Aala Hazrath

,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% 14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW
gp!;kpy;yhQph]uQ;khdph]uQPk;
eQ;kJQ% tEry;yp myh uNypQpy; fhPk;

mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%
14k; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW

ed;wped;wped;wp!

,e;jg] g[j;jfk; btspapLtjw;fhf
jk;Kila bghUSjtpahYk;/
clYiHg]ghYk; cjtpa midj;J
ey;nyhh]fSf;Fk; my;yhQ%jMyh
<Uyf btw;wpiaf; bfhLj;J fpahkj;
ehs; tiu tUk;/ ,th]fspd; thhpRfis
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yik nerpf;Fk; mQ;ny
Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpy; epiyj;jplr]
bra;thdhf.
- Mkpd;.

bjhFg]g[
KQk;kj; $f;fhpa;ah my;fhjphpapy; u$;tpapy; Q#;kjp
Mobile :98943 26839
E mail: mohamedzakriya_razvi@rediffmail.com

PUBLISHED BY:
SAHEB DARGAH PUBLISHERS,
74/176, A. FIRST FLOOR,
GANDIJI ROAD,
(OPP) ERATTAI MASTAN DARGAH,
THANJAVUR 613 001.


E}y; tpguk;

E}ypd; bgah] : ,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj;
u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%
14k; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj; -
thH;f;if tuyhW

bkhHp : jkpH;

bjhFg]g[ : KQk;kj; $f;fhpa]ah my;fhjphpapy;
u$;tpapy; Q#;kjp

E}ypd; chpik : btspaPl]lhsUf;nf

btspaPL : SAHEB DARGAH PUBLISHERS,
74/176, A. FIRST FLOOR,
GANDIJI ROAD,
(OPP) ERATTAI MASTAN DARGAH,
THANJAVUR 613 001.

gjpg]g[ Mz:L : Kjw;gjpg]g[ $dthp 2010

bkhj;j gjpg]g[ :

tpiy :

kjpg;g[iu
,d;W tl ,e;jpahtpd; mQ;by Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;
bfhs;if nfhl]ilapd; khbgUk; K$j;jpj;/ #uPmj;jpy; fiu
fz:l nkij/ mkypa;ahj; vd;Dk; Xjpg]ghu]j;jypy; jd;dpfuw;w
nritahsu]/ juPfj;jpy; nkd;ikahd ,lj;ijg] bgw;Wj;
jpfH]e;jtu]/ @gj;th tH|;Fjypy; rhjidia Vw;gLj;jpatu]/
Kdh$uh ju]f;ff; fiy/ @gy;r@ghj;J - Zhdk;/ vd;w fy;tp
nfs;tp Zhd|;fspy; jd;dpfuw;W jpfH;e;jtu]. Fu]Mdpd; cUJ
bkhHpg]bgau]g]g[ gpur;rid Vw;gl;lnghJ/ Rd;dj; $khmj;
mfhapJf;F rw;Wk; gpwHhky; bkhHpg]bgau]j;j mugp/ cUJ/
ghu]!p bkhHpfspy; ghz;oj;jpak; bgw;wtu].

fz;kzp ehafk; mQ;knj K!;jgh KQk;knj
K!;jgh egpna fuPk; !y;yy;yhQ^ miyQp t !y;yk;
mtu]fs; kPJ rh]trjh fhyKk; ,#;f; vd;Dk; fhjypy; \H;fp
ehnj #uP@g] vd;Dk; g[fH;khiyfis cUJ/ mugp/ ghurPf
bkhHpfspy; cyfKGf;f ghlg]gLk; ,dpik fPj|;fshf
xspf;f itj;jtu]. mth] ,aw;wpa K!;jgh $hnd uQ;kj;ng
yhf;nfh !yhk; vd;w ryhk; igj;J ,!;yhkpa ,y;y|;fspy;
bkhHp khr]rupa|;fis fle;J xspg]gJ fz:TL.

mQ;ny igj; egpf;fpisahu]fs; kPJ mth] itj;jpUe;j
kupahij cs;sg]g{h]tkhf gpd;gw;wj; jf;fJ. ,th]fs; vGjpa
E}l;fs;/ bksYJ/ kPyhJ/ ehj;nj #uP@g; vd;Dk;
ghuhaz|;fis gy gy;fiyf; fHf|;fs; M.A., M.phil., P.h.d.,
jP!p!; Ma;t[fspy; fl]Liu fl]Liufshf btspte;j tz;zk;
cs;sd. mth]fs; Myh Q$;uj; vd md;nghL cyfbk|;Fk;
milbkhHpnahL miHf;fg]gLk; my;yhkh mQ;kj; u$h fhd;
@gh$pny gnuy;tp Mthh]fs;. ,th]fspd; rpy;rpyhtpy; te;j
fyP@ghf;fs; cyfbk|;Fk; gutp rpwe;j nritahw;wp
tUfpwhh]fs;.

tQ;Qhgp vd;w Fju]f;f FHg]g Tl;lk; gpupl]O#;
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; JiznahL a{j NG;r;rpnahL/ rt{jp/ e$;jp/

3

njt;ge;jp/ jg;yPfp/ jt;QPJthjp/ !y@gp/ rf;;lhytp. ner;rup/
uh@$p/ #pah vd;w gw;gy bgah]fs; jh|;fp mQ;ny Rd;dj;
$khmj; ghku K!;ypk;fis FHg;g epidj;j nghJ mth]fs;
ahh]> vth]> vd;W Vh]vLj;Jk; ghuhky;/ vt;tpj
rZ;ryj;jpw;nfh/ rkurj;jpw;nfh Ml]glhky; my;yhQ;/ mtdJ
u!^y;/ mt;ypahf;fs;/ #uPmj; rl;lk;/ juPfj;jpd; jhj;gupak;/
mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpd; mfhapJ bfhs;iffis
epiy epWj;jp @gj;th tH|;fpdhh]fs;.

,g]gog]gl]l nkijahd r|;iff;Fk;/ fz;zpaj;jpw;Fk;/
nghw;WjYf;FKupa Myh Q$;uj; m$PKy; guf;fj; mth]fisg;
gw;wp jkpHfj;jpy; njt;ge;jpa tQ;Qhgpa mfPjh bfhs;if
bfhz;l $khmj;Jf;nf bgupa cykhf;fs; vd;nghh] jtwhd
tuyhw;iwf;Twp fs|;fk; fw;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s
,j;jUdj;jpy; nguhrpupau; Myp $dhg; KQk;kj; $fupa;ah
u$;tp mth]fs; Myh Q$;uj; mth]fspd; tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fj;ij
jkpH; TWk; ey;Yyfpw;f;F tH|;fpapUg;gJ fhyj;nj rpwe;j
nritahFk;. kpft[k; ghul;Lf;FupajhFk;.

vy;yhk; ty;y my;yhQ;/ ,e;E}iy bjhFj;jspj;j
nguhrpupau] KQk;kj; $fupa;ah u$;tp mth]fisa[k;/ gof;Fk;
thrfh]fisa[k; Rd;dj; ty; $khmj; ghijapy; tHp elj;jp
,k;ikapYk;/ kWikapYk; bgUk; ghf;fpak; bgw;W
btw;wpahsh] Tl;lj;jpy; nrh]f;f ntz;Lkha; my;yhQ;tpd;
QgPg[k; kQ;g{g[khd fz;kzp egpfs; ehafj;jpd; bghUl;lhYk;/
typkhu;fspd; t!PyhthYk;/ Fwpg;ghf Myh Q$;uj; m$PKy;
guf;fj;jpd; JMita[k; gzpe;J ntz:Lfpd;nwhk;.

vd;Wk; gzpt[ld;
jhH;ika[s;s/
i!aj; #hQ; mg]Jh]u!^y; !f;fhg]
jh$Pk; juf; fhjphp #%j;jhhp
(v) iraj; V.N.rf;fhg]

4

thH;j;Jiu
Qh@gp!;/ bksytp/ Qh$p
M.K.KQk;kj; fh!pk; kQ;shp
fyP@gh/ jhPfj;Jy; Qy;yh$pah
brah] FG cWg]gpdh] R.t.$. cykh rig. jkpH; khepyk;
jiyth]: k$;ypRy; cykh. ehTh] #hP@g]
,khk;: VG byg]ig $hkpM k!;$pj;/ ehTh] #hP@g]

md;g[ thrfh]fhs;! m!;!yhK miyf;Fk;
tuQ;kj;Jy;yhQp gufhj;jQ%...... c.gp. khepyk; gnuypapy;
mlf;fkhfpa[s;s mlf;fj;jpd; jpUcU/ rw;FU m@yh Q$;uj;/
msPKy; guf;fj;/ Qhjpba kpy;yj;/ my;K$j;jpj;/ m#;i#F
,kh mQ;kj; hpshfhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
rhpj;jpur; RUf;fk; - jpUr;rp khefiur] rhh]e;j kjpg]gpw;Fhpa
rnfhjuh] nguhrphpah] KQk;kj; $f;fupa;ah mth]fshy;
bjhFf;fg]gl]L jkpH;TWk; ey;Ys;s|;fSf;F fpilj;jpUg]gJ
vy;yhk; ty;y my;yhQ;tpd; tug]gpurhjkhFk;. Vbddpy;
m@yh Q$;uj; mth]fs; tQ;Qhgpfs;/ fhjpahdpfs;/
#pMf;fs; nghd;w Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;jpw;F vjpuhd
,af;f|;fis ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F Mjhu|;fSld;
milahs|;fhl]odhh]fs;.

Fwpg]ghf m#;ug] myP jhdtP/ u#Pj; mQ;kj; f|;nfhQp
nghd;w tHpbfl]lth]fis ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F njhYhpj;Jf;
fhl]oa mZ;rh beZ;rBft[k; tQ;QhgpfSf;F vjpuhf rpk;k
brhg]gdkhft[k; tps|;fpdhh].

rKjhaj;ij Jz:lhf;fpa rhf;filfs; m#;ug]
myPjhdtP/ u#Pj; mQ;kj; f|;nfhQp/ jg](g[)yPf; ,af;fj;
jiytd; ,y;ah!; fhe;jytP nghd;nwhhpd; fg]Ufs; ,d;W
nfl]ghuw;W kjpg]gw;W fplf;Fk; epiyapy; mth]fspd;
jPaf;bfhs;iffis jPh]j;Jf;fl]l Fuy; bfhLj;j nfhkhd;
m@yh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
khz:ghh]e;j kz:ziw 90 Mz:LfSf;F gpd;dUk;/ kf;fs;
kjpf;Fk; khz:g[w;w jh]fhthf gnuyp #hP@gpy; g[Jg] bghypt[ld;
5

ghpzkpg]gJ mth]fspd; rPhpa nritia ,iwtd; Vw;Wf;
bfhz:ljw;F rhd;W vdpy; mJ kpifad;W. fle;j 29.09.2009y;
ehd; gnuyp brd;W m@yh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; fg]iu $pahuj; bra;jnghJ ,ij nehpy; g[hpe;J
bfhz:nld;. my;Qk;J ypy;yhQ;.

fp.gp. 1856 k; Mz:L gpwe;J/ fp.gp. 1921 bts;spf;fpHik
ez:gfy; kiwe;j khnkij/ m@yh Q$;uj; mQ;kj; hpshfhd;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis gnuypapy; bghJkf;fs;
gnl Q$;uj; ( bghpa Q$;uj;) vd;W khpahijahf
miHf;fpwhh]fs;. m@yh Q$;uj; mth]fspd; gyntW
fuhkj;Jfspy; xd;whtJ xnu neuj;jpy; ,uz:L iffshYk;
,uz:L vGJnfhs;fshy; ,uz:L fUj;Jf;fis vGJthh]fs;.
,uz:L ifbaGj;JfSk; ghh]g]gjw;F kpf mHfhf ,Uf;Fk;.
khbgUk; nguwpZh] m@yh Q$;uj; mth]fspd; rhpj;jpuj;ij
,iwbghUj;jk; eho brhy;y te;j nguhrphpah] G. KQk;kj;
$f;fupa;ah mth]fspd; nritia ,iwtd;
Vw;Wf;bfhs;thdhf!

MkPd; ah ug]gy; MykPd;.

ehTh] #hP@g] ,tz:/
04.11.09 KQk;kj; fh!pk;

6

vd;Diu
jdf;Fjhnd Mjhukha; gpugZ;rk; midj;jpw;Fk;
\ykha; Rj;j rnjhjag] bghUsha; tps|;Fk; mfz:l ghp
g{uzkhfpa my;yhQ; vd;Dk; guk;bghUSf;nf midj;Jg]
g[fGk; mh]g]gzkhtjhf. mLj;J mg]guk;bghUspd; ,ul]rfg]
bghUsha; Kjd;Kjypy; njhw;Wtpf;fg]gl]l mjd; n$hjpahd
QfPfj;nj mQ;kjpa[k;/ mjDila ,Wjp btspg]ghlhfpa
kdpjj; njhw;wj;jpy; mike;j KQk;kj; K!;j@gh mQ;kJy;
K$;jgh/ mfpy|;fspd; ,ul]rfh]/ kdpj Fyj;jpd; ehafh]/
kz:gij nghw;Wk; khz:ghshh]/ kf;fh vDk; jpUefhpy; gpwe;J
kjPdh vDk; mUs;efhpy; kiwe;J thGk; !y;yy;yhQ%
jMyh miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; kPJk;/ mth]fspd;
n$hjpia jkf;Fs; mkhdpjkhfj; jh|;fp ,g]g{kpf;F tUifj;
je;J tHpelj;jpr] brd;w midj;J ,iwj;J}jh]fs; kPJk;/
mth]fspd; fpisZh]fs;/ njhHh]fs; nghd;nwhhpd; kPJk;/
,iwnerh]fs; kPJk;/ mth]fis j|;fspd; Kd;khjphpahff;
bfhz:l midth] kPJk;/ mth]fis Vw;W tpRthrpj;jth] kPJk;
mg]guk;bghUspd; rhe;jpa[k; mikjpa[k; ey;yUSk;
ey;Yjtpa[k; rjhfhyKk; Rue;Jg] bghHptjhf. - MkPd;.

,r]rpwpnahdpd; rpwpa Kaw;rpahd ,khnk mQ;ny
Rd;dj; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% 14Mk;
E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj; thH;f;if tuyhW vDk; ,g]g[j;jfj;ij
vdJ Md;kPf FUthd Q$;uj; my;yhkh kt;yhdh KQk;kj;
,j;hP!; gpd; n#h] u$h fhd; fpg]yh mth]fSf;Fk;/ vd;id
tHpelj;jp tUk; ,iwnerh]fSf;Fk; (mt]ypah my;yhQ;)
rkh]g]gzk; bra;fpd;nwd;.

,g]g[j;jfj;jpy; VnjDk; gpiHfs; ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F
KGf;fhuzk; ehdhntd;. thrfh]fs; ,g]gpiHfis kd;dpj;J
,r;rpwpnahdpd; bgw;nwhh]fSf;fhf my;yhQ; uNyplk; Jth
bra;af; nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpd;nwd;.

,g]gof;F/ jhjh ej;Qh] typapd; moik -
KQk;kj; $f;hpah my;fhjphpapy; u$;tpapy; Q#;kjp
7

bghUslf;fk;

jiyg]g[ gf;fk;
1. Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% 11
Xh; mwpKfk;
2. je;ijapd] fdt[ 11
3. ,khk;; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%
mth]fspd; Muk;gepiyf; fy;tp 12
4. rpWtajpy; jf;th (gagf;jp) 13
5. fy;tpg] gapw;rp 14
6. Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd;
Kjy; gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[) 15
7. Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd;
,y;thH;f;ifa[k;/FHe;ijfSk; 16
8. Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% xU
Zhdf;fly; 17
9. QjP!;fspd; Zhdk; 20
10. gj;th (khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[) tH|;Ftjpy; Zhdk; 20
11. mwptpay; Zhdk; 21
12. thdtpay; kw;Wk; Xjpg]ghh]j;jy; Zhdk; 21
13. fzpj Zhdk; 23
14. ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%
md;Q%tpd; ,y;nk $h@gh] 24
15. jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ kw;Wk;
tpsf;ft[iu Zhdk; 25
16. ftpij Zhdk; 30
17. igmj; kw;Wk; fpyh@gj; bgWjy; 32
18. Kjy; g[dpj Q$; gazk; 35
19. ,uz:lhk; g[dpj Q$; gazk; 38
20. egpfshh] uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; 40
21. egpfshh] uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk; kPJ nerk; 41

8

22. ira;aJkhh]fis nerpj;jy; 43
23. Rd;dj;Jfisg] gpd;gw;Wjy; 45
24. bfsJ ehafk; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fs; kPJ nerk; 47
25. cyf thH]f;ifapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp 48
26. 14 Mk; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj; 49
27. Kjy; E}w;whz:oypUe;J mwpag]gl]l
K$j;jpj;fspd; gl]oay; : 50
28. kf;fh Kfh]ukh cykhf;fshy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F
tH|;fg]gl]l gl]l bgah]fs; 53
29. kjPdh Kdt;tuh cykhf;fshy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F
tH|;fg]gl]l gl]l bgah]fs; 54
30. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; $pQhj;(nghuhl]lk;) 54
mth]fspd; xg]gw;w mwpt[ 57

Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l Fzeyd;fs;
32. md;g[ brYj;JtJk; my;yhQ;tpw;fhf!
nfhgg]gLtJk; my;yhQ;tpw;fhf! 58
33. jhapd; brhw;fSf;F fPH;gojy; 60
34. cykhf;fSf;F khpahij brYj;Jjy; 60
35. k!;$pJf;F khpahij 61
36. Qh$pkhh]fSf;F khpahij 62
37. FHe;ijfsplk; md;g[ 62
mth]fspd; rpy mHfpa gHf;f tHf;f|;fs; 63
fuhkj;Jfs;
39. KhPij tpLjiyahf;fpdhh] 64
40. ,we;j FHe;ijia caph]g]gpj;jhh] 66
41. kdjpy; cs;sij mwpe;jhh] 66

9

42. tQhgpfspd; ghh]itapy; ,khk;
mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% 68
43. md;whl cyf thH;f;ifapd; kiwtpw;F
Kd; tH|;fpa filrp mwpt[iufs; 68
md;Q%tpd; kiwt[ 70
45. kr(z)hh] #hP@g] (mlf;f!;jyk;) 71
46. ,khk; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%
mth]fshy; cyf K!;ypk;fs; mile;j
ed;ikfs; 72
mth]fspd; rpy gjpy;fs; 73
48. ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp nkYk; TWifapy; 78
md;Q%tpd; vjphpfs; 81
50. k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj;(Leader) 84
51. vdJ FUkhhpd;(gPnuh Kh]#pj;) je;ij
Xh] mwpKfk; 88
52. ryhk; (cUJ & jkpH; mh]j;jk;) 92
53. salaam 96

10

Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% Xh;
mwpKfk;

bgah] : KQk;kj; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%

gp;ugykhd bgah] : Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp

gpwe;j ,lk; : $nrhyp, gnuy;tp #hP@g],
c. gp. ,e;jpah.
gpwe;j njjp : jp|;fl; fpHik, 10 k; #t;thy;
Qp$;hp 1272 (14
th
June 1856)

cyf thH;f;ifapy;
kiwe;j njjp : bts;spf;fpHik, gh|;F neuk;
rgh; 25 k; ehs;, Qp$;hp 1340
(28
th
October 1921)
i#Fkhhpd;
bgah] : ,khKy; m!;gpah, #h Mny
uNy; kQ;uuh u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%

jhPfj; : Kf;fpakhf fhjphp rpy;rpyh,
,Ug] gpDk; vy;yh jhPfj;jpYk;
mDkjp bgw;whh].

je;ijapd] fdt[

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
je;ij kt;yhd efp mypfhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Xh]
cd;djkhd fditf; fhz;fpd;whh]. mij jd;Dila je;ij
u$h myp fhd; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fsplk; tpsf;fk;
nfl]lhh]fs]. mjw;F u$h myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
11

eP xU FHe;ijf;F jfg]gdhtha]/ mf]FHe]ij tsu tsu
Zhdj;jpYk]/ Md;kPfj;jpYk; cah;e;j ,lj;ij tfpg]ghd;.
mtDila bgah]/g[fH; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw]F tiu cah]e;J
gue;J tphpa[k;. vd;W Rg bra;jpia Twpdhh;fs;.

,khk;; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth;fspd;
Muk;gepiyf; fy;tp

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp mth]fspd;(gp!;kpy;yh
fhdp) Muk;gepiyf; fy;tpapy; ele;j Ritahd rk;gtk; ,J.

khpahijf;Fhpa Mrphpah] j!;kpahit brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jhh].
gpwF mypg]/ ng/ nj vdr] brhy;yr; brhy;y Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jpUk;gr; brhd;dhh;fs;.
yhk;mypg; vd;W te;jJk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp
bksdkhfp tpl]lhh]fs;. Mrphpah] jpUk;gj; jpUk;g brhy;ypa[k;
mikjpahfnt ,Ue;jhh;fs;. Q$;uj; my;yhkh u$h fhd;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fis nehf;fp kfnd cd; Mrphpah] brhy;tij
ftdpj;J jpUk;gr; brhy; vdf; Twpdhh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
bksdj;ij mwpe;Jf; bfhz;lhh] my;yhkh u$h fhd;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp mJahbjdpy; Kjy; ghlk;
fw;gpf;fg]gLtJ XbuGj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp/ Mdhy; yhk;mypg;
<buGj;J nghy ,Ug;gJ gw;wp MFk;. Q$;uj; my;yhkh u!h
fhd; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp bjhpe;jpUe;jhh]fs;/ ,e;j
jaf;fj;ij (tpdhit) bjspt[gLj;JtJ fodkhdbjd;W/
,Ug] gpDk; Twyhdhh]fs;. kfnd! eP|]fs; epidg]gJ
cz;ikahd Tw;Wjhd; ,Ug] gpDk; Kd;djhf eP|]fs; Xjpa
mypg] cz;ikapy; xU Qk;rh MFk;. ,g;bghGJ eP|]fs;
XJtnj mypg]. mypg] vg;bghGJnk xU rhfpd; MFk;/
Mdhy; mfuthpirg;go (Alphabetical order) xUth] rhfpid
12

Muk;gk; bra;aKoahJ. mjdhy;jhd; mfuthpirapy; mypg;
f;F Kd;dhy; yhk; tUfpwJ.

,ij Th;ikahf ftdpj;j Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp eP|]fs; brhy;tJ nghy; ,Ue;jhy;
Vd; ntW vGj;Jfs; te;J mypg; Kd; nruf;TlhJ. yhk;
kl;Lk; nrUtjw;F fhuzk; vd;d> vd;W tpdtpdhh;fs;. ,ijf;
nfl;l Q$;uj; my;yhkh u!h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
bka;rpyph]j;J re;njh#j;jpd; cr]rj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fisf; fl;og]gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L
my;yhQ;tplk; mth]fSf;fhf Jth bra;jhh]fs;. gpd; tpilia
gpd;tUkhW Twpdhh].

ghh]g]gjw;F ,uz:L vGj;Jf;fSk; xnu khjphpahfj;jhd;
,Uf;Fk;. ,uz:Lnk btw;W (Empty) MFk;. ,uz:Lnk nrh]e;J
vGjpdhy; Tl ghh]g]gjw;F xnu khjphpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
mjDila juj;jpy; (Quality) tUk; bghGJ yhk; vd;gJ
mypg] f;F ,jakhft[k;/ mypg] vd;gJ yhk; f;F
,jakhft[k; khWk;.

,e;j jUzj;jpy; cz;ikapy; ele;jJ vd;dbtd;why;
Q$;uj; my;yhkh u$h fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fSf;F mwptpd; thriya[k;/ Md;kPf
cs;Szh]t[fisa[k; jpwe;J itj;jhh]fs;.

rpWtajpy; jf;th (gagf;jp)

jd; kPJ nehd;g[ flikapy;yhj tajpy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp nehd;g[ nehw;f Mirg]gl]L] nehd;g[
itj;jhh]fs;. me;j uk;$hd; khjk; kpFe;j btapy; fhykha;
,Ue;jJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fSila je;ij kt;yhd efp mypfhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp btapypd; c#;zj;ij czh]e;jth]fsha; rpwpJ
13

czt[ tiffis vLj;Jf; bfhz;L/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis miHj;Jf;bfhz;L xU
miwf;Fs; brd;W fjit jhHpl]lhh;fs;. jd; kfid rhg]gplt[k;
vd;W Twp/,|;F ahUk; c|;fis ghh]f;fkhl]lhh;fs;/ nkYk;
FHe;ijfs; ,g]goj; jhd; nehd;ig itg]ghh]fs; vd;whh]. mjw;F
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ahUila
fl;lisf;fhf ehd; nehd;g[ itj;jpUf;fpd;nwndh mtd;
vd; idg] ghh]j;jtdhf cs;shd; vd;whh]. ,jid nfl;lJk;
mtUila je;ijapd; fz;fspy; fz;zPh] te;Jtpl;lJ.

Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp 6 tajpy;
jd;Dila Kjy; khh]f;f brhw;bghHpit ugpa[y;mt;ty;
khjj;jpy;/ egp !y;yy;yhQ%miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd;
gpwg]igg] gw]wp bjhl|]fpdhh]fs]. Rkhh] 2 kzpneuk; egpfspd;
bksY}J jiyg]gpy; brhw;bghHpit nfl;L kf;fs;
bka;kwe;jdh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
brhw;bghHpt[ epfH;j;jpa tpjk; midj;J kf;fisa[k;
cykhf;fisa[k; btFthf fth]e;jJ.

fy;tpg; gapw;rp

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;
jpUf;Fuhidj; jd;Dila 4 tajpy; Xjp Koj;jhh].
my;yhQ%t[ila mUk;bgUk; Zhd Mw]wyhy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila ,!;yhkpag] gog]ig 13
tUl|]fs;/10 khj|]fs;/ 5 ehl]fspy; Koj;jhh]fs;. mg]bghGJ
tUlk; Qp$;hp 1286 MFk;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; taJk; 13 tUlk;/ 10 khjk;/ 5 ehl]fs;
MFk;.

my; $h rJ}h] u!;tpah vd;Dk; E}ypy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp TWfpwhh]fs;/ me;j tajpy;
bjhGif vd; kPJ fl]lhakhf ,Ue;jJ/ ehDk; #hpmj; rl]lk;
ngqtjpy; kpf Mh]tkhf ,Ue;njd;.
14

mog]gilf;fy;tpia jk; je;ijaplj;Jk; jdJ
eLepiyf;fy;tpia $dhg] kph]rh Fyhk; fhjph] ngf;
mth]fsplj;jpy; fw;whh]. ,thplk; jhd; kPrhd; Kd;#mg] vd;w
g[j;jfj;ija[k; gapd;whh;. Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp
miyQp ntW gyhplj;jpYk; fy;tp Zhdj;ij gapd;whh]/
mtw;wpy; rpy Kf;fpakhdth]fs;

1. Q$;uj; kt;yhdh mg]Jy;myp uhk;g{hp uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp

2. n#f;nf fgPh]/ Q$;uj; my;yhkh iraj; #h mg[y;
Qrd; mQkj; E}hp uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp

3. n#f;nf jhhpf;fh/ Q$;uj; my;yhkh iraj; #h
Mny uNy; kQ;uutp u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%

4. n#f; mQkj; gpd; i$dp jQ;yhd; kf;fP
u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%

5. n#f; mg]Jh] uQ]khd; kf]fP u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%

6. n#f; Q%ird; gpd; rhypQh kf]fP u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%

Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; Kjy;
gj;th ( khh]f]fj; jPh]g]g[)

jd;Dila khh]f;f gog]ig Koj;J mjpy; njh;r;rpg] bgw;w
ty;Yeh] vd;W rhd;wpjH;fs; bgWk; rkaj;jpy;/ Q$;uj;
mth]fsplj;jpy; xU tpdh nfl]fg]gl]lJ/ jha;g]ghyhdJ
FHe;ijapDila tapw;iw brd;wile;jhy;/ mf;FHe;ij
mg]bgz:zhy; tsh]f;fg]gl]l FHe;ij MFkh> Mfhjh>

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/
15

bjspthd Kiwapy; jd;Dila 13 tajpy; mHfhf gjpy;
brhd;dhh;;fs;. jha;g]ghyhdJ FHe;ijapDila \f;fpd;
tHpahfnth my;yJ thapd; tHpahfnth FHe;ijapDila
tapw;iw brd;wile;jhy;/ mf;FHe;ijahdJ mg]bgz:zhy;
tsh;f;fg]gl]l FHe;ij nghd;wnjahFk;. nkYk;
mf;FHe;ijf;F/ mg]bgz:iz kzKog]gJ vd;gJ Quhk;
MFk;.
Mjhuk; : my; ky;g{!;/ghfk; 1/gf;fk; 12

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSila
bjspthd Zhdkpf;f gjpy;fshy; kfpH;t[w;w mtuJ je;ij/
gj;th tH|]Fk; bghWg]ig jd;Dila kfdplj;jpy;
xg]gilj;jhh;. jpdKk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gj;thf;fis
fz:zpaj;JlDk;/ khh;f;fg] bghWg;g[zh;t[lDk; tH|]fpdhh]fs;.
Q$;uj;jplk; gjpiy bgWtjw;F mugp/ cUJ/ Qpe;jp/ ghurPfk;/
M|]fpyk; kw;Wk; gy bkhHpfspy; nfs;tpfs; te;J
bfhz;oUf;Fk;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth;fSila
gj;thf;fisg] gw;wp g[u@g!h; Dr.J.M.S. gy;$d;/
,!;yhkpaj;Jiw Muha;r;rp/ yPld; gy;fiyf;fHfk;(Qhyhe;J)
TWifapy;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xU
kpfg]bghpa khbgUk; mwpt[f;fsZ;rpak;/ mth]fSila
gjpy;fs; mwptpay; kw;Wk; Md; kPf fz:nzhl]lj;Jld;
xj;Jg]nghFk;. gjpy;fSf;fhd Mjhu|;fs; jUk; tpjKk;/
mthpd; tpthjKk; gpuk;kpf;fjf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd;
,y;thH;f;ifa[k;.FHe;ijfSk;

irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
jd;Dila 18 tajpy;/ Qp$;hp 1291 (1874)k; Mz:L
fz:zpakpf;f ira;apjh ,h]#hj; ngfk; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh
md;Qh mth]fis kzk; Koj;jhh]. my;yhQ%jMyh
16

,e;j fz;zpakpf;f jk;gjpapdUf;F 2 kfd;fs;/ 5 kfs;fis
bfhLj;jhd;. 2 kfd;fSk; nghw;wj;jf;f khh]f;f Zhdj;ija[k;/
rpwe;j mt;ypah my;yhQ; vd;w me;j!;ija[k; bgw;wdh].

\j;j kfdhh] Q%$;$Jy; ,!;yhk;/ Q$;uj; my;yhkh
kt;yhdh KQk;kj; Qhkpj; u$h fhd; E}hp gufhjp
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% jk; je;ijiag] nghd;W fy;tp/
Zhdf;flypy; njh]r]rpg] bgw;wth]. mz:zhh] mth]fs; Qp$;hp
1362 tUlk; 17 $khjpa[y; mt;ty; md;W bjhGJ
bfhz:oUf;Fk; nghJ cyf thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;jhh;.
,th;fspd; g[dpjkpF k$hh] #hP@g] gnuy;tpapy; (c.gp) cs;sJ.

,isa kfdhh] fhyj;jpd; bfsJ/ Q%$%h] K@g]jpna
M$(z)k; Qpe;j; vd;w m#; #h ,khk; K!;jgh u$h fhd; E}hp
gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fs; jk;Kila
mz:zzpd; tHpfhl]Ljypy; fy;tp Zhdf;flypy; njh]r]rpg]
bgw;whh]. Q%$%h] K@g]jpna Mrk; Qpe;j; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fSf;F 10 ,yl;rk; KhpJfs; cyfstpy;
cs;sdh]. Q$;uj; mth]fs; 15k; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;
(,!;yhj;jpw;F cap+l]Lgth]) vd;Wk; miHf;fg]gLfpwhh].
mz:zhh] mth]fs; 14 bkhQuk;/ 1402 Qp$;hpapy; cyf
thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;jhh;fs;. ,th]fspd; g[dpjkpF k$hh]
#hPg] gnuy;tpapy; (c.gp) cs;sJ.

Myh Q$;uj; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% xU
Zhdf;fly;

irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs; jk; je;ijaplj;jpy; fw;w fy;tpapd; tptuk;

1. jpUf;Fh]Md; jg]!Ph]
2. QjP!;fspd; jg]!Ph]
3. QjP!pd; bfhs;iffs;(cNny QjPj;)
4. ,!;yhkpar; rl]l|]fs; (4 kj;Qg[fs;)
5. rl]l jj;Jt bfhs;iffs;(cNny @gpf;Q;)
17

6. bkhHpfspd; ,yf;fpak;
7. jpUf;Fh;Md; tpsf;f ciu
8. <khDila bfhs;iffs;
9. tpthjf; bfhs;iffs;
10. mugpr; brhw;bwhlh] ,yf;fzk;
11. mzpapyf;fzf; bfhs;iffs;
12. cUtf mzpiaf; bfhz:L bkhHp mikj;jy;
13. mwptpay; rk;ge;jkhd mzpapyf;fzk;
14. epajp Kiw (m) jUf;f Kiw
15. tpthj|]fs;
16. murpay; bfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mjd; jj;Jtk;
17. mzpapyf;f jpl]lk;
18. ,aw;gpay;(bgsjPfk;)
19. fzpjk;
20. ,aw;gpay; fzpjk;(Physical Engineering)
Mjhuk; : my; $hrJy; Kja;adh gf;fk; 22

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ gpw cykhf;fsplk;
fw;w fy;tpapd; tptuk;.

1. jpUf;Fh]Md; kddk; bra;jy;
2. rhpahd Xira[ld; jpUf;Fh;Md; XJjy;
3. cz;ikiaa[k; guk;bghUisa[k; fhqk; fy;tp
4. kiwthdtw;iw mwpa[k; fy;tp
5. ,!:yhkpa ePjp bewp
6. QjPJ mwptpg]ghsh]fspd; bgaiu mwpjy;
7. egp KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ%miyQp t!y;ykpd;
thH;f;if tuyhW.
8. ,!:yhkpa tuyhW
9. mugp ,yf;fz ,yf;fpak;
10. ,yf;fpak; - Xh] tp#aj;ij gw;wpa KGikahd
tptuk; mwpjy;.

irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; ve;j
xU Mrpupahpd; cjtp ,y;yhky; jhdhfnt mwpe;J bfhz:l
18

fy;tpapd; tptuk;/

1. vz: fzpjk; (Arithmetic)
2. Fwp fzf;fpay; (Algebra)
3. nkYk; fzpjj;jpd; 12 fpis gphpt[fs;
4. etPd thdtpay; (Astronomy)
5. kug[tpay; (Science of Inheritance)
6. ahg]gpyf;fz mwptpay; (Prosody)
7. thd rh!;jpuk; ( Astrology)
8. tuyhW mwptpay; (Science of History)
9. Qpe;jp ciueil
10. ghurPf ciueil
11. ghurPf bkhHp vGJjy;
12. MHkhd mugp bkhHp Zhdk;

nkYk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp gy Jiwfspy;
bkhj;jk; 54 tifahd Zhd|]fisg] bgw;wpUe;jhh]fs;.

xU Kiw Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fsplj;jpy; fodkhd fzpj njw;w|]fis (Theorems)
vg]go Rygkhf ifahSfpwPh]fs;> vd;W tpdh nfl]ljw]F/
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vdf;F ve;j
MrphpaUk; ,e;jj; Jiwfspy; fpilahJ ,Ug]gpDk; eP|]fs;
vd;d vd;dplk; fhz:fpd;wPh;fnsh/ mJ vy;yhk; ehd;F
Rth]fshd vd;Dila miwapy; fpilf;fg] bgw;nwd;. ,J uNy;
!y;yy; yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; fpUig MFk;.vd;whh].
Mjhuk; : my; kPrhd;/gf;fk; 342

xU Kiw kt;ytp mg]Jy; Qf; ifuhghjp/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplj;jpy; eP|]fs; ve;jj;
Jiwapy; (Specialised) rpwe;jth;fs;> vd; W tpdtpdhh]. mjw;F
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ehd; gj;th
(khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[) tH|]FtjpYk;/ g[j;jf|]fs; vGJtjpYk;
vd;Dila ntiy brd;Wf; bfhz:oUf;fpd;wJ. ,Ug]gpDk;/
19

ve;j neuj;jpy; ve;jj; Jiwapy; mtrpak; njitg]gLnkh/
me;jj; Jiwapy; mf;fznk rpwe;J tps|]Fntd;. nkYk;
tQhgpfspd; ( jg]yPf; $khj;/ mQ;ny QjP!;/ fhjpahdp/
nkYk; gy tQhgpfs;) thjj]jpw;Fk; gjpy; bfhLf;f jahuhf
,Ug]ngd;. vd;whh]fs;.

QjP!;fspd; Zhdk;

QjP!;fspd; bfhs;iffis mwpe;jpUe;jhh]. Vwf;Fiwa
xt;bthU QjP!; mwptpg]ghshpd; KGikahd tuyhw;iwa[k;
mwpe;jpUe;jhh]fs;. xU QjPi! mwptpf;Fk; nghJ Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ me;j QjP!pd;
tif/ me;j QjP!pd; ed;ikfs;/ me;j QjP!pd; KGikahd
fhuz fhhpak; Mfpa vy;yhtw;iwa[k; TWthh]fs;. epiwa rpW
rpW g[j;jf|]fis QjP!pd; tiffisf; bfhz:L jdpahf
gphpj;J vGjpa[s;shh;fs;. mtw;wpy; xd;Wjhd; Qh$pRy;
$iud; md; $k;kh igd!;vd;w g[j;jfk; MFk;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis QjP!;fspd;
Muha;r;rpahsh] vd;W Twpdhy; kpifahJ.

xU bghpath] TWfpwhh] Muha;r;rp jd;ika[k; ftpij
eaKk; xUthpy; ,uz:lw ,iztJ ,ayhj fhhpak;. Mdhy;
,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp kl]Lk;
,jw;F tpjptpyf;F/ Vbddpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp xU rpwe;j ftpZh] Mthh].

gj;th (khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[) tH|]Ftjpy; Zhdk;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp jd;Dila Md;kPf
Zhdj;jhYk;/ fy;tp mwpthYk; my;yhQ;tpd; nguUisf;
bfhz:L epahakhd khh]f;fj;jPh]g]g[fs; tH|]fpdhh]fs;.
#hpmj;nj K!;jgh !y;yy; yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
(,!;yhkpar; rl]lk;) ngqtjpy; Q$;uj; mth]fs; kpfj;
jPtpukhf ,Ug]ghh]. Mk; #hpmj; go elf;fpwth]fs;jhd; #hpmj;
20

rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfis jPh]f;f ty;yth] vd]gJ jPh]f;fkhd
fUj;J. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
gj;thf;fspd; bjhFg]g[ gj;thna u$; tpah vd;W
miHf;fg]gLfpwJ. 12 ghf (Volumes) g[j;jf|]fspd; ,e;j
gj;thna u$; tpah Vwf;Fiwa 12000 gf;f|]fisf; bfhz;lJ.
,d;Wk; cyfstpy; gj;thf;fis tH|;Fgth]fs; gj;thna
u$;tpahitna Mjhukhff; bfhs;fpd;wdh;.

mwptpay; Zhdk;

jd;Dila gt[n$ KgPd; jh] Qh]fnj $kPd; vd;w E}ypy;
jpUf;Fh]Md; trd|]fis Mjhukhff; bfhz:L g{kp
Rw;Wtjpy;iy khwhf g{kp epiyahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk; nkYk;
kw;w nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; g{kpia ikakhff; bfhz:L
Rw;Wfpd;wJ vd Mjhug]g{h]tkhf tpsf;Ffpwhh]fs;.
Mdhy; etPdfhy thdtpay; g{kp jd;idj;jhnd
Rw;wpf;bfhz:Lk;/ kw;wf; nfhs;fSk; Nhpaid ikakhff;
bfhz:L Rw;Wfpd;wJ vd TWfpd;wJ. ,e;j jtwhd
tpsf;fj;jpw;F/ jtW vd;Wk; jd;Dila E}ypy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Mjhug]g{h]tkhf tpsf;Ffpwhh;fs;.
rpy ,l|]fspy; fypyPnah kw;Wk; rh] Irf; epa{l;ldpd; rpy
jtwhd njw;w|]fSf;F (Theorems) Mjhuk; jUfpwhh]fs;.
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fSila thdtpay;
g[j;jfj;ij ek;kpy; ed;F mwptpay; gapd;;wth]fs; M|]fpy
bkhHpahf;fk; bra;J nkw;fj;jpa Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
bfhLj;jhy; etPd cyf thdtpaypy; khw;wk; tu tha;g;g[z:L!

thdtpay; kw;Wk; Xjpg]ghh]j;jy; Zhdk;

kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; rhQpg] Xjpg]ghh]j;jy;
fiyapy; bgah; bgw;wth]. xU ehs; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis re;jpf;f nehpl]lhh]/
mg;bghGJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
21

kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%irdplk; kiHapd; epytuk; vd;d> vdf;
nfl;lhh]fs;. kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; el;rj;jpu rk;ge;jkhd
ml;ltizia vLj;J fzf;F nghl]L ,e;j khjj;jpy; kiH
,y;iy vd;Wk; mLj;j khjj;jpy; jhd; kiH bga;a[k; vd;W
brhy;yptpl;L el;rj;jpu ml;ltizia Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplj;jpy; bfhLj;jhh;. Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xU Kiw ghh]j;Jtpl;L/
my;yhQ; epidj;jhy; ,g]nghnj kiH bga;a[k; vd;whh].
kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQpia nehf;fp eP|]fs; el;rj;jpu ml;ltiziag]
ghh]f;ftpy;iyah> vd;whh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp ehd; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ftdpj;J
bfhz;oUf;fpd;nwd; vd;whh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp fofhuj;ij
ghh]j;jthnw kzp vd;d> vdf; nfl]lhh]. mjw;F kt;yhdh
Fyhk; Q%ird; 12 Mtjw;F \d;W fhy; g|]Ffs; kPjp
,Uf;fpd;wJ (11.15) vd;whh]. ,ijf; nfl]lt[ld;/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj; Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila jhj;jhtpd; fofhuj;ij
beU|]fp jd; tpuy;fshy; bghpa Ks;is Rw;wp neuj;ij 12 kzp
Mf;fpdhh;/ fofhu kzp xypj;jJ.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kt;yhdh
Fyhk; Q%irid nehf;fp kzp 12 vdf; fhl]Lfpd;wnj vd;whh].
mjw;F kt;yhdh Fyhk; Q%ird; fofhu Kl;fs; ,lk;
bgaUtjw;F fhuzk; eP|]fs; jhnd! vd;whh]. ,ijf;
nfl]lJk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
my;yhQ;tpw;nf midj;J mjpfhuKk; mtd; epidj;jhy;
el;rj;jpu|]fspd; epiyfisa[k; khw;Wthd; mtdJ
tpUg]gg]go.. vd;W thf;fpaj;ij brhy;yp Kog]gjw;Fs; kiH
ntfkhf bfhl]lj; Jt|]fpaJ! Rg]Qhdy;yh!!!

22

fzpj Zhdk;

rh] $paht[j;jPd; vd;w gpugykhd fzpj nkij
jd;Dila Muha;r;rpapd; fhuzkhft[k;/ me;j Muha;r;rpapy;
tUk; fzpj FHg]g|]fis bjspe;J bfhs;tjw;fhft[k;
b$h]kdpapy; cs;s bgh]ypd; efUf;F bry;y jpl]lkpl]lhh;. rpy
kt;yhdhf;fspd; bjhlh]ghy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; fzpj Zhdk; brhy;yf;nfl]L
kdkpy;yhky;/ ,th] vg;go vd;Dila fzpj re;njf|]fis
jPh]j;J itg]ghh]> mwpit tsh]j;Jf;bfhs;tjw;fhf jd;Dila
gnuy;tp efiuf; Tl jhz:lhjtuhy; vg]go Koa[k;> vd;w
vz:z|]fSld; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fis re;jpj;jhh]. rh] $paht[j;jPd; jd;Dila
Muha;r;rpapd; fzpj re;njf|]fis Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; bfhLj;Jtpl]L
Koe;jhy; ,e;j re;njf|]fis jPh]j;J ita[|]fs;/ ehd;
bgh]ypd; efUf;F brd;W tUfpnwd;. vd;whh]. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila vGj;J ntiyfspy;
Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;jthnu/ rh] $paht[j;jPDila ngr;ira[k;
nfl]L bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. rw;W neuj;jpy; rh] $paht[j;jPd;
ngr;ir Koj;Jf;bfhz:L tUfpnwd; vd;W brhy;yptpl]L
fpsk;g jahuhdhh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ rh]
$paht[j;jPid miHj;J xU fhfpj;ij ePl]Odhh]fs;. vd;d
Mr] rhpak; me;j fhfpjj;jpy; mtUila fzpj
re;njfj;jpw;fhd tpil ,Ue;jJ. ,ijf; fz:lJk; rh]
$paht[j;jPd; Twyhdhh]/ ,d;W ehd; ek;g[fpnwd;/ c|]fsplk;
Vnjh xU tpag]g{l]Lk; Zhdk; cs;sJ vd;whh;. nkYk;
Kiwahf fy;tpr;rhiy brd;W fzpjk; gapyhj Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Vw;fdnt ,e;j Muha;r;rpia
bra;jJ nghy; kpf vspikahf tpilia je;jhh]fs;. ,J
fzpjj;Jiwapny ,Uf;Fk; vd;dhy; KGKaw;rpia bra;j
nghjpYk; Koahky; nghdJ MFk; vd;W Mr]rhpag]gl]lhh].

23

,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tpd;
,y;nk $h@gh]

,y;nk $h@gh] vd;gJ mwpthdJ gpd;dh] elf;f
,Ug]gij Kd;ng mwpa[k; xU fiyahFk;. ,J bghJthf
my;yhQ;tpd; ,iwnerh]fSf;F fpilf;fg]bgWk;
my;yhQ;tpd; nguUshFk;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fsplj;jpy; xU Kiw fpahkj; ehspd; mwpFwpfSk;/
,khk; kQjp miyQp!yhk; mth]fspd; tUifa[k;
vjph]fhyj;jpy; vg]nghJ epfGk;> vdf;nfl]fg]gl]lJ. mjw;F
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp my;yhQ;t[k;
mtdJ uNYk; (!y;yy;yhQ%miyQpt!y;yk;) kpf ed;whf
mwpthh]fs; vd;whh]. gpwF jpUf;Fh]Md; trd|]fisa[k;/
QjP!;fisa[k; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf thpirahf fpahkj; ehs;
gw;wp Twpf;bfhz:nl te;jhh]fs;. gpwF Twyhdhh]fs; xU
tpjkhd mwpitf;bfhz:L/ ehd; epidf;fpnwd; Qp$;hp 1837 y;
cyfpd; ve;j xU ,lj;jpYk; ,!;yhkpa Ml]rp ,Uf;fhJ/ me;j
jUzj;jpy; Qp$;hp 1900 y; ,khk; kQjp miyQp!yhk;
njhd;Wthh]fs; rhj;jpak; ,Uf;fpwJ ,ijf; nfl]l rpy ngh]
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis nehf;fp/
eP|]fs; ,y;nk $h@gh] mwpitf; bfhz:L mwpe;jPh]fsh> vdf;
nfl]ldh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
rphpj;jthnu khk;gH|]fis rhg]gpL|]fs;/ ku|]fis
vz:zhjPh]fs; vd;whh].

xU Kiw uhk;g{h] kd;dhpd; kidtp kpft[k;
neha;tha;g]gl]oUe;jhs;/ kd;dh] mtis kpft[k; nerpj;jhd;;;.
,!;yhj;ij Kiwahf ngqtjpy; kd;dd;
mf;fiwapy;yhjtd;. rpghhpRfspd; \ykhf Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F bra;jpia
mDg]gpdhd;/ mjpy; jd;Dila kidtp vg]bghGJ> v|;nf
,wg]ghs;> vdf; nfl]oUe;jhd;. mr;rkak; mts; kidtp
24

iedplhy; vd;w Chpy; ,Ue;jhs;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kd;ddplk; J}Jtid mDg]gpdhh]/
mj;J}Jtpy; kd;ddpd; kidtp uhk;g{hpy; ,wg]ghs; vdt[k;/
bkhQuk; khjk; epfGk; vdt[k; TwpapUe;jhh;fs;. mjdhy;
kd;dh] jdJ kidtpia uhk;g{hpy; j|]f tplhkYk;/ uhk;g{hpd;
vy;iyf;F mg]ghy; j|]f itj;Jk; te;jhd;.

xUehs; jpObud;W fhd;g{h] #QPj; fd;Z; gs;spthry;
gpur;rpidapd; fhuzkhf uhk;g{hpy; fyfk; btoj;jJ. uhk;g{hpd;
fth]dh] ,e;jg] gpur;rpidia jPh]g]gjw;fhf kD xd;iw
kd;dUf;F mDg]gpdhd;. mjpy; nehpy; kd;diu ghh]j;J ngr
ntz:oa cldo mtrpak; ,Ug]gjhy;/ kd;diu uhk;g{Uf;F
tUkhW miHg]g[ tpLj;jpUe;jhd;. vnjr;irahf kd;dhpd;
kidtpa[k; gazj;jpw;F jahuhfp ,UtUk; uhk;g{h] te;J
nrh]e;jdh]. uhk;g{h] te;J nrh]e;j rpy kzpj;Jspfspy; jpObud;W
kd;ddpd; kidtp ,we;jhs;. me;j ehs; bkhQuk; khjkhf
,Ue;jJ. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
fzpg]ig ,r;rk;gtk; cz:ikg;gLj;jpaJ!

jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ kw;Wk; tpsf;ft[iu
Zhdk;

cUJbkhHpapy; gy ngh] jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[
bra;Js;sdh]. Mdhy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]ghd fd;$%y; <khd;
kw;w bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[fSld; xg]gpLk; nghJ jd;dpfuw;w Xh]
jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf cUJbkhHpapy; tps|]FfpwJ. ,J
midj;J cyf kf;fshYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg]gLfpwJ. fhuzk;
vd;dbtdpy;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]gpy; gad;gLj;jpa xt;bthU
thh]j;ijfSk; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNy;; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; cah]e;j jd;ikfSf;F Vw;w
fUj;ij btspg]gLj]Jk; juk; kpf;f brhw;fshf ,Ug]gnj
MFk;.

25

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
jpUf;Fh]Md; bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ btWk; vGj;J ntiyahf kl]Lk;
,y;yhky;/ jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; rpwe;j tpsf;fkhft[k; mike;jJ.
,jidg] gw;wp Q$;uj; ira;ajpdh KQj;jpn! M$k; Qpe;j;
u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% TWifapy; ,J jpUf;Fh]Mdpd;
bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[ kl]Lk; my;y/ ,Jjhd; jpUf;Fh]Md; vd;fpwhh].

ehk; xU khjphpf;fhf/ jpUf;Fh]Md; trdkhd Nuh 93/
Maj; 7 y; my;yhQ;/ egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yik ghh]j;Jf; TWtjhf tUk; thf;fpaj;ij
bkhHpg]bgah]g]gpy; kw;wth]fs; bra;j tpjj;ija[k;/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; bkhHpg]bgah]g]iga[k;
xg]gpl]L ghh]g]nghk;.

1) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; tHp jtwpath]fshf fz:lhd; kw;Wk;
mtd; c|]fSf;F tHpfhl]odhd;
- mg[y;fyhk; Mrhj;

2) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; ,Ul]oy; ,Ug]gjhf fz:lhd;
mjdhy; mtd; c|]fSf;F ghijiaf; fhl]odhd;

- KQk;kj; myp yhThp fhjphp

3) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; ,!;yhkpar; rl]lk; bjhpahjth]fshf
mtd; fz:lhd;/ mjdhy; c|]fSf;F ,!;yhkpar;
rl]lk; brhy;ypf;bfhLj;J tHp fhz:gpj;jhd;

- m#;ug] myp jhdtp

4) tHp jtwpath]fshf fhztpy;iy kw;Wk; tHp
elj;jpdhd;
- Mh]bgh]hp

26

5) kw;Wk; eP|]fs; mwpahjth]fshf ,Ug]gij mtd;
ghh]j;jhd;/ mjdhy; c|]fSf;F neuhd ghijiaf;
fhz;gpj;jhd;
-gj;Qh KQk;kj; $ye;jhp

6) kw;Wk; mtd;/ c|]fis jphpe;J miye;J
bfhz:oUg]gjhf fz:lhd; kw;Wk; mtd; c|]fSf;F
tHp fhl]odhd;
- a{Rg] myp

Nuh 93/ Maj; 7 y; tUk; Maj;jpw;F Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; xg]gw;w/ <L ,izaw;w
mw;g[jkhd bkhHpahf;fk; ,g]nghJ ghh]g]nghk;/

kw;Wk; mtd; c|]fis mtdJ md;gpdpy;
\H;fpapUg]gjhff; fz:lhd;/ mjdhyna mtdplj]jpw;nf
brd;wila[k; tHpiaf; bfhLj;jhd;
- irajP Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp

cykhf;fspd; bjspt[iu
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
,iwtdJ md;gpdpy; vg]bghGJnk \H;fpapUg]gjhy;/ yh
,yhQh ,y;yy; yh Q% vd;w Vfj;Jtj;jpy; xd;whfp/
mtdplj;jpw;nf brd;wila[k; tHpiaf; bfhLj;jhd;.

khjphp 2:
Nuh @gj; Maj; 1y; tUk; trdj;jpw;F bkhHpahf;fk; :

1. ckJ ght|;fspy; Ke;jpatw;iwa[k;/ gpe;jpatw;iwa[k;
kd;dpg]gjw;fhf ,e;j btw;wpiaf; bfhLj;njhk;.
- m#;ug] myp jhdtp/
- nf. V. ep$hKj;jPd; kd;gaP
- Mh].nf. mg]Jy; fhjph] ghftp
- mg]Jy; tQhg] M.A.
27

2. ckJ Kd;ndhh]fs; kw;Wk; gpd;ndhh]fspd;
(ck;kj;Jfspd;) ght|;fis kd;dpg]gjw;fhf ,e;j
btw;wpia bfhLj;njhk;.

cykhf;fspd; bjspt[iu:
ght|;fis tpl]L J}a;ikahdth]/ mth] ghtk; bra;jth] vd;W
Twpdhy; ekJ <khd; gwp ngha;tpLk;. epr]rakhf
Kd;ndhh]fspd; ght|;fisa[k; gpd;dhy; tuf;Toa
ck;kj;Jfspd; ght|;fisa[k; kd;dpf;Fk; bghUl]Lk;/
,!;yhj;ij ghpg{uzk; bra;tjw;Fk; ,e;j btw;wpia my;yhQ;
mspj;jhd;. ( KGikahf ,!;yhj;ij Vw;Wf; bfhz:lth]fs;-
ght|;fis tpl]L J}a;ikg]gLj;jg] gLfpwhh]fs;.)

khjphp 3 :
Nuh @ghj;jpQh Maj; 5y; tUk; trdj;jpw;F bkhHpahf;fk; :

1. v|;fSf;F neuhd ghijia fhl]Lthahf!
- m#;ug] myp jhdtp kw;Wk;
xl]L bkhj;j tQhgpfs;

2. v|;fis neuhd ghijapy; elj;Jthahf!

cykhf;fspd; bjspt[iu :
neuhd ghijia fhl]Lthahf! vdpy;/ eh|;fs;
,Jtiu rj;jpakhd ghijia fz:ljpy;iy mjdhy;
,iwth! v|;fSf;F fhl]Lthahf! eh|;fs; ghh]j;Jf;
bfhs;fpnwhk;. rj;jpag]ghijapy; elg]gjw;F kdkpy;iy vd;Wk;
Twyhk;.

khwhf/ neuhd ghijapy; elj;Jthahf! vd;gjw;F
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;/ my;yhQ;tpd;
gphpakhd egpahf te;jjd; bghUl]Lk;/ eh|;fs; mth] kPJ
28

itj;j KG ek;gpf;ifahy; (<khdhy;) eh|;fs; neh]tHpahd
rj;jpaj;ij (cz:ikia) fz:Lf;bfhz:nlhk;. Mdhy;/
,iwth! (my;yhQ;) eh|;fs; elg]gjw;F rf;jpaw;wth]fshf
,Uf;fpnwhk;. mjdhy; eP v|;fis rj;jpag]ghijapy;
elj;Jthahf! vd;W TWfpnwhk;.

ghU|]fs;! Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; xg]gw;w/ <L ,izaw;w cz:ikahd
bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[! nkYk; g[dpj egp !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;ykpd; khpahijf;F Fiwt[ Vw;glhkYk;/
fz:zpaj;JlDk;/ kpff; ftdKld; mHfhd brhw;fis
gad;gLj;JtJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; jdpr;rpwg]ghFk;.

jd;Dila mjpfg]goahd neuj;ij rl]lk; rk;ge;jkhd
g[j;jf|]fis vGJtjpYk;/ gj;th tH|]FtjpYk;
brytHpj;jhh]. mjdhy; KGj; jpUf;Fh]Mdpw;Fk; tpsf;ft[iu
vGj neukpy;yhky; nghdJ. ,Ug]gpDk; rpy ed;F fy;tpf; fw;w
nkijfspd; fUj;jhtJ/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; midj;J g[j;jf|]fisa[k; xd;W
jpul]odhy; KGj; jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; tpsf;ft[iu fpilf;f mjpf
tha]g]g[fs; ,Ug]gjhff; TWfpd;wdh].

gp!;kpy]yhQph]uQ;khdph]uQPk; vd;gjw;F Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ePz:l
brhw;bghHpt[ g[j;jf totpy; cs;sJ. vspa eilapy; cs;s
,e;j E}y; my; kPyhJd; egptpa;ah vd;w jiyg]gpy; ; cs;sJ.

xU Kiw/ Q$;uj; kt;yhd #h mg]Jy; fhjph] rhQpg]
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;QPtpd; re;jdf;Fl (c+!;)
itgtj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp Nuh
tj;JQh gw;wp fhiy 9 kzpapypUe;J gpw;gfy; 3 kzp tiu
bjhlh]e;J 6 kzp neuk; Nuh tj;JQhit kl]Lk; tpsf;fpdhh].
jd;Dila tpsf;ft[iuia Koj;Jf;bfhz:L brhd;dhh;fs;
29

ehd; 80% tpsf;ft[iuiajhd; ,e;j Nuhtpw;F
vGjpa[s;nsd; vd;whh]. mg]goahdhy; KGj;
jpUf;Fh]Mdpw;Fk; tpsf;ft[iu vGJtjw;F neuk; vg]go
fpilf;Fk;> vd;W ehk; nahrpj;Jg] ghh]f;f ntz:Lk;.

ftpij Zhdk;

,khk; mQkj; u$h(z) fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh
md;Q% mth;fs; jk;Kila mjpfg]goahd neuj;ij ftpij
,aw;Wtjpy; brytHpg]ghh]fs;. ,tUila ftpijfs;
midj;Jk; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
mth]fisg] gw;wpa g[fH; ghkhiyfshFk;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; ftpijfspypUe;J
mtUila Md;kh kw;Wk; beZ;rk; egpfs; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fhjy; flypy; \H;fpapUg]gij
fz:Lf; bfhs;syhk;.

ftpijfs; #hpmj; rl]l tuk;gpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. xt;bthU
ftpij thpfSk; ,y;Qhk; vd;w Kj;Jf;fshy;
my|]fhpf;fg]gl]oUf;Fk;. ,y;Qhk; vd;gJ mt;ypah
my;yhf;fspd; kdjpy; my;yhQ;thy; kfpHg]gl]L mUsg]bgw;w
Xh] cd;djkhd czh]t[ MFk;. ,J mk;gpah
miyQp!yhk;fSf;F fpilf;fg]bgw;w tQPiag] nghd;W/
mt[ypahf;fs; ,y;Qhk; fpilf;fg] bgWthh]fs;.

ftpij vd;gJ bgUk;ghYk; fw;gidahfnt mika[k;.
Mdhy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
xt;bthU ftpij thpfSk; jpUf;Fh]Md; kw;Wk; QjP!;fspd;
tpsf;ft[iuia gpujpgypg]gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila ftpijfis mugp/
cUJ/ ghurPf bkhHpfspy; ,aw;wpdhh]fs;. ,J vy;yhk; xd;whf
bjhFf;fg]gl]L Qjhapnf gf;#p#; (ght|]fs; kd;dpf;fg]gLk;
g{|]fhtdk;) vd;w g[j;jf totpy; cs[;sJ. cyf mstpy;
cs;s kf;fs; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
30

mth]fSila fhjiy bjhptpg]gjw;F Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; ftpijfisna beZ;rk; cUf/
fz:fspy; Mde;jf; fz:zPh] bgUf/ ey;y uhf|]fnshL
gof;fpd;wdh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; ftpijfspy; xd;whd/

cd; fp kQf; nd jpy; fp Fd;r;nr fpyh jpah iQ.
$p!; uhQ; ry; jpna iQ Tr;nr g!h jpah iQ.

(uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yKila eWkzk;
kdjpDila \iy KLf;bfy;yhk; gutpaJ. ve;j gf;fk;
brd;whh]fnsh/ me;j \iyfbsy;yhk; mtUila trk;
Mapd.)

vd;w Kjy; moahf bjhl|]Fk; ftpijia Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ mf;fhyj;jpy;
ftpij ,aw;Wtjpy; rpwe;J tps|]fpa $dhg] jhf;
bjQ;ytpaplk; bfhLj;jDg]gp jpUj;jk; VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy; rhpr;
bra;a brhd;dhh]fs;. ,ijf; nfl]l jhf; bjQ;ytp
te;jth]fis nehf;fp eP|]fs; bfhz:L te;jpUg]gJ Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; Myh (cah]e;j)
ftpij. ,jpy; jpUj;jk; vdr; brhy;tjw;Fk;/ ,Ug]gjw;Fk;
tha;g]gpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;jf; ftpijj; bjhlh] Kw;Wg]bgwhky;
cs;sJ. ,jpy; ehd;/ filrp moia vd;Dila
gf;fj;jpypUe;J vGj Mirg]gLfpnwd;. jat[r; bra;J Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; ntz:of;
bfhs;S|]fs;/ ,ij khw;wk; bra;a ntz:lhbkd;W vdf; Twp
filrp thpia ,t;thW vGjpdhh]fs;.

Ky;nf Rfd; fp #hQp Jk; F u$h(z) K!y;yk;
$p!; !pk;j; Mfna nQh/ rpf;nf gpl]lh jpna iQ

(mstpy;yh bgU epk;kjpia mspf;Fk; ikahdJ (ngdh ik)
c|]fSilanj u$h. ey;thH;j;Jf;fs; c|]fSf;F/ eP|]fs;
jpUk;gpa jpirbay;yhk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQP miyQp
31

t!y;ykth]fSila epidit/ Kj;jpiu gjpj;J tpl;Oh]fs;.)

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jhd;
g[fHg]gLtij tpUk;ghj nghjpYk; jhf; bjQ;ytpapd; ntz:L
nfhSf;fpz|;f mij khw;wk; bra;ahky; tpl]Ltpl]lhh]fs;.
Mdhy; fy;tp mwpt[ ,y;yhj ngijfs; kw;Wk; tQhgpfs; gyh]
jk;ik jhnk g[fH;e;Jf; bfhs;syhnkh> vd;W cz:ikr]
rk;gtk; bjhpahky; csWfpd;wdh]. my;yhQ; vy;yhk;
mwpe;jtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;.

igmj; kw;Wk; fpyh@gj; bgWjy;

Qp$;hp 1294 y; jd;Dila 19 tajpy; ra;ajpdh Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;/ ,khKy; m!;gpah
ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%
mth]fsplk; igmj; vDk; Zhdj;jPl]ir bgw;W mthpd;
rPluhdhh]. igmj; bgw;w me;j Md;kPf epfH;r;rpia tptukhff;
fhz:nghk;.

xUKiw Q$;uj; kt;yhdh mg]Jy; fhjph] gjha[dp
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpw;F tUifg]
g[hpe;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F
kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpw;F tUkhW miHg]g[ tpLj;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSk; miHg]gpid
Vw;Wf;bfhz:L kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpw;F ,UtUkhf nrh]e;Jr;
brd;wdh].

kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpd; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F
te;jile;jt[ld; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp; miyQp
ehd; vd;Dila Kh]#jpd; (Md;kPff; FUtpd;) thridia
Efh]fpd;nwd; vd;W Twyhdhh]fs;. ,UtUkhf nrh]e;J
fhd;fhna gufhjp EiHe;jJk;/ ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% - Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fisf; fz:lJk; thU|]fs;/ c|]fspd;

32

tUiff;fhf ehd; ePz:l fhykhf fhj;jpUf;fpd;nwd;
vd;whh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh
md;Q% cldoahf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
mth]fSf;F igmj; bfhLj;J/ midj;J N@gp rpy;rpyhf;fspd;
fpyh@gj;ija[k;/ ,$h!j;ija[k; (mDkjp) bfhLj;J
Mrph]tjpj;jhh]fs;. mr;rkak; Q$;uj; ira;ajpdh mg[y;
Q%ird; E}hp gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% (Q$;uj;
kt;yhdh K!;jgh u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tpd;
FUththh]) me;j Md;kPfj;jPl]ir ghpkhWk; neuj;jpy;
cldpUe;jhh]. ,th] kpfr; rpwe;j mt;ypah my;yhQ; Mthh].
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; rpwg]ig
czh]e;jtUk; Mthh].

Q$;uj; mg[y; Q%ird; E}hp gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh
md;Q%/ ira;ajpdh #h Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh
md;Q%it ghh]j;J nfl]fyhdhh]fs;/ Q%$%h] (jiytnu)/
,e;ehs;tiu kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpd; tHf;fkhdJ ahuhtJ
Md;kPfj;jPl]ir bgwte;jhy;/ mtiu Khpjhf;Fnthk;/ mthplk;
fpyh@gj; bgw kdjpy; vz:zk; ,Ue;jhy;/ ehk; mtiu
,iwtHpapy; e@g]!pw;F vjpuhf nghuhl brhy;nthk;. nkYk;
mtuJ gapw;rpf;fhf fha;e;J nghd buhl]oj;Jz:Lfisa[k;
rhg]gplf; bfhLg]nghk;. ,jw;Fg] gpwF/ me;j egh] rhpahf
,Uf;fpwhh] vdj; bjhpe;j gpwnf xd;W my;yJ ,uz:L
rpy;rpyhf;fspd; fpyh@gj;ija[k;/ ,$h!j;ija[k;(mDkjp)
bfhLg]nghk;. Mdhy; ,d;W ,e;j thypgiu midj;J
rpy;rpyhf;fspd; fpyh@gj;ija[k;/ ,$h!j;ija[k;(mDkjp)
bfhLj;J Mrph]tjpj;jPh]fs; nkYk; eP|]fs; vGjpa
g[j;jf|]fis fhl]o/ mijbay;yhk; rhp ghh]f;ft[k; TwpdPh]fs;.
Vd; ,bjy;yhk;>>> vd;W Mr;rhpaj;Jld; tpdtpdhh;fs;.

mikjpahf nfl]Lf;bfhz:oUe;j ira;ajpdh #h
Mny uNy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% X! kf;fns!
c|;fSf;F mQkj; u$h gw;wp bjhpahJ. ,|]F tuf;Toa
33

kw;wth]fs; fpyh@gj;Jk;/ ,$h!j;J[k; bgWtjw;F Kd;
j|;fis mth]fs; gf;Ftg]gLj;jpf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk;. Mdhy;
mQkj; u$h fhd;/ vy;yhk; ty;y my;yhQ;thy;
jahh]gLj;jg]gl]nl ,|]F te;jhh]fs;. ,g]bghGJ mtUf;F
njitahdJ vy;yhk; vd;Dila bjhlh]g[ kl]Lk;jhd;
mjdhy;jhd; mQkj; u$h fhid vd;Dila KhPjhf;fpndd;
( rPluhf;fpndd;) vd;whh]. nkYk; vd; kdk; vg;bghGJk;
my;yhQ;tpDila gaj;jpdhy; mGJ bfhz:oUe;jJ vy;yhk;
fpahkj; ehspy; mtd; nfl]Fk; tpdhthd/ cyfj;jpypUe;J
vdf;fhf vd;d bfhz:L te;jpUf;fpwha;> vd;gjw;F ,Jtiu
vdf;F tpil bjhpahky; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;/ ,d;W me;jf;
ftiy jPh]e;jJ.

fpahkj; ehsd;W my;yhQ; vd;dplk;/ X! Mny uNy;!
vdf;fhf vd;d bfhz:L te;jpUf;fpwha;> vdf; nfl]ghd; vdpy;/
cldoahf vd;Dila ug]gpw;F(,iwtDf;F) ,khk; mQkj;
u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%it ghprhf mspg]ngd;
vd;whh].

,e;j nkd;ikkpf;f rk;gtk; irajP Myh Q$;uj;/
m$PKy; guf;fj;/ gh$pny gnuy;tp/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; cah]e;j juj;ij Rl]of;
fhl]Ltjw;F rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila
FUtpd; kPJk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpd; kPJk; msg]gwpah
khpahijiaa[k;/ md;iga[k; itj;jpUe;jhh]fs;. jd;Dila
FUtpd; (Kh]#jpd;) bjhlh]g[ itj;jpUg]gth]fisa[k; kpf;f
khpahijia Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mspj;J
te;jhh]fs;. kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpw;F brd;W Kh]#jpd; Mrpfis
bgwr; bry;Yk; nghJ/ jd;Dila fhyzpfis ,uapy;
epiyaj;jpnyna itj;Jtpl]L btWk; fhy;fSld; ele;J
brd;W jd;Dila FUtpw;F (Kh]#jpw;F) khpahijia
brYj;Jthh]fs;. ahuhtJ jd;Dila FUtplkpUe;J VjhtJ
jfty;fisnah/ my;yJ ghh]ry;fisnah bfhz:L te;jhy;
34

mth]fisa[k; kpf;f khpahija[lDk;/ fz:zpaj;JlDk;
elj;Jthh]fs;. te;jth]fis rhg]gplhky; bry;y mDkjp
mspf;fkhl]lhh]fs;/ jhnd tPl]ow;Fs; brd;W te;jth]fSf;fhd
czitj; jk; jiyapy; itj;Jf; bfhz:L te;J kpf;f
khpahija[ld; cgrhpg]ghh]fs;. te;jth]fis kpf fz:zpakhd
brhw;fshy; kl]Lnk ngRthh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs; bgw;w fpyh@gj; kw;Wk; ,$h!j;jpdhy;
yl]rf;fzf;fhndhh]fs; Q$;uj; mth]fspd; Khpjhdhh]fs;.
,d;wst[k; nfhof;fzf;fhdth]fis Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp tHp elj;Jfpwhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs; ,e;njh-ghf; Jizf;fz:lj;jpy; 30
fyp@ghf;fisa[k;/ cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspy;; 35
fyp@ghf;fisa[k; (gpujpepjpfs;) nrh]j;J bkhj;jk; 65
fyp@ghf;fis cUthf;fpdhh]fs;.

Kjy; g[dpj Q$; gazk;

uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y; yKila ut;yh
(k$hh]) #hP@g]ig fhqtjw;F mth]fspd; nerh]fs; Jog]gij
ahuhYk; vGjt[k;/ brhy;yt[k; KoahJ. M#pnf uNy;
(uNYy;yhtpd; fhjyd;) ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%tpd; fz:fs; kjPdh ja;apghtpd;
jh]ghiu fhqk; ghf;fpak; mthpd; Kjy; Q$;$py; #t;thy;
26/ Qp$;hp 1295 (1876) y; jd;Dila 20 tJ tajpy; fpilj;jJ.

fl]lhakhd Q$; flikfis Koj;jthW/ xU ehs;
kf;(@)hpg] bjhGifia kfhnk-,g]uhQPk; miyQp!yhk;
,lj;jpy; bjhGJ bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. bjhGJ Koj;jt[ld;
mtiu nehf;fp/ kf;fj;J Kfuk;khit rhh]e;j #h@gp kj;Qgpd;
Q$;uj; my;yhkh Q%ird; gpd; rhypQh u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%
beU|]fpdhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; fuj;ij gw;wpathW jd;Dila tPl;ow;F miHj;Jr;
brd;whh]. me;j khbghpa ,khk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
35

miyQp mth]fspd; bew;wpapy; ifia itj;jthW
Twpdhh]fs; epr;rakhf/ c|]fSila bew;wpapy;
my;yhQ;tpDila E}h] ,Ug]gij ghh]f;fpd;nwd; vd;whh].
nkYk; rpwpJk; jaf;fkpy;yhky; MW QjP!;fis bjhFj;jth]
vd rhd;wpjy; tH|]fp Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
mth]fSf;F $paht[j;jPd; (jPdpd; gpufhrkhd xspna!) vd;W
gl]lKk; bfhLj;jhh]fs;.

kjPdj;J cykhf;fshd/ Qdgp kj;Qig rhh]e;j Kg]jp
ira;ajpdh my;yhkh mg]Jh] uQ;khd; rpuh$; kw;Wk; Kg]jp
i#f; iraj; mQkj; jQyhd; #hgp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh
mth]fshYk; MW QjP!;fspd; bjhFg]ghsh] vd
rpwg]gpf;fg]gl]lhh]fs;.

tuyhw;W rpwg]g[kpf;f ,e;j g[dpj Q$; gazj;jpy;
ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;
kf;fh-kjPB ja;apghitr; rhh]e;j cykh bgUkf;fsplk; jg]yPf;
$khj;ij rhh]e;j njt;ge;j; cykhf;fspd; jtwhd
bfhs;iffs;/ ek;gpf;iffis gw;wp Fw;wk; rhl]odhh]. mjw;F
Mjhukhf jd;Dila g[j;jf|]fshd my;$hK Rd;dh yp
mQyp gpj;dh kw;Wk; my; KjhkJy; K!;jdhj; vd;gjpy;
mth]fs; brhy;ypaij/ vGjpaij gl]oaypl;L mjw;F
tpiliaa[k; Twp rkh]g]]gpj;jhh]fs;. ,ijf; ftdkhf fz:qw;w
kf;fh Kfuk;kh kw;Wk; kjPB Kdt;tuhit rhh]e;j
cykhf;fs;/ xU Kf;fpakhd gpugykhd g[j;jfkhd
Qp!;!hKy; Quikd; vd;gjpy; gj;thf;fis vGjpdhh]fs;.
mjpy; my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; mth]fis juf;Fiwthft[k;/ nfypahft[k;
ngrpath]fs;/ vGjpath]fis fLikahf fz;oj;jhh]fs;. mjd;
tptukhdJ/

Kjy; @gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[ )

my; KjhkJy; K!;jdhj; g[j;jfj;jpy; ,lk; bgw;w
jtwhd bfhs;iffspd; jtwhd jiyth;fs;/ kpff; bfl]l
36

rhj;jhd;fis fhl]oYk; kpf nkhrkhdth]fs;. ,th]fSila
bfl;lr] bray;fshy; juk; bfl]l nkhrkhd ek;gpf;if
Jnuhfpfshf khwpa[s;sdh].

fath]fis cyfpw;F btspf;fhl]oa ,khk; mQkj;
u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fis
my;yhQ;tpd; btFkjpfs; fpl]ll]Lk;/ my;yhQ; ,th]fspd;
mhpa ntiyfis bghUe;jp bfhs;sl]Lk; nkYk; kf;fspd;
kdjpy; Xh] cah]e;j ,lj;ij bfhLf;fl]Lk;.

eht[k; mtuJ vGj;Jf;fSk; fl]lisfis bfhLf;fpd;wd.
Vbddpy; ,iwtd; tpUk;g[fpwtw;iw KGtJkhf
bgwf;Toatuhf ,Uf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifahsuhf jpfH;fpwhh]fs;.:
gj;th tH|]fpath] KQk;kj; raPj; gpd; ghg]!Py;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/
#hgp kj;Qgpd; K@g]jp kf;fh

,uz:lhk; @gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[ )

X! gog]gth]fns! my; KjhkJy; K!;jdhj; vd;Dk;
g[j;jfk; c|]fs; iffspy; ,Ug]gJ mtrpak; vd epidf;fpnwd;.
,e;jg] g[j;jfk; c|]fSf;F kpfr; rpwe;j Mjhuk; MFk;. mjpYk;
Fwpg]ghf tQhgprf; bfhs;iffSf;F ,J Xh] rpwe;j
kWg]ghFk;. tQhgpfs; ahh] vd;why;> egpj;Jtj;ij chpik
bfhz;lhoa Fyhk; mQkj; fhjpahdp kw;Wk;
khh]fj;jpypUe;J btspnawp tpl]L/ g[dpj egpfspd;
fz:zpaj;ija[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; nftyg]gLj;Jk; fhrpk;
ehndhj;tp/ u#Pj; mQkj; f|;nfhQp/ fyPy; mQkj; mk;ngl]tp/;
m#;ug] myp jhdtp kw;Wk; ,th]fis gpd;gw;Wgth]fs;.
epr;rakhf ,th]fs; g{kpapy; FHg]gk; tpistpg]gth]fs;/
,th]fspd; ghija[k; mt;thwhdnj MFk;.

