv Ges ¯^Y©c`K (2001) †`qv nq Ges Rvbv‡bv nÕj hv
GLb †_‡K cÖwZ ermiB Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
GB gnZx m‡¤§jb Dcj‡¶¨ gvwbKMÄ †cŠimfvi RbwcÖq mfvcwZ (whwb †`‡ki me †cŠi‡dvivg
KwgwUi miKvi g‡bvbxZ mfvcwZ) Ges GB gnZx evDj msMxZ msi¶Y I Dbœqb cwil‡`iI mfvcwZ
Rbve †gvt igRvb Avjx cÖL¨vZ †jvKmsMxZ wkíx ggZvR †eMg‡K wb‡q Avgvi avbgwÊi evwo‡Z
G‡m †ek c~‡e©B `yÕevi Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q †M‡jb| ej‡jb, †h‡Z n‡eB| hZ e¨¯—ZvB _vKzK bv †Kb|
h_vixwZ 9B †g mKvj †ejv‡ZB iIbv nIqv †Mj| gvwbKMÄ kn‡ii cÖavb c‡_ c‡_ GB †gjv Dcj‡¶¨
my`„k¨ Af¨_©bv dUK n‡qB Avm‡eb gvbbxq ms¯‹„wZ welqK cÖwZgš¿x Rbve Ievq`yj
Kv‡`i,mvwnwZ¨K Rbve ivnvZ Lvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ wØZxq w`‡bi Abyôv‡b| mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZvq
Av‡Qb cÖL¨vZ †jvKMxwZwkíx ggZvR †eMg Ges GW‡fv‡KU G wU Gg kvnRvnvb I Ab¨vb¨ †Rjv
cÖkvm‡bi Kg©xe„›`&|
†cuŠQv †Mj mvwK©U nvD‡R| †`vZjvi c~e©‡KvY †_‡K †f‡m Avm‡Q cjxMxwZi myjwjZ myi|
ggZvR Zvi `jej wb‡q Mv‡bi winv‡m©j Ki‡Qb| GB ¸Yx wkíxi Rb¥ 1976 m‡b gvwbKM‡Äi Rqgš—
MÖv‡g| evev wQ‡jb A‡jiB cÖL¨vZ †jvKwkíx gay eqvZx| Mvb MvIqv ïi“ gvÎ AvU ermi eq‡m
eveviB Drmv‡n| GB 2001 ch©š— Zvi 600 Gi †ewk K¨v‡mU evRv‡i †ei n‡q‡Q Ges MÖvg evsjvi me
A‡jB Zvi wbqwgZ WvK c‡o| AbyôvbgvjvI n‡”Q| MvB‡Qb †eZvi Ges wUwf‡Z wePvi, evDj,
we‡”Q`x Ges AvÂwjK cjxMxwZ | Avgwš¿Z n‡q ågb K‡i‡Qb jÛb, A‡óªwjqv, wm½vcyi, fviZ mn
Av‡iv wewfbœ †`k| we‡kl K‡i gvwbKMÄ A‡ji `xbfevb›`, Kvjykvn dwKi G‡`i Mvb Zvi wcÖq|
Avgiv Aby‡iva Rvbv‡ZB `jej wb‡q †ek wKQz RbwcÖq Mvb Avgv‡`i ïwb‡q w`‡jb| ïay ZvB bq,
RbK‡É wjwL e‡j GB cwÎKvq ï‡f”QvI cvVv‡jb|
gvwbKM‡Ä hZeviB G‡mwQ (KÕgvm c~‡e© m¯¿xK cÖL¨vZ Kwe kvgmyi ivngvbmn eKRywo
MÖv‡g GKwU m¤^a©bvqI G‡mwQjvg Ges BwZc~‡e©I Kwe kvgmyi ivngvbmn) G‡`i Av`i
Avc¨vq‡bi Zzjbv nh bv| GeviI gvwbKMÄ a‡jk¦ix b`xi weivU grm Ges ˆ`-wgwó-wewfbœ DcPv‡i
AwZw_‡`i Avc¨vq‡bi wKQzgvΠΓwU nÕjbv|
we‡Kj PviUvq Abyôvb ¯’‡j wM‡q †`wL RbZvi mgy`ª| ¯’vbvfv‡e eû‡jvK `uvwo‡qI Av‡Qb| †KDev
e‡m e„‡¶i Dc‡i| †ó‡R cÖvq Aa©-kZvwaK gwnjvmn cÖL¨vZ evDj wkíx‡`i gnvmgv‡ek| cÖ_g w`‡bi
Abyôv‡b GB gnZx D‡`¨vM‡K Awfb›`b Rvwb‡q GB MÖv‡gi wkícwZ Rbve Rvwn` gv‡jK ¯^cb,
igRvb Avjx, G wU Gb Gi cwiPvjK Rbve Gbv‡qZzi ingvb Ges Ab¨vb¨| Gici meviB Aby‡ivaµ‡g
cÖ_‡gB gvwbKM‡Äi gvwbKKb¨v ggZv‡Ri Mvb| `yÕwU fw³ msMxZ †M‡q †m †kªvZv‡`i gy»
wegy» K‡i w`j| Ab¨vb¨ evDj wkíxe„‡›`i (gwnjvmn) Gic‡i wePvi I evDj Mv‡bi †h gayQ›` my‡ii b`x
eB‡jv Ñ GB †jLvq Zvi eY©bv m¤¢e bq| †kªvZv `k©K‡`i Drdzj Awfb›`b, KiZvwj †m ïay Dcjwä Kivi
welq| A_©vr G †hb nvRvi erm‡ii m¤ú`| fv‡jvjvMv Avi fv‡jvevmvi m¤ú`| G Mvb PjyKÑPj‡Z
_vKzKÑmvivw`bÑmvivivZ|
b`xgvZ…K GB evsjv‡`‡k kZel© c~‡e©I evDjmn cÖvq 132 cÖKv‡ii †jvKMxwZ cÖPwjZ wQj| hvi
A‡bK¸wjB AvR nvwi‡q †M‡Q hZœ Avi msi¶‡Yi Afv‡e| GB Mvb¸wj wQj t RvixMvb, m‡njvi Mvb
(mBcvZvi Mvb), MvR‡bi Mvb, †eûjvi Mvb, gvwbKcx‡ii Mvb, mZ¨cx‡ii Mvb, †LgUv, M¤¢xiv,

wewkó M‡elK I cÖv³b gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv GKv‡Wgx|

13
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

fvIqvBqv, PU&Kv, AvjKvc, fvwUqvjx, NvUz, ivLvjx, wePvi, Kwe, avgvjx,AóK, evigvmx,
mvcy‡o‡`i Mvb, gvb‡Zi Mvb cÖf…wZ|
cv`ªx DBwjqvg †Kix, gvk©g¨vb, m¨vi RR© MÖxqvimb cÖgyL cÖvP¨ wekvi`MY kª×vi m‡½ GBme
Mv‡bi HwZ‡n¨i cÖksmv †i‡L‡Qb| cv`ªx wR wm nl©Y Gi fvlvq ÒG‡`‡ki GKvš— wbi¶i †jv‡Ki
gy‡LI g‡bi †h Ac~e© evYx D”PvwiZ n‡Z †kvbv †h‡Z cv‡i, cjxc‡_ †nu‡U †h‡Z Ggb m~&¶
Kvi“Kvh© Ae‡jvKb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv hyM-hyMvš—‡ii mvabvi ab| †h MÖvg¨ wkíxi n¯—cv_i
†K‡U gnvKv‡ji ey‡K cÙcy®ú †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡iÑ †m RvwZ kª×viÓ (wmwÏKx, †jvK mvwnZ¨, cÖ_g
LÊ, XvKv, 1995)

GBme †jvKMxwZi ¸i“Z¡ m¤^‡Ü GB gvwbKM‡ÄiB my-mš—vb, KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivgZby

jvwnox, Aa¨vcK `x‡bkP›`ª †mb eoB `ytL K‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb t Da©Zb ch©v‡q we‡`kx cÖfv‡ei
cvwʇZ¨i `c©, ms¯‹v‡ii †evSv Ges bvbviƒc AveR©bv Rwgqv mg¯— cÖkœ RwUj I `yi“n Kwiqv
Zzwjqv‡Q, wKš‘ wb‡gœ k¨vgj km¨c~Y© wbZ¨ mRxe Zi“ ¸j¥gq meyR cjxÑGLv‡bB e½j¶x Zvnvi
abfvÊvi ivwLqv‡Qb| GLv‡bB e‡½i Pvi“wkíx ... GLv‡bB wbi¶i Kwei Ac~e© cjxMxwZ,evDj I
ˆeòeb„Z¨, GLv‡bB mnwRqvi mywbg©j AwØZxq †cÖ‡gi Av`k© ...hw` evsjvi GB cjxMxwZKv, cjxi
wkíKjv Pwjqv hvq Z‡e evsjvi †fŠMwjK ZË¡ Rvwbqv Avgiv wK Kwie? evsjv‡`kÕZ Zvnv nB‡j jyß
nBj ... RM‡Zi wkivq evsMvjxi †h AmvaviY `vb wQj Zvnv jyß nB‡j evsjv‡`k‡K Ab¨ †h †Kvb bvg
`vI, Zv‡Z AvcwË bvB, wKš‘ evsjvцmvbvi evsjv bvg w`qv †mB cweÎ bv‡gi Aegvbbv KwiI bv ..
( †mb, e„nre½, c„: 859 ; wmwÏKx, cÖv¸³)|
wd‡i AvmwQjvgÑfvewQjvgÑAvgv‡`i eyw×Rxex mgvR `jgZ wbwe©‡k‡l Avgv‡`i Zi“Y‡`i hw`
wkK‡oi mÜvb w`‡Zb Z‡e nq‡Zv eÜ n‡Zv mš¿vmÑwk¶v½Y¸wj n‡Zv ms¯‹…wZi wgjb‡¶Î| ZL‡bv
†f‡m Avm‡Q †gvnbxq evDjMxwZi g~Q©bvÑhv gvbyl‡K gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvqÑwek¦v‡m
DØy× K‡iцh Mvb wQj iex›`ªbv‡_i wcÖqÑhvi Dci M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb †PK cwÊZ `ymvb Rv‡ewZj,
wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RR© GWIqvW©, wWgK Ges Rvcv‡b cÖ‡dmi `Ë| M‡elYv n‡”Q divmx
†`‡k Ges we‡k¦i eû wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ñcwðge‡½Ñ we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki wek¦we`¨vjq¸wj‡Z| Ggb wK
W±‡iU ch©v‡q|
GKUv Z…ß gb wb‡q †mw`b XvKvq wd‡i Gjvg| GL‡bv Kv‡b evR‡QÑ
bvbvb eiY Mvfx‡i fvB GKB eiY `ya|
RMr fiwgqv †`Ljvg GKB gv‡qi cyZ|

14
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

cÖ‡dmi gyn¤§` gwZDi ingvb

cvVvMv‡ii ¸i“Z¡
mvaviY A‡_© cvVvMvi ej‡Z †evSvq, AmsL¨ eB-cy¯—K,cÎ-cwÎKv, Ávb‡Kvl BZ¨vw`i AvMvi|
†hLv‡b G¸‡jv mh‡Zœ msiw¶Z nq Ges Zv cv‡Vi Dchy³ e¨e¯’v _v‡K †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj cvVvMvi|
eB Áv‡bi fvÛvi| eB c‡oB Avgiv Ávb AvniY Kwi| †h hZ eB c‡o †m ZZ Ávbx ev Av‡jg| ZvB ïay
cix¶vq cv‡ki Rb¨ bq, AwaK Ávb Avni‡Yi Rb¨ eB cov GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ me‡`‡k Ges me
hy‡MB Ávbx-¸Yxiv me©`v eB covi Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Av‡MKvi w`‡b we`¨vwk¶v jvf ev
Ávb PP©vi Rb¨ A‡bK Kó ¯^xKvi K‡i `~i-`yiv‡š— Ávbx e¨w³‡`i mvwbœ‡a¨ wM‡q w`‡bi ci w`b,
gv‡mi ci gvm, GgbwK eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i wbijmfv‡e Ávb PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z n‡Zv| GLb
we`¨vR©b ev Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ AZUv K‡ói cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| hÎZÎ we`¨vqZb M‡o D‡V‡Q| cvovq, gnjvq
bvbv ai‡bi cvVvMvi ev jvB‡eªix M‡o D‡V‡Q| GLb †hUvi Afve Zv n‡jv fvj wk¶vqZb, fvj fvj eB-cy¯
—K, mg„× cvVvMvi Ges Ávb PP©vi Dchy³ cwi‡ek| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, eZ©gv‡b fvj wk¶vqZb, †hvM¨
wk¶K, fvj eB Ges Ávb PP©vi Dchy³ cwi‡ek G wRwbm¸‡jviB Afve i‡q‡Q|
kniv‡j †Zv e‡UB, cÖZ¨š— MÖvgv‡jI GLb AmsL¨ we`¨vcxV M‡o D‡V‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k
cÖvBgvix †_‡K ïi“ K‡i wek¦we`¨vjq ch©š— †Kvb ai‡bi we`¨vqZ‡biB †Zgb Afve †bB| wk¶v_©x
Ges wk¶v`vbKvix‡`i msL¨vI Kg bq| wewfbœ wk¶vqZ‡b Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bI wKQz wKQz cvVvMvi
M‡o D‡V‡Q| wkw¶‡Zi nviI e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges G e„w×i nviI µgvMZ Da©gyLx| wKš‘ cÖK…Z wk¶v
Ges †h wk¶vi Øviv Áv‡bi cÖmvi N‡U, mgvR Av‡jvwKZ nq, we`¨vi cÖwZ gvby‡li kª×vi fve m„wó
nq Zv ˆZix n‡”Q bv| wk¶v`vbKvix wk¶‡Kiv AwaKvskB Zv‡`i gnr †ckvi cÖwZ mywePvi Ki‡Qb bv|
Avš—wiKZvi mv‡_ Zviv wk¶v`v‡bi mygnvb †ckvq AvZœwb‡qvM Ki‡Qb bv| d‡j mgv‡R Zv‡`i
gh©v`v I kª×v eûjvs‡k f~jywÉZ| wk¶v_©x I wWMÖxavix‡`i msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| wKš‘
`yf©vM¨RbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, Zv‡`i AwaKvskB Ávbx n‡q bq, eis bvbviƒc Awk¶v, Kzwk¶v I weiƒc
cwi‡e‡ki wkKvi n‡q Agvbyl nIqvi `x¶v wb‡q †ewi‡q Avm‡Q| wk¶v jv‡fi ci GivB miKvix, †emiKvix
mKj Awdm-Av`vjZ, †KvU©-KvQvix Ges wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi `Ûgy‡Ûi KZ©v n‡q e‡mb| d‡j
`yb©xwZ, Ae¨e¯’v,AivRKZv BZ¨vw`‡Z RvwZi AMÖMwZ I m¤¢vebv bvbvfv‡e e¨vnZ nq|
Abyiƒcfv‡e †`‡k cvVvMv‡ii msL¨vI Kg bq| wKš‘ cÖK…Z AvMÖnx cvV‡Ki msL¨v KqRb?
ÁvbvR©‡bi Rb¨ †h wbijm mvabvi cÖ‡qvRb Zv GLb †Kv_vq? cvVvMv‡i fvj MÖ‡š’i Afve, cv‡Vi
Dchy³ cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`iI Afve i‡q‡Q| †m‡¶‡Î mvgwMÖKfv‡e ÁvbPP©vi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek ˆZix bv
n‡j fvj cvVK ˆZixI m¤¢e bq| ZvB GRb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb cvVvMvi Av‡›`vj‡bi, cvVK ˆZixi Ges
mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgv‡R ÁvbPP©vi cÖwZ mK‡ji AvMÖn m„wó Kiv|
†jLvcovi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wZb cÖKvi| 1. fvj gvbyl nIqv 2. gvby‡li ga¨Kvi myß cÖwZfvi weKvk mvab I
3. wb‡Ri Rb¨, A‡b¨i Rb¨ m‡e©vcwi mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi nIqv| g~jZ Dc‡iv³ wZbwU D‡Ïk¨B ci¯úi
m¤úyiK|
Av‡MKvi w`‡b †jLvcov wk‡L fvj gvbyl nIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q †cÖiY Kiv n‡Zv|
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Aš—©wbwnZ cÖeYZv Abyhvqx Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ cÖwZfvi weKv‡ki †Póv Kiv n‡Zv| bxwZ
wnmv‡e wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ GL‡bv ZvB Av‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯—e Ae¯’v wfbœ| GLb †jLvcov wk‡L
gvbweK ¸Y m¤úbœ Kvsw¶Z gvbyl ˆZix n‡”Q bv| wk¶v_©xiv ¯^ ¯^ cÖwZfv weKv‡ki Dchy³
my‡hvM cv‡”Q bv| wk¶vi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek †bB| we`¨vR©‡b we`¨v_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM †bB| †hb‡Zb
cÖKv‡i mvwU©wd‡KU AR©b ev wWMÖx jvfB AvRKvj wk¶vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡q
_v‡K| wk¶v`vbKvixMYI Zv‡`i gnvb †ckvi cÖwZ mywePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| wk¶v`vb Kiv †hLv‡b
wk¶K‡`i GKgvÎ a¨vb Ávb nIqv evÃbxq, †mLv‡b Zviv bvbv Kg©Kv‡Ê I wb‡R‡`i †ckv ewnf©~Z
Kv‡R e¨vc„Z _v‡Kb| wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Zviv Dchy³ wk¶v`v‡b †hgb e¨_© nb †Zgwb wk¶vi cÖwZ
Zv‡`i‡K Mfxifv‡e Drmvnx I AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡ÎI Pigfv‡e e¨_©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q _v‡Kb|


