Nitrat Nitrit Daihoc Com VN

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Mc lc
Mch lc 1
Li m u 2
I. tng quan v nitrat nitrit 3
I.1:gii thiu chung v nitrat nitrit 3
I.2:cc ngun nitrat nitrit vo trong thc phm 3
I.3:cng thc ha hc v tnh cht ha hc 4
I.4:cch iu ch 5
I.5:tc ng c hi i vi c th 5
I.6:ch tiu cho php trong thc phm 5
II:phn tch 8
II.1:hm lng nitrat nitrit trong rau 8
II.1:hm lng nitrat nitrit trong sa 11
II.1:hm lng nitrat nitrit trong nc 15
III: xut gii php 16
Ti liu tham kho 18

Su tm bi: www.daihoc.com.vn

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LI M U

Vn ha cht trong thc phm l mi quan tm ca rt nhiu ngi trong chng
ta. D n nh hay n tim chng ta cng khng th no trnh khi c ha cht...Hu
nh ha cht hin din khp mi ni, mi ch. n mt t ph, n mt gi m, mt lon
soupe, ung mt lon coca, thm ch nhai mt thi chewing gum, chng ta cng v tnh
nut vo ngi mt s cht ha hc no . Ty loi ha cht, ty theo n ung nhiu hay
t, n ung c thng xuyn hay khng v i khi cng cn ty theo ngi n, c ngi n
v th khng h hn g, c ngi khc th b phn ng ngay lp tc, chng hn nh nga
ngy, ni m ay, kh th, v.vCuc sng cng vn minh tin b, con ngi cng phi
i u nhiu hn vi him ho ha cht cng nh cht ph gia

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I. TNG QUAN V NITRIT, NITRAT.
I.1 gii thiu chung
Trn th trng c 4 dng mui nitrit, nitrat dng trong bo qun thc phm nh
sau: KNO
2
, NaNO
2
,KNO
3
,NaNO
3
.
Ting Php gi hn hp l Saltpetre, ting Anh l Saltpeter,Trong dn gian gi l
Mui dim. Thng trn th trng th gii, k hiu ca mui nitrit potassium
KNO
2
l E249, nitrat potassium KNO
3
l E252. Chng cng c cc tnh cht
tng t vi nitrit sodium NaNO
2
c k hiu l E250, nitrat sodium NaNO
3

E251. a s cht potassium nitrat hin nay c ly ra t nhng khu qung m
nitrat sodium (NaNO3, nitratin) sa mc Chil nn ngi ta cn gi chng l
Saltpetre Chil.
Trong lnh vc thc phm, mui dim c dng bo qun v ch bin tht.
Theo Quy nh Danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm
ca B Y t Vit Nam, nitrat natri v nitrat potassium c xp vo nhm cht
bo qun c chc nng n nh mu, c dng trong ph mt, nc gii kht,
cc loi tht, tht gia cm, thy sn ch bin...
Trong chc nng lm ph gia thc phm, cc mui saltpetre c hai cng dng:
to mu cho c v tht, ng thi ngn chn s pht trin ca Clostridium
botulinum, loi vi khun gy ng c tht.
Ngoi ra trong nc,rau c cng c mt hm lng cc mui ny.
I.2: cc ngun nitrat nitrit vo trong thc phm

Trong rau c
Trong qa trnh trng rau qu ngi trng s dng phn m bn cho cy
nhm mch ch kch thch s pht trin ca cy.Dng phn s dng thng l
dng nitrat . Tuy nhin khi s dng rau c c th mt phn phn m s cha
c cy s dng do khi chng ta n rau c gin tip a mt lng
nitrat vo trong c th.
Khi bn phn cho cy, cc loi phn m c s dng s b cc vi khun
trong t chuyn ho thnh NH4+v NO3- cho cy hp th. Nitrat v
amoni mt phn ch yu c cy hp th, mt phn gii phng ra ngoi kh
quyn di dng N2, NH3 v phn cn li tch t trong t v tan trong nc
ngm

Trong nc
Nit c trong nc thi di 4 hnh thc khc nhau:
Nit hu c (amino acids, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, and nucleic acids);
Nit amnic (NH
3
-N);
Nitrt (NO
2
-N); v
Nitrt (NO
3
-N)
Trong mt mu nc thi cha x l, phn ln thng l amnic v cc nit
hu c cc cht ny b xy ho thnh nitrt v sau l nitrt trong mi trng.