,th]fs; (tQhgpfs;) v|;nf muh$fk; bra;fpwhh]fs;
37

vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl]oa ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fSf;F my;yhQ; Rgr;bra;jp
tH|]fl]Lk;. my;yhQ;tpd; fUiza[k;/ fpUiga[k; Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; kPJk;/ mtuJ
FLk;gj;jhh] kPJk;/ FHe;ijfs; kPJk; bghHpe;J fpahkj; ehs;
tiu cz:ik ngRgth]fshfnt ,Uf;fl]Lk;. MkPd;.
gj;th tH|]fpath] KQk;kj; gpd; mg]J!;!yhk;
jhfp!;jhdp u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/
K@g]jp kjPdj;Jy; Kdt;tuh

\d;whk; @gj;th ( khh]f;fj; jPh]g]g[ )

mstw;w mUshsd;/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fis vg]bghGJk;
kfpH;r;rpahft[k;/ ghJfhg]ghft[k; itf;fl]Lk;.
khh]f;fj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fg]gl]l rhj;jhd;fshd kph]rh Fyhk;
mQkj; fhjpahdp/ u#Pj; mQkj; f|]nfhQp/ fyPy; mk;ngl]tp
kw;Wk; m#;ug] myp jhdtp Mfpnahh] g[dpj egpfshh] uNy;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik juf;Fiwthft[k;/
gHpj;Jk;/ ngrpa[k;/ vGjpa[k; tUfpd;wdh]. ,th]fs; fh@gph]fs;
vdf; TWtjpy; ve;j tpj re;njfKk; ,y;iy. ,e;jr;
rhj;jhd;fis fh@gph]fs; vdf; TWtjpypUe;J jLf;Fk;
mjpfhuKilath]fSk; fh@gph]fns!, ,th]fSf;F
kuzj;jz:lid bfhLf;fg]gl ntz:Lk;.
gj;th tH|]fpath] my;yhQ;tpd; moik KQk;kj;
gpd; Qk;jhd; kQrhp u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/
k!;$pnj egtpa;apd; CHpad;

,uz:lhk; g[dpj Q$; gazk;

,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%
jk;Kila ,uz:lhtJ g[dpj Q$; gazj;ij Qp$;hp 1323
(1905)y; jd;Dila 49tJ tajpy; epiwntw;wpdhh]fs;.

38

Jy;Qh$; 25 k; ehs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
kPz:Lk; xU Kiw kf;fj;J bghpa cykhf;fshd i#f;
rhypQh fkhy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ my;yhkh iraj;
,!;khapy; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% kw;Wk; gy N@gp
cykhf;fis re;jpf;Fk; tha;g]ig bgw;whh]fs;. mth]fs;
midtUk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQpapd; kPJ
khpahijiaa[k;/ md;iga[k; bghHpe;jhh]fs;.

mr;rkaj;jpy; my;yhkh i#f; rhypQh fkhy;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fsplk; kf;fj;J tQhgp Mypk;fs; nfl]Fk;
kiwthd Zhd|]fis (,y;nk ifg]) gw;wpa 5 nfs;tpfis
vLj;J itj;jhh]fs;. nkYk; 2 ehl]fspy; mf;nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpy; mspf;FkhW ntz:of;bfhz:lhh]fs;.

mjw;fLj;j ehs; fLk; fha;r]ryhy; mtjpg]gl]lhh]fs;. ,Ue;j
nghjpYk; kiwthd Zhd|]fisg] gw;wpa nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpiy mspf;Fk; bghWg]ig czh]e;jth]fsha;/ jd;Dila
ngdhtpid vLj;J mugp bkhHpapy; 400 gf;f|]fis 8 kzp
neuj;jpy; vGjp Koj;jhh]fs;. jd;Dila g[j;jfj;jpw;F my;
jt;yJy; kf;fpa;ah gpy; khjj;jpy; ifgpa;ah vdg]
bgahpl]lhh]fs;.

fy;tp Zhdj;jpy; rpwe;J tps|]fpa kf;fh efuj;J cykh
bgUkf;fs;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; bjspthd gjpy;fisa[k;/ rhpahd neuj;jpy;
brhy;ypathW bra;jija[k; ghh]j;J Mr;rhpaj;Jld; tpspe;J
epd;whh]fs;. gpd;dhspy; xUth] fz:Lg]gpoj;jhh]/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; g[j;jfkhd my; jt;yJy;
kf;fpa;ah gpy; khjj;jpy; ifgpa;ah y; cs;s bkhj;j
jiyg]g[fspy; cs;s vGj;Jf;fspd; Tl]Lj;bjhifahdJ 1323
MFk;. ,J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs; jkJ
,uz:lhtJ g[dpj Q$; bra;j mnj Qp$;hp 1323tJ Mz:il
Fwpg]gJ Mr] rhpak; MFk;!
39

g[dpj egpfshh] uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; mth]fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk;Kila
,uz:lhtJ g[dpj Q$; gazj;jpy; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fisf; fhz ntz:Lk; vd;w Mty;
kpFe;J vGe;jjd; fhuzkhf bjhlh]r;rpahf j+nj #hP@g]ig
mHfhft[k;/ jhH;ika[lDk; jpUegpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk; k$(r)hh] #hP@g] Kd; Xjpf;
bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yikf; fhqnthk; vd;w ek;gpf;if Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; kdJf;Fs; nt+d;wpaJ.

me;j ,ut[ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs;/ g[dpj egpfshh] uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; jpUr; rd;dpjhdj;jpd; Kd; j|;fpapUe;j ,uz:lhtJ
,uthFk;. me;j ,unt uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yik fhqk; bghd;dhd tha;g]igg] bgw;whh]fs;. me;j
,dpa jUzj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; KG
moikahdhh]fs;. gpwF jd; ngdhit vLj;J egpfshhpd;
g[fH;khiyia (ehj; #hP@g]) vGjpdhh]fs;.

nth N v yh yh $hh] gph]nj iQd;
(c|]fis Rw;wp Mapuk; Mapuk; thdth]fs; jphpfpwhh]fs;)

vd;w Kjy;thpiaf; bfhz:L Muk;gpf;Fk; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp filrp thpia ,g]go vGJfpwhh]fs;

nfhap fpa[d; g{r;nr njhp ghj; u$h/
J$;nr Fj;nj Q$hh] gph]nj iQd;
(cd;idg] gw;wp ahuhtJ nfl]lhy; u$h/ c|]fspd; eha;fs;
Mapuk; jphpe;J bfhz:oUf;fpwJ mJg]nghy;)

40

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; kjpB
ja;apghit tpl]L fpsk;g[k; neuj;jpy; kPz:Lk; xUKiw
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik fhz
tpUk;gpdhh]fs;. Mdhy; Koatpy;iy/ mjdhy; fz:
fy|;fpath]fshf jd;Dila ftpijapd; filrp thpfis
c|]fspd; eha;fs; Mapuk; jphpe;J bfhz:oUf;fpwJ
mJg]nghy; vd vGjpf;bfhz:oUf;Fk; nghJ g[dpj
egpfshh] uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; k$h(z)h]
#hP@g]g[f;F gpd; gf;fkhf epd;W bfhz:L fhl]rpaspj;jhh]fs;.
,jidf; fz:l Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ml
Va; u!h/ cd;Dila kdJ gw;wpa tpyhrk; g[dpj egpfshhpd;
jpUr;rd;dpjhdj;jpy; bjhpa te;jJ/ vg]go mile;jha; vd;W
kl]Lk; nfl]fhnj/ vg]go mij mile;jha; vd;W kl]Lk;
nfl]fhnj/ cdf;F my;yhQ; nghJkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
cdf;F my;yhQ; nghJkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
vd;fpwhh]fs;.

g[dpj egpfshh] uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; kPJ nerk;

jd;Dila thH;ehspd; xt;bthU fzKk; g[dpj egpfshh]
KQk;kj; K!;jgh uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik
g[fH;e;Jf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. vijr; bra;jhYk; my;yhQ;
kw;Wk; mtDila uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd;
jpUg]bghUj;jj]jpw;fhfnt bra;jhh]fs;.

xUKiw Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs; gnuy;tpapy; cs;s u$h k!;$pjpy; ,Ue;jhh]fs;.
mg]bghGJ xU k$;Ng]ig (my;yhQ;tpd; typ) re;jpf;f
neh]e;jhh]fs;. k$;Ng]ghd Q$;uj; njhfh #h
u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
mth]fisg] ghh]j;J X! mQkj; u$h! ehd; uNy;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; Mw;wiy g{kpapy; kl]Lk;
41

jhd; ghh]f;fpd;nwd;/ thdpy; ,y;iy vd;whh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mjw;F
gjpyhf uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; Mw;wy;
thdj;jpy; cs;sJ nghd;nw g{kpapYk; cs;sJ vd;whh]fs;.
k$;Ng] cldoahf ,y;iy/ ,y;iy vd;dhy; thdpy; mtuJ
Mw;wiy ghh]f;f Koatpy;iy vd;whh]. kPz:Lk; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp eP|]fs; ghh]j;jhYk; rhpna/
ghh]f;fhtpl]lhYk; rhpna/ uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;ykpd; Mw;wy; thdj;jpYk; g{kpapYk; cs;sJ.
vd;whh]fs;. clnd k$;Ng] Md;kPff; nfhgj;jpy; cah]e;j
Fuypy; ngh! mtid ehd; js;sp tpLfpnwd; vd;whh]fs;.

mr;rkak; tPl]od; nky;Tiuapy; rpW FHe;ijahd
kt;yhdh K!;jgh u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q%
tpisahof;bfhz:oUe;J fPnH tpGe;J tpl]lhh]fs;. Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp tPl;ow;Fs; EiHe;jJk;
mtuJ jhahh] brhd;dhh]fs; cdf;F bjhpa[ky;yth>
k$;Ng]fsplk; tpthjk; bra;tijf; fhl;oYk; mikjpahf
,Ug]gJ ey;ybjd;W.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila
kfid miHj;J mog]gl]ljh> vdf; nfl]lhh]fs;. ,y;iy vd;W
gjpy; te;jJk;/ ehd; Mapuk; K!;jgh u!hf;fis uNy;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; re;njh#j;jpw;fhf
(u$ht[f;fhf) jpahfk; bra;a jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;nwd;. Mdhy;
xU nghJk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd;
fz:zpaj;ij Fiwf;Fk; xU brhy;iyahtJ brhy;tjw;F
ehd; tp;l khl]nld;. vd;whh]fs;.

rpwpJ neuk; fHpj;J me;j k$;Ng]/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; jpUk;gp te;J X!
mQkj; u$h! eP|]fs; jhd; btw;wpahsh]fs;/ ek;Kila
thjj;ij Ry;jhDy; Qpe;j; Q$;uj; fh$h fhPg] eth!;
42

u$pay;yhQ%jMyhmd;Q% mth]fsplk; bfhz:Lr;brd;nwd;.
mth] c|]fSf;F rhjfkhf gjpyspj;jhh]fs;.
my;Qk;Jypy;yhQ;! c|]fspd; Mrph]thjj;jhy; ehd;
,g]bghGJ uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd;
kfpikia thdj;jpYk; Tl ghh]f;fpd;nwd;. vd;whh]fs;.

Q$;uj; kt;yhdh eaPKj;jPd; Kuhjhghjp/ xUKiw
Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk; Vd;
eP|]fs; ira;ajpdh uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQP miyQp
t!y;yk; mth]fspd; fz:zpaj;ij Fiwf;Fk; tifapy;
ele;Jf; bfhs;gth]fsplk;/ fLikahf ele;Jf; bfhs;fpwPh]fs;>
vd;W tpdtpdhh]. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp X! kt;yhdh! ehd; mth]fsplk; fLikahf ele;Jf;
bfhs;fpnwd;/ mth]fs; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
mth]fspd; fz:zpaj;ija[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; bfLg]gjw;F
gjpyhf vd;id mth]fs; ,yf;fhf;fp bfhs;sl]Lk;. mijg]gw;wp
ehd; ftiyg] gl nghtjpy;iy. vd;id ntz:Lkhdhy;
mth]fs; J}w;wpf;bfhs;sl]Lk;. Mdhy; vd;Dila md;gpw;Fhpa
jiytuhd $dhng KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk;/ tQhgpfs; brhy;Yk; midj;J ght|]fspypUe;Jk;
tpLgl]lth]fs; - J}a;ikahdth]fs;. vd;whh]fs;.

Dr.fh]uh] Q%ird;/ Jiznte;jh] - gYrp!;jhd;
gy;fiyf;fHfk;. TWifapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp/ egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
kPJ fhl]oa md;g[k; khpahijiaa[k; ghh]f;Fk; nghJ/ me;j
md;g[ ,y;yhtpoy; ,!;yhk; vd;gJ capuw;w cliyg]
nghd;wjhFk; vdj; bjhpfpwJ. caph] vd;gnj uNy;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; kPJ fhl]Lk; md;g[k;
khpahija[k; jhd; MFk;. vd;fpwhh].

ira;aJkhh]fis nerpj;jy;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; g[dpj
43

egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd;
tHpj;njhd;wy;fshd ira;aJkhh]fis vt;thW nerpj;J
khpahij bra;a ntz:Lk; vd cyf K!;ypk;fSf;F
,r;rk;gtk; \yk; TWfpwhh]fs;.

xU ehs; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ% jMyh
md;Q% xUthpd; miHg]gpid Vw;W mthpd; tPl]ow;F
gy;yhf;fpy; brd;Wf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. jpObud;W ira;ajpdh
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp gy;yhf;if epWj;j
brhd;dhh]fs; nkYk; gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgth]fis nehf;fp ehd;
c|]fspy; xUthplkpUe;J ira;ajpDila thridia
Efh]fpd;nwd;. ahh] c|]fspy; ira;aj; guk;giuia
rhh]e;jth]fs;> vd;W TwpathW gy;yhf;fpypUe;J btspna
te;jhh]fs;.

me;j gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgth]fspy; xUth] jhd; ira;aj;
vd;W ja|]fpathnw Twpdhh]. clndna vy;yh fy;tp
Zhd|;fspYk; nkd;ikahd Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp ira;aJkhh]fspd; epiyikiaf; fz;L fz:fspy;
fz:zPh] rpe;jpathW me;j ira;aJ eghpd; fhy;fisg] gw;wp;/
jd;id kd;dpf;FkhW jhH;ika[ld; ntz:of;bfhz:lhh]fs;.
ehis fpahkj; ehspy; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; vd;idg] ghh]j;J/ mth]fspd; g[dpj guk;giuia
nftyg]gLj;jptpl]lha; vd Twpdhy; ehd; vd;d bra;ntd; vd;W
Joj;jhh]fs;.

ira;aJkhuhd me;j gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgth] Q$;uj;
mth]fis kd;dpj;J tp;l]lhh]fs; ,Ue;jnghjpYk; M#pnf
uNy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ me;j
ira;aJkhiu mnj gy;yhf;fpy; cl]fhu itj;J jd;Dila
g[dpjkhd njhs;fspy; me;j gy;yhf;if Rke;Jf; bfhz:L
brd;whh]fs;. my;yhQ% mf;gh]!

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp me;j
gy;yhf;F J}f;Fgtiu rhjhuz kdpjdhf fUjhky;/ g[dpj
44

egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd;
guk;giuia rhh]e;jth]fs; vdf; fUjp bfhLj;j
khpahija[k;/md;g[k; ghh]g]gth]fis tpag]gpy; MH;j;jpaJ!

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsJ
miwapd; gf;fj;jpy; xU ira;aj; guk;giuia nrh]e;j xU
rpWtd; tpisahLthd;. mr;rpWtd; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; miwia flf;f
nehpl]lhy;/ clndna Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
khpahij epkph]j;jk; fhuzkhf vGe;J epd;W tpLthh]fs;.
mr;rpWtd; xU ehisf;F 10 Kiw flf;f nehpod;/ Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSk; 10 Kiw vGe;J
epd;W khpahij brYj;Jthh]fs;.

Rd;dj;Jfisg] gpd;gw;Wjy;

,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd;
Rd;dj;fisg] gpd;gw;Wtjpy; kpf;f Mh]tkhf ,Ug]ghh]fs;. gpd;
tUk; rk;gt|;fspypUe;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp Rd;dj;Jfspd; kPJ itj;jpUe;j ek;gpf;iffis ehk;
milahsk; fz:Lf; bfhs;syhk;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdf;F neh]e;j
rk;gtj;ij jhnd Twyhdhh]fs; gnuy;tpapy; xU Kiw
gpnsf; neha; gutpa[s;sjhf tje;jp fpsk;gpaJ/ mr;rkaj;jpy;
vdJ <Wfspy; xU tifahd khw;w|;fs; Vw;gl]L kpf;f typia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ/ kpf;f typapd; fhuzkhf vd;dhy; thiaj;
jpwf;f Tl Koatpy;iy/ mjDld; nrh]e;J fha;r;rYk;
te;Jtpl]lJ. vd; cly;epiy kpf nkhrkhdJ! lhf;lh] te;J rpy
kzpj;Jspfs; vd;id Th]e;J ftdpj;J gpnsf; nehahy;
mtjpa[Wfpnwd; vd;W Twpdhh]. vd;dhy; mg;nghJ ngr
Koatpy;iy ,y;iybad;why; lhf;lhpd; fzpg;g[ jtW vd;W
TwpapUg;ngd;.

45

Vbdd;why; vdf;F kpfg]bghpa tpahjpfs; vJt[k; tuhJ
vd;W bjhpa[k;/ vg]gobadpy; ehd; Vw;fdnt uNYy;yhQ;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fs; brhd;dgo bfhoa
kw;Wk; jPtpu neha;fspypUe;J fhg]ghw;Wk; ,e;j JMit
my;Qk;J ypy;yhQpy; y$p M@gpdp kpk; kg]jpyf gpQp t
@gj; jy;dp myh fjPuk; kpkk; fyf j@g]jPyd;
Xjpf;bfhz:nld;. mjdhy; vdf;F gpnsf; neha; nghd;w bfhoa
neha;fs; tuhJ vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ.

rpwpJ neuj;jpy; kpFe;j khpahija[ld; ehd; rw;W
rj;jkhf ah my;yhQ;! cdJ gphpakhd QgPg] uNny fhPk;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; thf;if
cz:ikahf;F! lhf;lhpd; fzpg]ig bgha;ahf;Fvd;W
kd;whondd;. mg]bghGJ vdJ tyJ gf;fj;jpypUe;J xU
rj;jj;ijf; nfl]nld; mjpy; kp!;thf; kw;Wk; fUkpsif
gad;gLj;JkhW mwpt[iwg]gLj;jg]gl;lJ! clndna rpwpJ
f#;lj;Jld; vGe;J kp!;thf;if bfhz:L gy; Jyf;fpndd;/
fUkpsif khj;jpiuiag] nghy; vd; ehtpy; itj;jpUe;njd;.
rpwpJ neuj;jpy; my;yhQ;tpd; kfpikahy; ehd; Fzk;
mile;njd;. vdJ gyj;ija[k; bgw;nwd;. lhf;lhpd; fzpg]g[
jtwhdJ mog]gilna ,y;yhjJ vd;W brhy;yp mDg]gpndd;.
vd;whh]fs;.

kt;yhdh KQk;kj; #hP@g] vd;gth] Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNYy;yhQ;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fs; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk;
ek;gpf;ifia Fwpg]gpLk; rk;gtj;ij gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhh]fs;/
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mtuJ je;ija[ld;
Q$;i$ Koj;Jf; bfhz:L fg]gypy; tUk; nghJ xU g[ay;
cUthdJ. fg]gypd; nfg]ld; g[aypd; ntfj;ij gw;wpa[k;
mjdhy; caph]g]gpiHg]gJ fodk; vd;gija[k; fg]gypy;
cs;sth]fSf;F vr;rhpf;ifa{l;o ghJfhg]g[ fyd;fis
cLj;jpf; bfhs;SkhW Twpf; bfhz;oUe;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk; je;ij ftiya[ld; ,Ug]gij

46

nehf;fpdhh]. mtuJ je;ij Twpdhh] vdJ ftiy vy;yhk;
cd;idg] gw;wpaJjhd; vd;whh]fs;. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp je;ijna! nfg]ld; ek;ik
iftpl]lhYk; my;yhQ; ek;ik fhg]ghw;Wthd;. uNYy;yhQ;
!y;yy;yhQP miyQp t!y;yk; Twpa[s;shh]fs; ahh] ,e;j
JMit Rg]Qhdy; y$p(Z) rf;fu ydh Qh$h(Z) tkh
Fd;dh yQ% Kf;hpaPd; t ,d;dh ,yh ug]gpdh y Kd;
fypg{(B)d; gazj;jpd; nghJ Xjpf;bfhs;fpwhh]fnsh/ mth]fs;
vg]ngw;gl]l tpgj;JfspypUe;Jk; jg]gpj;Jf; bfhs;thh]fs;.

vdnt ehd; ,e;j JMit fg]gypy; EiHa[k; nghnj
Twptpl]nld; vd;whh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp ,t]thW Twpf;bfhz:oUf;Fk; nghnj nfg]ld; kpf
re;njh#khf te;J g[aypd; jpir khwptpl]lJ vd;W kfpH;r;rp
bgh|;f gazpfsplk; bjhptpj;jhh]. nkYk; gazpfs; ahUk;
ftiyg]gl njitapy;iy/ fg]gypw;F ve;j tpj Mgj;Jkpy;iy
vd;whh].

bfsJ ehafk; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fs; kPJ nerk;

,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%/
ira;ajpdh bfsJy; M$k; Q$;uj; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph]
$Pyhdp u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fspd; kPJ
mstpy;yh md;g[k; khpahija[k; itj;jpUe;jhh]fs;. Q$;uj;
KQj;jpn! M$k; Qpe;j; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%
TWfpwhh]fs; : ehd; jhUy; ,@g]jh gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpy; ,Uf;Fk;
nghJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 11 +gha;f;F
kjpg;ghd ,dpg]g[ gz:l|;fis th|]fp te;J ira;ajpdh
bfsJy; M$k; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fspd; kPJ
ghj;jpQh Xjp/ ,dpg]g[ gz:l|;fis gfph]e;J bfhLf;f
brhd;dhh]fs;.

jpObud;W Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
47

kz:oapl]L j#hQ%j; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mUfpy; brd;W
ghh]j;jg] nghJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
jd;Dila Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l ehtpd; Edpahy;/ rpe;jpa rpy
ghj;jpQh jg]+f;if (gpurhjj;ij) vLj;J rhg]gpl]Lf;
bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp/ ira;ajpdh bfsJy;
M$k; Q$;uj; i#f; mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% mth]fspd; kPJ epiwa g[fH;
ghkhiyfis vGjpa[s;shh]fs;.

cyf thH]f;ifapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp rpy Vf;fh]
epy|;fSf;F chpikahsuhf ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mjDila KG
bghWg]iga[k; ek;gpf;iff;F chpath]fsplk; xg]gilj;J tpl]L
rpy khj thliffis kl]Lk; bgw;W te;jhh]fs;. me;j khj
thlifia ira;aJkhh]fSf;F tpUe;J tH|;ft[k;/
g[j;jf|;fis th|;ft[k; bryt[r; bra;J tpLthh]fs;. Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jd;Dila ghf;bfl]fspy;
xU rpy ehza|;fisna itj;jpUg]ghh]fs;. mth] vg]bghGJk;
jkf;F brhe;jkhd epy|;fspypUe;J tUk; tUkhdk; gw;wp
tprhhpj;jJ Tl fpilahJ. Mjhuk; (my; kPrhd; - gf;fk; 335)

,e;jpahtpy; fpyh@gj; ,af;fk; ele;J bfhz:oUe;j
ntisapy; fhe;jp/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fis fhz tpUk;gpdhh]. fhe;jp TWifapy;/ ,khk;
mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% kf;fsplj;jpy;
ey;y bry;thf;if bgw;wpUf;fpwhh]. mjdhy; mthplk;
brhy;Y|;fs;/ kf;fis fpyh@gj; ,af;fj;jpy; g|;F bgw cjtp
bra;a brhy;Y|;fs; vd;whh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vijg] gw;wp
fhe;jp vd;dplk; ngRthh]> khh]f;fj;ijg] gw;wpah> cyfj;ijg]
48

gw;wpah> cyf rk;ge;jkhd tp#akhf ,Ue;jhy;/ ehd; g|;F
bgw;W vd;d bra;ntd;> ehd; cyf tp#a|;fspy;
Mh]tkpy;yhky; ,Uf;fpnwd;. mjdhy; fhe;jpia re;jpg]gjpy;
Mh]tk; ,y;iy vd;whh]fs;. Mjhuk; (my; kPrhd; - gf;fk; 335)

14 Mk; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdJ
fhyj;jpd; bfsjhf/ ,khkhf (mg[ Qdp@gh
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%) Mf jpfH;e;jhh]fs;. Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kpfr] rpwe;j my;yhQ;tpd;
typahft[k; (,iw nerh]) jpfH;e;jhh]fs;. jd;Dila
thH;f;ifapy; xt;bthU braypYk; uNYy;yhQ;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; jPid g[j;Japh]
Cl]oajhy; K$j;jpnj ,!;yhk; (,!;yhj;jpw;F cap+l]oath])
vd;W miHf;fg]gl]lhh]fs;.

gy flt[s; ek;gpf;if/ F@g]h]/ #ph]f;/ gpj;mj; nghd;w fhpa
nkf|;fshy; cyfk; NHg]gl]lJ. K!;ypk;fs; FHk;gpathW
epiyFiye;J nghd ntisapy; my;yhQ; kw;Wk;
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd;
fpUigahy; fhhpUis mfw;Wk; Nhpadhf 14 Mk; E}w;whz:oy;
,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj;/ ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q% jd;Dila bjspthd
Mjhu|]fshy; F@g]iu xHpj;J ,!;yhj;jpw;F g[j;Japh]
Cl]odhh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh mg[Q%iuuh u$pay;yhQ%jMyh md;Q%
mth]fshy; fpilf;fg] bgw;w kp#;fhj;; #hP@g] gpy; cs;s
QjP!;/ K$j;jpj; gw;wp TWtij ghh]g]nghk;.

epr;rakhf xt;bthU E}w;whz:od; KotpYk; nguUshsdhd
my;yhQ;thy; xU kdpjd;/ ck;kj;jpw;fhf mDg]gp
itf;fg]gLthh]. tUgth] jPdpw;F cap+l]Lgtuhf ,Ug]ghh].

