Chuong 1 (V2011) FN

1-1
Khoa in in t - HBK TP.HCM

Chng 1 :
Cac Phng Tien Truyen
Dan Va Lp Vat Ly
1-2
NOI DUNG
Truyen dan co day (Wire Media)
Truyen dan khong day (Wireless Media)
Delay trong truyen dan va dung lng kenh
truyen
Cac chuan giao tiep lp vat ly : RS232, RS422,
RS485
Cac ky thuat ma ng truyen (line codes)
ieu che va giai ieu che so.
1-3
Truyn dn co day
(Wire Media)
Cap song hanh (Two-Wire Open Lines)
Cap xoan (Twisted-Pair Cables)
Cap ong truc (Coaxial Cables)
Cap quang (Optical Fiber Cables)
Qua trnh phat trien va tieu chuan cua cap.
1-4
c s dung chu yeu e truyen d lieu toc o thap trong khoang cach
ngan (Data cables)
Cap song hanh
(Two-Wire Open Lines)
1-5
u iem
Cau tao n gia n
Nhc iem
Toc o truyen d lie u thap (R 19Kbps), vi khoa ng cach toi a L
50m
De b ta c o ng cua nhie u xuyen kenh (Crosstalk)
Nha y vi nhieu ie n t tr ng (EMI)
Cap song hanh
(Two-Wire Open Lines)
1-6
Cap Xoan
(Twisted-Pair Cables)
1-7
Cap Xoan
1-8
Alan Bob
Chris
Dave
Cap Xoan
1-9
UTP UTP
Cap Xoan
1-10
Cap Xoan
1-11
UTP UTP
FTP FTP F F
2 2
TP TP S S- -FTP FTP STP STP
Foil
Drain
Wire
Foil
Drain
Wire
Metal
Braid
Foil
Individually
Cap Xoan
1-12
c s dung lam cap truyen thoai
hoac truyen d lieu trong cac he
thong truyen thong tin
S dung chu yeu trong mang ien
thoai va mang LAN
Cap Xoan
1-13
Cap xoan co 2 loai chnh
UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair)
Tr khang ac tnh 100 Ohm
Bang thong thay oi tuy theo loai (CAT) thay oi t
750Khz (CAT 1) en 250MHz (CAT 6)
STP (Shield Twisted Pair)
Bang thong thay oi theo loai (STP co bang tho ng
30MHz, STP-A co bang thong toi a 300MHz)
Cap Xoan
1-14
UTP CAT 3
Bang tho ng toi a16MHz
o xoa n t 7.5 e n 10cm
UTP CAT 4
Bang tho ng toi a 20MHz
UTP CAT 5/ 5e
Bang tho ng toi a 100MHz
o xoa n t 0.6 e n 0.85cm
UTP CAT 6
Bang tho ng toi a 250Mhz
Cap Xoan
1-15
u iem
Cai thien c kha na ng cho ng nhie u ie n t tr ng (EMI) so v i cap
song ha nh
Giam nhieu xuye n ke nh (Crosstalk) gia cac cap day
Nhc iem
Nha y vi can nhie u (interference)
Nha y vi nhieu EMI
Cap Xoan
1-16
Cap Xoan
1-17
c s dung trong
Mang may tnh (Computer
Network)
He tho ng truye n d lie u (Data
Systems)
CATV
Mang truyen hnh ca nhan
(Private Video Network)
Cap ong Truc
(Coaxial Cables)
1-18
Cap ong truc gom 3 loai chnh:
RG-6/RG-59
c s dung trong cac he thong CATV
RG-8/ RG-58
uc s dung trong mang Thick Ethernet LANs hoac
Thin Ehternet LANs
RG-62
S dung trong cac may Mainframe IBM
Cap ong Truc
(Coaxial Cables)
1-19
u iem
Kha na ng cho ngnhie u ien t tr ng (EMI) to t
Toc o truyen d lie u le n e n 10Mbps vi khoa ng cach vai tram met
Nhc iem
Co nhie u tr khang ac tnh kha c nhau ne n cap o ng tru c ne n ch
c s du ng trong rie ng biet trong t ng he thong
Cap ong Truc
(Coaxial Cables)
1-20
Cap Quang
(Optical Fiber Cables)
1-21
Cap Quang
S du ng trong cac he tho ng
truye n d lieu yeu cau to c o
cao, ba ng tho ng rong
plastic jacket glass or plastic
