TITLE OF THE REPORT

Submitted to:
xxxx
Submitted by:
xxxx
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. Jon!s" #anada

$ecember %%" &'('
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS............................................................................................. 4
3.0 FIGURES AND TABLES....................................................................................................... 5
4.0 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 7
).( *eference list............................................................................................................. +
).& *eference in te%t........................................................................................................ ,
5.0 LIST OF SYMBOLS.............................................................................................................. 9
.0 OTHER SPECIFIC POINTS.................................................................................................. 9
(Right click the table, select update field)
-age i
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont)
PAGE
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3!1 PARAMETERS USED IN NUMERICAL ANALYSIS.................................................7
(Right click the table, select update field)
LIST OF FIGURES AND DRAWINGS
FIGURE 3!1 MOMENT CUR"ATURE RELATIONSHIP #AFTER HA$LADER ET AL. 200%
(Right click the table, select update field)
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A xxxxx
Appendix B xxxx
Appendix C xxxxx
Appendix D xxxx
-age ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This is not the official format of report preparation at Memorial ni!ersit" of #e$foundland% This
document has been prepared onl" for Dr% &a$lader's graduate students in order to pro!ide some
guidance% As it is not official format this should not be distributed $ithout the permission of Dr%
&a$lader
Thesis and reports should be $ritten, double(spaced, on paper )%* + ,, inch in ,- times ne$
roman font% Align texts to both the left and right margin (.ustified) unless other$ise mentioned%
/rimar" headings indicate the ma.or sections% 0econdar" headings indicate ma.or di!isions $ithin
a primar" section% Tertiar" headings indicate di!isions $ithin a secondar" heading%
0ample text1
The gro$ing interest in northern oil and gas resources demands an efficient design method for
arctic pipelines% /ipelines in northern regions are often buried in continuous or discontinuous
permafrost and tra!erse large distances through a !ariet" of soil t"pes in terms of frost
susceptibilit"% The current design philosoph" for natural gas pipelines through permafrost is to
chill the product to pre!ent tha$ing of fro2en ground% &o$e!er, this causes free2ing of initiall"
unfro2en soil $hen the pipeline passes through unfro2en ground in discontinuous
The ob.ecti!e of this stud" is to de!elop a semi(anal"tical solution considering the uplift resistance
in fro2en soil obser!ed in laborator" tests% The main attraction of this approach is that it does not
re3uire complex numerical calculations% 4n order to !erif" the solution, the results ha!e been
compared $ith finite difference (#ixon ,556) and finite element results% The effects and sensiti!it"
to se!eral soil parameters are also presented% Although the solution has been de!eloped for
differential frost hea!e, it could also be used for modelling pipelines sub.ected to trans!erse soil
mo!ements $here the post peak reduction of soil resistance (softening) is a concern%
.
2.0 MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
73uations should be clearl" t"ped8 triple(spacing should be used if superscripts and (or) subscripts
are in!ol!ed% 0uperscripts and subscripts should be legible and carefull" placed% All letter or
s"mbol should represent onl" one entit" and be used consistentl" throughout the report%
/lace each e3uation on a ne$ line and number them in order% se e3uation editor of Microsoft
9ord to insert e3uations% :ollo$ the follo$ing format1
( scalars in italic
(!ectors in bold italic
(matrices in bold roman
( letters are in italic but not the s"mbols such as ;reek letters%
(numerals (e%g% <, ,, -, =%%) should not be italic
0ample1
The soil is elastic at this le!el of end displacement and onl" the Region(A is formed% Both x
<
and
x (:ig% ,) are e3ual to 2ero, and the origin is at the interface% The go!erning differential e3uation
and its solution can be $ritten as (&et>n"i ,56?)1
<
6
6
= +
A s
A
w k
dx
w d
EI (,)
( ) x C x C e w
x
A
+ =

sin cos
- ,
(-)
$here EI is the bending stiffness of the pipeline, C
,
and C
-
are constants, and is the reciprocal
of characteristic length (
6
6 @ EI k
s
= ) $here
s
k
represents the stiffness of the soil spring% The
expressions for slope (), bending moment (M) and shear force (S) can be obtained b" successi!e
differentiation of 73% (-) and are listed in Appendix A (73s% A,AA=)%
)
73uation (-) can be re$ritten as1 (#ote1 the $ord B73uationC has been spelled out as it came at
the beginning of the sentence)
<
D ) , D (
6
6
=