wefvMxq cÖavb, evsjv wefvM, Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

15
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

mewKQz wgwj‡qB wk¶vi Kvsw¶Z mvaviY gvb Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q bv | GUv mgMÖ RvwZi Rb¨
AZ¨š— `yf©vM¨RbK| Z‡e wKQz wKQz e¨wZµg †h †bB Zv bq| †¶Î we‡k‡l fvj wk¶K †hgb Av‡Qb
†Zgwb Av‡Q fvj wk¶v_©xI| GUv‡K e¨wZµg wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
wk¶v½‡b AvR ivRbxwZ ,`jxqcÖfve, wgwUs, wgwQj, †evgvevwR, Pvu`vevwR, wmU `Lj Ggb wK
bvbv Akxj Kg©KvÊ Pj‡Q †``vi‡Q| wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi j¶¨ m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb| ÒQvÎ bs Aa¨q bs
ZctÓ Qv·`i GB gnvb bxwZevK¨ AvR a~j¨ejywÉZ| wk¶‡Kiv Zv‡`i wk¶v, PwiÎ I ˆbwZK g‡bvej Øviv
wk¶vi cwi‡ek‡K mgybœZ Kivi †Kvb †PóvB Ki‡Qb bv| eis Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB †hb AvR G wea¶s‡ki Kivj
cÖev‡n Mv fvwm‡q w`‡q‡Qb| GUv †Kvb `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq enb K‡i bv| Aek¨ G †¶‡ÎI e¨wZµg
Av‡Q| Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e|

cvVvMv‡ii Ae¯’vI ZvB| eB Av‡Q wKš‘ fvj eB‡qi i‡q‡Q Afve| fvj eB‡qi Afve ej‡Z cvV¨ eB‡qi Afve
ejwQ bv| cÖK…Z ÁvbvR©‡bi Rb¨ ïay cvV¨ eB bq, Zvi evB‡iI bvbv ai‡bi eB cov cÖ‡qvRb| fvj
eB‡qi Afve K_vwUI h_v_© bq| KviY, A‡b‡KB fvj eB †j‡Lb wKš‘ †mme cvVvMv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki
my‡hvM cvq bv| †mLv‡b †hme eB ¯’vb cv‡”Q †mme c‡o cvVK cÖZ¨vwkZ Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
A_©vr †h Ávb gvby‡li g‡b gnr B”Qvi Rb¥ †`q †hgb, mr wPš—v, m`vPvi wk¶v, A_©vr GK K_vq
gvbyl‡K DbœZÍ I gnr nevi wk¶v †`q †m Áv‡bi PP©v AwZkq weij| AZGe wbQK cvVvMvi bq,
Av`k© cvVvMvi PvB| Av`k© gvbyl Movi gZ Dchy³ mg„× cvVvMvi PvB| eqm wbwe©‡k‡l mKj
gvbyl‡K cvVvMvigyLx Kivi D‡`¨vM PvB| mKj‡K h_v_© ÁvbPP©vq DØy× K‡i M‡o †Zvjv PvB|
GRb¨ PvB Kj¨vYKvgx gvby‡li D‡`¨vM| hv Avgv‡`i mgvR‡K a¶s‡ki c_ †_‡K gyw³i c‡_ GwM‡q
wb‡q hv‡e|
c„w_ex‡Z Ávbx e¨w³i Afve †bB| Z‡e cªK…Z Ávbx e¨w³i wb`vi“Y Afve| Rvwnwjqv‡Zi hy‡MI Ávbx
†jv‡Ki Afve wQj bv| mgv‡R ZL‡bv A‡bK Ávbx e¨w³ wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb Avie mgv‡R Avey jvnve‡K
me‡P‡q Ávbx g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| GRb¨ Zuv‡K ÒAveyj nvKvgÓ †LZv‡e f~wlZ Kiv nq| wKš‘ wZwb
Ávbx n‡jI cÖK…Z Ávb Zvui Avq‡Z¡ wQj bv| ZvB cÖK…Z Áv‡bi Afv‡e ÒAveyj nvKvgÓ (Ávbx‡`i
wcZv) ÒAvey Rv‡n‡jÓ (AÁ‡`i wcZv) cwiYZ nq| e¯‘MZ Áv‡b (Practical Knowledge) Avey jvnve
me©`vB mg„× wQ‡jb| †m Kvi‡YB wZwb ÒAveyj nvKvgÓ †LZve †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †h Ávb nK-
evwZj ev mZ¨-wg_¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY K‡i fvj-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq, Kj¨vY-AKj¨vY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K
aviYv †`q †m Ávb Zvui wQj bv| Avi GRb¨B e¯‘MZ Ávb Zvui †Kvb Kv‡R Av‡mwb| d‡j Zvui
`ywbqv Ges AvwLivZ DfqB eiev` n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e eZ©gvb RM‡Zi eû e‡iY¨ Ávbx e¨w³ †hgb, †n‡Mj,
WviDBb, d«‡qW, Kvj© gvK©m, †jwbb, ÷¨vwjb, gvI-†m-ZzO cÖgyL A‡bK Áv‡bi AwaKvix n‡qI
Ges gvbe mf¨Zvq bvbv hyMvš—Kvix Ae`vb ivLv m‡Z¡I cÖK…Z Áv‡bi mÜvb bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y
Zvu‡`i Áv‡bi Øviv gvbe RvwZi †Kvb Kj¨vY mvwaZ nqwb| eis Zuv‡`i Áv‡bi Øviv gvbe RvwZi
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A‡b‡KiB wewkó Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| `yf©vM¨ekZ Zvu‡`i Ae`v‡b gvbe mf¨Zv mg„× nqwb| gvbe RvwZi
†Kvb Kj¨vY mvwaZ nqwb| eis gvbe-mf¨Zv gmxwjß n‡q‡Q| gvbe RvwZi AKj¨vY n‡q‡Q Ges eû †¶‡Î
gvbe RvwZi fvM¨ wech©q N‡U‡Q|
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wek¦ RM‡Zi gnvb mªóv Avjvn iveŸyj Avjvwgb| whwb Abš—, Amxg, m‡e©vÁ, me©kw³gvb,
me©‡kªvZv, me©`ªóv, mKj wKQzi mªóv, gvwjK I cÖwZcvjbKvix| gvbyl m„wói ci †m gnvb mªóvB
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Av`vgvj AvmgvÕAv KzjvnvÓÑA_©vr ÔAvi wZwb Av`g‡K (Avt) hveZxq bvg wk¶v w`‡jb|Õ
GLv‡b bvg GKwU cwiPq ÁvcK kã| †Kvb wKQzi cwiPq Rvbvi A_© †m m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb `vb

16
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

Kiv| Av`g‡K (Avt) m„wói ci AvjvnZvqvjv Zvu‡K mKj Ávb wk¶v w`‡jb| Avi G Áv‡bi cix¶v‡ZB
wZwb wdwik&ZvKzj‡K civf~Z K‡i mKj m„wói †miv ev ÔAvkivdzj gLjyKv‡ZÕi gh©v`v jvf K‡ib|
Aviwe ÔG‡mgÕ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© bvg| ÔG‡m‡gÕi eûePb ÔAvmgvÕ| Gi A_© bvg mg~n| d‡j
GLv‡b Gi A_© `vuovq e¯‘RM‡Zi mg¨K cwiPq ev Ávb `vb Kiv| AZGe G Avqv‡Zi cÖK…Z A_©
n‡jv t Ògnvb mªóv Av`g (Avt) †K e¯‘RM‡Zi cwic~Y© cwiPq ev Ávb `vb K‡ib|Ó hy‡M hy‡M
wewfbœ †`k I RvwZi g‡a¨ †cÖwiZ bex-ivmyjMYI Inxi gva¨‡g G mZ¨ Ávb jvf K‡ib Ges gvbe RvwZi
g‡a¨ Zv h_vh_fv‡e cÖPvi K‡ib| bex-ivmyjMY Avjvni †cÖwiZ cyi“l| Avjvni c¶ †_‡K cÖK…Z Ávb I
c„w_ex‡Z Pjvi c‡_i mwVK wn`vqvZ cÖ`k©b KivB Zvu‡`i KvR| hy‡M hy‡M Zvuiv G KvRwUB
h_vh_fv‡e AvÄvg w`‡q †M‡Qb| AZGe mwVK Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm n‡jb ¯^qs AvjvnZvqvjv Ges Zv
nvwm‡ji gva¨g n‡jb bex-ivmyjMY I Hkx wKZvemg~n| GRb¨B cweÎ KziAv‡b bvwhjK…Z cÖ_g
Avqv‡ZB Avjvn e‡jb, ÒBKiv wem&‡g ivweŸKvjvwh LvjvKÓÑA_©vr Òco, †Zvgvi cÖf~i bv‡g,
whwb †Zvgv‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb|Ó
KZ my›`i hyw³c~Y© K_v| whwb m„wó K‡i‡Qb wZwbB †Zv Avgv‡`i cÖK…Z gvwjK, ZvuiB bv‡g
cvV Kiv KZ©e¨ ev Zvui ûKzg I wb‡`©k gZ Rxeb cwiPvjbv Kiv dih| Gi wecixZ KvR, K_v, wPš—
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gnvbex (mt) wb‡R‡K gvbe RvwZi GKRb gnvb wk¶K wnmv‡e cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| cÖK…Zc‡¶B wZwb
wQ‡jb gvbe RvwZi me©‡kªô wk¶K| HkxÁv‡bi wk¶vq wZwb

gvbe mf¨Zv‡K mgy™¢vwmZ K‡i †M‡Qb| †m wk¶v †hgb mve©Rbxb †Zgwb Zv me©Kvjxb|
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D‡jL Kiv hvq| GKwU nv`x‡m wZwb e‡jb, ÒZjveyj Bj&‡g dvwi`vb Avjv Kzwj gymwjwgbÓÑA_©vr
cÖ‡Z¨K gymwjg bi-bvixi Rb¨ we`¨vwk¶v Kiv dih ev Aek¨ KZ©e¨| Gi A_© `uvovq, we`¨vwk¶v Qvov
cÖK…Z ÁvbvR©b m¤¢e bq| Ges cÖK…Z Ávb e¨wZZ gymwjg wnmv‡e Rxeb-hvcb KivI KwVb|
gnvbex (mvt) Av‡iv e‡jb, Ò Ávbxi Kj‡gi Kvwj knx‡`i jûi ev i‡³i †P‡qI cweÎ|Ó
Ab¨ GK nv`x‡m Av‡Q, ÒAv‡e‡`i mviv ivZ †R‡M bdj Bev`‡Zi †P‡q Ávbxi GKN›Uv Áv‡bi mvabv
AwaK DËg|Ó
gnvbex (mvt) Gi Rxe‡b Av‡iv †`wL, e`‡ii hy‡× wkw¶Z e›`x Kvwdi‡`i gyw³cY wnmv‡e wZwb `kRb
Awkw¶Z gymjgvb‡K wk¶v`v‡bi kZ© Av‡ivc K‡ib| A_©vr GKRb wkw¶Z Kvwdi e›`x `kRb
Awkw¶Z gymjgvb‡K wkw¶Z Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Zv‡K gyw³ †`qv n‡Zv|
c„w_exi hy‡×i BwZnv‡m e›`xi gyw³cY wnmv‡e G GK Awfbe kZ©| Gi Øviv ÁvbvR©b ev
we`¨vwk¶vi cÖwZ Bmjvg KZUv ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Q Zv mg¨K Dcjwä Kiv hvq| AvR †_‡K cÖvq †`o nvRvi
eQi c~‡e© gnvbex (mvt) wk¶vi Dci †h ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb, AvaywbK mf¨ZvMe©x gvbyl Zv
Dcjwä K‡i‡Q gvÎ Aa© kZvãx eQi c~‡e©| G Dcjwäi d‡jB wesk kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M RvwZmsN Zvi The
Universal Dwclaration Of Human Rights- G †NvlYv K‡i t ÒEvery One Has The Right To Education
Shall Be Free. At Least In The Elementary Stages. Elementary Education Shall Be Compulsary.
Bmjv‡g we`¨vwk¶v I ÁvbvR©‡bi Dci ¸i“Z¡ †`qvi d‡j cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi gymjgvbiv ïay wb‡R‡`i
GjvKv‡ZB bq, Zvuiv †hLv‡bB wM‡q‡Qb †mLv‡bB m‡½ wb‡q †M‡Qb gvbe RvwZi gnvb wn`vqvZ
MÖš’ Avj-KziAvb, Avj-nv`xm I Ab¨vb¨ g~j¨evb MÖš’ivwR| †mLv‡b we`¨vwk¶vi Rb¨ M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb
we`¨vjq I ÁvbvR©‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb jvB‡eªix ev cvVvMvi| †¯ú‡b gymjgv‡biv cªvq mvZÕk eQi
ivRZ¡ K‡ib| G mgq Zviv mgMÖ †¯ú‡b †hgb eo eo gmwR` M‡o †Zv‡jb †Zgwb cÖwZôv K‡ib Ávb-
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ZrKv‡j Amf¨-ee©i BD‡ivc ax‡i ax‡i Ávb-weÁv‡bi kxl© †`‡k DcbxZ nevi g~‡j ZrKvjxb K‡W©vfvq
gymjgvb‡`i wbwg©Z wk¶vqZb I MÖš’vMvi mg~nB `vqx| Gme MÖš’vMv‡i msiw¶Z bvbv wel‡q