cladding
fiber core
1-22
Cap quang gom 3 loai chnh
Multimode
Khoang cach len en 500m
Grade index multimode
Khoang cach truyen len en 1000m
Single mode
Khoang cach truyen len en vai Km
Cap Quang
1-23
Cap Quang
1-24
Cap Quang
u iem
Toc o truyen cao, bang thong rong
Kha nang chong nhieu rat cao
Nhc iem
Gia thanh cao
Lap at phc tap
1-25
Cap Quang
1-26
Qua trnh phat trien cua mang cap
(Cabling Evolution)
Telephone
Informatics
Unstructured
Structured
Universal Cabling System
Pre-engineered Cabling System
1-27
(Cabling Evolution)
Telephony
PABX
1-28
(Cabling Evolution)
Data networking (80 - 90)
LAN introduction
New cable media
HOST
1-29
(Cabling Evolution)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet .... 1980
Token Ring
SAS
DAS
FD
DI
10 BASE-5
Token Ring 4 mbps .... 1985
Token Ring 16 mbps .... 1989
Fiber Distributed Data Interface .... 1980s
10 BASE-2
10 BASE-Tx
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
10 BASE-FL
TP-PMD
ATM
10BASE-5
10BASE-2
Coxial
IBM Type1
UTP
CAT3
2-pairSTP
FDDI
1-30
WHAT A MESS
WHAT A MESS
Unstructured.
Each system had a different kind of transmission medium.
(UTP, telephone cable, STP, Type-1, coax, signal cable, fiber ...)
Each installed system is non-compatible with other applications.
Costly moves and changes.
No overview.
Spaghetti cabling.
1-31
Why Uni versal Cabling ?
(Cabling Evolution)
1-32
Universal Cabling
Two media: copper twisted pair and optical fiber
Voice, data, video, control signals
Patching Facilities
Universal (Generic): application independent
(Cabling Evolution)
1-33
NORTH AMERICA
EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL
TIA/EIA
568A
EN 50173 IS 11801
Commercial Building
Telecommunications
Wiring Standard
Generic Cabling for
Customer Premises
October 1995 August 1995
Jul y 1995
Customer
Premises Cabling
(Cabling Evolution)
Tieu chuan cua mang cap co cau truc
1-34
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002
IS 11801
Generic
Customer
Premises
Cabling
ISO/IEC
Europe
EN 50173
Information
Technology:
Generic
Cabling
Systems
IS 11801
Generic
Customer
Premises
Cabling
EN 50173
Information
Technology:
Generic
Cabling
Systems
IS 11801
Amendments
EN 50173
Amendments
Next
Generation
Cabling
Specs
Next
Generation
Cabling
Specs
+
+
+
+
=
=
EIA/TIA
568A
Addenda
EIA/TIA
TSB-72
Centralised
Optical
Architecture
+
EIA/TIA
TSB-67
Field
Testing
+
=
USA
EIA/TIA
568A
+
EIA/TIA
TSB-75
Open
Office
Cabling
+
EIA/TIA
568B
1
st
edition
amendments 2
nd
edition
(Cabling Evolution)
Tieu chuan
cua mang cap
co cau truc
1-35
CD
BD BD
Campus
Backbone
Cabling
Building
Backbone
Cabling
Horizontal
Cabling
ISO11801
EN50173-1
Telecommunicatio
n Outlet
T
O
Consolidation
Point
C
P
Floor Distributor
F
D
Building
Distributor
B
D
Campus
Distributor
C
D
FD FD FD FD FD FD
TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO
CP
(Cabling Evolution)
1-36
< 5m < 5m < 90m