49

bgha;ahd khw;w|;fis ,!;yhj;jpy; g[Fj;jp FHg]gk;
Vw;gLj;Jk; mwpahikf; fhyj;jpy; jPnd KQk;kjp
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fspd; bfhoia
ifapy; neh]ikahf/ ijhpakhf gpoj;J Rd;dj; kw;Wk; gpj;mj;
Mfpatw;wpd; ntw;Wikfis gphpj;Jf; fhl]o KQk;kj;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; ck;kj;Jf;fis tHp
elj;jpr; bry;gtnu K$j;jpj; (cap+l]Lgth])
vd;wiHf;fg]gLthh].

K$j;jpj; vd;gth] xU E}w;whz:od; ,Wjpapnyh my;yJ
Muk;gj;jpnyh tuyhk;. E}W Mz:LfSf;F xU Kiw tuf;
fhuzk; vd;dbtdpy; E}w;whz:L fhyj;jpy; kf;fSila
vz:z|]fs;/ Rw;Wg]g[wk;/ mwpahik Mfpatw;wpy; gyj;j
khw;w|]fs; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; tHp jtwp elf;f
Muk;gpf;fpd;wdh].

K$j;jpj; vd;w brhy; gd;ikia Fwpg]gjhy; xU
E}w;whz:oy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl]l K$j;jpj;fs;
tUfpd;wdh]. ,th]fs; jhd; K$j;jpj; vd;W mtuJ brhy;/
bray;/ thH;f;if Mfpatw;iw ghh]j;J rhd;nwhh]fshy; cWjpr;
bra;ag]gLfpwJ.

Kjy; E}w;whz:oypUe;J mwpag]gl]l K$j;jpj;fspd;
gl]oay; :

Kjy; E}w;whz:L

1. ira;ajpdh ,khk; ckh] gpd; mg]Jy; m$p!;
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%.

2k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; Qrd; g!;hp/
2. ,khk; KQk;kj; gpd; Q!;!d; i#ghdp/
3. ,khk; khypf; gpd; md!;/
50

4. ,khk; mg]Jy;yh gpd; ,j;hP!; #h@gp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;

3k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; mg[y; Qrd; gpd; ckh]/
2. ,khk; mQkj; gpd; Qk;gy; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh.

4k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; jQjhtp/
2. ,khk; ,!;khaPy; gpd; Qhkpj; $h@ghp/
3. ,khk; mg[ $h@gh] gpd; $hPh] jpg]hp/
4. ,khk; mg[ Qhjpk; uh!p u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;

5k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; mg[ eaPk; ,!;@gQhdp/
2. ,khk; mg[y; QPird; mQkj; gpd; KQk;kj;
mgp gf;hpapy; fhjph]/
3. ,khk; QPird; gpd; uhfpg]/
4. ,khk; KQk;kj; gpd; KQk;kj; f!;!hyp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.

6k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; mg[y; g!y; ckh] uh!p/
2. my;yhkh ,khk; ckh] e!;@gp/
3. ,khk; fh$p gf;Uj;jPd; Q!d; kd;Nh]/
4. ,khk; mg[ KQk;kj; Q%ird; gpd; kNj; guhuh
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.

7k; E}w;whz:L

1. my;yhkh ,khk; mg[y; g!;yp $khYj;jPd; KQk;kj; gpd;
51

Mg]hpfp kp!;hp/
2. ,khk; i#f; #Qhg[j;jPd; RQuth]jp/
3. fh$h KQpaj;jPd; rp!;jp m$;kPhp/
4. ,khk; mg[y; Qrd; c$;$%j;jPd; myp gpd; KQk;kj;
,g]d; mjPh]/
5. ,khk; n#f; mf;gh] KQpaj;jPd; KQk;kj; ,g]D mugp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.

8k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; jh$%jPd; gpd; mjhcy;yh rpfe;jhp/
2. fh$h ep$hKj;jPd; mt;ypah kQg{ng ,yhQp/
3. ,khk; ckh] gpd; kNj; j@g]j!hdp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;

9k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; Qhgp!; $yhYj;jPd; mg[gf;fh] mg]Jh] uQkhd;
Ra{jp/
2. ,khk; E}Uj;jPd; gpd; mQkj; kp!;hp/
3. ,khk; KQk;kj; gpd; a{Rg] fh]kdp/
4. ,khk; #k;RjPd; mg]Jy; ifh] KQk;kj; gpd; mg]Jh]
uQkhd; rhf;tp/
5. my;yhkh ,khk; ra;aj; #hP@g] myp gpd; KQk;kj;
$h]khdp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.

10k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; #Qhg[j;jPd; mg[ gf;h] mQkj; gpd; KQk;kj;
fhjpg] fp!;jyhdp/
2. ,khk; KQk;kj; #h]gpdp/
3. my;yhkh i#f; KQk;kj; jhQph] KQj;jpj;
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.

52

11k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; myp gpd; Ry;jhd; fhhp/
2. ,khk; n#f; mQkj; rh] Qpe;jp K$j;jpnj my;g] jhdp/
3. Ry;jhDy; Mhp@gPd; ,khk; KQk;kj; ghQP
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%k;.

12k; E}w;whz:L

1. my;yhkh kt;yhdh ,khk; mg[y; Q!d; KQk;kj; gpd;
mg]Jy; Qhjp rpe;jp/
2. ,khk; mg]Jy; fdp jhg]yp!p/
3. i#f; mQkj; Ky;yh $ptd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh.

13k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khk; mg]Jy; myp yf;ndhtp/
2. ,khk; n#f; mQkj; rhjp khypfp/
3. my;yhkh ,khk; mQkj; gpd; ,!;khaPy;
jQ;jhtp(Tahtaawi)/
4. my;yhkh #h mg]Jy; m$p!; K$j;jpnj bjQ;ytp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh.

14k; E}w;whz:L

1. ,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj;/ fh (Qa)kpna gpj;mj;/
K$j;jpnj M$k;/ Myh Q$;uj;/ m#; #h ,khk;
mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%.

kf;fh Kfh]ukh cykhf;fshy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpf;F tH|;fg]gl]l gl]l
bgah]fs;

1. cykhf;fspd; fz:fSf;F Fsph]r;rpahdth].
2. md;gpw;Fhpath] my;yhQ;tpdhy; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg]gl]l
53

moikfspy; xUth].
3. kpfr;rpwe;j ,!;yhkpa Muha;r;rpahsh]fspd; Kj;jpiu.
4. cykhf;fis tHp elj;jpr; bry;Yk; jiyth].
5. ,e;j E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;.
Mjhuk;- my;gt[rJy; kf;fpa;ah/
Qp!;!hKy; Quikd;/mj;jt[yJy; kf;fpa;ah.

kjPdh Kdt;tuh cykhf;fshy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpf;F tH|;fg]gl]l gl]l
bgah]fs;

1. ,khk;fspd; jiyth].
2. kiwthd Zhdj;ij (,y;nk ifg]) mwpa[k; jiyth].
3. Kd;dhs; brd;w kw;Wk; tuf; Toa cykhf;fspd;
bgUkpjk;.
4. ,e;j ck;kj;jpd; K$j;jpj;.
5. ,!;yhkpa ePjp tH|]Fk; ePjpgjpfSf;bfy;yhk; ePjpgjp.
6. QjPJ Muha;r;rpahsh]fSf;bfy;yhk; jiyth].
7. gpj;mj;ij xHpj;J/ Rd;dj;ij gw;wpf; bfhs;gth].
8. ,e;j E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj;.
Mjhuk;- my;gt[rJy; kf;fpa;ah/
Qp!;!hKy; Quikd;/mj;jt[yJy; kf;fpa;ah.

$pQhj;(nghuhl]lk;)

egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk;
mth]fspd; fz:zpaj;ija[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; Fiwf;Fk;
tifapy; bray;gLnthh]f;F vjpuhf Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jdJ thH;ehs; KGtJk; $pQhj;
bra;jhh]fs;.

ePjpgjp my;yhkh K@g]jp ira;aj; R$hj; myp fhjphp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% ( #hpmj; nfhh]l]/ ghfp!;jhd; muR) Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp gw;wpf; TWifapy; /
54

mth] Md;kPfj;jpy; mQkj; gpd; Qk;ghy; kw;Wk; i#f;
mg]Jy; fhjph] $Pyhdp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh nghd;wth]. mth]
,khk; mg[ QdP@gh kw;Wk; ,khk; mg[ a{Rg]
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh nghd;W cs;nehf;F ghh]itiaf;
bfhz:lth]. mth] brhd;d jj;Jtbky;yhk; ,khk; uh!p kw;Wk;
,khk; f!;!hyp u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%kh nghd;nwhhpd;
jj;JtkhFk;. ijhpakhd K$j;jpj; my@g] jhdp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% nghd;Wk;/ cz:ikia epiyehl]Ltjpy;
kd;Nh] Qy;yh$; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% nghd;wtuhthh].
ek;gpf;if ,y;yhnjhiu rfpj;Jf; bfhs;skhl]lhh].
my;yhQ;tpd; moikfSf;F md;g[k;/ fUiza[k; brYj;Jgth]
kw;Wk; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yik
nerpg]gth]. vdf; TWfpwhh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ tQhgpfshd
,!;yhkpa Jnuhfpfsplk; gyKiw jdpahfr; brd;W
mth]fSila F@g]uhd vz:z|]fSf;Fk;/ brhw;fSf;Fk;/
vGj;Jf;fSf;Fk; tpsf;fk; Twp jt;gh (kd;dpg]g[ nfhUjy;)
bra;a[khW Twpdhh]. Mdhy; me;j tHpbfl]lth]fs;
j|;fSila F@g]uhd bray;fSf;F rw;Wk; kdtUe;jhky;
nkYk; nkYk; F@g]uhd fhhpa|;fis bra;J
bfhz:oUe;jikahy;/ ,!;yhj;ij fhg]ghw;Wk; nehf;fpy;
gj;thna jf;@gPh] vd;Dk; F@g]h] gj;thia tQhgpfs; kPJ
,l]lhh]fs;. ,jpy; m#;ug] myp jhdtp/ u#Pj; mQkj;
f|;nfhQp/ fyPy; mQkj; mk;ngl]tp nghd;w jg]yPf; $khj;ij
nrh]e;jth]fSk; kw;Wk; gyUk; Mshapdh]. ,e;j fh@gph]fspd;
(tQhgpfspd;) bfhs;if bfl]l fUj;Jf;fSf;F Mjhukhf
xU rpy khjphpfis ghh]g]nghk;.

1. kiwthd Zhdk; vd;gJ mwptpd; xU gFjpjhd;/
egpfs; (!y;) bfhz:oUf;Fk; kiwthd Zhdj;jpy;
vd;d rpwg]g[ ,Uf;fpwJ> ,e;j khjphp Zhdj;ij ML/
khL/ fGij/ rpW FHe;ijfs;/ Vd; igj;jpaf;fhuh]fs;
kw;Wk; vy;yh tpy|;FfSk; bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd.

55

- Qpg]Ry; <khd; ( krhQpUy; gjpg]gfk;)/ gf;fk; 6
- Mrphpah] m#;ug] myp jhdtp

2. egpkhh]fs; midtUk; ck;kj;Jf;fis fhl]oYk;
mwptpy; kl]Lk; rpwe;jth]fs;. ey;y bray;fspy; rpy
rkak; ck;kj;Jf;fs; egpkhh]fSf;F rkkhft[k;/ rpy
rka|;fspy; egpkhh]fis tpl rpwe;Jk; tps|;Fthh]fs;.
- jQ$PUd; eh!;/ gf;fk; 5/
- gjpg]gfk; - kf;jgh ig$; e$;j; $hkp k!;$pj;/
njt;ge;j;. c.gp.
- Mrphpah] fhrpk; ehndhj;tp

3. uQ;kj;Jy; -ypy;-MykPd; vd;w thh]j;ijahdJ/
mth]fSf;F kl]Lk; rpwg]ghf Fwpg]gJ my;y. kw;w
egpkhh]fSf;Fk;/ ZhdpfSf;Fk;/ cykhf;fSf;Fk;/
,d;Dk; tuf;Toath]fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;.
- gj;thna u#Pjpah/ ghfk; 2/ gf;fk; 12/
- gjpg]gfk; - kf;jgh u#Pjpah $hkp k!;$pj;/
bly;yp.

nkYk; tQhgpfspd; g[j;jf|;fis gof;Fk; nghJ
,d;Dk; nftykhd thh]j;ijfshYk;/ bfhs;iffshYk;
<khdpw;F vg]ngw;gl]l ehrj;ij bra;fpwhh]fs; vd;gJ
bjhpatUk;.

,g]ngw;gl]l tQhgpfspd; <khd; bfl]l bfhs;iffspypUe;J
cyf K!;ypk;fs; jw;fhj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk; vdt[k;/
tQhgpfshd ,th]fis gpd; bjhlh]gth]fspypUe;J <khid
ghJfhj;J bfhs;Sk; go vr;rhpf;fpd;whh]fs;.
(Fwpg]g[ - jg]yPf; $khj;/ $khj;nj ,!;yhkp Qpe;j;- gP!;/ jKKf/
jehj$/ ggpM,/ fhjpahdp/ knekf/ ,d;Dk; gy Tl]l|;fs;
tQhgpfspd; bfhs;iffis KGf;f KGf;f gpd;
bjhlUgth]fs;)
56

xg]gw;w mwpt[

xU Kiw Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs; gpypgpl] #hP@gpy; j|;f neh]e;jJ. mg]nghJ cTJy;
mh]ah (Uqoodul Arya) vd;w g[j;jfj;ij gog]gjw;F
th|;fpdhh]fs;. g[j;jfj;ij gog]gjw;F bfhLj;jth; xnu xU
g[j;jfkhf ,Ug]gjhy; kPz:Lk; jpUg]gp jUkhWk;/ @gj;thf;fis
tH|;Ftjw;F ,e;jg] g[j;jfk;jhd; Mjhukhf gad;gLfpwJ
vd;Wk; Twpdhh].

md;W ,unt fpsk;g ntz:oa Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xUthpd; miHg]ig Vw;W kw;bwhU
,ut[ j|;f neh]e;jJ. me;j ,utpy; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp KGg] g[j;jfj;ija[k; goj;J
Koj;jhh]fs;. mLj;j ehs; fhiyapy; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp g[wg]gl]L
bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;.

KQj;jpn! Nuj; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpaplk; ja|;fpathnw g[j;jfj;ij
jpUg]gpj; jUkhW nfl]lhh]fs;. mjw;F Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp rphpj;Jf; bfhz:nl jhd; goj;J
Koj;jjhft[k;/ ,dp jd;Dld; vLj;J bry;tjw;F
njita[kpy;iy vd;whh]fs;.

,ijf; nfl]lt[ld; KQj;jpn! Nuj; u$pay;yhQ%
md;Q% Mr;rhpaj;Jld;/ gy ghf|;fisf; bfhz:l g[j;jfj;ij
xU ,utpy; vg]go goj;jPh]fs;> vd;whh]. ,d;#h my;yhQ;/
mLj;j 3 khjj;jpw;F ,e;jg] g[j;jfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
thf;fpa|;fis kwf;f khl]nld;. ,d;#h my;yhQ;/ ,e;jg]
g[j;jfj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis vd; thH;ehs; KGtJk; kwf;f
khl]nld;. ,e;jg] g[j;jfj;jpy; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa ciu
,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ/ mij ehd; c|;fSf;fhf
57

jahh]gLj;jpapUf;fpnwd; vd gjpyspj;jhh] Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp.

Qh@gpRy; Fh]Md; #hP@g]
xUth] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fSf;F fojk; vGjpajpy; jh|;fs; Qh@gp!; ,y;iyna
vdf; Fwpg]gpl]L ,Ue;jhh]. mijf; fz:l Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kdk; tUe;jpdhh]/ Qh@gp!hf
ntz:Lk; vd;W Kot[ bra;jhh]fs;.

xYr; bra;Jtpl]L $khj; TLk; tiu ,Uf;Fk; neuj;jpy;
Q$;uj; my;yhkh rJh]#; #hpaj; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%
kdg]ghlkhf xU rpghuh ($P!;) Xj/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ftdKld; nfl]ghh]fs;. gpwF Myh
Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ftdKld; nfl]lij kdjpy;
epWj;jp juhtpQ; bjhGifapy; ,khkj; bra;thh]fs;. ,g]gona
30 ehl]fs; ele;jJ. uk;$hd; khj ,Wjp ehspy; ira;ajpdh
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Qh@gpRy; Fh]Md;
Mf khwpdhh]fs;!

Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l Fzeyd;fs;

md;g[ brYj;JtJk; my;yhQ;tpw;fhf! nfhgg]gLtJk;
my;yhQ;tpw;fhf!

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp cs; xd;W/
g[wk; xd;W ,y;yhky; vg]bghGJk; xnu khjphpahfj;jhd;
,Ug]ghh]fs;. #hpmj;nj K!;jgh !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; vd tUk; nghJ/ ve;j neuj;jpYk;
#hpmj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU thh]j;ij Tl brhy;y khl;lhh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ ey;y
K!;ypkpd; kdk; g[z:gLj;Jk; go ele;J bfhz:ljpy;iy.
twpath]fs; kPJk;/ mdhijfs; kPJk; msg]gwpa md;ig
58

bghHpe;jhh]fs;. xU ViH FLk;gj;ij rhh]e;jth]/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis jd; tPl]ow;F miHj;jhh].
$g]Uj;jPd; gPQhhp u$pay;yhQPmd;QPt[k; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSld; brd;whh]fs;. miHg]g[
tpLj;j me;j egh] jdJ tWikapd; nfhug]gpoapYk; rpy
buhl]oj;Jz:Lfisa[k;/ rpwpJ khl]L ,iwr;rpiaa[k;
rhg]gpLtjw;F itj;jhh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; clk;gpw;F
khl]oiwr;rp xj;Jf;bfhs;shJ vd;w nghjpYk; ViHapd;
re;njh#j;jpw;fhf JMit Xjp rhg]gpl]lhh]fs;. me;j JMit
Xjpdhy;/ rhg]gpLk; bghUshy; jP|;F Vw;gLtjpy;iy vd;W
$g]Uj;jPd; gPQhhp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%tplk; Twpdhh]fs;. rpwpJ
neuk; fHpj;J czt[ cz:l gpd; fpsk;g[k; ntiyapy;/ ,e;j
tWikapy; Vd; eP|;fs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fis miHj;J f#;lg]gl ntz:Lk;> vd
$g]Uj;jPd; gPQhhp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% tpdtpdhh]. mjw;F
me;j ViH egh] kpf;f ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; re;njh#j;Jld; Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; tUifapdhy;
my;yhQ; vd; tPl]ow;F guf;fj;Jk;/ mUSk; g[hpthd; vd;whh].

xU Kiw xU rpd;dg] igad; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; tPl]ow;F brd;W/ jd;Dila
tPl]ow;F tUkhW miHj;jhd;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp bry;ykhf c|;fs; tPl;ow;F te;jhy; vd;d
jUtPh]fs;> vdf; nfl]lhh]. me;j rpd;dg]igad; jdJ Fh]jhtpd;
moapy; cs;s Kor;Rfis mtpH;j;J rpy gUg]iga[k;/
kpsfha;fisa[k; fhl]oj; jUfpnwd; vd;whd;. ey;yJ! ehis
tUfpnwd; vd;whh] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/

mLj;j ehs; fhiyapy; me;j rpd;dg] igad; tPl]ow;F
Qh$p fp@ghaj;Jy;yh u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fSld;
nrh]e;J Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp brd;whh]fs;.
tPl]ow;Fs; EiHe;jJk; mtUld; te;jth] brhd;dhh]/ ,J
,irf; fiyZdpd; tPL. me;jr; rpd;d igad; iffis
59

fGtpf; bfhz:L ,Ue;jhd;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp igaid nehf;fp cd; mg]gh v|;nf> vd;d
bra;fpwhh]> vdf; nfl]Lf; bfhz:oUf;f gh]jhtpw;F gpd; gf;fkhf
igadpd; jhahh] brhd;dyhdhh]fs;/ Q%$%h]! vd; fzth]
,we;J tpl]lhh]. ,wf;Fk; ntisapy; mth] kd;dpg]g[ njodhh].
vdf;F Mjuthf ,e;j igad;jhd; cs;shd; vd;whh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp guf;fj;jpw;fhf
ntz:o clnd Jth bra;jhh]fs;. gpd; rhg]gpl]L tpl]L me;jg]
igadpd; miHg]ig kdjhuhf Vw;Wf; bfhz:nld; vd;W Twp
tpilg] bgw;whh]fs;.

jhapd; brhw;fSf;F fPH;gojy;

je;ijapd; ,wg]gpw;F gpd;/ je;ijapd; KGr; brhj;JfSf;Fk;
chpikahsh; Mdhh] Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp/
,Ug]gpDk; jk; jhapd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; jkJ
epy|;fspypUe;J tUk; tUthia bryt[ bra;jJ ,y;iy.
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jkJ tpUg]gg]go
VjhtJ g[j;jfk; gog]gjw;F th|]f ntz:Lk; vd;whYk; jhapd;
mDkjpapy;yhky; th|;f khl]lhh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jkJ
kdjpd; Mirahd ut;$h-na md;thh]/ ira;ajpdh
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; mth]fis
fhzr; brd;w nghJk; Kjypy; jkJ jhahhplj;jpy; jhd;
mDkjpiaf; nfl]lhh]fs;. mjw;F mtuJ jhahh]
gp!;kpy;yhQp Fjh Qh@gp!; vd;W Twp mDkjpaspj;jhh]fs;.

cykhf;fSf;F khpahij brYj;Jjy;

mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khj;ij rhh]e;j cykhf;fis fz:lhy;
mth]fsplk; kpf;f md;g[k;/ khpahijiaa[k; brYj;Jthh]fs;.
60

mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khj;ij rhh]e;j cykhf;fis gw;wp Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ,e;j cykhf;fs;/ ve;jg]
gyDk; juhj CUf;Fs; EiHe;jhy; ,th]fsJ tUifahy;/
me;j Ch] gydspf;f Toajhf khwptpLk;. ,e;j cykhf;fs;/
me;j Ciu tpl]L te;Jtpl]lhy; kWgoa[k; gydspf;f ,ayhj
Cuhf khwptpLk; vd;W TWfpwhh]fs;.

Q$;uj; kQjp Qrd; gufhjp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% jhk;
fz:l mDgtj;ij gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhh]fs;/ ehd; gnuy;tp
#hP@g]gpw;F xU Kiw brd;nwd;. Q%$%h] Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fns vGe;J brd;W/ vdf;F
czt[ bfhz:L te;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fns vd; iffis fGtp tpl]lhh]. mg]bghGJ
vd; ifapy; mzpe;jpUe;j tisaj;ija[k;/ nkhjpuj;ija[k;
nfl;lhh]fs;. j|;fj;jpyhd me;j mzpfyd;fis cldoahf
mth]fsplk; bfhLj;J tpl]nld;. gpwF ehd; gk;gha;f;F brd;W
tpl]nld;. ntiy Koe;j gpwF ehd; kQ;uuh #hP@g]gpy; cs;s
vd; tPl]ow;F brd;nwd;.

vd; kfs; vd;dplk; xU ghh]riy ePl]o/ ,J gnuy;tpapy;
,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vd;whs;. mij ehd; jpwe;J ghh]j;j nghJ/
mjpy; me;j j|;f nkhjpuKk;/ tisaKk; ,Ue;jJ. mjDld;
xU Jz:L rPl]oy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
,e;jg] ghpR c|;fs; kfSf;F vd;W vGjpapUe;jhh]fs;. Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
khpahijiaa[k;/ mwpita[k; ghh]j;J tpae;J epd;nwd;!
bghpath]fsplj;jpy; mth] fhl]Lk; md;iga[k;/ mnj rkaj;jpy;
#hpmj; ngqtjpy; khh]f;fj;jpy; mDkjpf;fhjij jLj;J/
ey;yij gpd;gw;wr; brhy;Yk; mtuJ gf;Ftk; vd;id kpft[k;
fth]e;jJ.

k!;$pJf;F khpahij

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp k!;$pjpy;
( gs;spthry;) ,jpfh@g] ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mJ xU gdpf;Fsph] fhy
61

,ut[/ rpwpJ kiHa[k; mikjpahf bga;J bfhz:oUe;jJ. Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp xSr;bra;a epidj;jhh].
k!;$pJDila jiu <ukhff; TlhJ vd;W epidj;jthW/
jdJ nghh]itia ehd;fhf koj;J/ jhd; xSr;bra;a[k;
,lj;jpy; nghl]Ltpl;L/ xSr;bra;a Muk;gpj;jhh]. xStpdhy;
btspnaWk; jz:zPiu me;jg] nghh]it ,Gj;Jf; bfhz:lJ.
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp xU brhl]Lj; jz:zPuhYk;
k!;$pij <ukhf;ftpy;iy. me;j ,ut[ KGtJk; jdJ
nghh]itapd;wp Fspuhy; eLeL|;fp bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;.

Qh$pkhh]fSf;F khpahij

Q$;i$ btw;wpf;fukhf Koj;Jtpl]L jhafk; jpUk;gp
tUk; Qh$pkhh]fis fhqtjw;F Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp kpFe;j Mh]tj;Jld; ,Ug]ghh]fs;.
Qh$pkhh]fisf; fz:lJk;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp kpf;f Mh]tkhf kjPdh ja;apgh brd;W g[dpj egpfshh]
KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd; k$hh]
#hP@g]ig $pahuj; bra;jPh]fsh> vd Kjypy; nfl]ghh]fs;.
Qh$pkhh]fs; Mk; vd;W gjpy; brhd;dhh]fshdhy; clndna
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Qh$pkhh]fspd;
ghj|;fis jd;Dila Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l cjLfshy;
Kj;jkpLthh]fs;. Qh$pkhh]fs; ,y;iy vd;W khw;wkhf
gjpyspj;jhh]fs; vdpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp kdf;f#;lkile;jth]fshf Kfj;ij jpUg]gpf;
bfhz:L/ ngr;ir Koj;Jf; bfhz:L jpUk;gp tpLthh]fs;.

