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MATLAB Toantap
MATLAB Toantap
MATLAB Toantap
,Y
,Z
) trong khng gian ba chiu. mesh mesh mesh mesh cng c th v mt ma trn n tng t nh-
vi mt i s; mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z), s dng cc im (i,j,Z
). Nh vy Z c v ngc li vi cc ch
s ca n, trong trng hp ny mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z) ch n gin l chia li khc cc trc x, y theo
cc ch s ca ma trn Z. Bn hy th to v d cho trng hp ny?.
th b mt ca cng mt ma trn Z trng nh th li trc , ngoi tr khong
cch gia hai ng l khc nhau (gi l patchs) patchs) patchs) patchs). th loi ny dng hm surf, surf, surf, surf, n c tt c
cc i s nh hm mesh mesh mesh mesh. .. . Hy xem v d di y (Hnh 18.4):
>> surf(X,Y,Z)
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Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4
lm r thm mt vi ch , chng ta cng quay li hm peaks peaks peaks peaks a ra phn tr-
c. th li trong khng gian 3 chiu ca hm ny c a ra nh sau (hnh 18.5):
>> mesh(peaks)
>> title('Mesh Plot of Peaks function')
Hnh 18.5 Hnh 18.5 Hnh 18.5 Hnh 18.5
th ng vin cho ta thy c nng hoc cao ca hnh. Trong MATLAB th
ng vin trong khng gian hai chiu tng t nh trong khng gian ba chiu nhng hm
gi ca n l contour3 contour3 contour3 contour3. th s dng cc lnh s c minh ho trong bng khc mu.
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18.3 Thao t 18.3 Thao t 18.3 Thao t 18.3 Thao tc vi th c vi th c vi th c vi th
MATLAB cho php bn khai bo gc t quan st c th trong khng gian
ba chiu. Hm view(azimuth, elevation ) view(azimuth, elevation ) view(azimuth, elevation ) view(azimuth, elevation ) thit lp gc xem bng vic khai bo azimuth azimuth azimuth azimuth v
elevation elevation elevation elevation. Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation m t v tr ngi quan st, xem nh l gc o bng trn h trc
x-y. Azimut Azimut Azimut Azimut m t gc trong h trc ni ngi quan st ng.
Azimuth Azimuth Azimuth Azimuth c o bng t phn m trc y. Pha m trc y c th quay theo chiu kim
ng h mt gc -37.5 t pha bn. Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation l gc m ti mt bn thy c mt
phng x-y. S dng hm view view view view cho php bn c th quan st hnh v t cc gc khc
nhau. V d nu elevation elevation elevation elevation thit lp l m, th view view view view s nhn hnh t pha di ln. Nu azimuth azimuth azimuth azimuth
thit lp dng, th hnh s quay ngc chiu kim ng h t im nhn mc nh.Thm ch
bn c th nhn trc tip t trn bng cch thit lp view(0,90 ) view(0,90 ) view(0,90 ) view(0,90 ). Thc ra th y l im nhn
mc nh 2 chiu, trong x tng t tri qua phi, v y tng t trn xung di, khun dng
view(2) view(2) view(2) view(2) hon ton ging nh mc
nh ca view(0, 90 ) view(0, 90 ) view(0, 90 ) view(0, 90 ), v view(3) view(3) view(3) view(3) thit lp mc nh trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Lnh view view view view c mt dng khc m rt tin ch khi s dng l view([X,Y,Z ]) view([X,Y,Z ]) view([X,Y,Z ]) view([X,Y,Z ]) cho php bn
quan st trn mt vector cha h trc to decac trong khng gian 3 chiu. Khong cch
t v tr bn quan st n gc to khng b nh hng. V d, view([0 10 0 ]) view([0 10 0 ]) view([0 10 0 ]) view([0 10 0 ]), view([0 view([0 view([0 view([0 - -- -1 1 1 1
0 ]) 0 ]) 0 ]) 0 ]) v view(0, 0 ) view(0, 0 ) view(0, 0 ) view(0, 0 ) cho cc kt qu nh nhau. Cc thng s azimuth azimuth azimuth azimuth v elevation elevation elevation elevation m bn
ang quan st c th ly li c bng cch dng [az, e] = [az, e] = [az, e] = [az, e] = view view view view. Vd:
>> view([-7 -9 7])
>> [az,el] = view
az =
-37.8750
el =
31.5475
Mt cng c hu dng khc l quan st th khng gian 3 chiu bi hm rotate3d. rotate3d. rotate3d. rotate3d. Cc
thng s Azimtuh Azimtuh Azimtuh Azimtuh v elevation elevation elevation elevation c th c tc ng bi chut, rotate3d rotate3d rotate3d rotate3d on on on on cho php chut
can thip, rotate3d off rotate3d off rotate3d off rotate3d off khng cho php.