17
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

†jLv AmsL¨ MÖš’ivwR cvV K‡iB Zviv cÖK…Z Av‡jvi c‡_i mÜvb cvq| d‡j BD‡ivcxq †iu‡bmv I
AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zv gymjgvb‡`i wbKU wecyjfv‡e FYx| ZvZvi †hv×v †Pw½m Luv evM`v`
AvµgY K‡i †mLvbKvi Ni-evwo R¡vwj‡q †`q| we`¨vqZb I Mªš’vMvimg~n aŸsm K‡i| MÖš’vMv‡ii
MÖš’mg~n AcÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡i ee©i ZvZvi evwnbx †m¸‡jv †dvivZ b`x‡Z †d‡j †`q| d‡j †dvivZ
b`xi cÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq| AmsL¨ MÖ‡š’ fivU n‡q hvq b`x| †m MÖ‡š’i Dci w`‡q mevB wbwe©‡Nœ
b`x cvi nq| Kx wecyj msL¨K MÖš’ b`x‡Z wb‡¶c Kiv n‡qwQj, G †_‡K Zv Abygvb Kiv hvq| AZGe
gymwjg RvwZ GKmgq Ávb PP©vi †¶‡Î, MÖš’ iPbvi †¶‡Î I Aa¨q‡bi †¶‡Î KZUv DbœZ wQj G †_‡K
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µgvš^‡q gymjgvb‡`i ms¯ú‡k© G‡mB mf¨Zvi Av‡jvK`xwß jvf K‡i| AvaywbK mf¨Zvi hvÎv ïi“ nq
GLvb †_‡KB| A_©vr eZ©gvb wek¦ gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡QB Ávb-weÁv‡bi `x¶v jvf K‡i ax‡i ax‡i
DbœwZi wkL‡i Av‡ivnb K‡i‡Q| `yf©vM¨ekZ Kvjµ‡g gymwjg RvwZ cvðvZ¨ kw³i Kv‡Q ¯^vaxbZv I
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wemR©b w`‡q civaxb n‡q c‡o| civaxbZvi hy‡M µgvš^‡q gymwjg RvwZ nZ`wi`ª I
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cwiYv‡g Zv aŸsm †W‡K Av‡b| KwgDwb÷ `ywbqv I cvðvZ¨ RM‡Zi w`‡K ZvKv‡j G mZ¨ cÖwZfvZ
nq| GK mgq G Dfq wkwe‡ii cvi¯úwiK Ø›`-msNl© I mœvqyhy‡× mgMÖ wek¦ wQj DrKwÉZ|
eZ©gv‡b Av‡gwiKvb GKK civkw³i `vbweK Kovj MÖv‡m wek¦kvwš— Pigfv‡e wech©¯—| we‡k¦
AvwacZ¨ev` we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ Ges A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi c_ wb®‹ÈK Kivi Rb¨ j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K
wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v, AMwYZ Rbc` aŸsm I gvbe mf¨Zvi cÖvPxbZg me wb`k©b a~wjm¨vr K‡i w`‡Z
Roev`x mf¨ZvMe©x cvðvZ¨ kw³ GZUzKz KzÉv‡eva K‡iwb| AZGe cÖgvY n‡”Q, Avjvnnxb Roev`x
mf¨Zv cwiYv‡g gvbe RvwZi aŸsm †W‡K Av‡b| gvby‡li †Kvb Kj¨vYB Zv‡`i Øviv mvwaZ nq bv|
gvbeZvi gyw³, Kj¨vY I kvwš—i Rb¨ HkxÁv‡b wek¦vm ¯’vcb Acwinvh©¨| HkxÁv‡b wek¦vm I Zvi
wfwˇZ e¨w³, cwievi I mgvR cwiMV‡bi gva¨‡gB gvbeRvwZi Bw¯úZ Kj¨vY, kvwš— I gyw³ jvf m¤
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Avek¨K| Abyiƒcfv‡e ïay cvVvMvi ¯’vcb KivB h‡_ó bq| †mLv‡b PvB h_v_© Áv‡bi PP©v, Ávb
PP©vi Dchy³ cwi‡ek, fvj eB msMÖn I msi¶Y Ges cvVK m„wó| mgv‡Ri Kj¨vYKvgx gvbylB cv‡ib
Gm‡ei e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z|
GRb¨ PvB h_v_© m‡Z¨vcjwä, gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b, cÖej AvMÖn I `„p cÖZ¨q| Zvi Rb¨ PvB e¨vcK
MYm‡PZbZv I Av‡›`vjb| wk¶ve¨e¯’v cwieZ©‡bi Av‡›`vjb, MÖš’vMvi cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vjb, fvj

18
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

eB‡qi Av‡›`vjb, ÁvbPP©v, gbbkxjZvi weKvk, myß cÖwZfvi D‡b¥l Ges m‡e©vcwi gnr I cÖK…Z
gvbyl nIqvi AvKvs¶v‡K ZxeªZi K‡i †Zvjvi Av‡›`vjb| GRb¨ MYcvVvMvi cÖwZôv QvovI N‡i N‡i
cvwievwiK cvVvMvi M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| Zi“Y‡`i‡K eBgyLx K‡i †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| Ges Gi
gva¨‡gB mgvR †_‡K mš¿vm, `yb©xwZ, Ryjyg, wbcxob, Ab¨vq, AwePvi BZ¨vw` `~ixf~Z n‡e| my›`i,
mg„× I kvwš—c~Y© mgvR wewbg©vY m¤¢e n‡e| Avgv‡`i mK‡ji †m jvwjZ ¯^cœ‡K ev¯—evwqZ
Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i mKj‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| HK¨e× n‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| †m
Av‡›`vjb eB covi Av‡›`vjb, gvbyl Movi Av‡›`vjb, AÜKvi †_‡K Av‡jvi c‡_ hvÎvi Av‡›`vjb Ges
aŸsm †_‡K Rxe‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi nIqvi Av‡›`vjb|
Z‡e GRb¨ Acwinvh©¨ kZ© n‡jv, HkxÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K `xß Áv‡bi mvabv| hy‡M hy‡M GKgvÎ GUvB
mywbwðZ K‡i‡Q kvwš—, mvg¨, Kj¨vY I gvbeZvi gnvb Av`‡k©i weRq‡K|

19
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

W. Zcb evMPx*
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi
bRi“j PP©v
RvZxq Aa¨vcK W±i KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1897-1981) weÁvbPP©v Ges wk¶v`v‡bi cvkvcvwk
µxov I mvwnZ¨PP©vi †¶‡ÎI e¨vcK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cyi“lB
ïay bb, gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri gyLcÎ ÔwkLvÕ m¤úv`bvi gva¨‡gI wZwb RvZxq ¸i“`vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i‡Qb| KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi mvwnZ¨ wb‡q mgv‡jvPbv-M‡elYvqI †i‡L‡Qb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb|
weÁvbx I `vevo– KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi bRi“jPP©v evsjvmvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPbvi †¶‡ÎI wfbœ gvÎv
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cwimsL¨vb wefvM wZwb cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Avwe®‹…Z
m~Î msL¨vZ‡Ë¡ Ô†nv‡mBbÕm †PBb i“jÕ bv‡g mviv we‡k¦ cwiwPwZ| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
L¨vwZgvb Aa¨vcK W±i KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb GKmgq n‡q I‡Vb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Aa¨vcK
(1975) Avi Awef³ fvi‡Zi we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg n‡q I‡Vb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe (1972)|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Aa¨vc‡Ki `„wó‡Z RvZxq Kwei g~j¨vqb wbtm‡›`‡n Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q AvMÖ‡ni
welq| Avgiv g‡b ivL‡Z PvB †h, g~j¨vqb-we‡kl‡Yi mg‡q †KD-B Avgv‡`i RvZxq Kwe wKsev RvZxq
Aa¨vcK Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nbwb| †hvM¨ eÜzi nv‡Z †hvM¨ eÜzi g~j¨vqb †`‡L Avgiv Z…ß n‡Z cvwi|

W±i KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wQ‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi (1899-1976)
Nwbô eÜz‡`i Ab¨Zg| mgeqmx Ges `xN©w`‡bi AK…wÎg eÜz wn‡m‡e wZwb bRi“j e¨w³-I-m„wó
Rxe‡bi A‡bK NUbvi m‡½I cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e hy³ wQ‡jb| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi m‡½ KvRx
bRi“j Bmjv‡gi cwiP‡qi cÖ_gce© Ges Zuv‡`i µgNwbôZvi †cÖ¶vcU m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv hvq
†gvZvnvi-iPbvejxi Ab¨Zg m¤úv`K, wewkó M‡elK, Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖ‡dmi
W±i Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayixi (R. 1953) AbymÜvbx-M‡elYv †_‡K| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb
1920-21 mv‡j KjKvZvq Zuv‡`i cÖ_g cwiPq| 1925 mv‡j wbwLj fviZ `vev cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g
`yÕR‡bi m¤úK© wbweo nq| GB m¤úK© cy‡ivcywi eÜz‡Z¡ cvKv n‡jv 1927 mv‡j| G-eQ‡ii †Mvovi
w`‡K bRi“j XvKv G‡jb Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨-mgv‡RiÕ Ôevwl©K Awa‡ek‡bi we‡kl AwZw_
wn‡m‡eÕ †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨| c‡ii eQi (1928) GB GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ Avevi wZwb XvKvq G‡jb| GBevi wZwb
GKbvMv‡o cÖvq AvovB gvm †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi evmvq wQ‡jb| bRi“‡ji mvnPh© I mvwbœa¨
†gvZvnvigvb‡m Mfxi Qvc †d‡jwQjcÖmvwiZ n‡qwQj Zuvi wkí I Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv I aviYv|
mK‡jB Rvwb †h, weÁvbPP©v, `vev‡Ljv I Aa¨vcbvi cvkvcvwk KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wbqwgZ
mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb| KvRx Ave`yj I`y` (1894-1970), Aveyj û‡mb (1896-1938), Aveyj dRj (1903-
1983) cÖgy‡Li m‡½ wZwb XvKvq Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ (1926) MVb K‡i eyw×i gyw³
Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB msMV‡bi gyLcÎ ÔwkLvÕi (1927) wØZxq I Z…Zxq msL¨v
m¤úv`bv K‡ib KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb| gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri Awa‡ek‡b Ask wb‡Z XvKvq
AvMg‡bi m~‡ÎB bRi“‡ji m‡½ Zuvi eÜzZ¡ cÖMvp nq| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ïay bRi“‡ji e¨w³MZ
eÜzB wQ‡jb bv, bRi“j-mvwnZ¨ g~j¨vq‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| 1955 mv‡j wZwb iPbv K‡ib
ÔbRi“j-Kve¨ cwiwPwZÕ bv‡gi 186 c„ôvi GKwU MÖš’| GwU evsjv‡`‡k bRi“j-welqK wØZxq MÖš’|
bRi“j mvwnZ¨ wb‡q cÖ_g MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib Aa¨vcK wkecÖmbœ jvwnox| bRi“j PP©vi cÖ_g
D`&‡hvM wn‡m‡e wkecÖmbœ jvwnoxi MÖš’ evsjv mgv‡jvPbv-mvwn‡Z¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vb AwaKvi
K‡i Av‡Q| wKš‘ KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi MÖš’wUI bRi“‡ji cÖwZfv-cwigv‡c cÖf~Z mnvqK|
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ÔbRi“j-Kve¨ cwiwPwZÕ MÖ‡š’i gva¨‡g bRi“j‡K wfbœgvÎvq Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| AvcvZ `„wó‡Z eÜzK…Z¨ g‡b Kiv †M‡jI GwU †h GKwU wb‡g©vn mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’, Zv
cvV Kivi c‡i Abyaveb Kiv hvq| eÜziv †hLv‡b eÜzi m„wó m¤ú‡K© cÖksmv iPbv Ki‡Z GwM‡q
*
W±i Zcb evMPx (R. 1968) : Kwe mvsevw`K I cÖvewÜK| cÖv³b M‡elK, evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU|

20
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

Av‡m bv, wb‡Ri D”PZv K‡g hvIqvi Avk¼vq, †mLv‡b KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb MÖš’iPbv K‡i †Kej
eÜzi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjbB K‡ibwb, mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ Zuvi `vwqZ¡kxjZviI cÖgvY ivL‡jb| wZwb †h
†Kej weÁvbx bb, mvwnwZ¨K Ges we‡klZ mgv‡jvPKÑ GB MÖš’ ZviI cÖgvY enb K‡i| GB
MÖš’wU †h mKj Kvi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, Zv n‡jvÑ
1. MÖš’wU evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb weÁvbxi †jLv

2. MÖš’wU XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKRb Aa¨vc‡Ki †jLv

3. MÖš’wU bRi“‡ji mgKvjxb GKRb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki †jLv
4. MÖš’wU XvKvi gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri GKRb cy‡ivav e¨w³i †jLv
5. MÖš’wU bRi“‡ji GKRb Nwbô eÜzi †jLv
6. MÖš’wU bRi“‡ji RxeÏkvq iwPZ
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi MÖš’wU hLb cÖKvwkZ nq ZLb bRi“j evK&nviv| bRi“‡ji m„wó ZLb
†_‡g Av‡Q| wPwKrmvi †Póv Pj‡Q †`‡k we‡`‡k| †mB mgq XvKvi eÜz KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
iPbv K‡i‡Qb bRi“‡ji KweZvi mgv‡jvPbvMÖš’| bRi“‡ji cÖvq cÖwZwU Kv‡e¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ KweZvi
we‡klY K‡i wZwb bRi“‡ji KweZ¡kw³i †kÖôZ¡ cÖgv‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| cÖvwZôvwbK gbbkxj GB
KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb †jLK Zuvi m~² im‡ev‡ai mvnv‡h¨| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †Kej
mvwnwZ¨K bb, mvwnZ¨‡ev×v Ges we`» mgv‡jvPK wn‡m‡eI bw›`Z n‡q‡Qb G MÖ‡š’i gva¨‡g|
GB MÖ‡š’i evB‡iI i‡q‡Q bRi“j-welqK AviI K‡qKwU iPbv| GmKj iPbvq bRi“‡ji KweZv I Mv‡bi
g~j¨vqb Ges e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZPvi‡Yi gva¨‡g wZwb bRi“j gvbm D‡b¥vP‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| bRi“‡ji
m‡½ NwbôZvB †Kej bq, wb‡Ri Rxe‡b bRi“‡ji cÖfve‡KI wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| gymwjg mvwnZ¨-
mgv‡Ri m~‡ÎB Zuvi m‡½ †h NwbôZv, Zvi D‡jL K‡i wZwb wj‡L‡Qb
GB my‡hv‡M bRi“j Bmjv‡gi m‡½ Avgvi wKQyUv Aš—i½ cwiPq N‡U| Gi d‡j Kve¨, m½xZ
cÖf„wZi Drm gy‡LiI wKQyUv Abyf~wZ R‡b¥| Zv‡Z nqZ mvwnZ¨ †¶‡Î Avgvi †jLvq wKQy
mRxeZv G‡m _vK‡e| Avgvi Rxe‡b Avš—wiKZvi Afve †evanq †Kvbw`bB wQj bv, bRi“‡jiI ZvB| G-
Kvi‡Y bRi“‡ji m‡½ NwbôZvi w`b¸‡jv Avgvi mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi Ag~j¨ mÂq| `„wó‡Z Zx¶èZv
(ˆeÁvwbK wnmv‡e) Av‡M †_‡KB wQj, wKš‘ bRi“‡ji ms¯ú‡k© G‡m nqZ gvbyl‡K AviI wbKU K‡i,
Avcb e‡j fve‡Z wk‡LwQ| GB `yj©f gvbexq Abyf~wZ hw` mwZ¨B wKQyUv G‡m _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi
†lvj Avbv bv n‡jI Aš—Z ev‡iv AvbvB †h bRi“‡ji cÖfv‡e n‡q‡Q, GK_v AKzÉfv‡e ¯^xKvi Ki‡ev|
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi ÔbRi“j Kve¨-cwiwPwZÕ MÖ‡š’i evB‡i wewfbœ Avw½‡Ki 14wU iPbv
i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Dcj‡¶ Zuvi iwPZ bRi“j-m¤úwK©Z cuvPwU cÖeÜ, cuvPwU †eZvi-Kw_Kv, `yÕwU
MÖš’v‡jvPbv I `yÕwU mv¶vrKvi cvIqv hvq| mv¶vrKvi cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Av‡iv K‡qKwU, wKš‘
bRi“j m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Av‡Q Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix I ˆmq` Bg`v`yj n‡Ki †bqv mv¶vrKvi `yÕwU‡Z|
GB 14wU iPbv QvovI Zuvi ÔAvgvi mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvÕ Ges Ôgiûgv dwRjvZz‡bœmvi
m‡½ Avgvi cwiPqÕ kxl©K cÖeÜ `yÕwU‡Z bRi“j m¤ú‡K© wKQy Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| ÔAvgvi mvwnwZ¨K
Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvÕ cÖe‡Ü Zuvi mvwnZ¨Rxe‡b bRi“‡ji cÖfve wea„Z n‡q‡Q| giûgv dwRjZz‡bœmvi
m‡½ Avgvi cwiPq cÖe‡ÜI dwRjZ-bRi“‡ji cwiP‡qi D‡jL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e bRi“j gyL¨ bq e‡j IB cÖeÜ
`yÕwU‡K bRi“jPP©vi ¯§viK g‡b Kivi my‡hvM †bB|
ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb iPbvejx cÖ_g L‡ÊÕ ¯’vb-cvIqv ÔbRi“j-Kv‡e¨ Bmjvgx fveavivÕ Ges
ÔbRi“‡ji we‡`ªvnx KweZvÕ cÖeÜ `yÕwU Zuvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© iPbv| bRi“j-Kv‡e¨i Bmjvgx fveaviv †h
ag©xq cÖwZwµqvkxjZv bq, Zv KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi g‡Zv cÖMwZkxj mgv‡jvP‡Ki Kj‡gB ï×
iƒ‡c we‡kwlZ n‡Z cv‡i| bRi“‡ji KweZv †_‡K DׄwZ w`‡q wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb Bmjv‡gi ms¯‹…wZ I
fve`k©b wb‡q PgrKvi KweZv †jLv hvq| bRi“jB †h Bmjvgx fveaviv cÖPv‡i h_v_© Kwe, †m K_vB
ejv n‡q‡Q| Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZv wb‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv Zuvi Kve¨ mgv‡jvPbvi kw³gËvi cwiPq enb
K‡i| msL¨vZ‡Ë¡i Aa¨vcKI †h KZUv Kve¨Ávb aviY K‡ib, cÖeÜwU Zvi cÖgvY enb Ki‡Q| wZwb †h
†mKv‡ji GKRb eo Kve¨ mgv‡jvPK Zv‡Z Avi Kv‡iv wØav †bB|
Ô¯§„wZc‡U bRi“jÕ cÖeÜwU bRi“j GKv‡Wgx cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj 1969 mv‡j| e¨w³MZ
¯§„wZi Avqbvq wew¤^Z Ab¨ GK bRi“j‡K GLv‡b Luy‡R cvIqv hvq| bRi“j-Rxebxi A‡bK Z_¨ GB