FHe;ijfsplk; md;g[

kju!htpy; gof;Fk; FHe;ijfs;/ jj;jkJ Ch]fs;
bjhiytpy; ,Ug]gjhy; <j; gz:oiffis kju!htpnyna
bfhz:lhLthh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
xt;bthU FHe;ijfisa[k; j|;fs; tPl]Lf;FHe;ijfs; nghy;
fUjp mth]fSld; nrh]e;J kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf ,Ug]ghh]fs;.
nkYk; vy;nyhUf;Fk; <jp ( gz:oif fhR) tH|;fp/
62

FHe;ijfis kfpH;tpg]ghh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fSf;F
nguf;FHe;ijfs; gpwe;j kfpH;r;rpapy; kju!h kd;!nu ,!;yhk;
khzth]fis vy;yhk; miHj;J tpUe;J gilj;jhh]fs;. tpUe;J
gilf;Fk; Kd; mtuth]fSf;F vd;d gpof;Fk; vd;W nfl]L/
bg|;fhyp khzth]fSf;F kPDk; mhprpa[k;/ gPfhh]
khzth]fSf;F @gPh]dp/ $h]jh/ gphpahzpa[k;/ gZ;rhgp kw;Wk;
kw;w khzth]fSf;F Ml]oiwr;rpiaa[k; mspj;J tpUe;Jg]
gilj;jhh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
FHe;ijfis kpft[k; nerpj;jhh]fs;. jd;idr; Rw;wp
FHe;ijfs; ,Ug]gJ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fSf;F gpof;Fk;. FHe;ijfis vg]bghGJk;
jpl]oajpy;iy/ FHe;ijfs; jtW bra;jhh]fs; vdpy; mUfpdpy;
miHj;J bra;j jtiw g[hpa itj;J/ neh] tHpapdpy;
elj;Jthh]fs;. rpW FHe;ijfspd; xt;bthU ryhkpw;Fk; gjpy;
ryhk; ciug]ghh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQpmth]fspd; rpy
mHfpa gHf;f tHf;f|;fs;

1. QjP!;fis itf;Fk; g[j;jf ,lj;jpy; ntW
g[j;jf|;fis itf;fkhl;lhh]fs;. QjPJ g[j;jfk; kPJ
ntW ve;j rhjhuz g[j;jfj;ija[k; itf;f khl]lhh]fs;.
2. QjP!;fis tpsf;fp brhy;ypf; bfhz:oUf;Fk;
ntisapy; ahuhtJ ,ilapy; njitapy;yhky;
ngrpdhy;/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpf;F
gpof;fhJ.
3. mth] fhy; nky; fhy; nghl]Lf; bfhz:L cl;fhu
khl]lhh]fs;. ,uz:L Kl]ofisa[k; nrh]j;J itj;Jf;
bfhz:nl cl]fhUthh]fs;.
4. kPyhJd; egp !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;
tpHhf;fspy; j#Q%j; epiyikapy; jhd;
63

cl]fhUth]fs;. 5 my;yJ 6 kzp neuk; MdhYk;
rhpna!
5. ghlk; brhy;ypj;jUk; ntisapy; thapy; btw;wpiy
bkd;d khl]lhh]fs;.
6. KQk;kj; vd;w bgaiu nfl]lJk; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; vdf; Twp fl]il tpuy; ef|;fis
xj;jpf; bfhs;thh]fs;.
7. vg]bghGJk; rj;jkhf rphpj;jjpy;iy.
8. KQk;kj; vd;w mugp vGj;Jf;fs; totpy;jhd;
vg]nghJk; J}|;Fthh]fs;.
9. fpg]yhit(fhghit) Kd;ndhf;fp fhy; ePl]oaJk;/
Jg]gpaJk; ,y;iy.
10. ve;j ntiyiaa[k; tyJ g[wj;jpypUe;J jhd; bra;J
Kog]ghh]fs;.

fuhkj;Jfs;
KhPij tpLjiyahf;fpdhh]

gnrhhp vd;w Ciur; nrh]e;j $dhg] mk;$j; myp/ Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; KhPjhthh].
xUKiw mk;$j; myp jd;Dila hpthy;tiu vLj;Jf; bfhz:L
ntl]ilahl brd;w nghJ/ jw;brayhf Jg]ghf;fp Fz:L
btspnawp tHpapy; brd;w xUtiu jhf;fp
Mgj;jpw;Fs;shfpaJ. Fz:log]gl]lth] ,we;J nghdjhy;/
mk;$j; myp kPJ nghyprhh] bfhiy tHf;fpy; gjpt[ bra;J
J}f;F jz:lid fpilf;FkhW jPh]g]igg] bgw;W rpiwapy;
milj;jdh].

J}f;F jz:lid bgWtjw;F rpy ehl]fns vZ;rpa[s;s
epiyapy;/ mk;$j; myp mth]fspd; FLk;gj;jhh]fs; mtiuf;
fhz ftiya[ld; rpiwr;rhiy brd;W fjwp mGjdh]. jk;
FLk;gj;jhiu nehf;fp mk;$j; myp mth]fs;/ ahUk; mH
ntz:lhk;/ tPl]ow;F bry;Y|;fs;. vdf;F J}f;F jz:lid
mspg]gjhf Twpa ehspy; ,d;#h! my;yhQ; ehd; tPl]ow;F
64

tUntd;. vd;Dila gPnuhKh]#pj;/ ra;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vd;id tpLjiy bra;tjhf
thf;fspj;Js;shh]fs;. epr;rakhf mth]fs; vd;id tpLjiy
bra;thh]fs;. vd ek;gpf;ifa[ld; Twpdhh].

ehis fhiy J}f;Fjz:lid vdpy; mjd; ,ut[/
mk;$j; myp mthpd; jhahh] kpFe;j tUj;jj;njhL jd; kfid
fhzr; brd;whh]fs;. mk;$j; myp jd; jhahiu nehf;fp ehd;
vd;Dila gPnuhKh]#pjpd; thh]j;ijapy; ek;gpf;if
itj;Js;nsd;. mjdhy; eP|;fs; mH ntz:lhk;/ tPl]ow;F
bry;Y|;fs;. ,d;#h my;yhQ;! ehis fhiy c|;fSld;
nrh]e;J tPl]oy; rpw;Wz;oia rhg]gpLntd;. vd;W Twp jk;
jhahiu mDg]gp itj;jhh].

mLj;j ehs; fhiy J}f;Fjz:lid mspf;Fk; neuk;
beU|;fpaJ. mk;$j; myp mth]fspd; fGj;jpy; fapW
,lg]gl]lJ. mk;$j; myp mth]fsplk; filrp Mir VjhtJ
,Uf;fpwjh> vdf; nfs;tp nfl]fg]gl]lJ. mjw;F mth] kpft[k;
mikjpahf/ brhy;tjw;F vJt[kpy;iy/ vd;Dila filrp
neuk; ,d;Dk; tutpy;iy. vd;whh]. J}f;fpypLtjw;F
mjpfhhpfs; behofis vz:zpf; bfhz:oUe;jdh]. mr;rkak;
kw;bwhU mjpfhhp/ uhzp vyprbgj;jplk; ,Ue;J te;Js;s
je;jpia vLj;Jf; bfhz:L Xo te;jhh]. me;j je;jpapy; vyprbgj;
uhzp jdJ kfpH;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf rpy rpiwifjpfis
tpLjiy bra;tjhf mwptpg]g[ ,Ue;jJ. me;j gl;oaypy;
mk;$j; mypapd; bgaUk; ,Ue;jJ!

mk;$j; myp jd; jhahUf;F brhy;yp mDg]gpaJ nghy;
fhiy czt[f;F jdJ tPl;ow;F brd;wile;jhh]. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; fuhkj;ij ghU|;fs; !
mk;$j; mypapw;fhf/ kw;w rpiwifjpfisa[k; tpLjiyr;
bra;a itj;jJ!

65

,we;j FHe;ijia caph]g]gpj;jhh]

xU bgz: mGJ bfhz:nl Xo te;J Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk;/ c|;fspd; Jththy;
vdf;F Mz: FHe;ij gpwe;jJ vd;W Zhgfg]gLj;jp/
,g]nghJ mf;FHe;ij vd;id tpl]L gphpe;J brd;W tpl]lJ.
vd;dhy; ,e;j nghpHg]ig jh|;f Koatpy;iy vd;W fjwp
mGJ/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk;
mf;FHe;ijia jpUg]gpj; jUkhW Twp ntz:o epd;whs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp me;j
bgz:kzpapd; tPl]ow;F brd;whh]fs;. FHe;ij fl]oypy;
fple;jthW mjd; nky; Jzpahy; \lg]gl]oUg]gij fz:lhh]fs;.
mf;FHe;ijapd; jha; fjwpathW kPz:Lk; kPz:Lk; FHe;ijia
jpUg]gpj; jUkhW Twpf; bfhz:oUe;jhs;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp; miyQp FHe;ijapd; kPJ \lg]gl]oUe;j
Jzpia mfw;wp/ jd;Dila Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l ifia
FHe;ijapd; fz:fspy; kPJ itj;J fl]lisapl]lthW
kfnd! vGe;jpL! cd; jha; brhy;tij ftdp vd;W Twpf;
bfhz:oUf;Fk; ntisapy; cldoahf FHe;ij mHj;
bjhl|;fpaJ! me;j tPl]oy; Rw;wp epd;Wf; bfhz:oUe;jth]fs;
vy;yhk; Mr]rhpaj;jpy; tpae;J epd;wdh].

vy;nyhUk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fSf;F ed;wpia bjhptpj;jdh]. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mikjpahf rphpj;Jf; bfhz;lthnu
ehd; xd;Wk; bra;atpy;iy/ FHe;ij MH;e;j J}f;fj;jpy;
,Ue;jJ. ehd; bra;jJ vy;yhk; FHe;ijia vGg]gpaJ kl;Lk;
jhd; vd;whh]fs;.

kdjpy; cs;sij mwpe;jhh]

gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpy; cykhf;fisa[k;/
mt]ypahf;fisa[k;/ gPnuhKh]#pj; (FU)/ \hPj; (rPld;)
66

cwt[Kiwiaa[k; jtwhf g[hpe;J bfhz:lth]fSk; ,Ue;jdh].
jd;Dila ez:gd; jtwhd tHpapy; ,Ug]gij fz:l \hPj;
xUth]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fsplk;
miHj;Jf bfhz:L brd;why; jk; ez:gd; neh]tHpia
milthd; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;/ jtwhd bfhs;if bfhz:l
ez:gid miHj;Jr; brd;whh].

bry;Yk; tHpapy; rpy ,dpg]g[fis jtwhd bfhs;if
bfhz:ltd; th|;fp bfhz:lhd;. ,UtUkhf nrh]e;J Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; g[dpj tPl]oy;
mkh]e;jdh]. ,d;bdhU KhPjhdth] rpy ,dpg]g[fis bfhz:L
te;J vy;nyhUf;Fk; gfph]e;Jf; bfhz:oUe;jhh].

tHf;fkhf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; jho itj;jpUg]gth]fSf;F ,uz:L
g|;Fk;/ jho ,y;yhjth]fSf;F/ FHe;ijfshapDk; xU g|;F
vd;W fzf;F ,Ue;jJ. vy;nyhUf;Fk; ,dpg]ig tH|;ff;Toa
KhPj;/ jtwhd bfhs;ifa[ila egh] te;jJk;/ me;egUf;F
Kfj;jpy; jho ,y;yhjjhy;/ mtUf;F xU g|;F ,dpg]ig
mspj;jhh]. ,jidf; fz:l Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp
miyQp me;j egUf;F ,uz:L g|;if tH|;fr; brhd;dhh]fs;.
mjw;F KhPj; Q%$%h]! ,tUf;F jhoapy;iy mjdhy; xU g|;F
jhnd! vdf; Twpdhh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mtUf;F
,uz:L g|;if tH|;F|;fs;/ Vbddpy; mth] ,uz:L g|;if
mila Mirg]gLfpwhh] vdf; Twpdhh]fs;. ,ijf; nfl]lJk;
jtwhd bfhs;ifa[ila me;j kdpjd;/ kdjpy; cs;stw;iw
mwpa[k; Zhdpapd; xg]gw;w Mw;wiyf; fz:L/ kd;dpg]g[f;nfhhp!
KhPjhdhh].

67

tQhgpfspd; ghh]itapy; ,khk; mQkj; u$h
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%

1. ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%
mth]fspd; mwpita[k;/ epiyiaa[k; fz:L/ vd; kdjpy;
kpf;f khpahijia bfhz:Ls;nsd;. jPDila
mwptpd;ghy; kpf;f cs;nehf;F ghh]ita[ilath].
,d;Dk; ,tUila vjphpfs; ,tUila mwptpd;
fhuzkhf/ ,thpd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;ff; Toa
fl]lhaj;jpy; js;sg]gLfpd;wdh].
- mg[y; cyh kt;J}jp

2. vd; kdjpy; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fisg] gw;wp kpf;f
khpahijiaf; bfhz:Ls;nsd;. ,th] v|;fis fh@gph]
vd;W miHf;fpwhh]. ,th] ,g]go v|;fis
brhy;tbjy;yhk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; md;gpdhy;
kl]Lnkad;wp ntW ve;j fhuzKk; fpilahJ.
- m#;ug] myp jhdtp.

3. fle;J tpl]l mQkj; u$h fhd; u!pay;yhQ%md;Q%
jd;Dila fhyj;jpy; nguwpthsdhf tps|;fpdhh].
,tUila xt;bthU @gj;tht[k; vjpuhd thjj;jpw;F
ey;y Mjhukhf mika[k;. nkYk; gog]gjw;F
jFjpahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
- KaPDj;jPd; ej;tp

md;whl cyf thH;f;ifapd; kiwtpw;F Kd;
tH|;fpa filrp mwpt[iufs;

1. vd;Dila Md;kh/ vd; cliy tpl]L g[wg]gLk;
neuj;jpy;/ vd; mUfpy; ve;j tpj capUs;sitfspd;
cUtg]gl|;fs; vJt[k; ,Uf;fTlhJ.
68

2. Nuh ahrpida[k;/ Nuh uhj;ija[k; mjpfkhf goa[|;fs;.
3. j+j; #hP@g]ig mjpfkjpfkhf XJ|;fs;.
4. mGgth]fis vd; gf;fj;jpypUe;J J}ukhf ita[|;fs;.
5. Rd;dj;JfSf;nfw;wthW vd;id Fspg]ghl]L|;fs;.
6. kt;yhd Qhkpj; u$h my;yJ my;yhkh mk;$j; myp
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh vdJ $dhrh bjhGifia
bjhH itf;f ntz:Lk;.
7. vd;Dila $dhrhit jhkjg]gLj;jhjPh]fs;.
8. vd;Dila $dhrhit J}f;Fk; nghJ/ fhgh nf gj;U
J$h/ Jk; gh] fnuhnlhd; ryhk;vd;gij XJ|;fs;.
9. vd;Dila g[fiHg] gw;wp vJt[k; gof;fhjPh]fs;.
10. vd;id kpft[k; nyrhf vd;Dila kz:ziwapy;
ita[|;fs;.
11. vd;Dila fg]iu vd;Dila cauj;jpw;F Vw;wthW
MHg]gLj;J|;fs;. Vbddpy; uNYy;yhQ;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; vd; fg]hpy; tUk;
nghJ/ khpahij epkph]j;jk; fhuzkhf/ ehd;
mth]fSf;fhf epd;W ryhk; gof;f ntz:Lk;.
12. vd;Dila f@gd; JzpahdJ Rd;dj;jpw;nfw;wthW
,Uf;f ntz:Lk;.
13. vd;Dila @ghj;jpQhtpy; itj;J Xjg]gLk;
czthdJ/ ViHfSf;F fz:og]ghf bfhLf;fg]gl
ntz:Lk;.
14. Qhkpj; u$h vd;Dilatw;wpy; cs;sij rhpghjpahf
rpd;dtUf;F ( Q%$%h] K@g]jp M$k; Qpe;j;)
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%kh mth]fSf;F fz:og]ghf
bfhLf;f ntz:Lk;. ,y;iybad;why; vd; Md;kh
rhe;jpailahJ.
15. eP|;fs; vy;nyhUk; fz:og]ghf jPdpy; epiyj;J
epy;Y|;fs;/ #hpmj;jpd; ghijia tpl]LtplhjPh]fs;.
ehd; ve;j jPdpy; gpd;gw;wp ,Ue;njndh mjpy; eP|;fs;
epiyj;J epy;Y|;fs;.

69

kiwt[

gnuy;tp #hP@g]gpd; kpd;Dk; Nhpad;/ cykhf;fspd;
fz:fspd; Fsph]r;rp/ E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;(,!;yhj;ij
cap+l]Lgth])/ jd;Dila neuj;jpd; bfsJ ehafk;/
jd;Dila neuj;jpd; ,khk; mg[ QdP@gh/ egpfs; ehafk;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fspd;
g{e;njhl]lj;jpypUe;J tUk; ,dpa nuh$hg]g{tpd; kzk;/
ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; ,khk; mQkj; u$h fhd;
u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fs;/ $%k;khtpd; (bts;spf;fpHik)
gh|;F neuk; 2.38 pm/ 25!gh]/ Qp$;hp 1340 (28
th
October 1921)
cyfj;jpd; md;whl thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;J/ thH;e;J
bfhz:oUf;fpwhh]fs;.

( vd;Dila ghijapy; ,we;jth]fis/ ,we;jth]fs; vdf;
TwhjPh]fs;. mth]fSf;F njitahd Mfhuj;ij ehnd
mspg]gtdhf cs;nsd; jpUf;Fh]Md;)

jd;Dila kiwtpd; neuj;ij 4 khj|;fs; 20 ehl]fSf;F
Kd;djhfnt fdpj;jpUe;jhh]fs;.

kiwt[ neuj;jpy; rphpah ehl]il rhh]e;j typa[y;yhQ;
(,iwnerh]) xUth]/ jd;Dila fdtpy; g[dpj egpfshh]
KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik igj;Jy;
Kfj;j!py; fhz:fpwhh]fs;. g[dpj egpfshiu Rw;wp epiwa
rQhghf;fSk;/ typkhh]fSk; cl]fhh]e;jthW fz:lhh]fs;.
mth]fs; midtUk; ahnuh xUthpd; tUiff;fhf
fhj;jpUe;jdh].

jd;Dila fdtpy; me;j typa[y;yhQ; (,iwnerh])
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik nehf;fp/ ah
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yk; ahUf;fhf
70

fhj;Jf; bfhz:oUf;fpwPh]fs;> vd;W tpdt/ mjw;F g[dpj
egpfshh] mQkj; u$h fhd; vd;W Tw/ me;j ,iwnerh]
mQkj; u$h fhd; vd;gth] ahh]> vd kPz:Lk; nfl]f/
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fs;
gnuy;tpapypUe;J tUk; Mypk; vd gjpyspj;jhh]fs;.

Mrph]tjpf;fg]gl]l ,iwnerh] (typa[y;yhQ])/
jd;Dila J}f;fj;jpypUe;J vGe;jt[ld; cldoahf
rphpahtpypUe;J gnuy;tp #hP@g] ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh].
mth] gnuy;tp #hP@g] te;jile;j nghJ/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp cyfj;jpd; md;whl
thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;J ,Ue;jhh]fs;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; jkJ
beU|;fpath]fsplk; xU Kiw vd;Dila kiwtpd; rkak;
beU|;Fk; nghJ ,e;jpah/ ,e;jpahthfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
MdhYk; ehd; bfhZ;rk; Tl kf;fhtpy; caph] gphptJ nghy;
czu khl]nld;. vd;Dila Mirbay;yhk;/ <khDld; kjPdh
Kdt;tuhtpy; vdJ caph] gphpa ntz:Lk;. gpwF $d;dj;Jy;
gfPapy; ey;y Kiwapy; mlf;fk; Mf ntz:Lk;! vy;yhk; ty;y
my;yhQ; midj;ija[k; bra;af; Toatd;! vd;W
Twpdhh]fs;.

kr(z)hh] #hP@g] (mlf;f!;jyk;)

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp cyfj;jpd;
md;whl thH;f;ifapypUe;J kiwe;J gnuy;tp #hP@g]/
cj;jpug]gpunjrk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ mlf;f!;jyj;ijf;
bfhz:L thH;e;J tUfpwhh]fs;. rgh] 25k; ehs; c+!; jpd tpHh
itgtj;jpy; cyfj;jpd; gy ghf|;fspypUe;J jpushd kf;fs;
te;J fye;Jf; bfhz:L/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; Mrpiag] bgw;W bry;fpd;wdh].

typa[y;yhQ;f;fs; (,iwnerh]fs;) v|;Fk; ,Ug]ghh]fs;/
71

vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ghh]g]ghh]fs;/ nfl]ghh]fs;/ cjtp bra;thh]fs;/
ek;Kila ryhkpw;F gjpy; ryhk; TWthh]fs;/ ek;ik tHp
elj;Jthh]fs; ( mth]fs; bgw;w btw;wp ghijapy;)
nghd;witfis ekf;F czh]j;jpa iranj Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ ,iwneruhf fhl]rpaspj;J ekf;F
czh]j;jpaij bra;J bfhz:Lk; ,Uf;fpwhh]fs;.

,khk; mQkj; u$h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% mth]fshy;
cyf K!;ypk;fs; mile;j ed;ikfs;

1. cyf K!;ypk;fspd; <khd;/ jtwhd
bfhs;iffisa[ila <khd; bfl;l tQhgpfs;/
fhjpahdp/ njt;ge;jp jg]yPfp $khj;/ mQ;ny QjP!;
kw;Wk; gy rjpfhu Fk;gy;fspd; gpoapypUe;J
fhg]gw;wg]gl]lJ.
2. ,iwnerh]fspd; N@gp ghijfs;/ ,!;yhkpah]fSf;F
bjspthf g[hpa itj;J/ #hpmj;nj K!;jgh
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; bjspthf
czh]j;jg]gl;lJ.
3. g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fis nerpg]gJ <khdpd; caph]
vd;gij czh]j;j ehj; #hP@g] (egpfs; g[fH; ghkhiy)
ia vGjp/ kdjpdhy; cUfp ,d;gf; fhjypy; cyf
K!;ypk;fis ghl itj;J/ ,iwfhjy; Rfj;ij bgw
itj;jhh]fs;.
4. 25f;Fk; nkw;gl]l gy;fiyf;fHf|;fs; (my;m$hh]
a[dpth]rpo/ ifnuh. gZ;rhg] a[dpth]rpo/ etc.,) Myh
Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
gilg]g[fis Muha;r;rp bra;J tUtJld; jj;jkJ
ghlj;jpl]lj;jpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; g[j;jf|;fisa[k; nrh]j;J cyf
mwptpay;/ Md;kPfk;/ ,!;yhkpar; rl]lk; Mfpatw;iw
bjs;sj;bjspthf cyfpw;F giwrhw;WfpwJ.
5. ,Jtiu 21 egh]fs; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; gilg]g[fisa[k;/ Qd@gp
72

rl]l|;fisa[k; Muha;e;J lhf;lh] (Ph.D) gl]lk;
bgw;Ws;sdh]. Muha;r;rpfs; ,d;Dk; bjhlh]e;J
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ.
6. u!h mfhlkp(,|;fpyhe;J)/ u!h mfhlkp(,e;jpah)/
u!h mfhlkp (bjd; Mg]hpf;fh)/ IARF(nfush)
nghd;wtw;wpd; \yk; ,!;yhkpa tsh]r;rpg] gzpfs;
nkw;bfhs;sg]gl]L kf;fs; ,d;wst[k; gadile;J
tUfpd;wdh].
7. ,e;jpa murh|;fk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp mth]fspd; ,!;yhkpa ,iwnerj; jd;ikia
tzf;fk; brYj;Jk; tpjkhf/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; kr(z)hh] #hP@g]ig
jghy; jiyahf (Postage Stamp) btspapl]L
bfsutg]gLj;jpaJ. nkYk; fr]g{$; -mfkjhghj; - m$;kPh]
- gnuy;tp tiu bry;Yk; ,uapy; tz:of;F Myh
Q$;uj; vf;!;gpu!: vd;W bgahpl]L
bfsutg]gLj;jpa[s;sJ.

