UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
(CHE575)



NAME : RM SYIBLI MILASI B R MUHAMAD FAKIH
STUDENT NO. : 200424!2!
E"#ERIMENT : CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR (CSTR) IN SERIES
DATE PERFORMED : 7
TH
FEBUARY 200
SEMESTER :
DISEMBER 2005 APRIL 2006
#ROGRAMME $ CODE :
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons. in !he"ical Engineering
$ EH220
Remarks:
Checked by: Rechecked by:
DR.RUZITAH
No. Ti!e A!!ocaed marks " Marks "
# Absrac$%&mmary '
( I)rod&cio) '
* Aims$Ob+eci,es '
- Theory '
' Proced&res *
. A//ara&s '
0 Res&!s (1
2 Ca!c&!aio)s #1
3 Disc&ssio)s (1
#1 Co)c!&sio)s #1
## Recomme)daio)s '
#( Re4ere)ces '
#* A//e)dices (
TOTA5 #11
P6.F66.PPM.MANUA5 MA6MA5 CHE'.'
718
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT$SUMMARY99999999999.9.*
INTRODUCTION9999999999999.........*:-
OBJECTIVES99999999999999999-
THEORY99999999999999999......-:2
#ROCEDURES999999999999999..2:#1
A##ARATUS99999999999999999.#1
RESULTS99999999999999999##:#(
SAM#LE OF CALCULATIONS999999999#*
DISCUSSION999999999999999.#-:#'
CONCLUSION9999999999999999.#'
RECOMMENDATION9999999999999.#.
REFERENCES9999999999999999.#.
A##ENDICES9999999999999999...#0
S#MMAR$
Our experiment involves a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in series. Our
system consists of 3 agitated, glass reactor vessels in series. lt!oug! t!e concentration is
uniform for eac! reactor "ut t!ere is a c!ange in concentration as fluids move over from
reactor to reactor.
Our o"#ective in t!is experiment is to determine t!e concentration response to a
step c!ange and pulse input and also to determine t!e effect of residence time on t!e
response curve.
$
st
t!e deionised %ater are filled in t!e "ot! t%o tanks %it! t!e sodium c!loride
%ere diluted in t!e tank one. T!en deionised %ater from t!e tank t%o %ill flo% t!roug! to
fill up t!e t!ree reactors. T!e flo% rate of t!e deionised %ater is set to $&' ml(min to
prevent from over flo%. T!e only readings %ere taken at time t
o
after %e get t!e readings
of t!e conductivity are sta"le enoug! %!ere t!e readings of t!e conductivity are )uit
similar from one to anot!er. fter t!at, readings are continuously taken every 3 minutes
until to t!e point t!at t!e conductivity values for t!e t!ree reactors are closed to eac!
ot!er. T!en t!e grap! of t!e conductivity versus time %as plotted
T!e grap! t!at !as "een plotted is accordingly to t!e t!eory. *rom t!e grap! %e
can determine t!e effect of t!e step c!ange and pulse input to t!e concentration.
I%&R'D#!&I'%
+n t!e ma#ority of industrial c!emical process, a reactor is t!e key item of
e)uipment in %!ic! ra% materials undergo a c!emical c!ange to form desired product.
T!e design and operation of c!emical reactors is t!us crucial to t!e %!ole success of t!e
industrial operation.
Reactors can %idely form, depending on t!e nature of t!e feed materials and t!e
products. ,nderstanding non-steady "e!avior of process e)uipment is necessary for
design and operation of automatic control systems. One particular type of process
e)uipment is t!e continuous stirred tank reactor. +n t!is reactor, it is important to
determine t!e system response to a c!ange in concentration. T!is response of
concentration versus time is an indication of t!e ideality of t!e system.
'B(E!&I)ES
$. To determine t!e effect of step c!anges and pulse input to t!e concentration.
.. To determine t!e effect residence time on t!e response curve.