21
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

cÖe‡Ü jywK‡q Av‡Q| ˆmq` Avjx Avkivd m¤úvw`Z ÔbRi“j Rxe‡b †cÖ‡gi GK Aa¨vqÕ MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ
bRi“‡ji wPwVcÎ †bqv n‡qwQj KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi msMÖn †_‡KÑ GB ¯§„wZK_v c‡o Avgiv
Zv Rvb‡Z cvwi| bRi“j m¤ú‡K© ¯§„wZPviY Ki‡Z wM‡q GKB NUbvi cybive„wË Luy‡R cvIqv hvq|
¯§„wZPviYvi mgq I †¶Î wfbœ n‡jI ¯§„wZi †K›`ª †h‡nZz GK bRi“j, ZvB NUbvi cybive„wË nIqvUvB
¯^vfvweK| Zey GK_v ejv hvq †h, ÔbRi“‡ji KweZv I Mv‡bi g~j¨vqb Ges e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZPvi‡Yi
gva¨‡g wZwb bRi“j gvbm D‡b¥vP‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| bRi“‡ji m‡½ NwbôZvB †Kej bq, wb‡Ri Rxe‡b
bRi“‡ji cÖfve‡KI wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| mgKvjxb cÖwZfvi cÖfve‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i KvRx †gvZvnvi
†hgb bRi“j‡K gnvb K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb, †Zgwb wb‡Ri D`viZvi cwiPqI †Mvcb iv‡Lbwb|
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ÔNazrul Islam : The Singer and Writer of Songs’ bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR
cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib| GB `xN© Bs‡iwR cÖeÜwU bRi“‡ji cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi Abyiv‡Mi cÖKvk| ÔbRi“‡ji
Rxeb I Kve¨Õ cÖeÜwU 1950 mv‡j Ôw`ji“evÕ cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| c‡i GwU ÔKvRx
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb iPbvejx cÖ_g L‡ÊÕ ¯’vb cvq| GB cÖe‡Ü Zuvi bZzb †KvbI wPš—v hy³ bv n‡jI
bRi“j mvwnZ¨ cÖPv‡ii †¶‡Î Gi f~wgKv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb iwPZ
cuvPwU †eZvi-Kw_Kv cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj ZrKvjxb †iwWI cvwK¯—v‡b| ÔMxwZKvi bRi“j BmjvgÕ,
ÔbRi“j-RxebK_vÕ, Ôgvby‡li Kwe bRi“jÕ, ÔbRi“j-Kv‡e¨ Bmjvgx

iƒcÕ Ges ÔbRi“j‡K †hgb †`‡LwQÕGB cuvPwU Kw_Kvq KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb mnR fvlvq
bRi“‡ji †h g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb, Zv h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| ÔbRi“j-RxebK_vÕ Kw_Kvi cvÊywjwc‡Z †KvbI
wk‡ivbvg wQj bv| wewkó cÖvewÜK I †gvZvnvi-iPbvejxi m¤úv`K Ave`yj nK Gi wk‡ivbvg cÖ`vb
K‡ib| GB Kw_Kvq cwiwgZ Z‡_¨ bRi“‡ji cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| bRi“‡ji g„Zz¨i c‡i bRi“j
Rb¥evwl©Kx msKj‡b wZwb GKwU mv¶vrKvi cÖ`vb K‡ib| ˆmq` Bg`v`yj n‡Ki †bqv mv¶vrKviwU
Ômy-mgvRÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| wZwb bRi“j mvwnZ¨ i“k I Bs‡iwR fvlvq Abyev‡`i cÖ¯—
ve w`‡qwQ‡jb| bRi“‡ji KweZvq mvg¨ev‡`i Dcv`vb wQj e‡jB nq‡Zv †jwb‡bi †`‡ki fvlvq bRi“j-
mvwnZ¨ Abyev‡`i K_v †f‡ewQ‡jb| wKš‘ RvZxq Aa¨vc‡Ki GB civgk© †KD Kv‡b Zz‡jbwb| wZwb
nq‡Zv bgybv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR I i“k fvlvi K_v D‡jL K‡iwQ‡jb, cÖK…Z wePv‡i RvZxq Kwe‡K
wek¦ cwim‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z we‡k¦i cÖavb mKj fvlv‡KB Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1978 mv‡j W±i
Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayixi †bqv GKwU mv¶vrKv‡iI wZwb bRi“j-m¤ú‡K© bvbvgyLx Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
bRi“‡ji m‡½ Zuvi NwbôZv, dwRjvZzb‡bmv Ges †mB mg‡qi mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi Ae¯’v D‡V
G‡m‡Q GB mv¶vrKv‡i|
†eMg kvgmyb bvnvi gvngy` iwPZ ÔbRi“j‡K †hgb †`‡LwQÕ (1959) Ges Ave`yj Kvw`i m¤úvw`Z
ÔbRi“j iPbv-m¤¢viÕ (1962) MÖš’ `yÕwU wb‡q Ôgv‡n bIÕ cwÎKvq KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi
mgv‡jvPbv-wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| MÖš’-Av‡jvPbvq MÖš’Kvi ev m¤úv`‡Ki mdjZv-wedjZv
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jI welq †h‡nZz bRi“j, KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ZvB bRi“j-m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri Abyfe
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| bRi“‡ji Av‡iK eÜz Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`i m¤úvw`Z ÔbRi“j iPbv-m¤¢viÕ MÖ‡š’i
mgv‡jvPbv-m~‡ÎI wZwb bRi“‡ji cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| †ek `xN© GB Av‡jvPbv KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
bRi“j-msMx‡Zi cÖ_g D`©y ZR©gv m¤ú‡K© wKQy bZzb Z_¨I nvwRi K‡i‡Qb| cÖm½µ‡g wZwb
bRi“j m¤ú‡K© wKQy Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z GKUz Am½wZ i‡q‡Q| †gvZvnvi-DwjwLZ
Ks‡MÖm Kg©xi bvg KvRx Avkivd †nv‡mb bq, W. KvRx Avkivd gvngy` (1908-1983)| wZwb ZLb
ivqcy‡i _vK‡Zb wcZv Wv. KvRx Ave`ym mvËv‡ii m‡½| c‡i XvKvq wd‡i Av‡mb Ges XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK nb| Avi Aa¨vcK Ave`ym mvËvi ÔGui cyÎÕ bb| W. KvRx Avkivd gvngy‡`i
wcZvi bvg Wv³vi KvRx Ave`ym mvËvi| wZwb ZrKvjxb dwi`cyi, Aaybv gv`vixcyi †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| †ckvq wZwb Aa¨vcK bb, wPwKrmK wQ‡jb| fvi‡Zi ivqcy‡i wZwb wPwKrmv †ckvq
wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| G‡`‡ki cÖ_g gwnjv Wv³vi †Rvniv †eMg KvRx wQ‡jb Wv³vi KvRx Ave`ym
mvËv‡ii Kb¨v Ges W. KvRx Avkivd gvngy‡`i †evb| Wv³vi †Rvniv †eMg KvRxi †evb wkixb KvRxI
wQ‡jb Wv³vi|
eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi A‡b‡Ki cwiP‡qi g‡a¨ bRi“j-M‡elK
cwiPqwUI Kg †MŠi‡ei bq! mgKvjxb mvwnZ¨ wb‡qB bq, Nwbô eÜzi mvwnZ¨ wb‡q GKvwaµ‡g
¯^cÖksm Av‡jvPbv-M‡elYv Kivi NUbvI evsjvmvwn‡Z¨ Lye †ewk †Pv‡L c‡o bv| bRi“j PP©vq
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi GB D`viZv Aek¨B GK e¨wZµgx `„óvš—| AvR‡K huviv bRi“j-M‡elK

22
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

wKsev bRi“j-Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e m¤§vwbZ, Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q Av`k© wn‡m‡e MY¨ nIqv DwPZ †gvZvnvi
†nv‡m‡bi AcÖvwZôvwbK bRi“j-PP©vi aviv| bRi“j-PP©vq KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi Ae`vb GKRb
ˆbqvwqK c_ cÖ`k©‡Ki KvR wn‡m‡e m¤§vb I gh©v`v jv‡fi †hvM¨|

23
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

W. gynv¤§` gynwmb DÏxb

gyiMx I wW‡gi we¯§qKi inm¨
m„wói AMwYZ in‡m¨i g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i M„ncvwjZ c¶xKz‡ji GKwU n‡jv †gviM-gyiMx| ZvwK‡q
†`Lyb Zv‡`i Rb¥ inm¨ Ges Pjv‡divi g‡a¨ KZ Avðh©RbK `„k¨gvb I A`„k¨ welq i‡q‡Q| GKUz †Lqvj
K‡i ZvKv‡jB we¯§‡q Avgiv nZevK n‡q hve Ges ZLb m„wóKZ©v gnvb Avjvn Zvqvjvi gwngv
cÖKv‡k Avgv‡`i K‡É gyLi n‡q DV‡e ¯^Z:ù‚Z©fv‡e Ges Av‡eMvcyZ ü`‡q Avgiv ZLb AvbyMZ¨
Ki‡Z DØy× n‡ev|
†gviM-gyiMxi evox‡Z †cvl †g‡b _vKv `vbv-cvwb MÖnY Ges Zv‡`i Af¨vmvw` m¤ú‡K© Avgiv
mevB wKQy bv wKQy eyS‡Z cvwi| †fvi †ejvq Ni †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡jB Zviv Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`¨i
mÜv‡b AveR©bv ¯‘‡ci w`‡K GwM‡q hvq Ges †mLv‡b †_‡K Zviv cQ›` I i“wPgZ Lv`¨ msMÖn
Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zv‡`i wewPÎ cQ›` †_‡K †cvKvgvKo, mv‡ci ev”Pv, we”Qy, KxUcZ½, Nvm, dj-dyj,
KuvP, cv_i, evwj, †mvbv-Puvw`, wKQyB ev` c‡o bv| mKvj †_‡K mܨv ch©š— AbeiZ Zviv Lyu‡U
Lyu‡U †L‡ZB _v‡K| Zv‡`i cvK¯’jx Avjvn Zvqvjvi wbwg©Z GgbB G‡K Awfbe KviLvbv †hLv‡b
covi mv‡_ mv‡_ mKj wKQy nRg ev AvZ¥¯’ n‡q hvq| cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb Zv‡`i kix‡i †cuŠ‡Q
hvIqvi ci eR©¨ c`v_© gj AvKv‡i †ewi‡q hvq| GKUz †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb Ges fveyb †h Ggb cvK¯’jx
evN-fvjyK, nvZx, †Nvov GgbwK gvby‡liI bq; †hLv‡b †jvnv, KuvP, cv_i, kvK-mewR, Nvm-cvZv
ZwiZiKvix †Mvk-gvQ mewKQyB nRg n‡q hvq| Zvi cvK¯’jxwU GK AZ¨vðh© d¨v±ix, hv Zvi kix‡ii
Avf¨š—ixY cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ †_‡K Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i| Zvi Rb¥ Ges Zvi Aw¯—
Z¡ gvby‡liB wL`g‡Zi Rb¨, Avi †mB Rb¨B Zvi g‡a¨ Gme wRwb‡mi Pvwn`v Ges nR‡gi e¨e¯’v
gvby‡li gvwjK Zvi g‡a¨ †i‡L w`‡q‡Qb| ïay ZvB bq, iveŸyj Avjvgxb Zvi g‡a¨ Ggb exR †i‡L
w`‡q‡Qb hvi d‡j Ggwb AviI gyiMx cq`v n‡e Ges `ywbqvq Zv‡`i esk we¯—vi n‡Z _vK‡e| GBfv‡e
cÖwZwbqZB Avgiv †`L‡Z cve †h cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z Rxe-Rš‘ I c¶xKzj‡K Avjvn Zvqvjv
wewfbœ ai‡bi Inx ev Bjnvg Øviv Zv‡`i Kvh©µg I Lv`¨ Lvevi MÖnY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Qb|
Avwg AveviI Aby‡iva Rvbvw”Q, GKevi Aš—‡ii †PvL †g‡j ZvKvb, AvcZ`„wó‡Z gyiMxi GB
Pjv‡div, Lv`¨ msMÖn Zv‡`i wgjb I wWg `vb BZ¨vw` GK ¯^vfvweK wbqg g‡b n‡jI †`L‡Z cv‡eb
Zv‡`i mywbqwš¿Z Gme Af¨v‡mi wcQ‡b gnvb AvjvM iveŸyj Avjvgx‡bi Kz`iZ mwµq i‡q‡Q| Avi
ZvB, ZviB Bjnvgx Bkviv‡Z gyiMx hgx‡bi Af¨š—i I Dcwifv‡Mi AmsL¨ wRwbm †_‡K wWg †`qvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvjgmjv msMÖn K‡i †bq| wKš‘ hLb wWg †`qvi †gqv` †kl n‡q hvq ZLb gvIjv cvK
Zv‡K †Mvcb Inxi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k †`b| GLb Avi GZme Lv`¨ `iKvi †bB| GZw`b wW‡gi †Lvjm k³
evbv‡bvi Rb¨ bvbvwea Lv`¨mn H me avZe `ªe¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQj| GLb wWg †`qv eÜ, Kv‡RB H¸wj Avi
†L‡qvbv Ges cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ GLb bi I gÏxi wgjbI `iKvi †bB| Gevi GKzk w`‡bi Rb¨ G‡ËKv‡d e‡m hvI,
wWg¸wj Zv w`‡Z _vK| G RxebUv‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi ZvwM‡` hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb Avjvn Zvqvjvi
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†m wel‡qI Zv‡K Bjnv‡gi gva¨‡g Rvbv‡bv nq|
ZvB †m cÖ_g mßv‡n GKwU wbw`©ó wbq‡g wKQz Lvevi †L‡q Avevi wM‡q e‡m| wØZxq mßv‡n
Zvi `xN©¶Y a‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wWg †_‡K D‡V Avmv AviI Kwg‡q †`qv nq| †f‡e †`Lyb, †Kvb
chv©‡q KZUzKz mgq Ges KZ¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zvc w`‡Z n‡e Ges KZ¶Y Zvc †`qv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡j wWg
VvÛv n‡q hv‡e bv G Ávb I †evakw³ Zv‡K †K w`‡q _v‡K? Aek¨B Avjvn Zvqvjv Bjnvg Øviv Gme
welq wbqš¿Y K‡ib| KviY †m †Zv GB cÖ_g wWg w`‡q‡Q Ges cÖ_g Zv w`‡Z e‡m‡Q| Zvi †Zv
c~‡e©i †Kvb ev¯—e AwfÁZv †bB| ïay †h wW‡gi Zvc msiw¶Z ivLvi Rb¨ Zvi e‡m _vK‡Z nq, ZvI