Permanent Link
Channel (< 100m)
FLOOR
DISTRIBUTOR
FLOOR
DISTRIBUTOR
FLOOR
DISTRIBUTOR
< 500m
BUILDING BACKBONE
BUILDING
DISTRIBUTOR
1-37
< 1500 m
< 1500 m
< 1500 m
Campus Campus
Distributor Distributor
< 1500 m
1-38
Patchcord
Horizontal Cable
Telecom Outlet
P1
P2
P3
P4
8 pins
4 pairs
T568 A-B
RJ45 (ISO 8877)
8 wires
1 drain wire
4 twisted pairs
1-39
PASSIVE
EQUIPMENT
ACTIVE EQUIPMENT
HORIZONTAL CABLE
PATCHCORD
RJ45-RJ45
IDC-IDC, RJ45-IDC
OF (SC, ST, FDDI)
WORK AREA
PATCH PANEL
RJ45, OF or IDC
1-40
Ethernet
on pairs 2 (wire 1 & 2) and 3 (wire 3&6)
T568A and T568B
(Cabling Evolution)
1-41
Most widely installed model
Reliable and accepted configuration.
A typical 2 connector Channel A typical 2 connector Channel
1
2
Links and Channels
(Cabling Evolution)
1-42
(Cabling Evolution)
Links and Channels
1-43
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper cabling is coming.
The full cabling standard is in the final stages of agreement, with a ratified standard due early 2008
Augmented Cat 6 will be Adendum10 of TIA568B.2
Limit to 500MHz
New Parameter in Alien Crosstalks.
TSB 155 which is equivalent to ISO 24750 test limits to determine if 10 Gig will run on cabling solutions.
TSB 155/24750 Include mitigation techniques that may be required to assist with 10G operation
Class F to be pushed to 1000/1200MHz to an new Augmented Class
Class D / Category 5
Class C / Category 3
Category 4
Class D / Category 5e
Class E / Category 6
Class Ea / Category 6a (2008)
Class F / Category 7
Class Fa / Category 7a (2008)
16 20 100 250 500 600 1000 MHz
Cabling
Standards
(Cabling Evolution)
1-44
Truyn dn khong day
(Wireless Media)
Vi Ba Ve Tinh (Satellite Microwave)
Vi Ba Mat at (Terrestrial Microwave)
Hong Ngoai (Infrared)
1-45
Vi Ba Ve Tinh
(Satellite Microwave)
Goc
ngang
Go c nga ng
Tie p tuye n
ngang
Xch a o
Go c nga ng E
L
( 90- E
L
)
o
Go c nghie ng
1-46
ng dung:
Phat thanh, truyen hnh
ien thoai ng dai
Mang ca nhan (Private business network)
Bang tan:
C Band: 4 (downlink) 6 (uplink) GHz
c thiet lap au tien
Ku Band: 12 (downlink) 14 (uplink) GHz
De b anh hng bi ma
Ka Band: 19 (downlink) 29 (uplink) GHz
Thiet b s dung dai ta n so nay rat at tien
Vi Ba Ve Tinh
(Satellite Microwave)
1-47
Vi Ba Mat at
(Terrestrial Microwave)
1-48
ng dung:
Cac dch vu ien thoai ng dai
He thong truyen dan (common carriers)
Mang ca nhan (private network)
c iem:
S dung song mat at
Line-of-sight
Dai tan so hoat ong t 2 40GHz
Nhay vi vat chan va s thay oi cua moi trng (ma, )
Vi Ba Mat at
(Terrestrial Microwave)
1-49
S dung song anh sang e truyen tn hieu
Cac thiet b thu phat pha i khong b che chan
ng dng:
Dung e truyen tai thong tin trong mang nho.
V d t may tnh sang may tnh, may tnh sang ien thoai,
ien thoai vi ien thoai v.v..
Hong Ngoai
(Infrared)
1-50
Delay trong truyen dan va
dung lng ng truyen
Delay trong truyen dan
Dung lng ng truyen)
1-51
Round-trip delay : la khoang thi gian tr hoan gia bit au