,J ,!;yhkpa khh]f;fj;jpw;F ,e;jpa murh|;fj;jhy;
fpilf]fg] bgw;w bgUikia giwr]rhw;WfpwJ.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; rpy
gjpy;fs;

nfs;tp:- ,iwnerh]fspd; (typkhh]fs;) $pahuj;ij bra;a[k;
nghJ vg]go Kiwahf bra;a ntz:Lk;> vd;bdd;d
Fh]MDila Maj;Jf;fs; Xj ntz:Lk;>

gjpy; :- g[dpj ,iwnerh]fis $pahuj; bra;a Kw;gLk; nghJ/
krh(Z)h] #hP@g]gpd; fhy;gf;fkhf cs;ns EiHtJ rpwe;jJ
MFk;. Koe;jhy; krh(Z)h] #hP@g]gpypUe;J ehd;F iffs; ePsk;
js;sp epw;gJk; rpwe;jJ MFk;. kpjkhd Fuypy; gpd;tUkhW
ryhk; Twyhk;. m!;!yhK miyf;Fk;! ah ira;ajp! t
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp! t gufhjQ%! gpd;g[ @ghj;jpQhit
73

gpd;tUkhW Xjyhk;.
1. j+nj bfsrpah 3 jlit ( my;yhQ%k;kh !y;yp
myh ira;ajpdh t kt;yhdh KQk;kjpk; khjpdpy;
$%jp ty; fukp t miyQp t ghhpf; t !y;ypk;)
2. Nuh @ghj;jpQh - 1 jlit
3. Maj;Jy; Fh]!p - 1 jlit
4. Nuh ,f;yh!; - 7 jlit
5. j+nj bfsrpah - 7 jlit

nkYk; neukpUe;jhy; Nuh ah!Pd; kw;Wk; Nuh Ky;f;
Mfpatw;iw Xjp my;yhQ;tplk; gpd;tUkhW Jth nfl]fyhk;.
ah my;yhQ;! ehd; Xjpajw;F ghpfhukhf/ cd;Dila
btFkjpfis cd;Dila bfhil Fzj;jpw;F Vw;whw; nghy;
vdf;F mspg]ghahf! vd;Dila jFjpahd braiy bghWj;J
my;y. kw;Wk; cdJ btFkjpfis cd;Dila
njh]e;bjLf;fg]gl]l moahh]fs; ( ek; Kd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk;
,iwnerhpd; bghUl]lhy; ) \ykhf vdf;F tH|;Fthahf!
Mkpd;.

gpwF moahh]fs; j|;fSf;F ntz:oa KuhJf;fis
#hpmj;jpw;F fl]Lg]gl]L my;yhQ;tplk; Jth nfl]L/ ,e;j
Jthit ,iwnerhpd; t!Pyhitf; bfhz:L Vw;Wf;
bfhs;thahf vd;W Twp/ Jth nfl]L Koj;J tpl]L kPz:Lk;
xUKiw kpjkhd Fuypy; nkw;TwpathW ryhik Twptpl]L
tpil bgwyhk;.
nfs;tp vz: 169/ gf;fk; 212
ghfk; 4/ g[j;jfk;- @gj;thna u$;tpah

nfs;tp :- ,g]bghGJ ehk; fhqk; tQhgpfspd; Tl]lk;
Fy@ghna uh#pjPd;fSila fhyf; fl]lj;jpnyna btspg]gl]L
tpl]lhh]fsh>

gjpy; :- ira;ajpdh mg]Jy;yh ,g]D mg]gh!; u!pay;yhQ%
md;Q% mth]fs;/ mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h
u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fsplk; mDkjp bgw;Wf; bfhz:L
74

mkPUy; \kpDila vjphpfsplk; brd;whh]fs;. me;j
FHg]gthjpfsplk; ve;j tp#aj;jpy; eP|;fs; mkPUy;
\kpdPDld; cld;gof;if ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwPh]fs;> vd;W
tpdt/ mjw;F me;jf; Tl]lk;/ vjw;fhf rp@g]gPDila
gpur;rpidapy; ra;ajpdh mg[ \!h m$hhp u$pay;yhQ%
md;Q%it eLtuhf (jPh]g]g[ mspg]gtuhf) mkPUy; \kpdPd;
epakpj;jhh]fs;> ,J #ph]f; MFk;.

(mJ #ph]f;/ ,J #ph]f; vd;w a[f;jpiajhd;/ ,d;iwa
tQhgpfSk; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh]. egpfs; ehafk;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; kiwthd Zhdj;ij gw;wp
Fwpg]gpLk; nghJ/ cz:ikahd K!;ypk;fs; mij mjhap-
my;yhQ;tpd; mUl]bfhil vd;Wk;/ $hj;jp jdpg]gl]lJ
,y;iy vd;Wk; TWthh]fs;. Mdhy; ,ij tQhgpfs;/ uNy;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yKf;F kiwthd Zhdk; vd;gJ
fpilahJ vd;Wk;/ mg]go cs;sJ vd;W epidg]gpd; #ph]f;
MFk; vd;W Twp jphpfpd;wdh].)

FHg]gthjpfs;/ my;yhQ; jpUkiwapy; jPh]g]ghdJ
my;yhQ;tpd; g[wj;jpnyapUe;J tUk;. ntW ahhplkpUe;Jk;
,y;iy. vd;wdh;;. ira;ajpdh mg]Jy;yh ,g]D mg]gh!;
u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% my;yhQ; jpUf;Fh]Mdpny ,g]goa[k;
TWfpwhd; - fztd; kidtpf;F ,ilna jfuhW Vw;gl]lhy;/
fztDk; kidtpa[k; mtuth]fs; gf;fkhf xU eLtiu
epakpj;Jf; bfhs;S|;fs;. kw;Wk; ,UtUk; kW Mnyhrid
bra;jhy;/ my;yhQ; ,Utiua[k; nrh]j;J itg]gtdhf
cs;shd;. vd;whh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh mg]Jy;yh ,g]D mg]gh!; u$pay;yhQ%
md;Q% jpUf;Fh]Mdpd; Maj;ij Twptpl]l gpd;g[/ vd;d
eP|;fs; jpUf;Fh]Mdpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU rpy fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;
bfhz:L ek;gpf;ifahsuhfp/ xU rpy Maj;Jf;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fis tpl]Ltpl]L F@g]h] bra;fpwPh]fsh> vdf; nfl]lJk;.
me;jf; Tl]lj;jpy; cs;s ghjp ngh]fs; (5000 egh]fs;)
75

kd;dpg]g[f;nfhhp mkPUy; \kpdPDld; nrh]e;jdh]. kPjp ,Uf;ff;
Toa ghjp ngh]fs; (5000 egh]fs;) Kuz:ghlhfnt vjph]j;J
epd;wdh]. ,ijf; nfs;tpg] gl]l mkPUy; \kpdPd; kPjpapUf;ff;
Toath]fis bfhd;W tpLkhW cj;jut[ gpwg]gpj;jhh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh ,khk; Qrd;/ ,khk; Q%ird; kw;Wk;
rQhghf;fs; (u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%kh) rw;Wf; ftiy
mile;jdh]. Vbddpy; me;jf; Tl]lj;jhh]fs; ,ut[ KGtJk;
epd;W bjhGfpd;wdh]. gfy; KGtJk; jpUf;Fh]Md;
XJfpd;wdh]. ,th]fSf;F vjpuhf vg]go this cah]j;JtJ>
vd;W jaf;fk; bfhz:ldh].

mt;ntisapy; myp Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ% md;Q%
mth]fs;/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;
,f;Tl]lj;jhiug] (tQhgpfs;) gw;wp Kd;djhfnt mwptpg]g[
bra;jij vLj;Jf; Twpdhh]fs;. ,!;yhj;jpy; FHg]gk;
tpistpg]gth]fs; j|;fSila btspg]gilahd ,ghjj;jpy;
jPtpukhf ,Ug]ghh]fs;(nehd;g[/ bjhGif/ Q$;/etc.,) Mdhy;
,th]fs; jPid tpl]L tpy;ypUe;J tpLgl]l mk;igg] nghy;
btspnawptpl]ldh]. vg]bghGJk; ,th]fs; kPz:Lk; jPdpd; gf;fk;
jpUk;g khl]lhh]fs;. ,th]fs; XJk; jpUf;Fh]Md; ,th]fSila
bjhz:ilfSf;F fPH; ,w|;fhJ vd;whh]fs;.

mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h
u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% mth]fspd; fl]lisf;fpz|;f
tQhgpfSld; $pQhj; bra;tjw;F K!;ypk; gil jahuhdJ.
$pQhj; ele;J bfhz:oUf;Fk; ntisapy;/ mkPUy; \kpdPd;
mth]fSf;F rpy vjphpfs; Mw;w|;fiuia flf;f nghtjhf
jfty; te;jJ. mkPUy; \kpdPd; jd;Dila jf;thtpd;
(gagf;jp) fhuzkhf/ my;yhQ;tpw;fhf! vjphpfspy;
midtUk; Mw;wpd; ,e;jg] gf;fj;jpnyna bfhd;whf ntz:Lk;
vdf; Twp gilj;jsgjpfis Jhpjg]gLj;jpdhh]. mkPh]
jd;Dila gilfSf;F vjphpfspd; rly|;fis njL|;fs;/
mth]fspy; $%y; jhjpah bjd;gl]lhy;/ cyfpnyna kpf
bfhoatdhd mtid bfhd;WtpL|;fs;. eP|;fs; mtid tpl]L
76

tpl]Oh]fshdhy;/ cyfpYs;s rpwe;j kdpjh]fis bfhd;W
Ftpj;jJ nghy; MFk;. vd;W Twp njliy Muk;gpj;jdh].

rpy rly|;fSf;F moapy; rgpf;fg]gl]l me;jf;
bfhoatd; ,we;J fple;jhd;. mtDila xU if bgz:zpd;
khh]gfk; nghd;w totpy; rpijf;fg]gl]oUe;jJ. ,ijg] ghh]j;j
mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ%
md;Q% kpFe;j cah]e;j Fuypy; jf;gPh; ( my;yhQ% mf;gh])
KH|;fp/ my;yhQ;it nghw;wpg] g[fH;e;jhh]. FHg]gthjpfis
g{kpapypUe;J mg]g[wg]gLj;jpajw;fhf my;yhQ;tpw;F ed;wp
brYj;jpdhh]fs;.

gpwF mkPUy; \kpdPd; ira;ajpdh myp Kh]j!h
u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% jkJ gilfis nehf;fp/ ,e;j
rgpf;fg]gl]l ghtpfspd; Tl]lk; Kw;wpYkhf mHpe;J tpl]lJ
vd;W epidf;fpwPh]fsh> epr;rakhf ,y;iy! ,d;Dk; epiwa
ngh] jd;Dila jhapd; fUtiwapYk;/ ,d;Dk; epiwa ngh]
jd;Dila je;ijapd; tpe;jDtpYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh]. ,th]fspy;
xU Tl]lk; Kw;wpYkhf mHpf;fg]gl]lhy; kw;bwhU Tl]lk; g[jpa
@gpj;dh/ FHg]g|;fnshL tUthh]fs;. ,e;j rgpf;fg]gl]l Tl;lk;/
rgpf;fg]gl]l j$;$hypd; tUif tUk; tiu bjhlUk;! vd
tQhgpfs; gw;wpf; TWfpwhh]fs;.

,e;j tQhgpfs; vjph]fhyj;jpy; j|;fis ,!;yhj;jpd;
rPh]jpUj;jthjpfs; vdf; Twpf; bfhz:L btspgLthh]fs; vd;W
rQP QjP!; #hP@g]gpy; rpy milahs|;fisa[k;
Fwpg]gplg]gl]Ls;sJ. mtw;wpy; rpytw;iw ,|;F ghh]g]nghk;!

1. c|;fSila bjhGiffs;/ mth]fspd;
bjhGiffnshL xg]gpLk; nghJ/ mJ
rpwg]gpy;yhjhft[k;/ Fiwt[s;sjhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ,nj
nghy; c|;fSila nehd;g[k;/ ey;yr; bray;fSk;
mth]fSld; xg]gpLk; nghJ Fiwt[s;sjhfnt
fhzg]gLk;.
2. mth]fs; jpUf;Fh]Md; XJthh]fs;/ Mdhy; mJ
77

mth]fspd; bjhz:ilfSf;F fPH; ,w|;fhJ.
3. mth]fsJ vGj;Jf;fSk;/ ngr;Rf;fSk; ,dpikahf
njhw;wkspf;Fk;. xt;bthU fhhpaj;jpYk; btw;wpg]
gofl]Lfis milthh]fs;.
4. mth]fspd; epiyahdJ tpy;ypypUe;J ,yf;if nehf;fp
tpLgl]l mk;igg] nghd;wjhFk;.
5. bkhl]ilj; jiya[ld; ,Ug]gJ/ mth]fspd;
milahs|;fspy; xd;whFk;.
6. mth]fspd; ,Lg]g[ Milfs; bfz:il fhypypUe;J
kpft[k; cah]e;jjhff; fhzg]gLk;.

ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp nkYk;
TWifapy; :-

g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;
Q%idd; nghh]f;fsj;jpy; ifg]gw;wpa bghUl]fis g|;fpl]L
tH|;fpf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. mg]nghJ xUtd; (me;j fhyj;J
tQhgp) g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQP miyQpt!y;yk;
g|;fpl]L bfhLf;Fk; Kiw rhpapy;iy vd;Wk;/ rpyh] rpyiuf;
fhl]oYk; mjpfkhft[k;/ rpyh] rpyiuf; fhl]oYk; Fiwthf
bgWtjhff; Twpdhhd;. ,ijf; nfl]l ira;ajpdh ckh]
@ghUf; u$pay;yhQ% md;Q% ah! uNYy;yhQ;! ,e;j
Kdh@gpf;fpd; (eatZ;rfd;) jiyia btl]o tPH;j;Jtjw;F
mDkjpia jhU|;fs; vd; whh]fs;. mjw;F my;yhQ;tpd; egp/
tpl]L tpL|;fs; Vbdd;why; ,g]gog]gl]l ,e;j khjphp
kf;fs; gpwg]gpdpny ,g]goj;jhd; vd;W Twptpl]L g[dpj
egpfshh] Jujp#;lkhf/ ehd; c|;fsplk; ePjpa[ld; elf;fh
tpl]lhy;/ ntW ahh] c|;fsplk; ePjpa[ld; elg]ghh]> vd;idf;
fhl]oYk; Jd;gj;ij mjpfk; jh|;fpa vdJ rnfhjuh] \!h
miyQpryhk; kPJ my;yhQ; jd; fUizia bghHpal]Lk;
vd;whh]fs;.

g[[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yik ePjp
bjhpahky; g|;fpl]L bfhLf;fpwhh] vd;W egpfshh] kPnj Fiw
brhy;ypa/ mnj Kdh@gpf;Ffs; (tQhgpfs;) jhd;/ ,d;Wk;
78

g[dpj egpfshhpd; kPJ Fiw ( kiwthd Zhdk; ,y;iy/
Kd;gpd; ghtk; bra;jth]/ rhjuz kdpjh] kh$(z)y;yh!)
brhy;ypj; jphpfpd;wdh].

xU ehs; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; rQhgh bgUkf;fs; NH ,Ue;jhh]fs;. mg]nghJ
xUtd; (me;j fhyj;J tQhgp) k!;$pjpd; (gs;spthry;)
thrypy; epd;W tpl]L/ cldoahf k!;$pnj egtp
gs;spthrYf;Fs; brd;Wtpl]lhd;. g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQP
miyQpt!y;yk; rQhghf;fis nehf;fp/ c|;fspy; ahh]
mtid bfhd;W tpl]L tUtPh]fs;> vdf; nfl]lJk;/
ira;ajpdh mg{gf;fh] rpj;jpf; u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% vGe;J
brd;whh]fs;. me;j kdpjd; bjhGifapy; ,Ue;jhd; mjdhy;
tpl]Ltpl]L te;J epiyikia g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;ykplk; Twpdhh]fs;.

kPz:Lk; g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yk; ahh] mtid bfhy;tPh]fs;> vdf; nfl]lJk;/
ra;ajpdh ckh] @ghUf; u!pay;yhQ% md;Q% me;j kdpjid
nehf;fp brd;whh]fs;. mtd; (tQhgp) bjhGifapd; epiyapny
,Ue;jjhy; mtUk; tpl]Ltpl]L te;J tpl]lhh]fs;.

\d;whtJ Kiwahf g[dpj egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk; ahh] mtid bfhy;tPh]fs;> vd;wJk;
ira;ajpdh myp my;Kh]j!h u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% vGe;J
epd;W ehd; mtid bfhd;W tpLntd; vd;whh]fs;. mjw;F
g[dpj egpfshh] Mk;/ c|;fshy; Koa[k; Mdhy; eP|;fs;
mtid fhz khl]Oh]fs; vd;whh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh myp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% k!;$pJd; egtp
brd;wile;j nghJ/ me;j kdpjd; (tQhgp) m|;fpUe;J
Kd;djhfnt btspnawp ,Ue;jhd;. egpfs; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQp t!y;yk;/ myp u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%it nehf;fp
eP|;fs;/ mtid bfhd;W ,Ug]gPh]fshapd;/ ,e;j ck;kj;jpy;
79

tuf;Toa FHg]g|;fis vy;yhk; ePf;fpath]fshf ,Ug;gPh]fs;.
vd;whh].

mtd;jhd; tQhgprj;jpd; je;ij. mtDila re;jjpfs;
jhd; ,d;W ehk; fhqk; tQhgpfs;. ,th]fs; jhd; g{kpapy;
FHg]gk;/ rz:il/ rr;rut[fis ,e;j ck;kj;jpy;
njhw;Wtpg]gth]fs;. me;jf; bfhoa kdpjd; gs;spthrypd;
thapypy; epd;w fzk;/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;ykpd; xU ghh]it/ mtDila kdjpy; cs;stw;iw
vy;yhk; mwpe;jJ! Mk;/ mtd; (tQhgp) kdjpy; ,e;j
k$;yp!py; jd;id tpl rpwe;jth] ahUkpy;iy vdt[k;. jd;id
tpl bjhGtjpYk;/ gagf;jpapYk; rpwe;jth] vtUkpy;iy vd;w
fh]tKk; ,Ue;jJ. cz:ikapy; bjhGif vd;gJ g[dpj
egpfshh] !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd; bfhil kw;Wk;
fUizna vd;gij bjhpahky; ,Ue;jhd;.

g[dpj egpfshh] KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;ykpd; rPhpa moik Mfhjtiuapy; xU nerd;
my;yhQ;tpd; moik Mf KoahJ! vdnt jhd; my;yhQ;
jpUkiwapy; my;yhQ;tpd; kPJk; egpapd; kPJk; ek;gpf;if
bfhz:L thU|;fs; kw;Wk; uNypd; kPJ khpahijiaa[k;/
fz:zpaKk; brYj;J|;fs;. my;yhQ;it ,ut[k;/ gfYk;
g[fG|;fs;(bjhGif). vdf; TWfpwhd;. <khdpd; Kf;fpa
m|;fk; vJbtd;why; uNypd; (egpapd;) kPJ itf;Fk;
khpahijna MFk;. egpapd; kPJ khpahij ,y;yhky; ve;j
totpy; nehd;g[/ bjhGif/ Q$; vd;W ,ghjj; ,Ue;jhYk; mJ
mh]j;jkw;wJ (tPzhdJ). ,d;iwa cyfpy; Vfg]gl]l
mg]Jy;yhf;fs; ( my;yhQ;tpd; moik) ,Uf;fpd;wdh]. Mdhy;
cz:ikahd kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifahd mg]Jy;yh vd;gJ ahh]
xUth] mg]nj-K!;j@gh (egpapd; moik) !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; ,Uf;fpd;whnuh mtnuahthh]. mg]go
,y;iybad;why; me;j (egh]) moik/ mg]nj-i#j;jhd;
(rgpf;fg]gl]l rhj;jhdpd; moik) Mthh]. my;yhQ%jhyh
kd;dpf;fl]Lk;!
Mjhuk; - my;ky;@g{!hj; #hP@g]
80

vjphpfs;

mth]fSf;F jdpg]gl]l Kiwapy; ve;j vjphpfSk; fpilahJ.
egpfs; ehafk; KQk;kj; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd;
vjphpfns Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd;
vjphpfs; Mthh]. ve;j tpjj;jpYk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd;
khpahijiaa[k;/ rpwg]iga[k; Fiwf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
Kdh@gpf;Ffs; bray;gl]lhy;/ Kdh@gpf;Ffis cyfj;jpw;F
milahsk; fhl]Lk; tpjkhf Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp jdJ vGj;jpYk;/ braypYk; tQhgpfSf;F
rhl]ilao bfhLg]ghh]fs;. vdnt jhd; tQhgpfSila
ghh]itapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp vjphpahf
bjhpfpd;whh]fs;.

bghJthfnt Muk;gf; fhyj;jpypUe;J tQhgpfs;
jpUf;Fh]Md;/ QjP!; #hP@g] nghd;wtw;iw jkJ Fiwthd
mwptpd; brayhy; jtwhd mh]j;j|;fis bfhz:L mjw;F
j@g]!PUk;/ tpsf;ft[iuia vGjpa[k; mjw;F jkJ
Kl]lhs;jdkhd tpahf;fpdKk; bra;J vg]goa[[k; cyf
K!;ypk;fspd; <khid ehrg]gLj;jp btWk; bjhGif/ nehd;g[/
Q$; nghd;w btspg;gilahd ,ghjj;Jfs; bra;af; Toa
nuhnghf;fshf (,ae;jpu bghk;ik) khw;w ntz:Lk; vd;W
f|;|zk; fl]of;bfhz:L rgpf;fg]gl]l rhj;jhndhL if
nfhh]j;Jf;bfhz:L Ch] KGtJk; Rw;wpr] Rw;wp tUfpd;wdh].
bgaustpy; j|;fis ,!;yhj;jpd; rPh]jpUj;jthjpfs; vdt[k;/
rpy;yh ngha; (40 ehs;/ 6 khjk;) jPidf; fw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;
vd;W Twp ghku kf;fis FHg]gp - <khid KG mstpy; ehrk;
bra;fpd;wdh].

,e;j tQhgpfspy;/ rpyh] vd;dbtd;W bjhpahknyna
Ml]Lke;ij nghy; tQhgpfspd; gpd;dhy; bry;gth]fs; xU
gf;fk;. vy;yhk; bjhpe;Jk;/ mwpe;Jk; cyfj;jpd;
Mjhaj;jpw;fhf ( gzk;/ gjtp/ kz;zhir/ bgz;zhir)
81

tQhgpfspd; gpd;dhy; bry;Yk; eatZ;rfh]fs; xU gf;fk;. ahh]
vg]go te;jhYk; rhp/ <khid bfLg]gJ kl]Lnk v|;fs; ntiy
vd;W tHp elj;Jk; jiyth]fs;(mkPh]fs;). ,t;thW ,th]fspy;
gy uf|;fs;. ,th]fspd; (tQhgpfspd;) xt;bthU jtwhd
fUj;Jf;fis fisj;J/ ghku K!;ypk; kf;fis fhg]ghw;Wk;
vz;zj;jpy; ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp jdJ Md;kPf bka;Zhd Mw;wyhy; rhpahd
Mjhu|;fis bfhLj;J/ tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffSf;F
Kl]Lf;fl]il nghl]lhh]fs;.

ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp/
jpUf;Fh]Md; - QjPJ #hP@g]ig mog]gilahff; bfhz:L
tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhfj; jUk; Mjhu|;fSf;Fk;/
tpsf;f|;fSf;Fk; gjpy; ju Koahky; jpzwpa tQhgpfs;.
j|;fspd; vjphpahff; fUjp Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp
miyQpapd; kPJ tPz:gHpfisa[k;/ Fw;w|;fisa[k; Rkj;jp
jphpfpd;wdh]. vd;d jhd; fhpa nkf|;fs; gnuy;tpapd; Nhpaid
kiwj;jhYk;/ Nhpad; kiwa[kh>

jpUf;Fh]Md;/ QjPJ #hP@g] nghd;wtw;wpd;
bkhHpg]bgah]g]g[fis jhd;njhd;wpj;jdkhf vGjpa
ijhpaj;jpd; fhuzkhf/ m|;F ifia itj;J/ ,|;F ifia
itj;J filrpapy; Myh Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp
jk;ik egp vd;W brhy;fpwhh] vd;W Twp/ mjw;F Mjhuk; Myh
Q$;uj; vGjpa g[j;jfnk vd;W j|;fspd; tHf;fkhd
bgha;ahd ntiyia bjhlh]e;jdh]. ,jw;F vjph]g]g[ jUk;
tpjj;jpy; iraj; #h Mny uNy; e$;kp r$;$hjh e#Pd; vd;gth]/
,g]go bgha;fis Twpa njt]ge;jp jg]yPf; $khj;jpd;
cw;gj;jpahsh]fs; kju!hit nrh]e;j bksytp ,g]uhQpk;
Mjk; (Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp jk;ik egp
vdr; brhy;fpwhh] vd bgha; Twpatd;) kPJ/ rthy; tpl]lhh]fs;.
mJ vd;dbtd;why; Twpa bgha;ia/ cz:ik vd epUgpj;jhy;
1 ,yl]r +gha; ghprhf tH|;fg]gLk; vd;whh]. ,Jtiu bksytp
,g]uhQpk; Mjk; tutpy;iyahk;. ,d;Wk; ve;j tQhgpaf;
bfhs;if bfhz:l jiyth]fSk; bksytp ,g]uhQpk; Mjk;
82

Twpa bgha;ia/ cz:ik vd epUgpj;jhy; 1 ,yl]r +gha;
ghpir jl]or; bry;yyhk;.

ekf;F Twpa ehd; ve;j jPdpy; gpd;gw;wp ,Ue;njndh/ mjpy;
eP|;fs; epiyj;J epy;Y|;fs; vd;gij jtwhf mh]j;jk;
bfhz:L njt]ge;jp jg]yPf; $khj; kju!hitr; rhh]e;j bksytp
,g]uhQpk; Mjk; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
jd;Dila moahh]fis (kf;fis) jd;idg] gpd;gw;w
brhy;fpwhh]. ,!;yhj;ij tpl]Ltpl]L xUtiu gpd;gw;WtJ
#ph]f; MFk; vd;W Twp kf;fis FHg]gp tUfpd;wdh].

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis
gpd;gw;Wgth]fs; kf;fh/ kjPdh brd;whYk; k!;$pnj QuhkpYk;/
k!;$pnj egtpa;apYk; ,khk;fis gpd; bjhlh]e;J (tQhgp
,khk;/ ,khkj; bra;a[k; nghJ bjhHkypUg;gJ)
bjhGtjpy;iy vd ,g]uhQpk; Mjk; Fw;wk; rhLfpwhh]. Mk;
,J cz:ikjhd;! Vd; ,khk;fis gpd; bjhlh]e;J
bjhGtjpy;iy vd;why;/ kf;fh/ kjPdhit rhh]e;j gy
cykhf;fs; ,g]D ijkpa;ah/ KQk;kj; ,g]D mg]Jy; tQhg]
e$;jp nghd;w bfhs;if bfl]l tQhgpa muRfshy;
epakpf;fg]gl]l ,khk;fs; Mth]. bfhs;if bfl]lth]fspd; gpd;
;bjhlh]e;J bjhGjhy;/ J}ath]fspd; bjhGifa[k;
ghjpf;fg]gLk;! vd;gJ mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpd;
jPh]f;fkhd fUj;jhFk;.