Lnh hidden hidden hidden hidden du cc nt khut. Khi bn v th, th mt s phn ca n b che khut
bi cc phn khc, khi nu dng lnh ny th cc nt khut s b du i, bn ch c th
nhn phn no trong tm nhn ca bn. Nu bn chuyn n hidden off hidden off hidden off hidden off, bn c th thy
phn khut qua mng li. Di y l v d:
>> mesh(peaks(20)+7)
>> hold on
>> pcolor(peaks(20))
>> hold off
>> title('Mesh with hiden on')
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Hnh 18.8 Hnh 18.8 Hnh 18.8 Hnh 18.8
By gi hy b ch du cc nt khut i ta s thy s khc nhau:
>> hidden off
>> title('Mesh with Hidden Off ')
Hnh 18.9 Hnh 18.9 Hnh 18.9 Hnh 18.9
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18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu
Hm ribbon(x, y ) ribbon(x, y ) ribbon(x, y ) ribbon(x, y ) tng t nh plot(x, y ) plot(x, y ) plot(x, y ) plot(x, y ) ngoi tr ct ca y c v nh l mt di ring
bit trong khng gian ba chiu. Di y l th hnh sine:
>> x=linspace(0,10,50);
>> y=sin(pi*x);
>> ribbon(y,x)
Hnh 18.10 Hnh 18.10 Hnh 18.10 Hnh 18.10
Hm clabel clabel clabel clabel tng thm cao cho th ng vin. C ba mu clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs), clabel(cs, V ) clabel(cs, V ) clabel(cs, V ) clabel(cs, V )
v clabel( cs, manual) clabel( cs, manual) clabel( cs, manual) clabel( cs, manual). clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs), trong cs cs cs cs l cu trc ng vin c tr v t lnh
contour contour contour contour, cs=contour(z) cs=contour(z) cs=contour(z) cs=contour(z), ly nhn tt c cc th ng vin vi cao ca n. V tr
ca nhn c ly ngu nhin. clabel (c, manual) clabel (c, manual) clabel (c, manual) clabel (c, manual) nh v nhn ng vin v tr kch
chut tng t nh lnh ginput ginput ginput ginput ni trn. Nhn phm Return Return Return Return kt thc vic to nhn
ny.
Hm contourf contourf contourf contourf s v mt th ng vin kn, khng gian gia ng vin c lp y
bng mu.
Hai mu trng thi ca lnh mesh mesh mesh mesh dng vi th li l: meshc meshc meshc meshc v th li v thm -
ng vin bn di, meshz meshz meshz meshz v th li v th c dng nh mn che.
Hm waterfall waterfall waterfall waterfall c xem nh mesh mesh mesh mesh ngoi tr mt iu l hm mesh mesh mesh mesh ch xut hin h-
ng x.
C hai mu trng thi ca lnh surf surf surf surf, ,, , l surfc surfc surfc surfc v mt th su su su surf rf rf rf v thm ng bao
bn di, surflvex surflvex surflvex surflvex v mt th surf surf surf surf nhng thm vo s chiu sng b mt t ngun
sng. Cu trc tng qut l surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) trong X, Y,v Z tng t nh surf surf surf surf, S l
mt vector tu chn trong h to decac (S=[Sx Sy Sz]) hoc trong to cu
(S=[az,el]) ch ra hng ca ngun sng. Nu khng khai bo, gi tr mc nh ca S l
45 theo chiu kim ng h t v tr ngi quan st, S l mt vector tu chn ch ra
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phn ng gp tu thuc vo ngun sng bao quanh, s phn chiu nh sng v h s
phn chiu (K=[ka,kd,ks,spread]).
>> colormap(gray)
>> surfl(peaks)
>> title('surf1 plot of peaks with default lighting')
Hnh 18.11 Hnh 18.11 Hnh 18.11 Hnh 18.11
fill3 fill3 fill3 fill3, phin bn 3 chiu ca fill fill fill fill, v mt a gic u trong khng gian ba chiu. Khun
dng tng qut ca n l fill3(x, y, z, c) fill3(x, y, z, c) fill3(x, y, z, c) fill3(x, y, z, c), trong chiu ng ca a gic c ch bi ba
thnh phn x, y, z. Nu c l mt k t, a gic s c lp y mu nh bng mu. c
cng c th l mt vector hng c 3 thnh phn ([r g b]) trong r, g v b l cc gi tr
gia 0 v 1 thay cho cc mu , xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Nu c l mt vector hoc
ma trn, n c s dng nh mt ch s ch ra s mu. Nhiu a gic c th c
to ra bng cch cho thm nhiu i s nh fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, x2, y2, z2, c2, ....) x2, y2, z2, c2, ....) x2, y2, z2, c2, ....) x2, y2, z2, c2, ....). V
d sau s v ngu nhin 4 tam gic vi mu:
>> color(cool)
>> fill3(rand(3,4),rand(3,4),rand(3,4),rand(3,4))
bar3 bar3 bar3 bar3 v bar3h bar3h bar3h bar3h l phin bn 3 chiu ca bar bar bar bar v vv v barh barh barh barh, ,, , bie3 bie3 bie3 bie3 l phin ban ca pie. pie. pie. pie.
18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu
Mu v biu mu c cp n trong mt s v d phn trc. Trong phn ny
chng ta s ni r v chng. MATLAB nh ngha mt biu mu nh l mt ma trn c 3
ct. Mi hng ca ma trn nh ngha mt mu ring bit s dng cc s trong di 0 v 1.
Nhng s ny ch ra cc gi tr RGB, nhy ca cc mu thnh phn , xanh l cy, v
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xanh da tri trong mt mu do cc thnh phn to ra. Mt s mu c bn c cho trong
bng di y:
Xanh l cy Xanh l cy Xanh l cy Xanh l cy Xanh da tri Xanh da tri Xanh da tri Xanh da tri mu mu mu mu
0 0 0 en
1 1 1 trng
1 0 0
0 1 0 xanh l
cy
0 0 1 xanh da tri
1 1 0 vng
1 0 1 tm
0 1 1 lam xm
-5 -5 -5 xm trung bnh
-5 0 0 ti
1 -62 -40 ng
-49 1 -83 ngc
xanh bin
Di y l mt s hm ca MATLAB to ra bng mu trn:
Function Function Function Function M t bng mu M t bng mu M t bng mu M t bng mu
hsv Gi tr mu bo ho (HSV)
hot en--vng-trng
gray xm cn bng tuyn tnh
bone xm c pha nh vi mu xanh
copper sc thi ca mu ng
pink mu hng nht nh
white trng hon ton
flag xen k , trng, xanh da tri, v en
jet s thay i mu bo ho
prism c mu sc lng knh
cool mu xanh tm
lines mu ca nt v
summe Bng ca xanh l cy v vng
autumn Bng ca v vng
winter Bng ca xanh l cy v xanh da tri
spring Bng ca magenta v yellow
18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu
Cu lnh colormap(M) colormap(M) colormap(M) colormap(M) ci t ma trn M nh l bng mu c s dng bi hnh hin ti.