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Qu trnh Nit ho sinh hc l mt qu trnh hai bc, bt u bng ammnic
c chuyn thnh nitrt bi vi khun Nitrosomonas, sau nitrt b xy ho
thnh nitrt do vi khun Nitrobacter.
Nhng dng vi khun ny l v d in hnh trong qu trnh nit ho. Chng c
kh nng t dng trong t nhin v s dng ngun cbon dioxt lm ngun
ccbon trong t bo ca chng.
Nh ni trn,khi bn phn m cho cy trng s c mt lng nh tch t
trong t v tan vo trong nc ngm.
Vy khng ch trong nc thi m c trong nc ngm cng c th c nitrat
Trong tht_ c
Mch ch cho vo:Trong tht, nitrit lm chm qu trnh pht trin ca botulinal
toxin, c t lm h tht, lm gia tng mu sc v hng v ca tht p, lm chm
qu trnh i, tr mi, mt mi ca sn phm tht. Thng th ngoi nitrit, ngi ta
cn p thm mui, v sau l ng lm du i v mn ca mui v nitrit.
Cc mui nitrit sodium hay potassium, hay nitrat sodium, potassium thng c s
dng x l, p tht lm jambon, xc xch... Trong qu trnh p, mt chui phn
ng xy ra bin nitrat thnh nitrit, ri thnh oxid nitric. Oxid nitric kt hp vi
myoglobin (cht mu lm cho tht khng p c mu t nhin) lm thnh nitric
oxid myoglobin, c mu sm (nh mu lp xng). Mu sm ny s bin
thnh mu hng nht c trng khi gia nhit trong qu trnh ch bin hay xng khi
tht.

C ch to mu ca tht khi c mt ca nitrite, nitrate:

KNO
3
KNO
2

KNO
2
HNO
2

HNO
2
NO ( oxyt nitric )

NO +myoglobin NOmyoglobin (c mu
sm )

I.3 Cng thc phn t_tnh cht ha hc

Mui nitrate kali (KNO
3
): tinh th khng mu, v cay nng, rt tan trong nc.

Mui nitrate natri (NaNO
3
): tinh th khng mu, tan trong nc, rt ht m.

Mui nitrite kali (KNO
2
): dng tinh th mu trng, d tan chy v b phn hy ngoi
khng kh, ha tan trong nc tt.

pH thp
pH thp v vi khun

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Mui nitrite natri (NaNO
2
): dng tinh th trng hay hi vng, rt tan trong nc.

I.4 Cch iu ch
Mui nitrite natri (NaNO
2
):

c iu ch bng phn ng kh NaNO
3
vi ch.
Mui nitrite kali (KNO
2
): c iu ch vi phng php tng t NaNO
2
, hoc
bng phn ng gia SO
2
vi hn hp CaO v KNO
3
.
Mui nitrate kali (KNO
3
): c iu ch bng phn ng gia NaNO
3
v KCl

I.5 Tc ng c hi i vi c th
Cc mui nitrate c c tnh khng cao nhng c tnh s tng ln khi chuyn thnh
nitrite nh h vi khun c trong ming.

Tnh c trc tip:
Mui nitrite c kh nng oxy ha hemoglobin trong mu thnh methemoglobin.Do
s lm cn tr qu trnh vn chuyn oxy ca hemoglobin i nui c th lm cho c th
b thiu oxy.