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mnKvix Aa¨vcK I wefvMxq cÖavb, Bmjvgx wk¶v wefvM, Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

24
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

bq, eis wWg¸wj gv‡S gv‡S bvo‡Z nq| †b‡o †P‡o Zvi mKj w`‡Ki cwiPhv© mymvgÄm¨fv‡e Kiv
jv‡M G wel‡qI Zv‡K Mv‡qex wb‡`©k †`qv nq|
GKzk w`b c~Y© n‡q hvIqvi ci wW‡gi g‡a¨ ev”Pvi MVb hLb c~Y© n‡q hvq ZLb Mv‡qex wb‡`©k
Av‡m| GLb Avi wWg bvovPviv bq, GLb `ywbqvi Rxe‡b c`vc©Y Kivi Rb¨ ev”Pv cÖ¯‘Z, Zvi †`n
AZ¨š— bvRyK| AZGe †m wb‡R wb‡R †Póv K‡i k³ †LvjwU †f‡½ †d‡j ax‡i ax‡i †ewi‡q Avm‡e|

Kz`iZ Zv‡K G wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb, †mB g‡Z †m KvR Ki‡e| Ab¨ †KD †hb wWg fv½vi †Póv bv K‡i|
KviY Zvi mwVKfv‡e Rvbv †bB, KZ¶Y ci ev”PvwU †ei nIqvi Dc‡hvMx n‡e| myZivs me Ki‡Z n‡e,
gziMx‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e, ev”Pv †hb wb‡Ri †Póvq †VvKi w`‡q †Lvj †f‡½ wb‡RB `ywbqv‡Z
c`vc©Y K‡i| ZLb Zvi Kv‡b nvjKv nvjKv g‡bvivg AvIqvR Avm‡Z _v‡K| G mg‡q ev”Pv‡K †`Lvi
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AvNvZ jvMvi mg~n m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| Ggb wK †mB AvNvZ ev Pv‡c ev”PvUv gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|
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m¤¢e nq|
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Dcvq, bv evû ev cvLv †gjvi RvqMv| †mLv‡b †m bv cv we¯—vi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avi bv evwn¨K RM‡Zi
mv‡_ Zvi †Kvb m¤úK© M‡o D‡V‡Q hvi d‡j evB‡ii †Kvb mvnvh¨ cvIqv Zvi c‡¶ m¤¢e|

G mgq Zvi gvwjK, wek¦ RM‡Zi m„wóKZv© `qvgq Avjvn ZvqvjvB Zvi GKgvÎ mvnvh¨Kvix Ges
ÎvYKZv©, Avi Aek¨B Zvi Rxeb wkiv ev kvniM †_‡KI wZwb Zvi mwbœK‡U| KziAv‡bi fvlvq Avjvn
cvK e‡j‡Qb, ÒAek¨B Avwg, me©kw³gvb Zvi kvniM †_‡KI †ewk wbK‡U AvwQ|Ó m~iv Kvd t 16|

GB Avqv‡Z †h K_vwU ejv n‡q‡Q wW‡gi †_‡K ev”Pvi AvMg‡bi GB †h chv©qµwgK aviv, Zvi
†_‡K AvqvZwUi Zvrch© my¯úófv‡e eySv hvq|

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_vK‡e Ges µgvš^‡q ARvbv A‡bK inm¨ fvÛvi Zvi mvg‡b D‡¤§vwPZ n‡Z _vK‡e|
wW‡gi G inm¨ ms‡e`bkxj wP‡Ë RvMv‡e me©kw³gvb gvIjvcv‡Ki ¶gZv I kw³i †PZbv| ms‡¶‡c ej‡Z
†M‡j wW‡gi g‡a¨ iw¶Z wewfbœ ¯—iI AvK…wZ D‡Ïk¨wenxb bq| jvwU‡gi g‡Zv G †MvjKwUi
bx‡Pi w`‡K _v‡K GKwU Kv‡jv ¶z`ª †MvjK| GB Kv‡jv we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V Zvi gv_v Ges
Dc‡ii †gvUv AskwU‡ZB ao| Gfv‡e Av‡ivI wewfbœ ¯—‡i Zvi cvLbv, ü`wcÛ, hK…Z, cvK¯’jx
BZ¨vw`i MVb n‡Z _‡K gvwj‡Ki B”QvgZ| G m‡ei Dci gvwj‡Ki wbqš¿Y GK”QÎ| Gi Dci Ab¨ †h
†Kvb n¯—‡¶c wech©q †W‡K Av‡b Ges †h ¶wZ nq Zv c~i‡Yi Avi †Kvb Dcvq _v‡K bv| Gme

25
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

wKQyi cwiPh©vi Rb¨ †h e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi wb‡`©kbv (Inx) ev”PvwUi gv‡qi ü`‡qi Dci bv‡hj
n‡Z _v‡K Ges †m g‡Z †m e¨e¯’v wb‡Z _v‡K | nu¨v G chv©‡q eyS‡Z n‡e wW‡gi g‡a¨
cÖwµqvRwbZ †hme KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K c„w_exi M‡f© Drcvw`Z mKj e¯‘ I RxeI GKB cÖwµqvi Aaxb
wbiš—i KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|
Avgiv wWg †_‡K evwn‡i †ewi‡q Avmvi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© K_v ejwQjvg| wW‡gi mi“ As‡k †hLv‡b
†QvU †MvjKwU Drcbœ n‡q gv_v ˆZixi KvR K‡i, †VuvKi †g‡i †LvjmwUi fv½vi KvR K‡i wKš‘
ILvb †_‡K gv_v †ei n‡Z cvi‡jI eo aowU †ei nIqv gykwKj| GRb¨ †LvjwUi mv‡_ msjMœ Dc‡ii wewji
mv‡_ m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i ev”PvwU‡K Nyi‡Z nq Ges GUv iveŸyj Avjvgx‡bi wb‡`©‡kB †m K‡i|
Z‡e M¤^y‡Ri g‡Zv †kl As‡ki w`‡K Ny‡i †m †VuvKiv‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e Zvi evB‡i †ewi‡q Avmvi c_
myMg bv n‡q Zvi g„Zz¨ †W‡K Avb‡e| †h‡nZz †gvUv As‡k _v‡K Aw·‡Rb U¨vsK| GRb¨ Zv‡K cv‡k
†VuvKi w`‡q †ei“‡bvi c_ K‡i wb‡Z nq| AvRe G KviLvbvi Kvh©µ‡gi w`‡K hZB bRi wbe× Kiv n‡e
ZZB gvbyl iveŸyj Bh&h‡Zi m„wó ˆbcyY¨ m¤ú‡K©I IqvwKenvj n‡Z _vK‡e Ges K…ZÁwP‡Ë Zvi
Me©`xß DbœZ wki bZ n‡Z _vK‡e|

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wKQyB bq, cÖK…wZi me wKQyi Dci Avjvn Zvqvjvi wbqš¿Y I †n`v‡qZ ev Inxi gva¨‡g cwiPvjbvi
KviY hv fvmv fvmv `„wó‡Z ZvKv‡j eySv hv‡e bv|

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GKUz †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb t

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AYy cigvYyi Aw¯—‡Z¡i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i m„wó I e„w×i Rb¨ chv©µwgK aviv, wKš‘ AÁ-g~L©
fvmv fvmv `„wóm¤úbœ Ges e¯‘ c~Rvix I e¯‘ev`x Rb‡Mvôxi msKxY© eyw× I evwn¨K Áv‡bi
AwaKvix‡`i c‡¶ `„wómxgvi evB‡ii Ges Zv‡`i Avwe¯‹…Z hvwš¿K ch©‡e¶‡Yi AvIZvi evB‡ii †Kvb
wKQz eySv m¤¢e nq bv| Avi GRb¨ me †_‡K eo †h `ye©jZv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mwµq n‡q i‡q‡Q †mUv n‡jv,
wb‡R‡`i Ávb-eyw×, kw³, mvg_© I †hvM¨Zv‡K h‡_ó g‡b Kiv| Zv‡`i `„wó kªe‡Yw›`ªq, NÖvYkw³,
¯^v`MÖnY I ¯úk© Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw` †h c Bw›`ªq¸wj Av‡Q Zvi evwn‡ii †Kvb wKQy Zviv gvb‡Z
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Zviv fve‡Z ivRx bq †h, G kw³¸‡jv wejyß n‡q †M‡j †KD wdwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i bv †Kb, fv‡e bv
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Zvi kw³‡K| †h‡nZz †`L‡Z Pvq bv, GRb¨ Zviv h‡_”Qv wm×vš— wb‡q e‡m Zvi ¶gZv m¤ú‡K©| Zuvi
m„wó m¤ú‡K©| wb‡Ri Ávb eyw× I `„wó mxgvi g‡a¨ †hUzKz Zviv cvq Zvi Dc‡iB Zviv wm×vš—
wb‡q e‡m|

weåvwš—i †eovRv‡j AvU‡K cov gvbyl KZBbv g~L©, G we‡k¦i wekvj Av‡qvR‡b Zvi ARvbv-
A‡Pbv RMZI †h KZ weivU †mUvI Zv‡`i Rvbv †bB| gvIjv Kixg wZwb, K_v e‡jb wZwb, Zvi m„wói
cÖwZwU e¯‘i ev e¨w³i mv‡_| mewKQy GKgvÎ wZwb †`‡Lb, mKj AvIqvR GKgvÎ wZwbB ï‡bb;
mevi mv‡_ Ges me wKQyi mv‡_ GKgvÎ wZwb K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib| GUv †R‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h,
KvD‡K Ges †Kvb wKQy‡K cÖvYnxb (iƒn wenxb) g‡b Kiv Avjvn Zvqvjv‡K Ges Zvi ¸Yvejx‡K
A¯^xKvi Kivi bvgvš—i| Avjvn Zvqvjv K_v e‡jb, cwiPvjbv K‡ib (Bjnv‡gi gva¨‡g) RxeRš‘ I Avgv‡`i
`„wó‡Z hviv Ro c`v_© Zv‡`i mevB‡K |

26
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

cÖ‡dmi Gm Gg MvwRDi ingvb

K¬vwmwmRg ebvg †ivgvw›UwmRg
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K‡i‡Qb| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Avevi K¬vwmwmRg‡KI cÖ_g †kªYxi mvwnZ¨ Ges wPivqZ mvwnZ¨ ejv
n‡q‡Q| hv Kv‡ji cix¶vq DËxY©| K¬¨vwmKvj mvwnZ¨ nj Gwi÷Uj cÖewZ©Z| MÖxK mvwnZ¨‡K
K¬¨vwmKvj mvwnZ¨ ejv nq| MÖxK mvwn‡Z¨i ixwZ weï× gvbweKZvi Av‡jv‡K mgy¾j| Gi Av‡e`b
wek¦Rbxb| MÖxK mvwn‡Z¨i AbyKi‡Y j¨vwUb mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq| j¨vwUb mvwn‡Z¨i AbyKi‡Y
divmx mvwnZ¨ m„wó nq| divmx mvwn‡Z¨i K¬¨vwmKvj ixwZi AbyKiY Kiv nq Bs‡iRx mvwn‡Z¨|
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nj| GwióUj wbw›`Z n‡jb| mvwn‡Z¨i RM‡Z bZzb GK `‡ji m„wó nj| Ges Zv nj †ivgvw›UK `j|
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w`ev‡jv‡Ki gZ| †ivgvw›U‡Ki g‡bi Ae¯’v me mgqB D‡ËwRZ|
K¬¨vwmKvj ixwZi kã iPbvi g‡a¨ AjsKi‡Yi cÖvavb¨ †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ †ivgvw›UK ixwZ‡Z mnR-mij
Abvo¤^i K_¨ fvlvi j¶Y †`Lv hvq| KweZvq AwfRvZ fvlvi cwie‡Z© AbwfRvZ k‡ãi bZzb w`Mš—

Wxb, ¯‹zj Ae AvUm© Ges wefvMxq cÖavb, Bs‡iRx wefvM, Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

27
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

D‡b¥vwPZ nq| K¬¨vwmKvj ixwZ Abyhvqx cÖwZwU ¯—e‡K GKwU K‡i e³e¨ †kl n‡Zv| †ivgvw›UK
ixwZ‡Z Q‡›`i e¨Äb gyw³i d‡j fve cÖKv‡ki eÜb gyw³ NUj| K¬¨vwmKvj ixwZÑ eyw×`xß A‡c¶v
Av‡eM cÖavb mijZv jvf Ki‡jv †ivgvw›UK ixwZ‡Z| K¬¨vwmKvj ixwZ wQj wKQzUv K…wÎg|
†ivgvw›UK ixwZ‡Z mnR-mij ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvlv ¯’vb K‡i wbj| K¬¨vwmKvj fvlv GKwU wbw`©ó
mxgvi g‡a¨ wQj| wKš‘ †ivgvw›UK fvlv mxgvnxb Aeq‡ei g‡a¨ Rxe‡bi K_v cÖKvk Ki‡jv|
hv‡`i iPbvq Db¥v`bvi myi j¶¨ Kiv hvq, Zviv Rxe‡bi myMfxi iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|
Zv‡`i iPbvq †mŠ›`‡h©¨i ZvRgnj M‡o D‡V bv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Kwe gv‡bB KvíwbK| Kwe iƒc m„wó
K‡ib| Kwe Avcb g‡bi gvayix w`‡q Kve¨ m„wó K‡ib| mwZ¨Kv‡ii KweZv gw¯—¯‹ cÖm~Z bq ü`q
cÖm~Z | ZvB †ivgvw›UK Kwe‡`i KweZvq AwZ‡jŠwKK welqe¯‘ GKvš— mvgMÖxK

iƒ‡c cvV‡Ki mvg‡b cÖKvwkZ nq| Zviv AvKv‡ki Zvivq Zviv †`‡Lb| Zviv fvlvnviv msMxZ I Aevš—
i RMr‡K ˆZix K‡ib gvbweK I mZ¨ iƒ‡c| cÖK…wZi iƒc im MÜ ¯úk© Ges k‡ãi gv‡S †`L‡Z cvb
Ac~e© Avgš¿‡Yi Bkviv| Kwe hLb RMr I Rxeb‡K w¯’ifv‡e Ae‡jvKb K‡ib ZLb wZwb K¬¨vwmKvj
Avi hLb wZwb Kíbvi Av‡jv‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡ib ZLb wZwb †ivgvw›UK| †ivgvw›UK Kíbv Avgv‡`i
gb‡K D‡ØwjZ I mPj K‡i| Avgiv hLb †ivgvw›UK nB ZLb bZzb wKQz Kivi wPš—v Kwi|
ev¯—weK c‡¶ GKRb Kwe GKwU ¯^M©xq Av‡jvK| wZwb cweÎZvi cÖwZg~wZ© Z_v ev¯—eiƒc|
Zvi AvZ¥v dz‡j dz‡j gay AvniY K‡iÑmyiv‡jv‡Ki cy‡®úv`¨v‡b| Avi Avgv‡`i Rb¨ enb K‡i Av‡b
my‡ii gvayh©¨| †mŠ›`h©¨‡K †g‡j a‡i cÖK…Z mZ¨‡KB cÖKvk K‡i| ZvB GKRb Kwe‡K K¬¨vwmK
ev †ivgvw›UK GBfv‡e Avjv`v K‡i †`Lv hvq bv| wZwb Kwe wKsev †jLK GUvB Zvi eo cwiPq|