V d: colorma colorma colorma colormap(cool) p(cool) p(cool) p(cool) ci t mt version 64 u vo ca bng mu cool cool cool cool. .. .
Hm plot plot plot plot v plot3 plot3 plot3 plot3 khng dng bng mu trn, chng s dng cc mu lit k trong
bng kiu ng, im nh du, mu ca plot plot plot plot. Phn ln cc hm v khc nh mesh, surf, mesh, surf, mesh, surf, mesh, surf,
contour, fill, pcol contour, fill, pcol contour, fill, pcol contour, fill, pcolor or or or v cc bin ca n, s dng bng mu hin ti.
Sau y l mt v d dng tham s mu cho hm surf surf surf surf hin th gc quan st :
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>> [X,Y,Z]=peaks(30);
>> surf(X,Y,Z,atan2(X,Y))
>> colormap(hsv),shading flat
>> axis([-3 3 -3 3 -6.5 8.1]),axis off
>> title('using a color Argument to surf')
Hnh 18.12 Hnh 18.12 Hnh 18.12 Hnh 18.12
18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin
Mu c th c dng thm thng tin vo th 3 chiu nu n c s dng to
thnh chiu th t. Cc hm nh mesh mesh mesh mesh v surf surf surf surf bin i mu dc theo trc z, tr khi mt
i s mu c a ra nh surf surf surf surf(X,Y,Z) hon ton tng ng vi surf(X,Y,Z,t ) surf(X,Y,Z,t ) surf(X,Y,Z,t ) surf(X,Y,Z,t ) trong
thnh phn th t c dng nh mt ch s trong biu mu. iu ny khin cho th
y mu nhng li khng thng tin khi m trc z tn ti.
Di y l mt s cch s dng i s mu thm thng tin hoc nhn mnh thng
tin tn ti trong th
>> x=-7.5: .5:7.5; y=x % create a data set
>> [X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y); %create plaid data
>> R=sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2) +eps % create radial data
>> Z=sin(R)./R; % create a sombrero
>> subplot(2,2,1),surf(X,Y,Z),
>> title('Color Varies with the Z_axis')
>> subplot(2,2,2),surf(X,Y,Z,R),
>> title('Color Varies With the Radius')
>> subplot(2,2,3),surf(X,Y,Z,del2(Z)),
>> title('Color Varies with Curvature')
>> [dZdx,dZdy]=gradient(Z); %compute the slope
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>> dZ=sqrt(dZdx.^2+dZdy.^2) %compute the slope's manitude
>> subplot(2,2,4),surf(X,Y,Z,dZ)
>> title('Color Varies With the slope Magnitude')
Hnh 18.13 Hnh 18.13 Hnh 18.13 Hnh 18.13
18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu.
Bn c th hin th bng mu theo mt s cch sau. Mt trong nhng cch l xem tt
c cc phn t trong trong mt ma trn bng mu mt cch trc tip:
>> hot(8)
ans =
0.3333 0 0
0.6667 0 0
1.0000 0 0
1.0000 0.3333 0
1.0000 0.6667 0
1.0000 1.0000 0
1.0000 1.0000 0.5000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Thm vo , hm pcolor pcolor pcolor pcolor c th c s dng biu din mt bng mu. Hy th
v d ny mt vi ln bng cch dng cc hm colormap colormap colormap colormap khc nhau v thay i tham s n:
>> colormap(jet(n))
>> n=8;
>> colormap(jet(n))
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>> pcolor([1:n+1;1 :n+1]')
>> title('using pcolor to display a colormap')
Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4
Hm colorbar colorbar colorbar colorbar thm mt thanh mu ng hoc thanh mu ngang (cn chnh mu ) vo
ca s hnh v ca bn, a ra biu mu cho trc hin ti. colorbar( h) colorbar( h) colorbar( h) colorbar( h) nh v thanh mu
ngang di hnh v hin ti ca bn. colorbar( v) colorbar( v) colorbar( v) colorbar( v) nh v thanh mu ng v bn phi hnh
v ca bn. colorbar colorbar colorbar colorbar khng c i s th l thm mt thanh mu ngang, nu thanh mu
ny khng tn ti hoc l cp nht nu n tn ti.
>> [X,Y,Z] = peaks;
>> mesh(X,Y,Z );
>> colormap(hsv)
>> axis([-3 3 -3 3 -6 8])
>> colorbar
Hnh 18.5
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu.
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Thc t colormaps colormaps colormaps colormaps l cc ma trn, c ngha l bn c th thao tc chng ging nh bt
k mt ma trn no khc. Hm brighten brighten brighten brighten nh vo c im ny thay i colormap tng
hoc gim nhy ca cc mu m. bighten(n) bighten(n) bighten(n) bighten(n) cng vi bighten( bighten( bighten( bighten(- -- -n) n) n) n) phc hi colormap
ban u. Lnh newmap newmap newmap newmap=brighten(n) brighten(n) brighten(n) brighten(n) to mt thanh mu sng hn hoc ti hn ca
colormap hin ti m khng lm thay i bi mu hin ti. Lnh
newmap newmap newmap newmap=brighten(cmap,n) brighten(cmap,n) brighten(cmap,n) brighten(cmap,n) iu chnh phin bn ca thanh mu c khai bo m
khng lm nh hng n colormap colormap colormap colormap hin ti hoc cmap cmap cmap cmap. .. . brighten(gcf, n) brighten(gcf, n) brighten(gcf, n) brighten(gcf, n) lm sng tt c
cc i tng trong hnh v hin ti.