EI
w k
w
EI
k
dx
w d
e s
B
s B
(=)
The solution of this differential e3uation is (#ote1 The first letter is of $ord Be3uationC is not
capital as it is not for e3uation numbering)
x C x C x C x C
w
w
e
B
E sinh E cosh E sin E cos
) , D (
D
? * 6 =
+ + + +

=
(6)
$here
6
@ ) , ( EI k
s
= and C
=
to C
?
are unkno$n constants% Again, the expressions for slope,
bending moment and shear force can be obtained b" successi!e differentiation of 73% (*) and are
listed in Appendix A (73s% A6AA?)%
The go!erning differential e3uation and its solution for Region(A are the same as 73s% (,) and (-),
respecti!el"% #ote that, 73% (-) also represents the elastic beha!ior% (#ote1 the $ord B73uationC
has been abbre!iated as it is not at the beginning of the sentence)
Also note that in C
,
the parameter C is italic but not the subscript ,% &o$e!er, the parameters
and are not italic% Fn the other hand, M and S are italic% The brackets should not be italic% :or
example, onl" M is italic not the brackets (M)% 73uations cited in text must be in round bracket
(parenthesis)8 for example Bthe solution of 73% (=) isGC
.0 FIGURES AND TABLES
7lements such as figures and tables are included to support or augment $hat appears in the text%
:or thesis, each element should be numbered consecuti!el" $ith the chapter number and
an numeral1 :ig% 5(,, :ig% 5(-, :ig% 5(= G8 Table H(,, Table H(- G (in M0 9ord
References I 4nsert Table and :igures)
/
:or reports, .ournal articles and conference proceedings, $hich do not ha!e chapter
numbers, the chapter number is left out1 :ig% ,, :ig% -, :ig% =%%%%
4f a figure or table has parts, a lo$ercase letter is used to identif" the parts1 :ig% ,(a), :ig%
,(b)G
4n thesis, do not use subheading numbers for figures and tables% This practice is a$k$ard
and confuses readers as "ou ha!e chapter numbers%
7!er" element must be discussed in text, $ith a reference to the element and its number%
Tables and figures must be numbered in the order in $hich the" are discussed in text so
that call(outs also appear in numerical order% 4n other $ords, Table = must be called out in
text before Table 6%
:igures or tables should be placed after "ou refer first in the text%
0pell out BTableC and abbre!iate B:ig%C :or example1 JThe results are sho$n in :ig% ,%
Test results are included in Table *% The first letter in :ig% and Table is al$a"s capital% Do
not $rite BKield strength sho$n in fig% , and the data in table =%%%%%C
0ample1
:igure - (in M0 9ord References I Cross(referenceI:igure) sho$s the moment(cur!ature
relationship used in this stud", $here the linear elastic limit is at <%-L strain% The parameters used
in numerical anal"sis are sho$n in Table = (,% (in M0 9ord References I Cross(referenceITable)
0
F!"#$% &1 Moment cur!ature relationship (after &a$lader et al% -<<?)
(:or :igure and Table title1 in M0 9ord References I 4nsert Table and :igures)
The title of figure is after the figure but for table it is before the table%
T'()% &1 /arameters used in numerical anal"sis
*.0 REFERENCES
References, both in the main bod" and reference list, should be gi!en in a $ell(accepted format%
/lease be consistent in st"le throughout%
*.1 R%+%$%nc% )!,t
Fnl" the references cited in the text should be included in the list% 4n reference list the format is
different for books, .ournal papers and conference papers% se 7n dash for page numbers%
+
0ample1
(The follo$ing list has been prepared using a table% All lines are hidden% Fnce the list is prepared
select the table% 0ort the list in ascending order (Ma"outI0ort)% Kou can do it onl" if "ou select
the table%)
Canadian 0tandards Association% -<<=% Fil and gas pipeline s"stems, N??-(<=, Fntario,
Canada% (Design ;uidelines)
Cubrino!ski, M% and 4shihara, O% -<<6% 0implified method for anal"sis of piles
undergoing lateral spreading in li3uefied soils% 0oils and :oundations, **1 ,,5A,=6%
(Pournal /apers)%
&a$lader, B%C%, Morgan, Q% and Clark, P%4% -<<6% A simplified solution for frost hea!e
prediction of chilled pipelines% /roc%, ,-th 4nternational 0pecialt" Conference on Cold
Regions 7ngineering, 7dmonton, Canada, Ma" ,?A,5, /aper #o% ,-H, )p% (Conference
/apers)
&et>n"i, M% ,56?% Beams on elastic foundation% The ni!ersit" of Michigan /ress, Ann
Arobor, -**p% (Books)
*.2 R%+%$%nc% !n t%-t
7ach reference must be cited in the text using the surnames of the authors and the "ear, for
example, (9alpole ,5)*) or ;reen and Bro$n (,55<)% Depending on the sentence construction,
the names ma" or ma" not be in parentheses% 4f there are three or more authors, the citation
should gi!e the name of the first author follo$ed b" et al% (e%g%, ;reen et al% ,55,)% References b"
the same author(s) published in the same "ear are designated $ith lo$ercase letters1 -<<6a,
-<<6b% (Ref% Canadian ;eotechnical Pournal R A0C7)
0ample1
Madan"i (,55,) de!eloped a combined numerical algorithm $here the heat and moisture
mo!ements $ere simulated using finite difference method% Considering elastic, plastic and creep
,
beha!iour of fro2en soil, 0el!adurai and his co($orkers (0el!adurai and 0hinde ,55=8 0el!adurai
et al% ,555) presented a more rigorous continuum modelling of pipe(soil interaction% 0e!eral
studies using a spring model for fro2en soil are a!ailable in the literature (e%g% Madan"i and
Memaire ,5)68 Ra.ani and Morgenstern ,55=8 #ixon ,556a, ,556b8 Ra2a3pur and 9ang ,55?)%
..0 LIST OF S/MBOLS
4f re3uired include a list of s"mbols%
0ample1
The follo$ing s"mbols are used in this stud"1
(This list has been prepared using a table% All lines are hidden% Fnce the list is prepared select the
table% 0ort in ascending order (Ma"outI0ort)% Kou can do it onl" if "ou select the table%)
w
<
!ertical displacement at the interface Sw
f
@-
x distance along the pipeline