28
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

W. ˆmq`v †gvZv‡niv evby

wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g Pvi `k‡Ki
evsjv wkï mvwnZ¨
evsjv wkïmvwnZ¨ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨iB A½xf~Z GKwU wewkó aviv| Drm I D‡b¥‡l †jvKR I ms&¯‹…Z
avivi HwZn¨eûj wkï mvwn‡Z¨i cÖK…Z PP©v Bs‡iR mf¨Zv I wk¶vi ms¯ú‡k© cÖ_g cvV¨cy¯—K
iPbvi g‡a¨ cÖ¯‘wZ ce© m¤úbœ K‡i| †gŠwjK wkï mvwn‡Z¨i m~ÎcvZ nq †KkeP›`ª †mb m¤úvw`Z
ÔevjK-eÜyÕ (1878) cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci|
AvaywbK wk¶v cÖmv‡ii m‡½ m‡½B wkï wk¶v cÖmv‡ii KvRI Pj‡Z _v‡K| GB mvwn‡Z¨i Drm
mÜvb Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖvPxb ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i aviv, iƒcK_v, †Q‡j fyjv‡bv Qov ch©vqµ‡g G‡m
c‡o| AvaywbK A‡_© evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i m~ÎcvZ Dwbk kZ‡Ki BD‡ivcxq cÖfv‡eiB dj| GB A‡_©
evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i D‡`¨vM c‡e© we`¨vmvMi-A¶q `Ë cÖgyL cvV¨ iPbvq ev GB mgq cÖKvwkZ
ÕcÙvejxÕ BZ¨vw` cwÎKvq wkï ev evjK‡`i Rb¨ iPbv‡K wPËnvix Kivi cÖ‡Póv j¶¨ Kiv †M‡jI
cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki wk¶v ev bxwZ-Dc‡`‡ki AwZwi³ wKQy Kivi D‡Ïk¨ Zv‡`i wQjbv| GBme cwÎKvq
hvuiv wjL‡Zb Zvuiv A‡b‡KB wkï wk¶vi cÖmv‡iB AMÖYx f~wgKv wb‡qwQ‡jb| Ôwkïi welq wb‡q
wkïi Rb¨ iPbvÕi m~ÎcvZ nq Gi cieZx© c‡e©| wkï‡`i eq‡mi m‡½ A_©vr gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZi w`‡K
bRi †i‡L mgv‡jvPKiv wkï mvwnZ¨‡K we‡kl K‡qKwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Ki‡Z Pvb| GB wn‡m‡e mg¯—
wkï mvwnwZ¨‡Ki iPbv me©‡kªYxi wkïi R‡b¨B Dchy³ e‡j we‡ewPZ nqbv| wek kZ‡Ki c~‡e© evsjv
wkïmvwnZ¨ cÖ_gZt we`¨vj‡qi cvV¨, wØZxqZt Abyev`, Z…ZxqZt bxwZ wk¶vg~jK wQj|
mvwn‡Z¨ RvZxq †PZbvi cÖKvk c‡iv¶fv‡e N‡U| Dwbk kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M RvZxq BwZnvm ev
HwZ‡n¨i Av‡jvPbv, gnvcyi“l‡`i Rxebx iPbv BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj| Gi cieZx©©Kv‡j RvZxq
†PZbv ag©vkªqx †_‡K‡Q| mš¿vmev`, MYcwZ Drme Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii g‡Zv cÖwZfvai cvV¨cy¯—K iPbvi m‡½
m‡½ wKQy †cÖiYvg~jK eB wj‡Lb| ¸i“Z¡ †`qv nZ Ggb me welq †hLv‡b †`k we‡`‡ki ÁvbfvÛvi
†_‡K m¤ú` AvniY Kiv nZ| ¸i“Z¡ wQj Abyev` ev Aejw¤^Z iPbvi Dci| ms¯‹„Z ev cvwj †_‡K †hgb
†Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K cÖavbZ Bs‡iRxi gva¨‡g cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ †_‡K bvbvwea DrK„ó iPbv †QvU‡`i
Dc‡hvMx K‡i cwi‡ekb Kiv nZ|
civaxb I AatcwZZ RvwZ‡K EÏxß I Avkvwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ Kwe mvwnwZ¨Kiv RvwZi AZxZ KxwZ©‡K
gwngvwš^Z K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| evOvwj mvwnwZ¨KivI †mUv K‡i‡Qb Ñ m„wó K‡i‡Qb ¯^vaxb‡PZv
exibvqK| i½jvj gaym~`b cÖgyL exi bvq‡Ki cÖwZc¶ cÖvq †¶‡ÎB AZ¨vPvix AvµgYKvix cvVvb,
†gvMj †mbvbvqK ev ivRv ev`kv| evOvwj gymwjg mvwnwZ¨KivI cÖvK-gymwjg fviZxq HwZn¨‡K
wb‡Ri e‡j MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| fviZxq fvlvq Zviv heb †¤”Q| GBme welq msµvš—
RvZxqZvev`x mvwnZ¨ evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡` dvUj awi‡q‡Q| G‡`‡ki wn›`y‡`i Kv‡di e‡j Zviv
†R‡b‡Qb| gybxi †PŠayix e‡jb, Ebwesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a©i m~Pbv †_‡KB evOvwji RvZxqZvev‡`i
aviYvi m‡½ wn›`y cybR©vMi‡Yi Av`k© wgwkªZ n‡Z _v‡K| kZvãxi †k‡l G‡m GB RvZxqZvev`
cÖvq Awewgkªiƒ‡c wn›`y RvZxqZvev‡` iƒcvš—wiZ nq| †ng bex‡bi KweZv I f~‡`eÑew¼‡gi
Dcb¨vm Gi cÖK„ó cÖgvY| Dcb¨v‡m gymjgvb †mbvcwZ kvmbKZ©v‡`i AZ¨vPvi AbvPv‡ii wPÎ
AwZiwÄZ K‡i Aw¼Z K‡i Zviv Rbvwš—‡K Bs‡iR‡`i wei“‡× AvNvZ nvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, GK_v
†KejgvÎ AskZ mZ¨| Bmjvg ag© I gymwjg bi-bvixi me©cÖKvi jvÄbv MÖš’KviM‡Yi e¨w³MZ Djvm
Pvcv _v‡Kwb| Gme Dcb¨v‡m cÖvqk †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq gymjgvb Pwiθ‡jv nxb¯^fve Ges wn›`yMY
¸Ywbwa|


mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

29
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M wkïmvwn‡Z¨ RvZxqZvev‡`i m~Pbv j¶¨ Kiv hvq, Z‡e †mB RvZxqZvev`
gbxlxi PwiÎ wPÎY I †`k‡cÖ‡gi g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj| Gi m‡½ msMÖn nw”Qj evsjvi Nygcvovbx Mvb,
†Q‡jfyjv‡bv Qov, iƒcK_v, DcK_v, f~‡Zi Mí, wKse`š—x BZ¨vw`| GB ai‡bi iPbv msMÖ‡ni wcQ‡b
iex›`ªbv‡_i mwµq Drmvn I DÏxcbv Ab¨ †jLK‡`i Kv‡Q †cÖiYvi KvR K‡iwQj| iex›`ªbv_ A‡bK‡K
w`‡q †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ wb`k©b msMÖn Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq,
`w¶YviÄb wgÎ, Aebx›`ªbv_ cÖgyL D‡jL‡hvM¨| iex›`ªbv‡_i Aby‡iv‡a kKyš—jvi Mí †QvU‡`i g‡Zv
K‡i cwi‡ekb Kievi ci Aebx›`ªbv_ wj‡L‡Qb Õ¶x‡ii cyZyjÕ(1896)|
Gi cieZx© ce© wkï cwÎKvi cÖKvkbv| mgKvjxb mgvR Rxe‡bi Qwe wkï cwÎKv¸wj‡Z wbôvi mv‡_
Zy‡j aiv nq| evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i RqhvÎv Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡l ÕmLvÕ (1883), Ômv_xÕ, ÕevjKÕ
(1885), ÕmLv I mv_xÕ (1894), ÕgyKyjÕ (1895) BZ¨vw` cwÎKvi gva¨‡g| wkï mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î
beRvMÖZ RvZxq †PZbvi cÖwZdjb N‡U Zvi R‡b¥i cÖvq m‡½ m‡½B| ÕmLvÕq ivRbxwZ welqK
cÖeÜ DMªiPbv cÖ_g Qvcv nq Ges ZLb †_‡KB ïi“ nq RvZxq †PZbvi MVbg~jK wµqv|
Z‡e ÕgyKyjÕ cwÎKvq wkebv_ kv¯¿x †`kx we‡`kx iƒcK_v‡KB mnR mij fvlvq ¯^”Q›` iƒc w`‡q
cÖKvk K‡ib| Avevi wewfbœ mvgvwRK Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½I GB cwÎKv RwoZ wQj| GB cwÎKv‡ZB
wewkó m¤úv`K wkï mvwn‡Z¨i eq‡mi mxgv (8/9-16/17) wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jb| c„w_ex‡Z R‡b¥i ïf¶Y
†_‡K AvVv‡iv eQi eqm ch©š— wkï Ges ˆkkeKvj wnmv‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| mKj †¶‡ÎB wkï aviYv
MV‡bi GKwU RvZxq gvÎv cwiYZ ev cyó n‡jB †Kej ˆewk¦K cÖev‡n wgwjZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
wkï mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m †h hyM cwi‡ek I mvgvwRK cUf~wg mwµq wQj Gme welq Øviv Zv
cÖgvwYZ nq| GB mg‡q ev½vjx gbxwli A‡b‡KB wkï mvwnZ¨ iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| GBme
cwÎKvi gva¨‡g †hme †jL‡Ki D™¢e nq Zv‡`i‡K wek kZ‡Ki evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i cw_K…Z wnmv‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi, D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq †PŠayix, `w¶YviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi
cÖgyL mvwnwZ¨K wkï mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î †gŠwjK Ae`vb iv‡Lb| GB c‡e© cvV¨cy¯——‡Ki cÖZ¨¶
kvmb n‡Z wkï mvwnZ¨ gyw³ jvf K‡i| bexb †jL‡Kiv ey‡SwQ‡jb, †h †QvU‡`i me©v½xb gvbwmK
DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z n‡j Avb›`‡K cÖ_g mvwi‡Z †i‡L bxwZ‡K †bc‡_¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| †hvMx›`ªbv_
miKv‡ii Ônvwm I †LjvÕ (1891) I LyKygwbi Qov (1891), Aebx›`ªbv‡_i ÔkKyš—jvÕ(1895) I Ô¶x‡ii
cyZyjÕ (1896) G w`K †_‡K Abb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i wb`k©b|
gnvcyi“l PwiZ RvwZi wbR¯^ †MŠie Mv_vi Z_v RvZxq PwiÎ MV‡bi Dc‡hvMx gvjgmjv mÜv‡bi †h
cÖeYZv j¶¨Yxq, Zvi cÖwZdjb Av‡iv `yÕwU †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq| cÖ_gwU bxwZcÖxwZ ev A`k©evw`Zv|
G-cÖeYZv evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨ Av‡MI wQj| wKš‘ RvZxqZvev‡`i hy‡M Gi e¨vcKZi cÖKvk N‡U|
RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi Ab¨Zg cÖKvk N‡U ¯^‡`‡ki iƒcK_v msMÖ‡n| G cÖm‡½ we‡klfv‡e D‡jL¨,
Aebx›`ªbv‡_i (1871-1951)Õ¶x‡ii cyZyjÕ (1896), `w¶Yvićbi (1877-1957) ÔVvKyigvi SywjÕ
(1906) Avi ÔVvKyi`vi SywjÕ (1908), D‡c›`ªwK‡kv‡ii ÔUybUywbi eBÕ (1910) BZ¨vw` MÖ‡š’
RvZxq †PZbv †`kR HwZ‡n¨ †MŠi‡ei e¯‘i mÜvb K‡i wd‡i‡Q|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl †_‡K evsjvq †h RvZxq RvMi‡Yi m~Pbv nq, †m mgq wkw¶Z evOvjx mgvR RvZxq
†PZbvi Drm mÜv‡b cÖvPxb BwZnvm Ges HwZ‡n¨i w`‡KI Suy‡K c‡ob| †mB m‡½ Zvu‡`i `„wó
hvq wewfbœ hy‡Mi gnvcyi“l‡`i we‡klZ ¯^‡`‡ki Avi ¯^a‡g©i gbxlx‡`iÑRxebx Av‡jvPbvi w`‡K|
evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i µgweKvk avivq RvZxq †PZbvi GKwU eo `vb wQj gnvcyi“l‡`i (cÖavbZt †`kx,
Ab¨Î we‡`kx) PwiZK_v| Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK weKv‡k KvjxcÖmbœ `vk¸‡ßi ÕAvh©bvixÕ (1908-
09), ivgcÖvY ¸‡ßi ÔnRiZ †gvnv¤§`Õ (1904) BZ¨vw` Ggwb µvwš—Kv‡ji dmj| wkï‡fvM¨ Ges
eq¯‹Rb cvV¨ Dfq †kªYxi mvwn‡Z¨B eû HwZn¨ mÜvbx iPbv Avi RxebxMÖš’ iwPZ Ges cÖKvwkZ
nq| cieZx©Kv‡j, wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K, GUv cÖvq †Rvqv‡ii iƒc †bq, G †Ri P‡j Z„Zxq `kK Aewa|
†MvUv wek kZK Ry‡o we¯—i wkï mvgwqK cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq| bvbv A‡_©B mvgwqK cwÎKv
mgKvjxb Rxe‡bi `c©Y| e„wUk hy‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ evsjv cwÎKvi g‡ZvB wkï cwÎKv¸‡jv‡ZI D³ RvZxq
RvMi‡Yi cÖfve wQj Acwinvh©| Gi me‡P‡q †ewk cÖfve †`Lv hvq Ô†ZvwlYxÕ (1910) †Z|

Dbœqbkxj RvZxq †PZbvi ¯^vfvweK cÖKvk wQj †`k‡Kw›`ªKZvq| cÖeYZvwU †Kv_vI AwZ‡iL iƒ‡c
Qov‡bv bq, iPbvejx‡Z Qov‡bv| we‡`kx iPbvi fvevbymiY ev Abyev` cÖKvk‡bi AwaKvsk iPbvB

30
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

fveavivi w`K †_‡K wQj gvwU‡Kw›`ªK| gv‡S gv‡S cwÎKv¸wj‡Z †`k cwiPq g~jK Ges fvlvcÖxwZ
g~jK iPbvI †`Lv hvq|