Bn c th to mt colormap ca ring bn bng cch a ra mt ma trn mymap mymap mymap mymap m
hng,3 ct v ci t n cng vi colormap(mymap) colormap(mymap) colormap(mymap) colormap(mymap) mi gi tr trong mt ma trn colormap
phi thuc khong t 0 n 1. Nu bn c gng s dng mt ma trn vi nhiu hn hoc t
hn 3 ct hoc cha mt gi tr no b thua 0 hoc ln hn1 colormap s a ra thng
bo li.
Bn c th kt ni cc colormap theo kiu ton hc. Mc d kt qu i khi khng th
on trc c. V d, biu c tn gi l pink :
>> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot); >> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot); >> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot); >> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot);
Bi v colormap colormap colormap colormap l cc ma trn, chng c th c v th. Lnh rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot s v th
cc gi tr ca colormap colormap colormap colormap tng t nh lnh plot plot plot plot, nhng s dng mu , mu xanh l cy v
xanh da tri cho nt v. rgbplot(gray) rgbplot(gray) rgbplot(gray) rgbplot(gray) cho bit c ba mu tng tuyn tnh v ng u. Lnh
rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot vi mt s colormap colormap colormap colormap khc nh jet jet jet jet, , , , hsv hsv hsv hsv, v prism prism prism prism. .. .
Gi tr hin ti ca cmin cmin cmin cmin v cmax cmax cmax cmax c tr li bng caxis caxis caxis caxis khng c i s. Chng th-
ng l nhng gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca d liu, caxis([cmin cmax ]) s dng
colormap colormap colormap colormap nguyn bn cho d liu trong di gia cmin cmin cmin cmin v cmax, cmax, cmax, cmax, nhng im d liu ln hn
cmax cmax cmax cmax s b chia ra thnh cc mu kt hp vi cmax cmax cmax cmax. V nhng im d liu c gi tr nh
hn cmin cmin cmin cmin s b chia ra thnh cc mu kt hp vi cmin. Nu cmin cmin cmin cmin nh hn min(data) min(data) min(data) min(data) hoc
cmax cmax cmax cmax ln hn max(data ) max(data ) max(data ) max(data ), th cc mu kt hp vi cmin cmin cmin cmin hoc cmax cmax cmax cmax s khng bao gi c
s dng ; ch mt phn nh ca colormap colormap colormap colormap c s dng. caxis(auto) caxis(auto) caxis(auto) caxis(auto) s hi phc gi tr mc
nh ca cmin cmin cmin cmin v cmax. cmax. cmax. cmax.
V d sau c minh ho trong colorplate4 colorplate4 colorplate4 colorplate4 .
>> pcolor([1:17;1:17]')
>> title('Default color range')
>> colormap(hsv(8))
>> axis('auto')
>> colorbar
>> caxis
ans =
1 17
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Hnh 18.6
Chng19
Mng t bo v cu trc
MATLAB 5.0 gii thiu 2 loi d liu mi c tn gi l mng t bo v cu trc. Mng
t bo c xem nh mt mng ca cc s nh phn hoc l nh b cha c th lu gi
nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau. Cu trc l nhng mng d liu hng i tng xy dng
cng vi tn cc trng c th cha nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau, bao gm mng t bo v
cc cu trc khc. Cu trc cung cp cho ta phng tin thun li nhm cc kiu d liu
khc nhau. Nhng kiu d liu mi ny, mng t bo v cu trc to cho bn kh nng t
chc d liu thnh cc gi rt thun tin.
19.1 M 19.1 M 19.1 M 19.1 Mng t bo ng t bo ng t bo ng t bo
Mng t bo l nhng mng MATLAB m cc phn t ca n l cc t bo. Mi t
bo trong mng t bo cha cc kiu d liu ca MATLAB bao gm mng s, vn bn, i
tng c trng, cc mng t bo v cu trc. V d mt t bo ca mng t bo c th l
mng s, loi khc l kiu chui vn bn, loi khc l vector cc gi tr s phc. Cc mng
t bo c th c xy dng vi s chiu ln hn 2, tuy nhin cho thun tin khi xt ng-
i ta ly s chiu l 2 .
19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo bo bo bo
Mng t bo c th c xy dng bng cch dng cu lnh gn, hoc ch nh
mng trc bng cch s dng hm t bo sau gn d liu cho mng.
Nh mi loi mng khc, mng t bo c th to ra bng cch gn d liu cho tng
t bo c lp cng mt thi im. C hai cch khc nhau thm nhp vo mng t bo.
Nu bn s dng c php mng tiu chun, bn phi cc t bo trong du ngoc { }.
V d:
>> A(1, 1) = {[1 2 3: 4 5 6 : 7 8 9]};
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>> A(1, 2) = {2 + 3 i};
>> A(2, 1) = {' A text string '};
>> A(2, 2,) = {12: -2 :0};
Du ngoc nhn bn pha phi ca du bng ch ra rng biu thc l mt t bo, hay
cn gi l ch s t bo. Cch vit sau tng ng vi cch vit trn:
>> A{1, 1 } = [1 2 3 : 4 5 6 : 7 8 9 ];
>> A{1, 2 } = 2+3i ;
>> A{2, 1 } = 'A text string ' ;
>> A{2, 2 } = 12 : -2 : 0 ;
Du ngoc nhn bn tri ch ra rng A l mt mng t bo v biu thc t bn trong l
khai bo t bo.