tien cua khoi d lieu phat va thi iem au phat nhan c
bit sau cung cua tn hieu tra li t au thu. Khoa ng thi gian
nay phu thuoc vao a vi :
a= Tp/Tx
Tp : tre lan tuyen = S / V.
Tx : tre truyen data = N / R
1-52
V du :
Mot khoi d lieu 1000 bit c truyen gia 2 DTE. Cho biet
Round trip delay do loai tre nao quyet nh trong cac trng
hp sau :
a. 2 DTE ket noi bang cap xoan khoang cach 100m, toc o
truyen data 10Kbps.
b. 2 DTE ket no i bang cap ong truc khoang cach 10km, toc
o truyen data 1Mbps.
c. 2 DTE ket noi qua khong gian khoang cach 5000km, toc o
truyen data 10Mbps.
Gia s toc o lan truyen cua tn hieu trong moi trng la 2.10
8
m/s.
1-53
Bai giai :
a. T
p
= s/v = 100/2.10
8
= 0,5.10
-6
s
T
x
= N/R = 1000/10.10
3
= 0.1 s
a=T
p
/ T
x
= 5.10
-6
: Round trip delay do Tx quyet nh
b.Tng t do Tx quyet nh
c. Tng t Round trip delay do Tp quyet nh
1-54
Tn hieu truyen tren ng truyen thng b anh hng bi
cac nhan to sau : Suy hao (attenuation), meo (distortion) va
nhieu (noise)
a. Trong moi trng ly tng, theo Nyquist :
C = 2Blog
2
M (bps).
b. Trong moi trng th c te , theo Claude Shannon:
C = Blog
2
(1+S/N) (bps).
B: Bang thong kenh truyen.
M : So ky hie u khac nhau.
S/N: Ty so tn hieu / nhieu.
C: dung lng kenh truyen ( toc o bit cc ai cho phep
truyen khong b loi)
Dung lng ng truyen
1-55
V du :
Tnh toc o bit truyen to i a tren ng day ien thoai thong
thng, biet rang bang thong cua kenh thoai t 300 3400
Hz.Tn hieu truyen tren ng truyen la tn hieu dai nen vi 2
mc.
a. Trong trng hp ng truyen ly tng.
b. Trng hp ng truyen co S/N=35dB.
Bai giai :
C = 2Blog
2
M = 6200 bps
C = Blog
2
(1+S/N)= 36kbps
Dung lng ng truyen
1-56
Cac chuan giao tiep lp vat ly
(Physical Interface Standards)
RS232
RS422
RS485
1-57
Noi dung cac chuan giao tiep lp vat ly :
Xac nh dang tn hieu c truyen i
Xac nh cac ket noi vat ly.
Phng thc truyen tn hieu
1-58
DTE
DTE
host computer
terminal
inter face interface
modem
modem
DCE
1-59
Ket noi vat ly (mechanical specifications): s dung cong ket
noi DB25 (ISO 2110) hoac DB9
RS232
DB-25 Female
DB-25 Male
1-60
Tn hieu RS232
RS232
1-61
Giao tiep ve ien oi v i d lieu
Bit 1 -15 : -3V
Bit 0 > +3V : +15
Giao tiep ve ien oi v i tn hieu ieu khien
Off -15 : -3V
On > +3V : +15
Toc o truyen < 20Kbps vi khoang cach < 15m
RS232
1-62
V du: Tn hieu RS232
RS232
Odd Parity
Even Parity
No Parity
1-63
RS232
1-64
RS232
1-65
RS232
1-66
NULL Modem
RS232
1-67
NULL Modem
RS232
1-68
Tn hieu can bang (balanced signal)
S thay oi cac bit truye n da vao s thay oi ien ap tren ca
2 day tn hieu
Bit 1 + V va -V
Bit 0 -V va +V
u iem: triet nhieu ong pha (common-mode noise)
RS-422A / V.11
1-69
RS-422A / V.11
1-70
RS-485
Cho phep giao tiep a iem theo dang bus. So tram slave co
the len en 255.
Khoang cach toi a 1200m vi toc o 100kbps
Khoang cach 15m vi toc o len en 10Mbps
1-71
RS-485
Truyen ban song cong khi s dung 2 day va song cong khi s
dung 4 day.
1-72
RS-485
1-73
RS-485
Tn hieu:
Truyen theo kieu can ba ng tren hai day A,B