Ngi b thiu oxy nng biu hin ton thn tm ti nng, th nhanh, tim nhanh. Sau
hn m, t vong nhanh nu khng c iu tr kp thi. hin tng ny c bit
thng xuyn thy tr em.

Tnh c gin tip:
Nitrite c th tc ng vi acid amin ( c c t vic thoi ha cc protein ) to
thnh nitrosamine l hp cht c kh nng gy t bin v sinh ung th.

I.6 Ch tiu cho php trong thc phm
Trong rau
Mc gii hn ti a cho php hm lng nitrat trong mt s sn phm rau ti theo
Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT ca B Y t : bp ci, su ho, su l, ci c 500
mg/kg ;u n qu 200 mg/kg ; da chut 150 mg/kg ; da hu 60 mg/kg ; da b
90 mg/kg ; ng rau 300 mg/kg ; mng ty, t ngt 200 mg/kg ; ti 500 mg/kg ;
bu b, c tm, hnh l, t cay 400 mg/kg ; hnh ty 80 mg/kg ; c chua 150 mg/kg
; c rt, khoai ty 250 mg/kg ; x lch 1500 mg/kg ; rau gia v 600 mg/kg.


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Bng 1.2.2: Hm lng nitrat trong mt s loi rau
Cc sn phm ch bin t tht
Bng 1.6.1 - Mui nitrit
N
o
E Tn Thc phm
Lng ti a c th cho
vo trong qu trnh ch
bin
(tnh bng lng NaNO
2
)
D lng ti a
(tnh bng lng
NaNO
2
)
E
249
Nitrit kali
(a)

Sn phm tht
(1)
150 mg/kg
E
250
Nitrit
natri
(a)

Sn phm tht
c tit trng
(2)
(F
o
>3)
100 mg/kg
Bng 1.6.2 - Nitrat
N
o
E Tn Thc phm
Lng ti a c th
cho vo trong qu
trnh ch bin
(tnh bng lng
NaNO
3
)
D lng ti a
(tnh bng lng
NaNO
3
)

E
251

E
252
Nitrat kali
(b)

Nitrat natri
(b)

Sn phm tht
khng qua x l
nhit
150 mg/kg

TRNG HP C BIT I VI MT VI SN PHM TRUYN THNG
Bng 1.6.3 Nitrat (trng hp c bit)
N
o
E Tn Thc phm
Lng ti a c
th cho vo
trong ch bin
(tnh bng lng
NaNO
3
)
D lng ti
a (tnh bng
lng NaNO
3
)

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E
251
E
252
Nitrat kali
(b)

Nitrat natri
(b)

Sn phm tht truyn
thng, mui ngm
(Bacon) v cc sn
phm tng t

250 mg/kg m
khng cho thm E
249 hoc E250

Sn phm tht truyn
thng, x l vi mui
nitrit v hoc nitrat,
dng kh (jambon kh,
jambon mui kh v
nhng sn phm dng
ming to c tri qua
qu trnh chn ti v
lm kh tng t)

250 mg/kg m
khng cho thm E
249 hoc E
250
Cc sn phm tht khc
c x l mui theo kiu
truyn thng vi mui
nitrit/nitrat : saucisson
kh v cc sn phm
tng t
250 mg/kg m khng
cho thm E 249 hoc
E 250

(a) Khi c dn nhn s dng trong thc phm , mui nitrit ch c th c bn
dng trn chung vi mui hay mt cht thay th cho mui.
(b) Mui nitrat c th hin din trong mt vi sn phm tht v c s chuyn i t
nhin nitrit thnh nitrat trong mi trng c tnh axit yu.