MATLAB hin th mng A nh sau:
>> A
A =
[3X3 double] 2.0000+ 3.0000 i
' A text string '[1x7 double ]
hin th ni dung ca mi t bo trong mng t bo ta dng hm celldisp celldisp celldisp celldisp, hin th
ni dung ca ring mt t bo, truy nhp vo t bo c s dng du ngoc nhn.Vi d :
>> A{2,2}
MATLAB hin th s cu trc ho mng t bo trong mt ca s bng vic gi
hm cellplot cellplot cellplot cellplot. .. .
Hm cell cell cell cell lm vic vi mng t bo bng vic to ra cc mng trng theo kch c ca
mng. V d :
>> C= cell ( 2, 3 )
C=
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
19.3 T hp v khi phc m 19.3 T hp v khi phc m 19.3 T hp v khi phc m 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo ng t bo ng t bo ng t bo
Nu bn gn d liu cho t bo ngoi s chiu hin c ca mng. MATLAB s t
ng m rng mng v in vo gia ma trn s rng. Ch khi nim { } thay cho ma
trn t bo rng v [ ] thay cho mng s ma trn rng.
S dng du mc vung kt ni mng t bo:
>> C= [A B]
C=
[3x3 double ] 2.0000+ 3.0000i [1x2 double] ' John Smith'
'A text string ' [1x7 double] [2.0000+3.0000i] [ 5 ]
>> C=[A;B]
C =
[3x3 double ] 2.0000 + 3.0000 i
' A text string ' [ 1x7 double ]
[ 1x2 double ] ' John Smith'
[ 2.0000+ 3.0000i ] [ 5 ]
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Mt tp con cc t bo c th c tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi. Nu D l
mt mng t bo 3x3, ngi ta c th tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi 2x2 nh
sau:
>> F = D(2:2,2:3);
Hm reshape reshape reshape reshape c th c s dng thay i cu hnh ca mt mng t bo nhng
khng th dng thm vo hoc bt i t bo.
>> X = cells(3,4);
>> size(X)
ans =
3 4
>> X= reshape(X,6,2);
>> size(Y)
ans =
6 2
19.4 Truy nhp v 19.4 Truy nhp v 19.4 Truy nhp v 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo o trong mng t bo o trong mng t bo o trong mng t bo
truy nhp d liu cha trong cc phn t ca mng t bo, s dng du ngoc
nhn. Dng du ngoc n thm nhp mt phn t nh l mt t bo. truy nhp ni
dung ca phn t trong mng t bo, kt ni cc biu thc nh sau:
>> x = B{2,2} % truy nhp ni dung ca t bo.
x =
5
>> class(x)
ans=
double
>> y = B[2,2] % truy nhp vo bn thn t bo.
y =
[5]
>> class(y)
ans=
cell
>> B{1,1} (1,2) % truy nhp vo phn t th hai ca
% vector trong t bo
ans=
2
truy nhp di cc phn t trong mng t bo, s dng hm deal deal deal deal
>> [a,b] = deal(B{2,:1})
a =
2.0000+ 3.0000i
b =
5
Hm deal deal deal deal cn mt danh sch cc bin phn bit nhau bi du phy. Biu thc B{2, :} c
th s dng mi ni v du phy dng phn tch danh sch cc bin. Do , B{2, :} t-
ng ng vi B(2,1) v B(2,2).
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19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t
Mt trong nhng ng dng ph bin ca mng t bo l xy dng mt mng vn
bn. Mng chui k t tiu chun i hi tt c cc chui u c chung di. Bi v mng
t bo c th cha nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau trong mi phn t, chui k t trong mng t
bo khng c gii hn ny. V d:
>> T = {' Tom';' Disk'}
T=
'Tom'
'Disk'
19.6 Cu 19.6 Cu 19.6 Cu 19.6 Cu trc trc trc trc
Cu trc l nhng i tng MATLAB c tn b cha d liu cn gi l fields fields fields fields. Nh
mi phn t ca mng t bo, trng cu trc c th c bt c mt kiu d liu no.
Chng khc ch cu trc trng c truy nhp bng tn ph bin hn l ch s, v khng
c s hn ch no v ch s cng nh cu hnh ca cc trng cu trc. Cng ging nh
mng t bo, cu trc c th c nhm li vi nhau to thnh mng v mng t bo. Mt
cu trc n l mt mng cu trc 1x1.
19.7 Xy dng m 19.7 Xy dng m 19.7 Xy dng m 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc
Cu trc s dng du . truy nhp vo trng. Xy dng mt cu trc n
gin nh gn d liu vo cc trng c lp. V d sau to mt bn ghi client client client client cho th vin
kim tra.
>> client.name = ' John Doe';
>> client.cost = 86.50;
>> client.test.AIC = [6.3 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.4]
>> client.test.CHC = [2.8 3.4 3.6 4.1 3.5];
>> client
client =
name L ' John Doe '
cost :86.50
test : [1x1 struct]
>> client.test
ans=
AIC:6.3000 6.8000 7.1000 7.0000 6.7000 6.5000 6.3000 6.4000
CHC:2.8000 3.4000 3.6000 4.1000 3.5000
By gi to bn ghi client client client client th hai:
>> client(2).name = ' Alice Smith ';
>> client(2).cost = 112.35;
>> client(2).test.AIC = [5.3 5.8 7.0 6.5 6.7 5.5 6.0 5.9 ]
>> client(2).test.CHC =[ 3.8 6.3 3.2 3.1 2.5 ]
>> client
client =
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1x2 struct array with field
name
cost
test
Cu trc cng c th c xy dng bng cch dng hm struct struct struct struct to trc mt
mng cu trc. C php l: ( field. V1, field2, V2, .... ) trong field1, field2, .v.v...