&HE'R$
;e)era! Mo!e <a!a)ce E=&aio)
Ass&m/io)s
#8 %eady sae here4ore
(8 >e!! mi?ed here4ore rA is he same hro&@ho& he reacor
Rearra)@i)@ he @e)eraio)
I) erms o4 co),ersio)
Reacors i) %eries
;i,e) :rA as a 4&)cio) o4 co),ersio)A A :rA B 47C8A o)e ca) a!so desi@) a)y
se=&e)ce o4 reacors i) series /ro,ided here are )o side sreams by de4i)i)@ he
o,era!! co),ersio) a a)y /oi).
Mo!e <a!a)ce o) Reacor #
Mo!e <a!a)ce o) Reacor (
;i,e) :rA B 47C8 he 5e,e)s/ie! P!o ca) be &sed o 4i)d he reacor ,o!&me
For a PFR beDee) Do C%TRs

E44ec o4 %e/ Cha)@e i) I)/& Co)ce)raio) o he Co)ce)raio) o4 %o!&e i)
%irred Ta)k Reacors i) %eries.
>he) a se/ cha)@e o4 so!&e co)ce)raio) is i)rod&ced a he 4eed o4 a)k #A
he a)k i) series Di!! e?/erie)ce a ra)sie) beha,ior as a Fi@&re 0 be!oD. The
res/o)se Di!! be de/e)de) o) he reside)ce ime o4 each reacor i) series.
Co)ce)raio) Co)ce)raio)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Time Time
Fi@&re 2a. %e/ cha)@e i)/& Fi@&re 2b . Tra)sie) res/o)se o4
a)k i) series o he se/ i)/&.
E44ec o4 P&!se i) I)/& Co)ce)raio) o he Co)ce)raio) o4 %o!&e i) %irred
Ta)k i) %eries.
Reacor #
Reacor (
Reacor *
R%&'()* (
R%&'()* +
R%&'()* *
>he) a /&!se i)/& o4 so!&e co)ce)raio) is i)rod&ced a he 4eed o4 a)k #A he
ra)sie) beha,ior Di!! be di44ere) ha) he se/ cha)@e i)/& d&e o he
dimi)ishi)@ co)ce)raio) 4rom he i)/& a4er /&!si)@ as described i) Fi@&re 2.




T,-% T,-%
F,./*% !&: #/01% ,23/( F,./*% !4: T*&21,%2( *%13)21% )5
(&26 ,2 1%*,%1 () (7% 3/01% ,23/(.
PR'!ED#RES
E*+eri"en, -. &he Effec, of S,e+ !hange In+/,
+n t!is experiment a step-c!ange input %ould "e introduced and t!e progression of t!e
tracer %ill "e monitored via t!e conductivity measurements in all t!e t!ree reactors.
Tank $ and tank . %as filled up %it! .'/ feeds deionised %ater.
3''g of Sodium C!loride %as dissolved in tank $until t!e salts dissolve entirely
and t!e solution is !omogenous.
T!ree %ay valve (03) %as set to position . so t!at deionised %ater from tank .
%ill flo% into reactor $.
1ump . %as s%itc!ed on to fill up all t!ree reactors %it! deionised %ater.
T!e flo% rate (*l$) %as set to $&' ml(min "y ad#usting t!e needles valve (02). 3o
C
)
2
'
%
2
(
*
&
(
,
)
2
C
)
2
'
%
2
(
*
&
(
,
)
2
not use too !ig! flo% rate to avoid t!e over flo% and make sure no air "u""les
trapped in t!e piping. T!e stirrers $, . and 3 %ere s%itc!ed on.
T!e deionised %ater %as continued pumped for a"out $' minute until t!e
conductivity readings for all t!ree reactors %ere sta"le at lo% values.
T!e values of conductivity %ere recorded at t
'
.
T!e pump . %as s%itc!ed off after & minutes. T!e valve (03) %as s%itc!ed to
position $ and t!e pump $ %as s%itc!ed on. T!e timer %as started.
T!e conductivity values for eac! reactor %ere recorded every t!ree minutes.
Record t!e conductivity values %ere continued until reading for reactor 3 closed
to reactor $.
1ump . %as s%itc!ed off and t!e valve (02) %as closed.
ll li)uids in reactors %ere drained "y opening valves 0& and 04.
E*+eri"en, 2. &he Effec, of P/lse In+/,
+n t!is experiment a pulse input %ould "e introduced and t!e progression of t!e tracer
%ill "e monitored via t!e conductivity measurements in all t!e t!ree reactors.
Tank $ and tank . %as filled up %it! .'/ feeds deionised %ater.
3''g of Sodium C!loride %as dissolved in tank $until t!e salts dissolve entirely
and t!e solution is !omogenous.
T!ree %ay valve (03) %as set to position . so t!at deionised %ater from tank .
%ill flo% into reactor $.
1ump . %as s%itc!ed on to fill up all t!ree reactors %it! deionised %ater.
T!e flo% rate (*l$) %as set to $&' ml(min "y ad#usting t!e needles valve (02). 3o
not use too !ig! flo% rate to avoid t!e over flo% and make sure no air "u""les
trapped in t!e piping. T!e stirrers $, . and 3 %ere s%itc!ed on.
T!e deionised %ater %as continued pumped for a"out $' minute until t!e
conductivity readings for all t!ree reactors %ere sta"le at lo% values.
T!e values of conductivity %ere recorded at t
'
.
T!e pump . %as s%itc!ed off after & minutes. T!e valve (03) %as s%itc!ed to
position $ and t!e pump $ %as s%itc!ed on. T!e timer %as started.
/et t!e pump $ to operate for & minute, and t!en s%itc!ed off pump $. S%itc!ed
t!e t!ree %ays valve (03) "ack to position .. T!e pump . %as s%itc!ed on.
T!e conductivity values for eac! reactor %ere recorded every t!ree minutes.
Record t!e conductivity values %ere continued until reading for reactor 3 closed
to reactor $.
1ump . %as s%itc!ed off and t!e valve (02) %as closed.
ll li)uids in reactors %ere drained "y opening valves 0& and 04.
APPARA&#S
#. Disi!!aio) Daer
(. %odi&m Ch!oride
*. Co)i)&o&s reacor i) series
-. %irrer sysem
'. Feed a)ks
.. >ase a)k
0. Dead ime coi!
2. Com/&eriEe sysem
3. %o/ Dach