,d;Dk; gythW Twp ghku kf;fis/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd; bjhlh]gpdpypUe;J mWj;J
tpl]lhy;/ kPjpapUg]gth]fisa[k; Rygkhf tQhgpfshf khw;wp
tplyhk; vd;gJ ,th]fspd; (tQhgpfspd;) kw;Wk;
rhj;jhDila Tl]Lf; fdthFk;.

,iwnerh]fs;jhd; (typkhh]fs;)! my;yhQ;tpd;
ghijapy; btw;wpg] bgw;wth]fs;! mth]fs; ele;njwpa
83

ghijapnyna/ ek;ika[k; my;yhQ; tHp elj;Jthdhf!
Mkpd;.

k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj;(Leader)

mth]fs; ,!;yhj;jpd; rPhpa gzpahsuhf ,Ue;jjdhy;
my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;
mth]fspd; btFkjpia bgw;whh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ve;j xU rkaj;ija[k;
(khh]f;fj;ija[k;) jd;Dila bgahpy; njhw;Wtpj;jjpy;iy.
khwhf ,!;yhj;jpd; <khid (ek;gpf;ifia) cz:ikahd
tHpapy; fhl]odhh]fs;. mjdhyna Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj;
vd;Wk; k!;yf;nf mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj; vd;Wk;
miHf;fpnwhk;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ mQ;ny
Rd;dj;ty; $khj;jpd; jPh]f;fkhd bfhs;iffis jkJ
ftpijapd; Kyk; uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yikg] gw;wp ,t;thW Fwpg]gpLfpwhh]fs;.
(cUJtpy;)

my;yhQ; fp rh] j ghfjk; #hd; iQ V.
,d;rh eQp ,d;rhd;/ nth ,d;rhd; iQ V.
Fh]Md; njh <khd; gjhjh iQ ,ndQ;.
<khd; V fQjh iQ/ v nkhp $hd; iQ V.

,jd; mh]j;jkhtJ/
jiy Kjy; fhy;g]ghjk; tiu my;yhQ;tpd; bgUikia
btspf;bfhzUgtnu!
,tiug] nghd;W kdpjh] ahUk; fpilahJ! mth] kdpjuhf
,Uf;fpwhh]!
Fh]Md; ,th]fs; <khd; vd fhl]LfpwJ! Mdhy;!
84

<khd; brhy;fpwJ ,th]jhd; (uNy; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; jhd;) vd; caph]!

,e;jf; ftpij egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk; Qh$ph]/ eh$ph]/ v|;Fk; ,Uf;fpwhh]/
jk;Kila Zhdf; fz:fshy; ek; vy;nyhiua[k; ghh]f;fpwhh]fs;/
bjhGifapy; ek;ik ghh]f;fpwhh]/ mjdhyna mj;jQahj;J
,Ug]gpy; ah ma;a[Qd; egpa;a[ t uQkJy;yhQp gufhjQ%
vd;W khpahija[ld; TWk;nghJ ehafk; ek;ik ghh]f;fpwhh]fs;/
ehk; ghh]f;fhtpl]lhYk; rhpna! nghd;w bfhs;iffis vj;jp
itf;fpd;wJ.

Q$;uj; Q!;!hd; ,g]D rhgpj; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q%
vd;w rQhgp (egpehafj; njhHh]) rpwe;j ftpijahsh] Mthh].
ftpijfis brhy;tjw;fhf uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk;/ ,tiu gs;spthry; nkilapy; (kpk]ghpy;)
Tl Vw;wpapUf;fpwhh]fs;. ,tUf;F Rgr; bra;jpiaa[k;
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;
tH|;fpa[s;shh]fs;. ,e;j rQhgp jd;Dila ftpijapy; ekJ
ehafj;ij gpd;tUkhW nghw;Wfpwhh]fs;. fz:fs; c|;fis
tpl mw;g[jk; xd;iw fz:ljhf rhl]rp TwhJ! ve;jg]
bgz:kzpa[[k; c|;fisg] nghd;wbjhU mw;g[jj;ij
bgw;bwLj;jJkpy;iy/ ,dpg] bgwg]nghtJkpy;iy! eP|;fs;
vy;yhtpj ght|;fspypUe;Jk; tpLgl]lth]fs;! eP|;fs;
tpUk;gpathnw c|;fis my;yhQ; gilj;jhd;.

Mjhuk; - +Q%y; FJ}!;

jg]yPf; $khj; njt]ge;jp tQhgpfs;/ bjsQPJ
tQhgpfs;/ jLkhw;w thjpfs;/ ,!;yhkpah vd;w bgahpy; tyk;
tUk; bgha;ah]fs;/ gFjp16-Nuh my;fh@g] (110) tUfpw
Maj;jpd; go egpna brhy;Y|;fs;/ njhw;wj;jpy; ehDk;
c|;fisg] nghd;W kdpjd; jhd;. ehd; tQpfis/ c|;fs;
my;yhQ;thfpa xUtdplkpUe;J bgWgtdhf ,Uf;fpd;nwd;.
85

vd;gijf; vLj;Jf; bfhz:L egpa[k; ek; nghd;w rhjuz
kdpjh]jhd; vd ijhpakhf brhy;ypf;bfhz:L Rw;wpj;
jphpfpd;wdh]. kh$(z)y;yh! my;yhQ; ,th]fis kd;dpf;fl]Lk;!
vd;d ,th]fs; vy;yhk; my;yhQ;tpDila tQpia
bgWgth]fsh> vd;d ijhpak; ,th]fSf;F> egpf;F epfuhf
jk;ika[k; ghtpf;fpd;wdh] ,e;j bgha;ah]fs;!

,e;j bgha;ah]fs; jpUf;Fh]MDila xU trdj;ij
vLj;Jf; bfhz:Lk;/ kw;bwhU trdj;ij epuhfhpj;Jk;
elg]gth]fs;. Mdhy; cz:ikahd mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty;
$khmj;ij rhh]e;j \kpd;fs; jpUf;Fh]MDila vy;yh
trd|;fisa[k; KGikahf Vw;W elg]gth]fs;. me;j \kpd;fs;
mwpthh]fs; uNy; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;yKila
fz:fs; kw;w vy;yhf; fz:fisf; fhl]oYk; ntWgl]lJ!
mtUila fhJfs; kw;w vy;yhf; fhJfisf; fhl]oYk;
ntWgl]lJ! Mk; mjdhy;jhd; ehafkth]fs; TWfpwhh]fs;
vd;Dila fz:fs; J}|;fpdhYk; vd;Dila ,jak;
J}|;Ftjpy;iy vdnt cykh bgUkf;fs; TWfpwhh]fs; egp
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; mth]fs; kw;w egpkhh]fs;/
kyf;Ffisf; fhl]oYk; vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kjd;ikahd
goj;juk; bfhz:lth]. vdnt mtUila fz:fs; KG
cyfj;ija[k; xU ghh]itapy; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf
midj;ija[k; ghh]f;Fk; jd;ika[ilaJ. mtUila fhJfs;
thdj;jpy; tpGk; rpW fPwy;fisa[k; nfl]Fk; jd;ika[ilaJ.
mtUila \f;F Q$;uj; $pg]hPy; miyQp!yhk; mth]fspd;
tUifia thridahy; EfUk; jd;ika[ilaJ.

nkYk; egpfs; ehafk; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;
TWfpwhh]fs;/ eP|;fs; ghh]f;f Koahjija[k; ehd;
ghh]f;fpd;nwd;/ eP|;fs; nfl]f Koahjija[k; ehd;
nfl]fpd;nwd;. ,g]gog]gl]l <khidj;jhd; Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ekf;F mspj;jhh]fs;. Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp ekf;F brhy;ypj; je;jbjy;yhk;
rQhghf;fs;/ jhgaPd;fs;/ jng jhgaPd;fs;/ #%Qhjhf;fs;/

86

ehjhf;fs;/ mt;ypahf;fs; (,iwnerh]fs;) fhl]or; brd;w
ghijahFk;.

mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;ij rhh]e;j K!;ypk;fs;
tHptHpahf rQhgh bgUkf;fs; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk;
ek;gpf;ifiaa[k;/ rQhgh bgUkf;fis gpd;gw;wp bjhlh]e;J
te;j ,iwnerh]fs; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k;/
mQ;ny igj;Jfs; ( uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yKila re;jjpfs;) kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk;
ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
jk;Kila ftpijapy; gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhh]fs;.

mQ;ny Rd;dj; fh iQ nglh ghh]/ m!; Qgh Q%$%h].
e$k; iQ mt;h] et; iQ/ ,j;uj; uNy; my;yhQ; fp.

,jd; mh]j;jkhtJ/
mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpDila Tl]lk;
btw;wpia bgWk; Tl]lk; Vbdd;why; rQhgh bgUkf;fs;
el]rj;jpu|;fis nghd;W tHp fhl]Lfpd;wdh]/ mQ;ny
igj;Jfs; (uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yKila re;jjpfs;) E}Q; miyQpryhKila fg]giy
nghd;W (F@g]h] vd;w bts;sj;jpypUe;J) ek;ik fiur]
nrh]f;fpd;wdh].

,g]gog]gl]l/ cz:ikahd <khid kf;fSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl]o/ tHpelj;jp bfhz:oUf;Fk; ira;ajpdh Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp 14k; E}w;whz:od; K$j;jpj;
(,!;yhj;jpw;F cap+l]oath]) vd;Wk;/ k!;yf;nf mQ;ny
Rd;dj;ty; $khmj; vd;Wk; miHf;fg]gLfpwhh]fs;.

i#j;jhd; TwpaJ nghy; my;yhQ;tpw;F kl]Lnk
khpahij epkph]j;jk;/ MjKf;F (miyQp!yhk;) fpilahJ
vd;W Twp ifr]nrjk; mile;jJ nghy;/ ,d;W ek;kpilapy;
tyk; tUk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd bgha;ah]fs; ( tQhgpfs;)
eh|;fs; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; my;yhQ;tplnk neuoahf
87

vd;W Twp j|;fs; ,ghjj;Jfs; kPJ fh]tk; bfhz:L kw;w
,iwnerh]fisa[k;/ bghpahh]fisa[k; Vsdg]gLj;Jk;
rhj;jhd;fsplkpUe;J tpLgl]L. ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj;
uQkJy;yhQp miyQp ele;njwpa btw;wpg] ghijapy;/
mth]fspd; tHpj;jlj;ij gpd; bjhlh]nthkhdhy; ,d;#h
my;yhQ;! epr;rakhf/ my;yhQ; kw;Wk; uNYy;yhQ;
!y;yy;yhQ% miyQp t!y;ykpd; btFkjpia
bgw;wth]fspd; Tl]lj;jpy; ehKk; nru tha;g]g[z:L! Mkpd;!

ehnu jf;gPh]! ehnu hp!hyj;!
my;yhQ% mf;gh]! ah uNyy;yh!

k!;yf;nf Myh Q$;uj;! $pe;jh ghj;!
ah bfs!; ! my;kjj;!

vdJ FUkhhpd;(gPnuhKh]#pj;) je;ij Xh] mwpKfk;

Q$;uj; n#h]gP#na mQ;ny Rd;dj;/ k$;Qnu Myh
Q$;uj; - Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fs; jhUy; cY}k; @g[h]fhdpa;ah vd;w kju!htpy;
njt]ge;j; (tQhgpaf;) bfhs;iffis bfhz:l
ghlj;jpl]l|;fis goj;Jg] gl]lk; bgw;wth].

mth]fspd; bgUikiag] gw;wp mwpe;j Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp
fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp Xh] vz:zk; bfhz:lhh]. mJ
vd;dbtdpy; Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
rhh]e;jpUe;j mQ;ny Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpd; bfhs;iffSf;F
vjpuhf Kdh$puh (thf;Ftpthjk;) g[hpe;J/ Myh Q$;uj;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpia btw;wpf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.

Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpia
Kdh$puhtpy; re;jpg]gjw;fhf Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp g[wg]gl]Lf; bfhz:oUe;j neuj;jpy;
88

tHpapy; xU bghpahh]/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQp vGjpa jk;QPnj <khd; vd;w g[j;jfj;ij btapypy;
fha itj;Jf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]. ,ijg] ghh]j;j Q#;kj; myp
fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ mg]bghpahhplkpUe;J
mg]g[j;jfj;ij th|;fp/ bry;Yk; tHpapy; goj;Jf; bfhz:nl
brd;whh].

g[[j;jfj;ij gof;f gof;f kdk; khwpaJ! ,g]nghJ
cz:ikia mwpe;jth]fsha;! jk; tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffspd;
jtiw czh]e;jth]fsha;! cs;sk; jpUe;jpathW Myh
Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fis re;jpj;J
kd;dpg]g[ ntz:o/ Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQptpd;
KhPjhdhh](rPluhdhh]).

ira;ajpdh Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp
miyQptpd; Mrph]thjj;jpd; bghUl]lhy; cz:ikf;F vjpuhf
cs;s F@g]iuf; bfhz:l tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf
jk; gpur;rhuj;ij bjhl|;fpdhh]. rpy rka|;fspy; vjphpfspd;
(tQhgpfspd;) jhf;FjYf;Fk; Mshdhh]. Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp
fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; mZ;rh
beZ;rj;ija[k;/ vjphpfSf;F vjpuhf jk; Thpa ths; nghd;w
brhw;fshy; tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffis rpjwog]gija[k; fz:l
Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp/ Q#;kj; myp fhd;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fisg] ghh]j;J eP vd;Dila
g[yp kw;Wk; vd;Dila +Qhdp (Md;khtpd;) kfd; vd;whh]fs;.

tQhgpaf; bfhs;iffis tpLj;J kf;fs; mQ;ny
Rd;dj; ty; $khmj;jpy; epiyj;J epw;gijf; fz:l tp#kpfs;/
Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
brhw;bghHpthw;Wk; nghJ fw;fis bfhz:L tPrp Q$;uj;
mth]fSf;F ,uj;jk; tUkhW bjhe;jut[ bfhLj;jdh]. vdpDk;
vijg] gw;wpa[k; ftiyg]glhky;/ ,wg]gpw;Fk; mZ;rhky;
cz:ikia epiyehl]Ltijna Fwpf;nfhshf bfhz:L
gazk; gy bra;J gy Ch]fSf;F brd;W
brhw;bghHpthw;Wthh].
89

Rd;ny mJ ik gpfl]nd thyh eQp
nth ryhkj; iQ Kn$ gdhnd thyh!

Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp mth]fs;
bghpnahh]fis fz:zpag]gLj;Jtij kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf fUjp
brayhw;Wthh]. Myh Q$;uj; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQpapd;
kfdhd Q%$%h] K@g]jp Mrk; Qpe;j; miyQp uQkJ hp!;thd;
mth]fisf; fhzr; bry;Yk; nghbjy;yhk;/ mtuJ
fhy;g]ghj|;fis jk; cjLfshy; Kj;jkpLthh]fs;.

(Fwpg]g[ :- uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yik nehf;fp fpahkj; ehs; gw;wpa[k; kWikia
gw;wpa[k; brhy;Y|;fs; vd rQhghf;fs; nfl]Lf; bfhs;s/
uNyy;yh !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; kWikiag]
gw;wpa[k;/ fpahkj; ehs; gw;wpa[k; Twpf; bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;.
rQhghf;fs; kw;Wk; ToapUe;j gyh]/ xt]bthUtUk; j|;fisg]
gw;wp me;ehspy; brhy;Y|;fs; vd Mh]tKld; nfl]f/
uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk; kpf;f cahpa
epiyapy; brd;wthW kWikapd; ,ufrpa|;fis btspapl]L
bfhz:oUe;jhh]fs;. uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQp
t!y;yik rhe;jg]gLj;Jtjw;fhf ckh]gh@+f; u$pay;yhQ%
md;Q%/ uNYy;yhQ; !y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;ykpd;
fhy;g]ghj|;fis jk; cjLfshy; Kj;jkpl]L rhe;jkilar]
bra;jhh]fs;.)

unrhyp khtl]lj;jpYs;s guhgd;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
njt]ge;j; tQhgpfSld; eilg]bgw;w tpthjj;jpy; Q$;uj;
Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs;
tQhgpfis jiyf;Fdpa itj;jhh]. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j
tQhgpfs; j|;fSila tHf;fkhd NH;r;rp/ jPtputhj
mwpitf; bfhz:L/ Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd;
uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp mth]fs; rhg]gpLk; btw;wpiyapy;
tp#j;ij fye;Jtpl]ldh]. Q$;uj; me;j btw;wpiyia bkd;W
rhg]gpLk; nghJ/ jkJ Ez:zpa Rit czh]tpdhy; mwpe;J
bfhz:L btw;wpiyia clndna Jg]gptpl]lhh]fs;. ,Ug]gpDk;
90

tp#j;jpd; jPtpuj;jhy;/ Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd;
uQkJy;yhQp miyQp Qp$;hp 1380-KQh]uk; 8y;(3
rd
July 1960)
Kw;gfy; 10.03f;F #QPjhdhh]fs;. ( ,iw tHpapy; epiyj;J
epd;wjdhy; tQhgpfshy; bfhy;yg]gl;lhh]fs;)

Q$;uj; Q#;kj; myp fhd; uQ;kj;Jy;yhQp miyQp
mth]fspd; krh(z)h] #hP@g] cj;jpug]gpunjrj;jpYs;s gpypgpl]
#hP@g]gpy; cs;sJ. Q$;uj; mth]fspd; KhPJfSk;/ kw;w
kf;fSk; Q$;uj;jpd; fuhkj;Jfshy;/ ,d;Wk; gyd; bgw;W
neh]tHpapy; bry;fpd;wdh]. Q$;uj; mth]fspd; kw;w
g[jy;th]fSk; vdJ gPUk; Kh]#pJkhd KQk;kj; ,j;hP!; u$h
fhd; fpg]yh mth]fSk; jkJ je;ijapd; tHpj;jlj;ij gpd;gw;wp
mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;jpd; kf;fis tQhgpfspd;
bfhs;isapypUe;J ( <khdpd; jpUlh]fs;) fhg]ghw;Wtjw;fhf
mUk;ghLgl]L tUfpd;wdh]. my;yhQ%jMyh rpy;rpyhna
my;fhjphpa[y; u$;tpapy; Q#;kjpiaf; bfhz:L/ nkYk;
ew;fhhpa|;fis bra;tjw;F mUs;ghypg]ghdhf! nkYk;
v|;fSf;F(mQ;ny Rd;dj;ty; $khmj;) ra;ajpdh Myh
Q$;uj; uQkJy;yhQp miyQp mth]fspd; t!Pyhitf;
bfhz:L btw;wpia mspg]ghdhf!
-Mkpd;.

ah bfs!; my;kjj;!

91

ryhk; (cUJ & jkpH; mh]j;jk;)

1. K!;j@gh $hnd uQkj; ng yhnfh ryhk;
#k;nk g!;nk Qpjhaj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(uQkj;jpd; capuhd K!;j@gh (!y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk;) kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.
kf;fs; Tl]lk; neh]tHp elf;f tpsf;F nghy; ngbuhsp
gpufhrk; tPRgth] kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.)

2. $p!; RQhdp fQ;o rk;fh ijgh fh rhe;j;
c!; jpy; m@g]nuh!; rhMjj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(g[dpj efhpd; ghpRj;j KGepyt[ kpd;dpa me;j
bghd;dhd neuk;/
me;j mf|;Fsph]r;rp bfhz:l behoapd; kPJ
yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.)

3. $pd; nf r$;nj F bkQuhng fhgh $%fp
cd; gnQhd; fp yjh@gj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(ahUila r$;jhtpw;F bgUikkpf;f fhgJy;yht[k;
Fdpe;jnjh/
mtUila bky;ypa g[Ut|;fs; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs;
ryhk;.)

4. $pd; nf khj;nj #ghmj; fh rQuh uQh
c!; $gPnd rhMjj; gh] yhnfh ryhk;

(ahUila jiyapy; kWik ehspd; rpghhpR rQuhthf
(khg]gps;isapd; jiy njhuzk;) ,Uf;fpwnjh/
mtUila bgUikkpf;f bew;wpapd; kPJ
yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;)

92

5. $p!; ju@g] cl] fap jk;nk jk; Mfah
c!; epfhQ;na Qpdhaj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(vg] gf;fk; jpUk;gpdhYk; caphpy; caph] te;jJ/
me;j caph] bfhLf;Fk; ghh]itapd; kPJ

6. J}nuh e$;jpf; nf Rd;nd thny nth fhd;
fhnd yhny fuhkj; gh] yhnfh ryhk;

(J}uj;jpYk; mUfpYk; nfl]Fk; jpwd; bgw;w me;j
fhJfs;/
fuhkj; (mw;g[jk;) bfhz:l me;j gts fhJfs; kPJ

7. gj;yp gj;yp Fny Fj;!;fp gj;jpah
cd; ynghd; fp e$h@fj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(bkypjpYk; bkypjhd $d;dj;jpd; nuh$h ,jiH xj;j/
mtUila cjLfspd; bky;ypaj;jd;ikapd; kPJ

8. E}h] nf r#;nk yQuhna jh]ah gnQ
c|]spnah fp fuhkj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

( ngbuhsp Cw;wpypUe;J gPa;j;Jf;bfhz:L tUk; ejpapd;
bts;sk;/
fuhkj; (mw;g[jk;) bfhz:l me;j tpuy;fspd; kPJ

9. Qhj; $p!; !pk;l] cl]lhQ; fdp fh]jpa;ah
gQnu kt]n$ !fhtj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(ahh] kPJ ifia cah]j;jpdhh]fnsh mth]fbsy;yhk;
nkd;ikahfp tpl]ldh]/

93

flypd; miyiag] nghy; kPz:Lk; kPz:Lk; mspf;Fk;
cahpa jhdj;jpd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;)

10. Fy; $Qhd; kpy;f; mt;h] b$s fp nuhO fp!h(z)
c!: #pfk; fp fpdhmj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(<Uyfj;jpd; Kjyhspahf ,Ug;gpDk; b$stpDila
(nfhJik khtpd; filrp kl]l kht[) buhl]oia
cz:gth]/
mij Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; tapw;wpd; bghWikapd; kPJ

11. g{f;nf Fj; uQ; nf fhdh jpah ifh] F
@ghj;jpkh fp !fhtj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(jhk; grpahf ,Ue;J mLj;jtUf;F cztspf;Fk;/
@ghj;jpkhtpd; bfhilapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs;
ryhk;.)

12. fpj;nd kQf; nf gnl iQd; kjPnd nf @g{y;
fh]gyh njhp fp!;kj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(kjPdhtpd; bjhpj;Jj; rpjwpa g{f;fs; kyh]e;J kzk;
tPRfpwJ/
fh]gyh ce;jd; tpjpapd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs;
ryhk;.)

13. bfs!;/ fh$h/ u$h/ Qhkpnjh/ K!;jgh/
gd;Z; fd;Z;nr tpyhaj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(bfs!;/ fh$h/ u$h/ Qhkpnjh/ K!;j@gh/
Ithpd; tpyhaj; (,iwnerj;jd;ik) kPJ

94

14. Vf; nkuh Qp uQkj; ng jhth eQp
#h Qfp rhhp ck;kj; ng yhnfh ryhk;

(vdf;F kl]Lk; uQkj;ij bgw;Wf;bfhs;tjpy;
vz:zkpy;iy/
kd;dh] KQk;kjpd; (!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;) vy;yh
ck;kj;jpd; kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk;.)

15. K$;n! fpj;kj; nf Fj;J}!p fnQ Qh u$h
K!;j@gh $hnd uQkj; ng yhnfh ryhk;.

(vdf;F gzptpil bra;a[k; thdth]fs; vd;d u$h
TwpdPh]fs; vd;why;/
uQ;kj;jpd; capuhd K!;j@gh (!y;yy;yhQ%
miyQpt!y;yk;) kPJ yl]rhjpyl]r|;fs; ryhk; vd;ngd;.)

16. jhy; jp fy;g] nk m!;(z)knj K!;j@gh
irajP Myh Q$;uj; ng yhnfh ryhk;.

(K!;j@ghtpd; (!y;yy;yhQ% miyQpt!y;yk;)
bgUikkpf;f epidit ,jaj;jpy; ,l]l/
jiyth] Myh Q$;uj; (uQkJy;yhQp miyQp) kPJ

95

Salaam

1. Mustafa jane rahmath pay lakhon salaam
Sham e bazz may hidaayath pay lakhon salaam.

2. Jis suhaani gahdi cham ka thaiba ka chand
Us dil afroz sa a dath pay lakhon salaam

3. Jin ka sajde ku mehraaba kaba juki
Un bahon ki lathaafath pay lakhon salaam

4. Jin ka maatha shafa ath ka sahara rahaa
Us jabeena sa dath pay lakhon salaam

5. Jis taraf ut gayi tham may tham aa gayaa
Us nigaa ye hinaayath pay lakhon salaam

6. Dhoor nazdik kay sunna vala o kaan
Kaana laalay karaamath par lakhon salaam

7. Pathli pathli gulay quds ki pathiyaan
Un labon ki nazaakath pay lakhon salaam

8. Noor ka chasmay laharaaya daryaa bahay
Ungliyon ki karaamath pay lakhon salaam

9. Haath jis simt uttaah gani kar diyaa
Bahara mavjay sakaavath pay lakhon salaam

96

10. Kul jahan ki milk aur jaw ki roti kiza
Us shikam ki kanaa ath pay lakhon salaam

11. Buukay qudh rahkay khanaa diya gair ku
Fathima ki sakaavath pay lakhon salaam

12. Kithna mahak ka padain hain madinay kay phool
Karbala teri kismath pay lakhon salaam

13. Gouse, kaja, raza, haamido, mustafa
Panja kanja vilaayath pay lakhon salaam

14. Ek mera hi rahamath pay dawaa nahi
Shaa hakhi saari ummath pay lakhon salaam

15. Mujse kidhmath ka qudhisi kahe haan raza
Mustafa jane rahamath pay lakhon salaam

16. Dall di qalb may azmathay mustafa
Sayyadi aala hazrath pay lakhon salaam.

97








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,khnk mQ;ny Rd;dj; - mQkj; u$hfhd; u$pay;yhQ%md;Q% 14k; E}w;whz;od; K$j;jpj; - thH;f;if tuyhW

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