Bng 1.6.4: QUY NH V HM LNG NITRAT V NITRIT TRONG TRONG
NC UNG CA MT S QUC GIA, T CHC


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II. PHN TCH

II.1 Phng php xc nh hm lng nitrit, nitrat trong rau

II.1.1 nguyn tc :
S dng phng php thuc th Griss l phng php chnh so mu xc nh
nitrite.
Khi tin hnh th cn tun theo cc yu cu ca TCVN 1055-86 v cc quy nh hin
hnh.

tin hnh th, dng thuc th tinh khit phn tch v nc hoc nc ct c
tinh khit tng ng.

II.1.2:c ch
u tin nitrite phn ng vi acid Sunfanilic to thnh mui Diazo:

Cc i hp th mu bc sng 520nm, h s hp th phn t bng 4,0.104
pH=2,0-2,4. Phng php c chn lc cao, ch khi c mt lng rt ln ca
Cloramin, Thiosunfat, Natripolyphosphat v Fe3+th sai s ca phng php xc
nh c l 10%.

II.1.3 cch tin hnh

Sau y l quy trnh tm tt:

Chun b thuc th


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Phn tch mu

a.Sunfanilic
0.6g

-Naphthilamin
0.6g
Ha tan Ha tan dung dch nc-acid acetic
100ml

Thuc th A Thuc th B

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Rau qu
Ra sch
Ct nh, Nghin
Lc u
Lc
Nc ct
Nc ct
30 pht
B
Dung dch mu
nh mc
Lc u
Lc u
Nc ct
Thuc th A
Thuc th B
4 pht
Mu pha ch
20 pht
Dung dch
chun
So mu
Kt qu

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Thao tc lm mu pha ch
II.1.4:tnh kt qu
Xc nh mu pha ch so vi mu tiu chun v so kt qu vi phng php so mu bng
my.
Kt qu khi hm lng nitrite nm trong khong 0,1-10ppm th sai s tng i l 5%, cn
nu hm lng nitrite nm trong khang 10-1000ppm th sai s tng i n 10%.
II.2 Phng php xc nh hm lng nitrit, nitrat trong sa bng phng php kh
cadimi v o quang ph
II.2.1:nh ngha

II.2.2:nguyn tc:

II.2.3:cch tin hnh:
Chun b ct cadimi chit v tch protein ca mu sa


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Mu th
10g
Chit v
tch Protein
Nc
m
Xoay bnh
ZnSO
4
24ml
Xoay bnh
kalihecxa
xyanofer
at
Xoay bnh
Lc Giy
lc
Dch lc
yn trong
15-1h
Dd m
Ht cadimi
(40_60g)
Xoay bnh
(t pht)
HCL
Gn dd_ra
cadimi
H
2
O
Ht cl
2
ng ha
cadimi
CuSO
4
Xoay trong
t pht
H
2
O
Ht Cu
Lp nt
y
Bng
thy
tinh
Ct cadimi
ngp nc
H
2O
Ct cadimi
m ng
Ct thy
tinh

Gn dd_ra
cadimi
Bnh
nn
Bnh
nn

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Kh nitrat trong dch lc thnh nitrit

Ct cadimi
kh
Khuy_lc
Dd m
5ml
Nc
15ml
Ra ct
cadimi
Nc
15ml

Ra ct
cadimi
Dch lc
20ml
Nc
thot ra
Bnh nh
mc
100ml
nh mc
100ml
Nc

dch that
ra

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i vi dch lc v dch thot ta o vi hp ph ca dd thuc th trng 538nm.
i vi dch chun natri nitrat ta o vi hp th ca dd so vi hp th ca dd 1,sau
v th tng ng vi nng ca nitrat (microgam/mililit) c tnh t cc lng
dung dch chun natri nitrat c thm vo
II.2.4:phng php tnh v cng thc:
Hm lng nittrit:

a ml dch
lc/thot/chun

Lc_ yn
trong 5

Dd 2(6ml)
Dd 1(5ml)
Bnh nh
mc
100ml
nh mc
100ml
Nc
o hp
th

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Hm lng nitrat:

+

II.3: Phng php xc nh hm lng nitrit, nitrat trong nc
Mt phng php phn tch kh n gin v nhanh xc nh nitrit, nitrat trong nc
ngm l phng php trc quang - kt hp vi ct kh Cd- Cu.
Quy nh v hm lng nitrat v nitrit trong trong nc ung ca mt s quc gia, t chc
nh sau

Bn cht ca phng php l s dng thuc th Griss gm axit sunfanilic v apha-
naphtylamin to sn phm mu azo vi ion nitrit.
u tin nitrit phn ng vi axit sunfanilic to thnh mui iazo:


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Sau mui ny phn ng vi - naphtylamin to thnh hp cht azo c mu hng

Ngi ta c th xc nh tng NO3- v NO2- t xc nh nitrat trong cng mt mu
bng phng php kh n gin l s dng hn hp Cd-Cu.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau:
Ion NO3- b kh thnh ion NO2- vi s c mt ca Cd. Cc ht Cd c x l vi dung
dch CuSO4, sau c np vo ct thu tinh. Phn ng kh tin hnh tt nht pH = 6-
8. Hiu sut kh t 88-90%.
Ion NO2- c xc nh nh phn ng to mu az ho bng axit sunfanilic v -
naphtylamin. Phc to thnh c cng mu ln. Cc i hp th bc sng = 520
nm vi h s hp th mol = 4.10^4

III. XUT GII PHP

Trong nng nghip
-Trc ht, v tr cc ngun nc ung (ging, h, ao, sui...) phi trn vng cao,
v t nht phi cch xa cc chung nui sc vt cng nh cc h phn cc xa khong
50 m.
- Bo qun tht k cc bao phn ha hc v cch xa ngun nc. Nn lu ch
mt vi gram phn bn cng c th lm nhim nc c.
- Ging nc phi c thnh cao hn mt t cho nc trn mt t khng trn
vo c. Cc h x gia nh phi c bo qun ng tiu chun v sinh v phi xa cch
ngun nc.
- Hng dn cho ngi dn s dng ng cch v ng liu lng thuc tr su
ry, thuc dit c di, phn bn.... Cn nhn mnh rng bn nhiu phn cha hn lm
tng nng sut thu hoch m c th lm cho t cha thm nhiu ha cht d tha, v cc
cht ny xm nhp vo ngun nc sinh hot.
- Sau ht ph bin n ngi dn nim thm canh phi phi hp vi lun canh v
l phng php tt hn ci to t v tng nng sut thu hoch so vi vic tng
thm lng phn bn.

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Trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin
Vn ca nitrat v nitric l s hnh thnh c t nitrosamine. V vy cn hn ch
qu trnh ny trong bo qun v ch bin.
Nhng iu cn lm khi s dng ph gia:
- Khng lm dng vic s dng ph gia.
- S dng ng ph gia cho php (theo quy nh ca B Y t)
- Xem k nhn trc khi s dng.
- Hng ngoi nhp phi c c quan nh nc kim tra, c kim nghim cht
lng km theo, c nhn ph nu khng cn nguyn ai, nguyn kin.
- Cm quan trc khi cn, ong, o, m.
- S dng ng liu lng, ng k thut.
* Mt s li khuyn cho ngi tiu dng:
- Cn thay i thi quen trong vic la chn thc phm. Dng sn phm c mu
sc, cu trc t nhin; khng nht thit phi dai, gin mi ngon.
- Mua nhng ni c thng tin l an ton, xem k nhn trc khi s dng.
- Chp nhn gi c hp l c sn phm ti tt, cht lng cao, an ton cho sc
khe.


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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]http://www.spsvietnam.gov.vn/pages/ThucPhamTCVN%20ThitVaSPGiaCam.aspx

[2]http://www.congtyhai.com/htmls/technology_science_vn.php?id=71&curPa=1

[3] http://www.dncustoms.gov.vn/Data/Bieuthue/V_Hs/V2834.htm

[4] http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=345&ur=nguyetthu


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