CO5T+5,O,S/6 ST+RR73 T58 R7CTOR (CSTR)
SAMPLE '0 !AL!#LA&I'%
0
i
9 *
'
(:
,i
- :
,i-$
) ( (-r

)
i
;!ere 0i 9 volume of reactor i
*
,i
9 molal flo% rate of into t!e first reactor
:
,i
9 fractional conversion of in t!e reactor i
:
,i-$
9 fractional conversion of in t!e reactor i-$
*or first order reaction, -r

9 k C
,+
9 kC
'
($ < :
,i
)
v 9 volumetric flo% rate of 9 $&'mil(min 9 '.$& liter(min
*or t!e first reactor= (0 9 .' lit)
(-r

)$ 9 (kC

)
$
9 kC
,$
9 k C
'
($ < :
,$
)
C
'
9 *
'
( v
i.e., *
'
9 vC
'
:
,i-$
9 :
,'
9 '
T!erefore,
Tank $
0i 9 *
'
(:
,i
< :
,i-$
) ( (-r

)
i
.' 9 '.$& (:
,$
< ') ( ('.$&> x ($ < :
,$
))
:
,$
9 '.?&
Tank .
0i 9 *
'
(:
,i
< :
,i-$
) ( (-r

)
i
.' 9 '.$& (:
,$
< '.?&) ( ('.$&> x ($ < :
,$
))
:
,$
9 '.??@
Tank 3
0i 9 *
'
(:
,i
< :
,i-$
) ( (-r