1-74
RS-485
Tn hieu:
D lieu:
Bit 0 (Space): V
B
>V
A
Bit 1 (mark): V
B
<V
A
ieu khien:
OFF: V
B
>V
A
ON: V
B
<V
A
-7V < ien ap tren moi day A,B < 12V
1.5V < ien ap sai lech gia 2 day A,B< 5V
1-75
RS-485
Tn hieu:
1-76
RS-485
V du: Ky t ASCII co chuoi bt truyen ra cong COM:
0100110101.
Ve dang tn hieu theo chuan RS232 va RS485
1-77
RS-485
Bai giai:
1-78
Ma ng day
(Line Codes)
NRZ (Non Return Zero)
RZ (Return Zero)
Biphase
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3)
B8ZS (Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution)
1-79
Ma ng day
(Line Codes)
Cac thong so can quan tam trong qua trnh ma hoa ng
day :
Pho tn hieu
Khong co thanh phan ta n so cao giam bt bang thong
tn hieu
Khong co thanh phan DC cho phep ghep ac bang
bien the, tao s cach ly tot
Thong tin ong bo (clocking)
ong bo gia may phat va may thu
Dung clock ngoai
Tao c che ong bo da tren tn hieu
1-80
Ma ng day
(Line Codes)
Phat hien sai
Co the c xay dng da vao ma hoa tn hieu
Giao thoa tn hieu va tnh mien nhieu
Mot so ma tot hn cac ma khac
Chi ph va o phc tap
Toc o cang cao th chi ph cang cao
Mot so ma can toc o tn hieu cao hn toc o d lieu
1-81
Ma ng day
(Line Codes)
Cac loai ma thng dung
1-82
NRZ
(Non Return Zero)
NonReturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Co 2 mc ien ap cho bit 0 va bit 1
ien ap hang trong suot thi gian bit, khong tr ve mc
ien ap 0V
Thong thng th ien a p am cho bit 1 va ap dng cho bit
0
V du:
1-83
NRZ
(Non Return Zero)
NonReturn to Zero Inverted
ao dau cho bit 1
ien ap hang trong suot thi gian bit, khong tr ve mc
ien ap 0V
Canh xung anh dau bit khong co canh xung anh dau bit
0
V du :
1-84
NRZ
(Non Return Zero)
u va nhc cua NRZ
u
De dang thc hien
S dung bang thong tot
Nhc
Co thanh phan DC
Thieu kha nang ong bo
c s dung trong may ghi t
Thng khong c s dung cho truyen dan
1-85
RZ
(Return Zero)
Ma RZ :
Dung 3 mc ien ap +V,0,-V.
Tn hieu thay oi trong khoang 1 bit.
Bit 1 thay oi t +V -> 0.
Bit 0 thay oi t V->0
u : am bao Clock e ong bo bit tot.
Khuyet : Bang thong ro ng.
V du :
0 1 0 0 0 1
1-86
Biphase
Ma Biphase
Tn hieu thay oi iem gia moi bit nhng khong ve 0.
Manchester
Luon co s thay oi trang thai tai v tr gia cua chu
ky bit.
Bit 1 c ma hoa V->+V
Bit 0 c ma hoa +V->-V
V du :
1-87
Biphase
Manchester Vi sai
Tng t nh ma hoa Manchester, ao mc tai iem gia
cua chu ky bit.
Tuy nhien s thay oi mc tn hieu tai v tr bat au cua
chu ky bit ch xay ra neu bit o la bit 0.
V du :
1-88
Biphase
u, khuet iem cua ma ma Biphase
u iem
ong bo canh xung gia bit
Khong co thanh phan DC
Phat hien sai : Khi co s co mat cua canh xung khong
mong muon
Nhc iem
t nhat co 1 canh xung cho moi bit
Toc o ieu che cc ai gap 2 lan NRZ
Can bang thong rong hn
1-89
AMI
(Alternate Mark Inversion)
Ma AMI lng cc
Bit 0 c bieu dien bi mc 0V
Bit 1 c bieu dien bi mc +V hoac V sao cho cc
tnh cua cac bit 1 gan nhau nhat luon phien thay oi.
u iem
Khong mat ong bo neu co 1 chuoi bit 1
Khong co tch luy thanh phan DC
Bang tan thap
De phat hien sai
Khuyet iem
Khong am bao ong bo bit neu chuoi bit 0 keo dai.
1-90
AMI
V du :
1-91
AMI
Pseudoternary
Bit 1 c bieu dien bi khong co tn hieu tren ng
truyen
Bit 0 c bieu dien bang cac thay oi luan phie n xung
dng va xung am
Khong co u hay nhc so vi AMI
1-92
AMI
V du :
1-93
HDB3
( High Density Bipolar 3 )
Kieu ma hoa nay giong vi kieu ma hoa AMI ngoai tr mot
ac iem la neu trong chuoi d lieu phat co 4 bit 0 lien tiep
th se c ma hoa thanh x00V. Vi
X = 0 Neu tong so bit 1 gia 2 ma V gan nhau nhat la so
le.
X= B Neu tong so bit 1 gia 2 ma V gan nhau nhat la so
chan.
Bao cc so vi bit 1 gan nhat trc no (ung luat ma
AMI).
V (violation) c ma hoa cung cc tnh so vi bit 1
gan nhat trc ( vi pham luat ma AMI)
1-94
HDB3
( High Density Bipolar 3 )
V du :
1-95
B8ZS
(Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution)
Ma B8ZS
Neu trong chuoi d lieu phat co 8 bit 0 lien tiep th se
c ma hoa thanh chuoi bit la 000VB0VB. Trong o:
Lu y: Trong chuoi bit phat s dung kieu ma hoa nay
ch co toi a 7 bit 0 lien tiep.
V du :
1-96
Han che cua ma nh phan a mc
Khong hieu qua bang NRZ
Moi thanh phan tn hieu bieu dien ch 1 bit
Trong he thong 3 mc co the bieu dien log
2
3=1.58bits
May thu phai phan bie t c 3 mc tn hieu
Can cong suat cao hn 3dB vi cung xac suat loi bit
1-97
Han che cua ma nh phan a mc
1-98
Ky thuat ieu che so
(Digital Modulation)
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
QAM( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
1-99
ASK
(Amplitude Shift Keying)
Bieu thc tn hieu ASK:
Dang song:
( )
ASK o o
v t A A d t t ( ) . ( ) . cos = + +