l cc trng, v cc mng V1, V2, v.v.... phi l cc mng t bo c cng kch thc., cng
s t bo, hoc gi tr. V d, mt mng cu trc c th c to ra nh sau:
>> N ={' John Doe ', ' Alice Smith'};
>> C = {86.50, 112.35 };
>> P = {[10.00 20.00 45.00];
>> bills = struct('name',N,'cost',C,'payment',P)
bils=
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
payment
19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 Truy nhp vo cc tr Truy nhp vo cc tr Truy nhp vo cc tr Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc
Bi v ni dung cu trc l tn nhiu hn l ch s, nh trong trng hp mng t
bo, tn ca cc trng trong cu trc phi c bit n truy nhp d liu cha trong
chng. Tn ca cc trng c th c tm thy trong trong ca s lnh, n gin l ch
vic nhp vo tn ca cu trc. Tuy nhin trong M-file, mt hm cn thit c to ra
cp nht cc tn trng . Hm fieldname fieldname fieldname fieldname tr li mt mng t bo c cha tn ca cc tr-
ng trong mt cu trc.
>> T = fieldnammes(bills)
T =
' name '
' cost '
' payment '
C hai phng php truy nhp vo trng cu trc. Ch s trc tip s dng k
thut ch mc thch hp, nh phng php truy nhp trng cu trc, v ch s mng thch
hp truy nhp vo mt s hoc mt mng t bo. Sau y l mt v d da trn cu trc
bills bills bills bills v client client client client xt trn:
>> bills.name
ans =
John Doe
ans=
Alice Smith
>> bills(2).cost
ans=
112.3500
>> bills(1)
ans=
name : ' John Doe '
cost : ' 86.5000 '
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payment: 10.000 20.0000 45.0000
>> baldue = bills(1).cost - sum(bills(1).payment )
baldue=
6.5000
>> bills(2).payment(2)
ans =
12.3500
>> client(2).test.AIC(3)
ans=
7.000
Phng php ch mc trc tip thng c s dng truy nhp gi tr trng. Tuy
nhin, cc M-file nu tn cc trng c gi ra t hm fieldnames fieldnames fieldnames fieldnames, th hm getfi getfi getfi getfield eld eld eld v
setfield setfield setfield setfield c th c s dng truy nhp d liu trong cu trc. V d :
>> getfield(bills,{1},'name' ) % tng t nh bills(1).name
ans=
John Doe
>> T = fieldnames(bills);
>> getfriend(bills,{2},T{3},{2})%tng t nh s(2),payment(2)
ans=
12.3500
V d sau tr li cu trc c cha cng kiu d liu nh cu trc nguyn thu vi mt gi
tr b thay i. Dng lnh tng ng ca client(2).test.AIC(3) = 7.1. l:
>> client = setfield(client,{2 },'test', 'AIC ',{3},7.1)
client=
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
test
>> client(2).test.AIC(3)
ans=
7.1000
Mt trng c th c thm vo trong mt mng cu trc ch n gin bng cch
gn gi tr cho trng cu trc mi.
>> client(1).addr = {' MyStreet';' MyCity '}
client =
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
test
addr
Mt trng c th c b i khi cu trc ( hoc mt mng cu trc ) bng lnh
rmfield rmfield rmfield rmfield. S= rmfield ( S, field ) S= rmfield ( S, field ) S= rmfield ( S, field ) S= rmfield ( S, field ) s b i trng field t cu trc S. S= rmfield ( S, F ) S= rmfield ( S, F ) S= rmfield ( S, F ) S= rmfield ( S, F ), trong
F l mt mng t bo ca tn cc trng, b i nhiu hn mt trng t cu trc S ti
mt thi im.
>> client = rmfield( client,' addr ')
client =
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1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
test
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra
S nghch o gia cc mng t bo v cc cu trc bng cch dng hm
struct2cell struct2cell struct2cell struct2cell v cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct . Tn trng phi c cung cp y cho cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct v b mt i
khi chuyn thnh mt mng t bo t mt cu trc. S chuyn i t mng s v mng xu
k t thnh mng t bo bng cch s dng hm num2cell num2cell num2cell num2cell v cellstr cellstr cellstr cellstr. .. . Ngc li chuyn i
t mt mng t bo thnh mng k t bng hm char char char char.
Mc d hm class class class class tr v kiu kiu d liu ca i tng, class class class class vn khng thun tin s
dng kim tra kiu d liu. Hm isa isa isa isa(x, class ) tr li true true true true nu x l mt i tng kiu
class. V d, isa isa isa isa ( client, struct ) s tr li true true true true. thun tin, mt s hm kim tra
s khc c sn trong th vin chng trnh nh: isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, v
islogical. islogical. islogical. islogical.
---------------------oOo----------------------
Chng 20
Biu tng ca hp cng c ton hc
Cc chng trc, bn bit c MATLAB mnh ra sao trn phng din lp trnh,
tnh ton. Mc d kh nng tnh ton ca n rt mnh, tuy nhin n vn cn c nhng hn
ch. Nh mt my tnh, MATLAB c s s dng cc con s. N nhn cc s (123/4) hoc
cc bin (x =[ 1 2 3 ]).
Hp cng c ton hc l mt tp hp cc cng c ( hm ) MATLAB s dng
nhm gii cc bi ton. C cc cng c t hp, n gin ho, tch phn, vi phn v gii
cc php ton i s v php ton vi phn. Cc cng c khc s dng trong i s hc
tuyn tnh chuyn i chnh xc dng nghch o, nh thc v cc khun mu tiu
chun.