)
i
.' 9 '.$& (:
,$
< '.??@) ( ('.$&> x ($ < :
,$
))
:
,$
9 '.??>
Disc/ssion
+n t!is experiment our o"#ective is to determine t!e effect of step c!ange and
pulse input to t!e concentration in a continues stirred tank reactor in series. *or t!at %e
!ave . experiment $
st
t!e step c!ange and .
nd
is t!e pulse input.
;e take t!e reading of t!e conductivity for t!e 3 different tanks for every 3
minutes and plotted grap! conductivity versus time. *or t!e $
st
experiment t!e flo% rate
%as $&' ml(min and %e take .> readings. ;e can see t!e effect of t!e step c!ange to t!e
concentration from t!e grap!. Step c!ange is a sudden c!ange in a process varia"le. *or
t!is experiment our varia"le t!at "een c!ange is t!e input. Reactor feedstock is suddenly
s%itc!ed from one supply to anot!er, causing sudden c!anges in feed concentration,
flo%, etc.
s %e kno% t!e concentration can "e calculated using electrical conductivity
measurements and cali"ration supplied. T!e concentration is directly proportional to t!e
conductivity.
T!e affect of t!e step c!ange to t!e concentration for t!e 3 reactors are t!e same.
;!en t!e step c!ange of solute concentration %as introduced at t!e feed of tank $, t!e
tank %ill experience a transient "e!avior as s!o%n in t!e result. T!e concentration of in
t!e reactor %ill increase in a period of time until it !as reac!ed a constant concentration.
*or every reactor it !as its o%n concentration. Reactor $ !as t!e !ig!est concentration
follo%ing tank . and 3. T!e concentration if increasing "ecause of t!e feed rate t!at "een
opened %as t!e tank $ t!at contain t!e dissolve c!loride.
*or t!e .
nd
experiment t!e procedure is t!e same as experiment $ except %e
c!ange t!e pump from $ to . and t!e flo% rate %as .''mil(min. *or t!is experiment %e
%ant to see t!e effect of t!e pulse input. ;!en %e !ave plotted t!e grap! %e get a
different result from t!e step c!ange. T!e pulse input caused t!e concentration c!ange
drastically for every tank. *or tank $ t!e concentration decreased rapidly until it reac!es
a constant value. *or tank . t!e concentrations $st increase in a period of time t!en start
decreasing until it reac!es a constant value. *or tank 3 t!e concentrations also increase
and decrease "ut not rapidly. T!ere are only a small different for every readings.
T!e decreasing in t!e concentration !appen "ecause t!e feed %as from tank . t!at
contain only dissolve %ater %it!out any sodium c!loride.
!oncl/sions
*rom t!e experiment result it s!o%s t!at a step c!ange in input and a pulse in
input !ave its o%n effect to t!e concentration. 7ac! of t!is experiment !as its o%n
transient "e!avior. ;e compare t!e $
st
grap! and t!e .
nd
grap!.
*or t!e $
st
grap! t!e c!ange of t!e concentration for t!e 3 tank is almost t!e same.
*or t!e .
nd
grap! every tank !as its o%n c!ange of concentration. *rom "ot! experiment
%e can conclude t!at c!ange in input and pulse input !as an effect to t!e concentration.
*or t!e step c!ange it %ill increase t!e concentration until it reac!es a constant value and
for pulse input it %ill first increase t!en decrease until it reac!es a constant value. T!e
feed of t!e systems effect t!e concentration in t!e reactor, if t!e feed contain a
concentration t!en t!e concentration in t!e tank %ill increase and if t!e feed only contain
deionised %ater t!en t!e concentration %ill decrease.
7very reactor !as its o%n concentration, "ecause of t!at %e conclude t!at t!e
residence time for eac! reactor is different. T!e value of t!e residence time depends on
%!at !appens in t!e reactor.
Reco""en1a,ions
fter %e !ave finis!ed t!is experiment, %e find t!at are several factors in t!is
experiment t!at can "e fixed to make sure t!at t!e experiment runs "etter. T!is is some of
my recommendation for t!is experiment=
;!en %e are doing t!e experiment t!e program t!at used to record t!e data %as
not function. T!is cause us a !ig! error in reading t!e data. Ay recommendation
is to make sure "etter maintainers of t!e apparatus.
T!e instruction in t!e la" manual for num"er $,. and 3 for "ot! experiment is not
clear and after %e doing t!e experiment it seems t!at %e did not follo% t!e
procedures $,. and 3. ;e #ust #ump to step num"er 2, it cause us a %aste of time
and confusion. Ay recommendation is to make sure t!at t!e procedure is exactly
t!e same as %!at %e do in t!e experiment.
Reference
5e,e)s/ie!A OA Chemical Reaction EngineeringA Foh) >i!eyA #30(
Rober H.PerryA Do) >.;ree)A Perrys Chemical Engineers HandbookA
Mc;raD Hi!!A#332.
%mihAF.MA Chemical Engineering Kinetics, Mc;raD Hi!!A #32#.
A++en1ics

C1 C2
C3
Fi@&re '
T83% )5 R%&'()* C7&*&'(%*,1(,'1
Co)i)&o&s!y %irred
Ta)k Reacor 7C%TR8
R&) a seady sae Dih co)i)&o&s 4!oD o4 reaca)s a)d
/rod&csG he 4eed ass&mes a uniform com/osiio)
hro&@ho& he reacorA exit sream has he same com/osiio)
as i) he a)k
K,291 )5
#7&1%1
#*%1%2(
U1&.% A9:&2(&.%1 D,1&9:&2(&.%1
#. 5i=&id /hase
(. ;as:!i=&id
r?)s
*. %o!id:!i=&id
r?)s
#. >he) a@iaio) is
re=&ired
(. %eries
co)4i@&raio)s 4or
di44ere)
co)ce)raio)
sreams
#. Co)i)&o&s o/eraio)
(. ;ood temperature
control
*. Easi!y ada/s o Do
/hase r&)s
-. ;ood co)ro!
'. %im/!iciy o4
construction
. 5oD o/erai)@ 7!abor8
cos
#. 5oDes co),ersio)
/er &)i ,o!&me
(. <y:/assi)@ a)d
cha))e!i)@ /ossib!e
Dih /oor a@iaio)