2.

001 - MECHANICS AND MATERIALS I

Lecture
11/21/2006
Prof. Carol Livermore
Recall from last time:
Beam Bending
y = 0 on neutral axis

xx
=

y
(Note: purely geometric, no material properties)

xx
=
xx
E (All other are equal to 0)
So:
Ey

xx
=

Force Equilibrium:
F
x
= 0

xx
dA = 0
A
1
#21

Ey
dA = 0

A
If E is constant in y then
A
ydA0.
Moment Equilibrium
M
z
= 0
M =
xx
ydA
A
Ey
2
M = dA

A
Special case: E constant:
1
M = EI

I = y
2
dA
A
New this time:
Recall:
Ey

xx
=

For constant E (special case):

EI
M =

So:
E M
xx
= =
I y
My

xx
=
I
EXAMPLE: Find location of neutral axis for rectangular beam
2

E is constant across cross-section. Recall force equilibrium.

Ey
dA = 0

A
E
ydA = 0

A
E

2

ha
b
ydydz = 0
b
2
a
2

2
b
y
biggl]
h
a
a
dz = 0
b 2
2
b
2
1
[(h a)
2
a
2
]dz = 0
b 2
2
b
2
1
(h
2
2ha)dz = 0
b 2
2
b
1

2
(h
2
2ha)z = 0
2 b
2
1 b b
(h
2
2ha)( + ) = 0
2 2 2
b
(h
2
2ha) = 0
2
h
2
= 2ha
h
a =
2
So the neutral axis is in the center of the beam.
What if E
2
> E
1
in:
a is the distance to neutral axis.
3

Ey
dA = 0

A
1
E(y)ydA = 0

A
b h
a+

ha
2 2
E
1
ydy + E
2
ydy dz = 0
b h
2
a a+
2
Note:
Example: Moment of Inertia
One material rectangular beam
4

I = y
2
dA
A
b
2
h
2
I = dz y
2
dy
b h
h
2 2
b
2 2
I = dzbiggl[fracy
3
3
b
2 2
b
2
h
3
I = dz
b 12
2
bh
3
I =
12
Beam Design
Example:
h

Find
xx
.
FBD:
F
y
= 0
V
y
P = 0
V
y
= P
M

= 0
M
z
P(a x) = 0
M
z
= P(a x) = 0
1
=
M
z
(x)
EI
What about shear?
Distortion of planar sections of beam. The can be ignored for slender (long
and skinny beams)
6
My M
z
(x)y P(a x)y

xx
= = =
I I I
Pa
h
2
6Pa

xxmax
=
1
=
bh
3
bh
2
12
Solve for I
a. Do areas of integration
b. I =
b0h
3
0

bih
3
i
12 12
What about a composite beam? This does not work because E was take out
of integral during derivation.
7
Example: Skis
Get good stiness (bending) but give up axial stiness and lower weight.
Other examples:
Plants
Bird bones
Airplanes
Recall, x-axis is all for pure bending
8