1-100
ASK
Phng phap ieu che:
ie u che ca n
ba ng
D(t)
A
0
cost
ASK
1-101
ASK
Phng phap Giai ieu che
1-102
ASK
Pho cua ASK:
Bang thong :
ASK o o o
v t A t A d t t ( ) cos( ) . ( ). cos( ) = + + +
b
b
B f
T
=
2
2
f
b
: Toc o bit cua luo ng so
1-103
ASK
ac iem:
Phng phap ASK co s o rat n gian, c s dung chu
yeu trong ky thuat ien bao.
1-104
FSK
(Frequency Shift Keying)
Bieu thc tn hieu FSK:
Gia s hai tan so song mang c chon va tng ng vi
chuoi bit b(t) nh sau:
khi b(t) = Luan ly 1 (hoa c d(t) = +1)
khi b(t) = Luan ly 0 (hoac d(t) = 1)
BFSK S o
v t P d t t ( ) . cos ( ). = +

2
BFSK S H H S L L
v t P p t t P p t t ( ) . ( ). cos . ( ). cos = + 2 2
1-105
FSK
Dang song:
1-106
FSK
Phng phap ieu che:
1-107
FSK
Giai ieu che FSK kieu khong ket hp
(non-coherent)
Giai ieu che FSK kieu ket hp
(coherent)
Giai ieu che FSK dung vong khoa pha
(PLL)
1-108
FSK
Pho cua tn hieu FSK
Bang thong:
b
b
B f
T
=
4
4
1-109
FSK
ac iem:
Phng phap FSK co s o phc tap hn ASK, c s
dung chu yeu trong modem truyen so lieu ( kieu CCITT
V21, CCITT V23, BELL 103, BELL 113, BELL 202) va
trong ky thuat radio so
Sai so t hn phng pha p ASK
1-110
BPSK
(Binary Phase Shift Keying)
Bieu thc tn hieu PSK:
A la bien o; la tan so
la goc pha ban au cua song mang
d(t) la luong bit nh pha n can truyen, vi qui c d(t) = + 1
neu bit nh phan co mc luan ly 1 va d(t) = 1 neu bit co
mc luan ly 0
BPSK o
v t A d t t ( ) . ( ). cos( ) = +