slope, f(x)
D diameter of pipeline
0.0 OTHER SPECIFIC POINTS
Fther specific points to note are as follo$s1
Capital letters should be a!oided as much as possible%
0"mbols should be in accordance $ith the latest edition of the rele!ant industr" guidelines%
Qalues and units should be separated b" a space (e%g% -< k#, not -<k#)
A!oid using the $ord Betc%C (e%g% undrained shear strength depends on mean stress, soil
t"pe, depth, etc)%
se 04 units%
4talicise ne$ terminologies $hich might be ne$ to the readers% :or example B!arious
names has been gi!en for this line including yield strength envelope (&an2a$a ,5)<), flow
1
liquefaction surface (Qaid and Chern ,5)*), collapse surface (0laden et al% ,5)*),
instaility line (Made ,55=)%C &o$e!er do not $rite Bvoid ratio of the soil isG%C as !oid
ration is common in geotechnical engineering%
Do not use italics for emphasis or 3uotes%
se bullet points rather than numbers or letters for lists%
:urther information could be found in samples in 0ections ,26% (in M0 9ord ReferenceIcross
referenceInumbered item)%
('
APPENDI1 A
In,t$#2%nt In,t'))'t!on R%3o$t,
((
APPENDI1 B
Con,t$#ct!on Act!4!t!%,
(&