Cc cng c trong Symbo Symbo Symbo Symbolic Math Tollbox lic Math Tollbox lic Math Tollbox lic Math Tollbox c to nn t chng trnh phn mm
mnh c tn l Maple
@
pht trin khi u t trng i hc Waterloo Ontario, Canada v
by gi l phn mm ca hng Waterloo Maple Software. Khi bn yu cu MATLAB thc
hin mt php ton, n s s dng cc hm ca Symbolic Math Tollbox Symbolic Math Tollbox Symbolic Math Tollbox Symbolic Math Tollbox lm vic ny
v tr li kt qu ca s lnh.
20.1 Biu thc v cc i t 20.1 Biu thc v cc i t 20.1 Biu thc v cc i t 20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c tr ng c tr ng c tr ng c trng ng ng ng
MATLAB c s s dng mt s cc kiu i tng khc nhau lu tr gi tr. Bin
s hc dng lu tr gi tr s hc, v d nh x=2, mng k t lu tr chui vn bn, v
nh : t = A text string . Hp cng c ton hc c trng dng nhng i tng ton hc
thay th cc bin v cc ton t, v d: x = sym ( x ). Cc i tng ton hc c s
dng bi MATLAB trong nhiu trng hp tng t nh cc bin s hc v chui c s
dng. Biu thc ton hc l nhng biu thc c cha i tng ton hc thay th cho cc
s, hm, ton t.v cc bin. Cc bin khng yu cu phi nh ngha trc. Thut ton l
cng c thc hnh gii quyt nhng bi ton trn c s bit c nhng quy lut v s
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nhn dng cc biu tng c a ra, chnh xc nh ci cch bn gii bng i s hc v
s tnh ton.. Cc ma trn ton hc l nhng mng m phn t ca n l cc i tng
ton hc hoc cc biu thc.
20.2 To v s dng cc i t 20.2 To v s dng cc i t 20.2 To v s dng cc i t 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c tr ng c tr ng c tr ng c trng ng ng ng
i tng c trng c xy dng t nhng chui k t hoc cc bin s hc s dng
hm sym sym sym sym. V d x = sym ( x ) to ra mt bin c trng x, y = sym ( y ) to ra mt
bin c trng y, y = sym ( 1/3 ) to ra mt bin c trng y mang gi tr 1/3. Gi s
bin c trng c nh ngha, n c th c s dng trong cc biu thc ton hc tng
t nh cc bin s hc c s dng trong MATLAB . Nu nh cc bin x, y c to ra tr-
c th lnh z= (x+y) / ( x-2 ) s to mt bin mi z bi v biu thc m n thay th c
mang mt hay nhiu bin c trng x hoc y.
Mt i tng s hc c th chuyn thnh i tng c trng. Di y l mt v d:
>> m = magic(3) % to mt ma trn s
m =
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
>> M = sym(m) % to mt ma trn c trng t m
M =
[ 8, 1, 6 ]
[ 3, 5, 7 ]
[ 4, 9, 2 ]
>> det(M) % xc nh nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
-360
V d ny xy dng mt ma trn vung 3x3, chuyn i thnh ma trn c trng, v
tm nh thc ca ma trn.
Hm sym sym sym sym cho php bn la chn nh dng cho s hin thi c trng ca gi tr s. C
php l: S = sym sym sym sym ( A, fmt ) trong A l gi tr s hoc ma trn cn fmt l mt c tnh nh
dng tu chn, c th l f , r , e , hoc d . Gi tr mc nh l r . Nu
chn f tng ng h ch s lc phn, r tng ng ch s hu t, e tng t nh
r nhng dng chnh tc hm m, cn d tng ng ch s h thp phn.
Di y l mt s v d v s hin th ca mt s nh dng tu chn:
Lnh Dng hin th 1/3 Lp
format short 0.3333 double
format long 0.333333333333333 double
format short e 3.3333e
-001
double
format long e 3.333333333333333e
-001
double
format short g 0.33333 double
format long g 0.333333333333333 double
format hex 3fd5555555555555 double
format bank 0.33 double
format rat 1/3 double
format + + double
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sym ( 1/3, f ) 1.555555555555 *2^(-2) sym
sym ( 1/3, r ) 1/3 sym
sym ( 1/3, e ) 1/3-eps/12 sym
sym ( 1/3, d ) .333333333333333333314829616256 sym
S khc nhau gia cc nh dng c trng c th gy ra mt s hn n. V d:
>> sym(1/3)- sym(1/3,'e') % li du m s hu t
ans =
1/12*eps
>> double(ans) % nh dng thp phn
ans =
1.8504e
-17
20.3 20.3 20.3 20.3 S biu din biu thc c tr S biu din biu thc c tr S biu din biu thc c tr S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB ng ca MATLAB ng ca MATLAB ng ca MATLAB
MATLAB c cc biu thc c trng ging nh l biu thc c cha i tng c tr-
ng khc nhau gia chng v bin s, biu thc, php ton nu khng chng gn ging
nh biu thc MATLAB c bn. Sau y l mt vi v d ca biu thc c trng.