1-111
PSK
(Phase Shift Keying)
Dang song:
1-112
PSK
Phng phap ieu che:
1-113
PSK
1-114
PSK
Pho cua tn hieu PSK
Bang thong: B = 2.f
b
1-115
PSK
ac iem:
S o ieu che PSK co o phc tap trung bnh, c s
dung chu yeu trong ky thuat radio so
Sai so t hn phng pha p FSK
1-116
M-PSK
(M-Phase Shift Keying)
Biu thc:

+ =
M
i
t A t V
o
) 1 ( 2
sin ) (
0

Trong o :
i=1,2,M
M=2
N
, so trang tha i pha cho phe p.
N= so bit d lie u ca n thiet e xac nh 1 trang thai pha M
1-117
QPSK
(QuadraturePhase Shift Keying)
iu ch QPSK
1-118
QPSK
(QuadraturePhase Shift Keying)
Gii iu ch QPSK
B khi phc sng mang
1-119
8PSK
(8 Phase Shift Keying)
S o ieu che 8-PSK co o phc tap cao, c s dung chu
yeu trong modem truye n so lieu ( kieu CCITT V27, BELL
208) va trong ky thuat radio so.
1-120
8PSK
(8 Phase Shift Keying)
S o ieu che 8-PSK co o phc tap cao, c s dung chu
yeu trong modem truye n so lieu ( kieu CCITT V27, BELL
208) va trong ky thuat radio so.
1-121
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
1-122
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
b
f
B
N
= 2
1-123
Nhieu gauss va ty le loi bit
Nhieu Gauss :
Ham mat o cong suat cua nhieu Gauss :
m: gia tr trung bnh (DC).
: o le ch chua n ( ap hie u dung)

2
: go i la phng sai (co ng suat nhie u)

2 2
m
0 x
p(x)
2
2
606 0
.
2
2
1
2
2
136 0
.
1-124
Xe t tn hieu truyen la dai ne n, va ch chu tac o ng cua nhieu Gauss
bang cach co ng tr c tie p va o tn hie u, co dang nh sau :
V
T
: ng ng xa c quye t.
v
D
> v
T
: Xa c quye t mc 1
v
D
< v
T
: Xac quyet mc 0
Ne u ca ng l n th xac sua t
xac quyet nham cang cao.
A
0
V
T
= A /2
v
D
A
0
V
T
V
T
1-125
Tn hie u nhan c co ng luo n ca nhie u ne u l n hn VT th xac
quyet mc 1, ng c lai nho hn VT th xa c quye t mc 0. Do o
ta co :
Xac xuat loi khi truye n bit 1 sai la:
Xac xuat loi khi truye n bit 0 sai la:
Gia s xa c suat xuat hie n bit 1 va 0 la pr(1) va pr(0)
Xac suat lo i 1 bit :
pe = pr(1)p(0/1) + pr(0)p(1/0)
Ne u xa c suat xuat hie n 0 va 1 la nh nhau t c pr(0)= pr(1)=0.5,
th
pe = 0.5 p(0/1) + 0.5 p(1/0) = p(0/1) = p(1/0).
dx e
A x
T
v
2
2
2
) (
2
2
1