DwÏcbv g~jK RvZxq fveavivi KweZvq evOvwj Kweiv †MŠie mÜvb K‡i‡Qb `~i AZx‡Zi BwZnv‡m|
Zv KL‡bv fvi‡Zi †MŠie, KL‡bv Av‡h©i †MŠie, KL‡bv wn›`yi †MŠie| ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg
BwZnvm‡K Zvuiv we‡`kxiƒ‡c AbvZ¥xqiƒ‡c †`‡L‡Qb| evOvwj gymwjg mwnwZ¨KivI cÖvK-
gymwjg fviZxq HwZn¨‡K wb‡Ri e‡j MªnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| G †`‡ki wn›`y‡`i Zviv Kv‡di e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

e½f½ Av‡›`vj‡bi (1905) ci GB avivi wKQy cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| GB mgq †_‡K evOvwj Kwe-
mvwnwZ¨KMY mvwn‡Z¨ wn›`y gymwjg wgj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡Z _v‡K| ZLb †_‡K
Kv‡e¨, bvU‡K, K_vmvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg HwZ‡n¨ Zvu‡`i cÖxwZ I cÖksmv †c‡Z _v‡K|
ÕwkïÕ(1912) cwÎKvq gymwjg welqe¯‘ ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q, Z‡e Ae¨ewnZ cðvrf~wg wQj wn›`y cvVK
mgvR| Ôm‡›`kÕ(1913) cwÎKv ag©‡ev‡ai D‡aŸ© ˆkk‡ei gy³ myL I Awewgkª Avb›` m„wó K‡iwQj|
wKš‘ mgKvjxb mgvR Rxe‡bi ev¯—eZvi m‡½ Ôm‡›`kÕ cvVK-

cvwVKv‡`i †Zgb cÖZ¨¶ †hvMv‡hvM wQjbv| Ôm‡›`kÕ m¤úv`K Lykxi iOxb AvZm evRx‡Z wkï
mvwn‡Z¨i AvKvk gvwZ‡q †i‡LwQ‡jb| †hvMx›`ªbv_ miKv‡ii †mB Avðh© Qov I Qwe‡Z bew`M‡š
—i Avn¶vb Awbevh© wQj| A_P cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i Kvj †mUv|
mgvR †PZbvq DØy× nj Ôm‡›`‡ki c‡ii cwÎKv¸wj| wek¦hy‡×i welwµqvq fviZ Ry‡o gvby‡li Kó Av‡iv
ZxeªZi nj cuwPk eQ‡ii g‡a¨| weÁv‡bi be be Avwe®‹vi, mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³¸wji Aweg„l¨KvwiZv,
fviZxq Kgy¨wbó cvwU©i Rb¥ (1925), c„w_exi mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi RvMiY, hy×-weaŸ¯— †f‡O
cov A_©bxwZ wkï mvwn‡Z¨i †jLK‡`i Avi †Kej D™¢U Kíbvi RM‡Z m¤ú~Y© wbe©vwmZ K‡i
ivL‡Z cvij bv| †m Ae¯’vi P~ovš— iƒc Gj gš^š—‡ii fqvenZvq| m‡½ Avevi wek¦hy×|
hw`I wkï cwÎKvq RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl †_‡K †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ evsjv fvlvi †Kvb
wkï‡Zvl cwÎKvB †m- Avg‡j ivRbxwZi mv‡_ we‡kl m¤úK© iv‡Lwb| ÔAvOyiÕ (1920) cwÎKv wQj
ag©wbi‡c¶|
Ôwkï mIMvZÕ cwÎKv 1922, GwcÖj cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| wKQyKvj eÜ _vKvi c‡i 1938 mv‡j cybivq
cÖKvwkZ nq| wkï weKv‡ki m‡½ BwZnvm Ávb I weÁvb eywׇK we‡kl ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ hy³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Agymwjg‡`i Rb¨ Øvi Db¥y³ †i‡LB gymwjg HwZ‡n¨i K_v G‡m‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y wkï weKv‡ki
†¶ÎwU GLv‡b †ek cÖmvwiZ K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| gy³ weKv‡ki w`KwU we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ AR©b K‡i‡Q|
evOvwj gyjgvb‡`i mvwnwZ¨K RvMiY wn›`y‡`i we¯§‡qi KviY n‡qwQj| Zviv bvbv¯’v‡b mvwnZ¨
m‡¤§jb Ges KjKvZvi bvbv KvM‡R we¯§q cÖKvk Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gymjgvbiv ivRbxwZi †¶Î n‡Z
mvwn‡Z¨I mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv †U‡b Avb‡jv e‡j bvbvw`K †_‡K û¼viI Avm‡Z _v‡K|
Ôwkïmv_xÕ(1329) cwÎKvq wn›`y ag©welqK I weÁvbwelqK iPbv cvkvcvwk ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q| AbywgZ
nq, wn›`y mgvR I ms¯‹„wZ MV‡bi Rb¨ G cwÎKv AvMÖnx wQj| mgKvjxb ivRbxwZi mviK_v
Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨I GB cwÎKv `vqe× wQj| hy‡×i djkÖ“wZ‡Z MÖvg evsjvi A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi
gg©š‘` cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZdjb cwÎKvq cÖZxqgvb nq| evwl©K Õwkïmv_xÕ(1332) gvwmK
Ôwkïmv_xÕiB avivevwnKZv i¶v K‡i‡Q| me cwÎKvB cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki evB‡i wkï fyeb MVb K‡i‡Q|
¯^vfvweKfv‡e GB mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k wkï cÎ-cwÎKv¸wj †Kej ˆbwZK PwiÎ MV‡bvc‡hvMx Av`k©
g~jK iPbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡Z cvij bv| GKw`‡K ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb, ¯^‡`k kª×v, gvZ…Áv‡b †`k‡K
fvjevmvi †cÖiYv †`Iqv, ¯^vaxbZv Avbvi cyY¨eª‡Z DØy× Kiv, Ab¨w`‡K `ye©j A_©‰bwZK
KvVv‡gvq weaŸ¯— mgvR‡eva Rb¥v‡bv, i“`ª KwVb ev¯—eZvi g‡a¨ Rxeb M‡o †Zvjvi
`vwqZ¡ RvMv‡bvB wQj GB cÎ-cwÎKv¸wji cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| GB mg¯— wg‡jB AvaywbK wkï mvwn‡Z¨i
Aw¯—Z¡|
cyivZb cixi Mí, ˆ`Z¨`v‡bvi M‡íi e`‡j µgk wkï‡`i ev¯—e cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki †Pbvfyeb m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv
Rvbvi K_vq DÏxß †KŠZynj PwiZv‡_©i `vwqZ¡ wb‡jb wkï mvwnwZ¨Kiv| GB cÖ‡Póvq mgv‡Ri

31
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

µ‡gvbœwZ I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b RwbZ †h `ª“Z wk‡ívbœqb mvov c„w_ex Ry‡o gvbe
mf¨Zvi GKUv weivU cwieZ©b G‡b w`w”Qj Zvi cÖwZ”QvcI Awbevh©fv‡e mvwn‡Z¨ co‡jv| G e`j
Bs‡iRx mvwn‡Z¨i wkïwefv‡MI c‡owQj| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡lB †m e`j N‡U wM‡qwQj| 'Technical
progress in the 19th century was related to the growing literature trend in England.' myZivs Rbi“wP
Z_v cvVK i“wPiI e`j N‡UwQj| Dwbk kZ‡Ki ga¨fvM †_‡K cvðv‡Z¨ †h wecyj ‰eÁvwbK Avwe®‹vi
I DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖfve mvwn‡Z¨ Awbevh©fv‡e G‡m c‡owQj| Ávb I Avb›` m„wói
Av`k© A¶ybœ †i‡L A¤vb ˆkk‡ei A¶q †mŠ›`‡h©¨i jxjv Dcw¯’Z K‡i‡Qb - ‰eÁvwbK AMÖMwZi
K_v - mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi K_v gv_vq †i‡L|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki wKQy gv‡n›`ª¶Y wQj wkï mvwnZ¨ m„wó n‡q IVvi m‡½ hy³| mvgvwRK wkï aviYv hZ
cwiYZ iƒc cÖvß n‡q‡Q wkï mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ †m m‡ei m„wókxjZv GK‡Î MwVZ n†q †M‡Q| iex›`ªbv_
wQ‡jb g~j b¶Î Ges wZwb wQ‡jb Dwbk Ges wek kZK Ry‡o| Zuvi cÖvq Avwk eQi cvw_©e Rxe‡bi
A‡a©K wQj Dwbk kZ‡K evwK A‡a©K wQj wek kZ‡K| Dwbk kZ‡K PiY †i‡LB wZwb wek
kZKwU‡K Rq K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv‡_i Kvjmxgvi g‡a¨ Av‡iv wKQy D‡jL‡hvM¨ wkï
mvwnwZ¨K cvIqv hvq, hv‡`i mwµq mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi cy‡iv Ask Dwbk I wek kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ cwie¨vß,
wek kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ G‡m Zv‡`i we‡kl D‡jL‡hvM¨ mvwnZ¨ Kg©¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| Dwbk kZ‡K
cybR©vMiY m„wói j‡¶¨ hLb eyw×e„wËK †¶‡Î AZxZ mÜvb ïi“ n†qwQj ZLb GKw`‡K †hgb
†jvKRxeb I †jvKmvwnZ¨ AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ AvMÖn R‡b¥ †Zgwb AZxZ BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨
Av‡eMgwÛZ mdi ïi“ nq| †jvKRxe‡b I mgv‡R cÖPwjZ iƒcK_v¸‡jv cybRx©ebcÖvß n‡q wkï
mvwn‡Z¨ G‡m Avkªq K‡i †bq| wek kZ‡K Gi †Ri Pj‡Z _v‡K| AZxZ BwZnvm DcvL¨vb BZ¨vw`
m~‡Î ivgvqY, gnvfviZ I †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx¸‡jv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ask AwaKvi
K‡i| ivgvqY, gnvfviZ I †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx¸‡jvi m‡½ mgKvjxb mgvR Rxe‡bi m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi
mgm¨v wQj A‡bK, d‡j wkï mvwn‡Z¨ Gm‡ei cybe©©vm‡bi welqwU mnR wQj| †Kej iƒcK_vi
Kvwnbx‡Z bq Qovq. KweZvq me©ÎB †cŠivwYK Kvwnbxi Av‡eM‡K MÖnY K‡i †bevi AvMÖn j¶¨
Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g w`‡K Mfxi mgvR m¤úK©hy³ n‡q DV‡jI †cŠivwYK
Av”Qv`b‡K mn‡R Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GB bZyb c_ wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_| iƒcK_vi g‡a¨
Zviv fv‡jvg‡›`i cv_©©K¨, mvgvwRK ‰bwZKZvi `„óvš— m„wó K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| wkï mvwn‡Z¨ †h
fyeb iwPZ n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ gy³ wkï‡K cvIqv wM‡qwQj|

evsjv mvwnZ¨ weKv‡ki avivevwnKZvq A‡c¶vK„Z AvaywbK hy‡M ev¯—e Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Nwbó
cwiPq I wbweoZg eÜb n‡”Q mv¤cÖwZK mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^iƒc j¶Y| ïay ZvB bq, mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½
†`e‡Z¡i †gvn, A‡jŠwKKZvi gvqvRvj †K‡U hvevi m‡½ m‡½B ms¯‹vigy³ nIqvi cwiµgvq Avgv‡`i
†PvL co‡Z jvMj gvby‡li w`‡K, Zvi gwngvB µ‡g µ‡g ü`q I gb AwaKvi Ki‡Z jvMj| GB gvbeZvi myiB
AvaywbK hy‡Mi g~j myi|
BwZnv‡mi AveZ©‡bi wfZi w`‡q mvwn‡Z¨i †`‡n I g‡b GKUy GKUy K‡i cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q GB
cwieZ©‡bi we‡kl j¶Y- †mB j¶Y mgwóB AvaywbK hy‡Mi cwiPq| Avgv‡`i wPš—vkw³i µgweeZ©‡bi
wfZi wZbwU cÖavb ¯—iwefvM i‡q‡Q| wPš—vi Avw`g hyM, `vk©wbK wPš—vi hyM I me‡k‡l
ˆeÁvwbK hyM| gvby‡li wPš—vi cÖmv‡ii d‡j GLb Avgiv G‡m †cuŠ‡QwQ ˆeÁvwbK hy‡M| G hy‡M
mZ¨ jv‡fi h_v_© Dcvq n‡”Q MvwYwZK Dcvq, Ges †m mZ¨ jv‡fi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ n‡e GB Rxeb‡K
c~Y© cwiYwZ `vb| AvaywbK hy‡Mi j¶Y gyw³i mÜvb|

32
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

†gvt kvnv`Z †nv‡mb

†jLK I mgvR
†jLK GKwU mgv‡Ri aviK I evnK| Avwg g‡b Kwi, †jL‡Ki Kj‡gi WMvq wbf©i K‡i mgv‡Ri fwel¨r
cÖR‡b¥i wbqwZ| †Kej †jLKMYB w`‡Z cv‡ib D”Q„sLj nZvkvMÖ¯— Zi“Y‡`i Rb¨ gyw³i eviZv|
GKRb †jLK Zvui ms‡e`bkxj gb w`‡q mgv‡Ri bvbvb LyuwUbvwU welq, gvby‡li `ytL-Kó, AZx‡Zi
NUbvejx, mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †¶‡Î Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Ggb e¨w³e‡M©i Rxebx, mgv‡Ri †fZi, cÖK…wZi
†fZi Av‡jvwPZ-Abv‡jvwPZ wewfbœ ¸i“Zi I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡qi Dci M‡elYvg~jK MÖš’ÑBZ¨vw`
iPbv K‡i wKsev Dcb¨vm bvUK Mí KweZv wj‡L mgvR‡K w`‡Z cv‡ib bZzb Rxebx kw³|
Gme w`‡K j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †jLK †h‡nZz cÖPwjZ aviYv †_‡K wfbœZi aviYv wb‡q mgv‡Ri gv‡S
AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡ib ZvB †jLK Zvui we‡e‡Ki Zvobv e‡kB mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q `vqe× _v‡Kb| †jLK Zvui Aš
—©`„wó w`‡q mgvR‡K †`‡Lb, Zvui ms‡e`bkxj gb w`‡q mgvR‡K Abyfe K‡ib, AZ:ci †mUv wZwb
Zvui m„wókxj Zzwj w`‡q mvavi‡Yi mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡ib| Kv‡RB ejv hvq, GKgvÎ GKRb †jL‡Ki
c‡¶B m¤¢e GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi mgvR‡K Awbw`©ó mg‡qi gv‡S cÖmvwiZ K‡i †`qv Ges c„w_exi
GKcÖv‡š—i ms¯‹…wZ, mf¨Zv mewKQz‡K Ab¨cÖv‡š— †cuŠ‡Q †`qv|


cwiPvjK, cÖkvmb, Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k; cÖv³b cwiPvjK, cwiKíbv I Dbœqb, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

33
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

G †¶‡Î ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ Ph©vMxwZKv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨
AZtci AvaywbK hy‡Mi mvwnwZ¨KMY Zvu‡`i wbR wbR mg‡qi mgvR †cÖ¶vcU‡K e‡q wb‡q
P‡j‡Qb Awbw`©ó mg‡qi †mªv‡Z| Zuv‡`iB Kj¨v‡Y Avgiv AvR `yÕnvRvi mv‡ji ïi“‡Z e‡mI Rvb‡Z
cviwQ QÕkZ mv‡ji mgvR †cÖ¶vcU‡K|

GLb m½Z Kvi‡YB cÖkœ Rv‡M, †hLv‡b mgv‡Ri cÖwZ †jL‡Ki GZ `vqe×Zv †mLv‡b †jL‡Ki cÖwZ
wK mgv‡Ri †Kvb `vqe×Zv †bB? Avwg ej‡ev, Aek¨B Av‡Q| †jL‡Ki cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `vqe×Zv Aek¨B
Av‡Q| †jLK †Zv mgv‡RiB mš—vb| Zvuiv †Kvb wfbœ MÖn †_‡K G‡m mgv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ Nv‡o Zz‡j
†bb wb ev †bb bv| GLb mgvR hw` Zv‡`i cÖwZ †Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb bv K‡i Zvn‡j wK K‡i †Kvb †`‡k
gnZ †jLK m„wó n‡e|

GKRb †jLK hLb wewfbœ w`K †_‡K gvby‡li `ytL Kó‡K Dcjwä K‡ib Ges †mUv Zvui myKzgvi
g‡bve„wËi ¯úk© w`‡q mgv‡Ri mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib, ZLb †mB †jL‡Ki cÖwZI mgv‡Ri KZ©e¨ Av‡Q|
Avi G KZ©e¨ n‡Z cv‡i GKRb †jLK‡K †g›Uvj †këvi †`qv, mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK ¯^xK…wZ †`qv,
mew`K w`‡q Zvu‡K evuwP‡q ivLv I cwicywó †`Iqv| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î wePvi we‡ePbviI cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
hviv mgv‡Ri c‡¶ Ae¶qg~jK iPbv K‡i mgv‡Ri k„sLjv bó Ki‡Z Zrci _v‡K, Avwg g‡b Kwi ZLb
mgv‡Ri k„sLjv i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i‡K wbqÎY KivI mgv‡Ri KZ©e¨ ev `vwqZ¡|
GKUv K_v Avgv‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi, †jLK KL‡bv ˆZix Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e bvbv iKg cÖvwZôvwbK I
AcÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨vM wb‡q †jLK mZ¡v‡K †ei K‡i Avbv m¤¢e| †hgb, mvwnZ¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv,
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv BZ¨vw`| †jL‡Ki wPš—vi ¯^vaxbZvq KL‡bv n¯—‡¶c Kiv wVK bq|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, mg„× fv‡jv †jLvi Dci mgv‡Ri my¯’Zv hZLvwb wbf©i K‡i, Ab¨ †Kvb wk‡íi Dci Zv
ZZLvwb wbf©i K‡i bv| ïay ZvB bq, GKwU hyM‡K ev mgq‡K hyMvš—‡i ev mgqvš—‡i e‡q wb‡q
hvevi Rb¨I DrK„ó †jLv Ges †jL‡Ki weKí wKQz †bB| myZivs †mB mg„× †jLv Ges †jLK
`yÕwU‡KB Dchy³ m¤§vb cª`k©b Kiv mg‡Ri Aek¨ KZ©e¨| †jLK I mgvR G‡K A‡b¨i cwicyiK I
cwi‡cvlK nIqv LyeB Ri“ix|

34
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

L›`Kvi Avãyj †gv‡gb

M„n cwi‡ek t wkïi fwel¨r wbg©v‡Yi Awbevh©
Abym½
GKwU †`k Z_v c„w_exi fwel¨r DbœwZ-AebwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©i K‡i wkï‡`i Dci| wkïivB w`‡b
w`‡b eo n‡q GKw`b kvmb Ki‡e †`k| Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡KB †ei n‡q Avm‡e GK GKRb Kj¤^vm, m‡µwUm,
†k·wcqi, wnjvix, iex›`ªbv_, bRi“‡ji g‡Zv weÁvbx, `vk©wbK, ch©UK mvwnwZ¨K| GB G‡`i ga¨
†_‡KB ˆZix n‡e Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi, ivRbxwZwe`, wk¶vwe`| Kv‡RB Zv‡`i my¯’, my›`i †e‡o DVv
Ges µgweKvk LyeB Ri“ix| I‡`i cÖwZ Ae‡njv Kiv gv‡b GKwU †`k Z_v c„w_ex‡K AÜKvi KzVix‡Z
wbgw¾Z K‡i †`qv|
wkïi my¯’ my›`i †e‡o DVv Ges µgweKvk wbf©i K‡i `ywU wel‡qi Dci| GK. eskMwZ (Heredity)
`yB. cwi‡ek (Environment)| wkï Zvi Rxe‡bi ïi“‡Z wcZvgvZv Ges c~e© cyi“‡li KvQ †_‡K †h
mnRvZ ¸Yvejx †c‡q _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq eskMwZ ev heredity. GwU wkïi gvbwmK, kvixwiK,
PvwiwÎK ¸Ymn AskZ Zvi †`‡ni MVb, eyw×gËv, eY©, †gRvR, `¶Zv cÖf…wZi msj¶YI n‡Z cv‡i|
DWI—qv‡_©i (Woodworth) fvlvq, gvbyl hv wb‡q Zvi RxebUv ïi“ K‡i ZvB Zvi eskMwZ| RxebUv
ïi“ nq f~wgô nevi mgq bq, ZviI cÖvq bÕgvm Av‡M †_‡K|
Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki `„k¨gvb RMr n‡”Q cwi‡ek| M„n, ¯‹zj, mgvRe¨e¯’v, Ggb wK AvenvIqvMZ kxZ-
MÖx‡®§i cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vI cwi‡e‡ki Aš—f©~³| GKwU e„‡¶i ex‡R †h kw³ jywK‡q _v‡K
A¼y‡iv`M‡gi ci c„w_exi Av‡jv-evZvm, Zvc, ˆkZ¨ ev †iv`-e„wói cÖfv‡e Zv weKwkZ A_ev bó n‡Z
cv‡i| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k wkï MvQwUi weKvk Avevi cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k webó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wkïi
mnRvZ msj¶‡Yi †KvbwU weKvk jvf Ki‡e Avi †KvbwU Ki‡e bv Zv wbf©i K‡i cwi‡e‡ki Dci|
welqwU Ggb †h, Av¸‡b gvLb M‡j wKš‘ wWg k³ n‡q hvq|
Avgv‡`i GKwU K_v g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, eskMwZi Dci gvby‡li †Kvb nvZ †bB| Z‡e cwi‡ek gvby‡li
wbqš¿‡Y| cwi‡e‡ki DbœwZ-AebwZ Avgv‡`i cwiPh©v, Rxeb‡eva, `k©b, Abykxjb cÖf…wZi Dci
wbf©ikxj| wkïi Rb¨ GKwU my›`i cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv GKvš— Acwinvh©| wkïi †e‡o DVv Ges
my¯’-my›`i µgweKvk cÖwµqvq M„n cwi‡ek I mgvR cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve Acwimxg| G wbe‡Ü wkïi
M„n cwi‡e‡ki Av‡jvPbvB gyL¨|

wkïi M„n cwi‡e‡ki e¯‘MZ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ c‡o Ni, AvmevecÎ, evmb-†Kvkb, eB-cy¯—K, †jc-
†ZvlK, Kvu_v-evwjk BZ¨vw`| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY, i“wP, wbqg-k„sLjv, K_v-evZ©v
QvovI M„‡ni mvRv‡bv-†MvQv‡bv fve, cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ Ae¯’v cÖf…wZ GKwU M„n
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb| Av‡jv-evZvm M„n cwi‡e‡ki cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb| m‡e©vcwi evev-gvi ˆah©¨
I wkï m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i h_v_© I my¯úó Ávb Ges M„‡ni g‡a¨ wkïi wbivcËvfve M„n cwi‡e‡ki eo
Dcv`vb| my-cwi‡e‡k mw¾Z GKwU my-M„nB wkïi my¯’ my›`i µgweKv‡ki c_‡K myMg Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

evev-gvi `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡bi myL-kvwš— my-M„‡ni g~j Drm| †h cwiev‡i wcZv-gvZvi m¤úK©
ˆ`wnK I Ava¨vwZ¥K wel‡qi mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V Zv‡`i m¤úK© nq gayi| Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxebaviv
_v‡K my¯’ mRxe I my›`i| Ggb cwiev‡ii wcZv-gvZvi c‡¶B m¤¢e ˆa‡h©¨i mv‡_ wkï‡K Rvbv Ges
wkïi cwiPh©v Kiv| M„‡ni myL-kvwš—B wkïi wbivcËv fve‡K myi¶v K‡i| wcZv-gvZvi PvwiwÎK
Am™¢v‡ei Kzdj ïay Zv‡`i Rxeb‡KB welgq K‡i †Zv‡j bv, Zvi †ewki fvM MijB Amnvq wkïi
Rxeb‡K K‡i wecbœ| †h cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv SMov‡U, hv‡`i wbqg-k„•Ljv †bB,hv‡`i i“wP‡eva
Acwi”Qbœ †m cwiev‡ii wkïi g‡a¨ G Kz-cÖfve¸‡jv msµwgZ nq| Geometrical Progression A_©vr

m¤úv`K, mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, †cÖ¶Y I wk¶K, evsjv wefvM, Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k|

35
mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

¸‡YvËi cÖMwZ‡Z(1:3:9:27:81)| d‡j wkïi Pwi‡Î †bvsivwg, wek„•Ljv I SMov‡U fve `vbv evua‡Z
_v‡K `ªæZ MwZ‡Z| Acic‡¶ mvRv‡bv †MvQv‡bv, cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ, wbqgZvwš¿K I
myi“wPc~Y© GKwU cwiev‡ii wkïi g‡a¨ GBme m`¸Yvejxi weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K ax‡i ax‡i| fvj
wRwb‡mi cÖfve wkïi g‡a¨ weKwkZ nq Arithmetical Progression A_©vr mgvš—ivj †kªYx‡Z
(1,2,3,4,5)| †hgb, †Kvb GK mܨv‡ejv GKwU M„‡n gvMwi‡ei bvgvR co‡Q mevB| wZb eQ‡ii
wkïwUI `uvwo‡q‡Q cv‡k| Zv‡K wKš‘ †KD Wv‡Kwb| Avevi bvgvR †k‡l co‡Z e‡m‡Q mevB|
†KD K¬v‡ki cov co‡Q, †KD M‡íi eB †KDev Le‡ii KvMR| wZb eQ‡ii wkïwUI GKwU eB wb‡q
covi †Póv Ki‡Q| GB-B n‡”Q cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve| my-M„‡ni GKwU Dcv`vb †mœn fvjevmv I
†mŠnv`©¨c~Y© gayi m¤úK©| †h M„‡ni fvB-†evb‡`i g‡a¨ åvZ…Z¡‡eva, mngwg©Zv, Z¨vM-
wZZx¶v eZ©gvb _v‡K Ges wcZvgvZvi evrmj¨i‡m mš—vbvw`i Rxeb nq wm³ †mLv‡b wkïi
µgweKvk nq ¯^vfvweK I Rxeš—| Z‡e Av`i-†mvnvM-fvjevmvi mv‡_ wkï cwiPh©vq kvm‡bi
mgš^q _vKv `iKvi| G †¶‡Î †h Dc‡`kwU wk‡ivavh© Zv n‡”Q,Òkvmb Kiv ZviB mv‡R †mvnvM
K‡i †hÓ| wkï cªwZcvj‡b kvmb Ges †mvnv‡Mi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv,Ò Abv`‡ii
Abve„wó‡Z wkïgb n‡q D‡V Eli gi“f~wg, Avevi †mœ‡ni AvwZk‡h¨ Zv nq Rjvf~wg| wkïi
¯^vfvweK e„w×i c‡¶ DfqB cwicšx’| PvivMv‡Qi c‡¶ evwiwmÂb I †iŠ`ªZvc hZLvwb cÖ‡qvRb,
µgea©gvb wkïi c‡¶ †mœn I kvmb wVK ZZLvwbB cÖ‡qvRb|Ó Akvwš— I Abv`‡ii g‡a¨ †h wkï
cvwjZ nq ax‡i ax‡i Zvi Rxeb n‡q D‡V welgq| D‡c¶v Avi Ae‡njvq wbRx©e wkïwU µgvš^‡q
Rxe‡bi cÖwZ weZ…ò n‡q c‡o| †`Lv †`q Aciva cÖeYZv| wkï‡K GB cwiYwZ †_‡K evuPv‡bvi
Rb¨ gnvbex (mt)-Gi evYxi AbymiY GKvš— Ri“ix| wZwb e‡jb Òwkïiv n‡”Q †e‡nk&‡Zi dzjÕÑ
Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb,Ô wkïiv n‡”Q †e‡nk&‡Zi cÖRvcwZ Zzj¨Ó| gnvbex (mt) Av‡iv e‡jb, Òhviv
†QvU‡`i †mœn K‡i bv Avi eo‡`i m¤§vb K‡i bv Zviv Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ MY¨ bq|Ó bex Kwig
(mt) wkïi Rb¨ GKwU Dc‡XŠKb wb‡q evwo †cuŠQv‡K `ywf©¶ cxwoZ gvby‡li Rb¨
Lv`¨mvgMÖx enb K‡i wb‡q hvIqvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| M„n cwi‡ek Ggb nIqv evÃbxq hv‡Z
wkï eyS‡Z cv‡i cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ Zvi m¤§vb Av‡Q| Zvi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡Q| wkï weÁvbx Bgvimb
(Emerson) Gi GKwU K_v GLv‡b cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb Ò wkï‡K m¤§vb Ki| AwZ gvÎvq
gvZ…Z¡ ev wcZ…Z¡ djv‡Z †hIbv|...wkï‡K m¤§vb Ki| †kl ch©š— Zv‡K m¤§vb †`LvI| wKš‘
wb‡Ri m¤§vbI eRvq ivL| Zvi wPš—vi mv_x, eÜz‡Z¡i †`vmi I m`¸‡Yi AbyivMx nI| wKš‘
†Kvbµ‡gB Zvi cv‡ci cÖkªq w`I bv|Ó

†e‡o IVv cÖwµqvq wkïi Rxe‡b cÖ_g wZb eQi LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| GB wZb eQi wkï cwiPh©vq
wcZvgvZv‡K AZ¨š— mZK© _vK‡Z nq| †Kbbv wkïi †`n Ges g‡bi weKvk GB mg‡q LyeB `ª“Z
GwM‡q P‡j| `yÕeQi ch©š— gv wkï‡K Aek¨B ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡eb| KviY ey‡Ki `y‡ai †Kvb
weKí bvB| wZbgvm eqm †_‡K wkï‡K gv‡qi `y‡ai cvkvcvwk Aí K‡i Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e|
wbw`„ó wbqg Abyhvqx Nyg I LvIqvi cÖwZ wcZvgvZvi hZœ †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| wkï Kvu`‡jB
wkï‡K LvIqv‡bv wVK bq| †Kbbv ¶yav jvM‡jB wkï Kvu‡` GgbwU bvI n‡Z cv‡i| wkïi ¯úk©vZzi
gb gv‡qi †Kvj cvIqvi Rb¨I Kvu‡`| wkïiv AZ¨š— AbyKiYwcÖq| ü`qUv Zv‡`i Aviwki gZ| G mgq
me wKQziB Qvc wkïg‡b Mfxifv‡e `vM Kv‡U| ZvB evQvB Kiv QuvUvB Kiv QweB G Aviwki
mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv DwPZ| wkïi Kvbœv _vgvevi Rb¨ KL‡bv fq †`Lv‡bv DwPZ bq| †Kbbv fq-
fxwZ‡Z wkïgb evo‡Z _vK‡j fwel¨‡Z †m mvnmx gvbyl wnmv‡e M‡o DV‡e bv| wkï‡`i mvg‡b
f~‡Zi Mí bv K‡i hw` ex‡ii Mí Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i gb mvnmx n‡q DV‡e| Ges Zv‡`i fwel¨r m¤
¢vebvgq n‡q DV‡e|

A‡b‡K wkïi †Ljvayjv cQ›` K‡ib bv| wkïiv ˆn-ˆP Ki‡j wei³ †eva K‡ib| wKš‘ wkïiv‡Zv wkïi gZB|
Avgv‡`i g‡Zv bq| jvdvjvwd ˆn-ˆP Zv‡`i cÖK…wZMZ ¯^fve| Zv‡`i GB ¯^Z:ùzZ© ¯^fve cÖK…
wZ‡Z euvav cÖ`vb Ki‡j wkïi my¯’ weKvk n‡e wewNœZ| wkï‡`i ¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ
gnvbex (mt) Gi AvPi‡Yi GKwU D`vniY, Ò gnvbex (mt) hLb bvgv‡hi wmR`v Av`vq Ki‡Z †h‡Zb
ZLb cÖvq mgqB Zvui `yB bvwZ Bgvg nvmvb I Bgvg †nvmvBb Zvui Nv‡o mIqvi n‡Zb| fvewU
Zv‡`i Ggb wQj †h, Zviv †Nvovq P‡o‡Q| bexRx ZLb Zv‡`i Avb›` †hb bó bv nq †mRb¨ Zvui
wmR`v `xN©vwqZ Ki‡Zb|Ó Kv‡RB wkï‡`i Kv‡R, wPš—vq †Ljvayjvq ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z n‡e Z‡e
†m ¯^vaxbZv †hb eêvnxb †Nvovi gZ bv nq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, †h M„‡n †Ljvayjvi miÄvgvw` †bB

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mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv-Gwkqvb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae evsjv‡`k 1

†m M„n wkïi Rb¨ GK mvnviv gi“f~wg| wkïi ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki Rb¨ †Ljvayjvi cÖ‡qvRb
Acwimxg| wkï we‡klÁ Q`i“Ïxb e‡jb,Ò wkïi ¯^vfvweK weKv‡ki Rb¨ †Ljvi ZZLvwb cÖ‡qvRb,
cy®ú †Kvi‡Ki Rb¨ m~h©iwk¥ hZLvwb|Ó evev-gv, fvB-†evb mevB n‡e wkïi †Ljvi mvw_| Z‡e
GK eQ‡ii wkïi Rb¨ gv-B Zvi h_v_© †Ljvi mvw_| wkïi eqm `yÕeQi †kl n‡q †M‡j ZLb Zv‡K Zvi
mgeqmx wkï‡`i mv‡_ †Lj‡Z †`qv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb|

M„n cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i mK‡jiB hZœkxj nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| evMv‡bi gvwj †hgb evMv‡bi
PvivMvQ¸‡jv‡K hZœ K‡i m‡ZR-mRxe †i‡L eo K‡i †Zv‡j Ges GKw`b Zv‡K dz‡j dz‡j
my‡kvwfZ K‡i †Zv‡j wVK †Zgwb K‡i Avgv‡`i‡KI wkïi gb I †`n‡K my¯’, my›`i, mej I mg„×
K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ evMv‡bi gvwji gZ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB wkïi GKwU m¤¢vebvgq
fwel¨r Ges †mB mv‡_ GKwU m¤¢vebvgq c„w_exi cÖZ¨vkv Avgiv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

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