P
r
(v
D
< v
T
) = p (0/1) =
dx e
x
v
T
2
2
2
2
2
1

+
P
r
(v
D
> v
T
) = p (1/0) =
1-126
e tnh p(0/1) hay p(1/0) th da vao ham Q(k).
Tnh chat ham Q(k)
Ham Q(k) thc chat la
ham phan bo chuan
vi m = 0, = 1.
Khi dung ham Q(k) e tnh xac suat th can chuan hoa gia
tr ngng. Trong trng hp nay v
T
= A/2 nen k=v
T
/
-> p
e
= p(0/1)=p(1/0) = Q(v
T
/ )=Q(A/2)
1-127
Ngoai ra, xac suat loi co the tnh da vao (S/N)
v
, hoac
(S/N)
p
P
e
= Q (A/2) = Q [(S/N)
V
]
P
e
= Q (A/2) = Q [(S/N)
P
]
Xac suat sai k bit bat ky khi truyen khoi n bit
Neu truyen n bits ma toan bo b sai (k=0).
p
r
(error) = 1-p
0
= 1-(1-p
e
)
n
np
e
. (do p
e
<<1)
1-128
Trng hp to ng quat v
T
= m
o
1-129
o th tnh ham Q(k)
1-130
Chng 1_Bai tap :
Cac Phng Tien Truyen
Dan Va Lp Vat Ly
1-131
Bai 1
Cho kenh truyen co bang thong BW=10 MHz, suy hao
L=30dB. Cong suat tn hieu tai ngo vao kenh truyen la
S
in
=0.25W. Gia s cong suat nhieu o c tai ngo ra
kenh truyen la N
out
=0.25 uV.
Tnh t so tn hieu tren nhieu (S/N) ta i ngo ra ke nh truyen
theo dB.
Tnh dung lng ke nh truyen.
Neu kenh truyen tren y c s dung e truyen tn hieu
video vi toc o 24 hnh/giay, kch thyc moi khung hnh
la 480x320 va moi pixel yc ma hoa bang 12 bit. Hoi co
the truyen yc nguon video tren qua kenh truye n a cho
hay khong.
1-132
Bai 2
Mot ng truyen co da i thong t 0 en 1,5MHz, dai 5km.
Cong suat tn hieu lan truyen qua ng truyen b suy giam
10dB/km (10 lan/km). Nhieu tac ong len ng truyen la
nhieu trang va mat o cong suat nhieu o c tai au cuoi
ng truyen la 10mW/kHz khi khong co tn hie u vao. D
lieu can truyen qua ng truyen co toc o 8,192Mbps.
Xac nh cong suat toi thieu cua tn hieu at va o au
vao ng truyen.
Xac nh so ky hieu cua tn hieu truyen tren ng
truyen nay.
1-133
Bai 3
Ve dang tn hieu phat le n ng truyen cho cac he thong s
dung cac loai ma NRZ,RZ, Manchester , AMI, HDB3,
B8ZS khi chuoi bit phat la:
0100 0011 0000 0000 1010
Gia s bo phat trang thai va c khi ong.
Nhan xet cac thong so: Bang thong, kha nang ong bo,
thanh phan DC cua cac bo ma tren. Cho v du ve viec s
dung bo ma trong cac he thong truyen dan thc te.
1-134
Bai 4
Ve dang tn hieu ien tren ng truyen cua luo ng d lieu
sau:
01101010011
Trong tryng hp truyen theo chuan TTL, RS232, RS422,
RS485 (tren 2 day +/- ).
Cho biet yu khuyet ie m cua tng dang tn hie u.
1-135
Bai 5
Tm bang thong cua tn hieu ieu che FSK vi tan so
FL=49Khz va FH=50Khz, toc o bit 2000 bps
Cho biet u, khuyet ie m cua tng dang tn hie u.
1-136
Bai 6
Trnh bay ac iem va pham vi ng dung cua cac moi trng
truyen dan cap xoan CAT5/5e, CAT6 - cap ong truc RG58,
RG59 cap quang vi ba mat at ve tinh
1-137
Bai 7
Mt bin ngu nhien Gauss co trung bnh 4V, o lech chuan
la 1.2V. Tm xac xuat tn hieu trong tam 1V-7V
1-138
Bai 8
Mt nguon nhieu Gauss co trung bnh 1v, o lech chuan
0.2V. Tm phan tram th i gian e nguon tin nay tao ra ien
ap nho hn 0.5V
1-139
Bai 9
Cho ng truyen co ma t o pho cong suat nhieu trang la
6.10
-6
V
2
/Hz, bang thong 100 5000 Hz.Tm xa c xuat ma
nhieu co ie ap be hn 200mV
1-140
Bai 10
Mt nguon nhieu Gauss co trung bnh 0, gia tr hieu dung
0.2V.
Tm xac xuat nhieu vt qua 1V
c lng xac xuat ien ap nhieu vt qua 0.35V

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Khoa in in t - HBK TP.HCM

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Khoa in in t - HBK TP.HCM

Khoa in in t - HBK TP.HCM

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