Biu thc tng trng S trnh by trong MATLA
x=sym( x ) y= M=syms(a,b,c,d);
x=sym(x) cos(x
2
)-sin(2x) f=syms x a b
x=sym(x) f=int(x^3/sqrt(1-x),a,b)
Cc hm c trng ca MATLAB cho php bn thao tc nhng biu thc ny theo nhiu
cch khc nhau. V d:
>> x = sym('x') % to mt bin c trng x
>> diff(cos(x)) % i ca cos(x ) vi bin s l x
ans =
-sin(x)
>> sym('a','b','c','d' )% to bin s c trng a, b, c v d
>> M = [a, b, c, d] % to mt ma trn c trng
M =
[a, b]
[c, d]
>> det(M) % tm nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
a*b - b*c
Trong v d u tin, x c nh ngha nh mt bin c trng trc khi n c s
dng trong biu thc, tng t nh vy bin s phi c gn mt gi tr trc khi chng -
c s dng. iu ny cho php MATLAB xem xt cos(x) nh mt biu thc c trng, v do
vy dif dif dif dif( (( (cos(x)) l mt php ton c trng hn l mt php ton s hc. Trong v d s 2,
hm syms syms syms syms thng c nh ngha l mt s bin s c trng. syms syms syms syms(a, b ) tng -
ng vi a = sym('a'); b= sym('b' ); . MATLAB bit rng M=[a, b; c, d ] l mt ma trn c
trng bi v n cha ng mt bin s c trng, v do d dd det(M) et(M) et(M) et(M) l mt php ton c
trng.
Trong MATLAB, cu lnh func arg func arg func arg func arg tng ng vi func(arg) func(arg) func(arg) func(arg), trong func func func func l mt
hm, cn arg arg arg arg l mt chui i s k t. MATLAB phn bit syms a b c d syms a b c d syms a b c d syms a b c d v syms syms syms syms(a,
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b, c, d ) l tng ng nhng nh cc bn bit cng thc u tin d thc hin
hn.
Chng ta xem xt k hn v d th hai nu trn:
>> a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; d = 4 % nh ngha bin s a n d
>> M = [a,b;c,d] % M l mt ma trn s
M=
1 2
3 4
>> size(M) %M l mt ma trn bc hai
ans =
2 2
>> class(M) % C nhng loi i tng no l M?
ans =
double
>> M = '[a, b; c, d ]' % M l mt chui c trng
M =
[a, b :c, d ]
>> size(M) % M l mt vector hng ca 9 k t
ans =
1 9
>> class( M )
ans =
char
>> M = sym('[a,b;c,d ]') % mt i tng c trng nhng
% khng phi l mt ma trn
M=
[a,b;c,d]
>> size(M) % M l mt vector 3 phn t (2 du phy )
ans =
1 3
>> class(M)
ans =
sym
>> syms a b c d % nh ngha bin s c trng a n d
>> M = [a,b;c,d] % M l mt ma trn c trng
M =
[a, b]
[c, d]
>> size(M)
ans =
2 2
>> class(M)
ans =
sym
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>> a = 1; b = 2 ; syms c d % nh ngha mt bin c nh t a
>> M = [a,b;c,d] % M l mt ma trn c trng t a n d
M=
[1, 2]
[c, d]
>> size(M)
ans=
sym
Trong v d ny, M c nh ngha theo 5 cch:
Kiu th nht: n gn ging vi ma trn bc hai.
Kiu th hai l mt chui k t.
Kiu th ba l mt i tng c trng hp l, nhng n khng th s dng trong mi
trng hp.
Kiu th t l mt ma trn bc hai.
Kiu cui cng cho thy bin s l bin c trng c kt hp trong biu thc c trng
to thnh ma trn c trng.
Biu thc c trng khng c bin c gi l hm c trng. Khi hm c trng hin
th, chng i khi kh m phn bit c vi s nguyn. V d:
>> f=sym(3) %to mt hng c trng
f=
3
>> class(f) % kiu ca i tng f l g
ans=
sym
>> g = sym(pi)
g=
pi
>> class(g)
ans=
sym
>> h = sym(sin(pi/4))
h=
sqrt(1/2)
>> class(h)
ans=
sym
20.4 Bin c tr 20.4 Bin c tr 20.4 Bin c tr 20.4 Bin c trng ng ng ng
Khi lm vic vi biu thc c trng c nhiu hn mt bin c trng, chnh xc hn
mt bin l bin c lp. Nu MATLAB khng ch ra u l bin c lp th n s nhn bin
no gn x nht theo th t ch ci.
Bin c lp i khi cn c gi l bin t do. Bn c th yu cu MATLAB ch ra
bin no trong biu thc c trng. bit c ta s dng hm findsym findsym findsym findsym:
>> syms a s t u omega i j % nh ngha cc bin c trng
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>> findsym(a*t+s/(u+3),1) % u l gn x nht
ans =
u
>> findsym(sin(a+omega),1) % omega gn x nht
ans =
omega
>> findsym(3*i + 4*j) % i v j tng t nh sqrt(-1)
ans =
' '
Nu findsym findsym findsym findsym khng tm thy bin c trng, n s tr li chui rng.
20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c tr 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c tr 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c tr 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng ng ng ng
Gi s bn to to c biu thc c trng, bn rt c th mun thay i n
bng bt c cch no. Bn mun ly ra mt phn ca biu thc, kt hp hai biu thc hoc
tm mt gi tr s ca mt biu thc c trng. C rt nhiu cng c cho php bn lm iu
ny.
Tt c cc hm c trng, ( vi vi im c bit s ni phn sau) da trn cc
biu thc c trng v cc mng c trng. Kt qu ging nh mt s nhng n l mt biu
thc c trng. Nh chng ta ni trn, bn c th tm ra u l kiu s nguyn, mt
chui c trng hoc mt i tng c trng bng cch s dng hm class class class class t MATLAB c
s.
20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s
Nu biu thc ca bn l mt a thc hu t hoc c th m rng ti mt a thc hu
t tng ng ( bao gm ton b cc phn t ca t s c chung mu s), bn c th tch
t s v mu s bng cch s dng hm numden numden numden numden. .. . V d:
m = x
2
, f = a x
2
/( b-x) g = 3 x
2
/2 + 2 x /3 -3/5.
h = (x
2
+ 3)/ ( 2 x - 1 ) + 3x/(x-1)
numden numden numden numden t hp hoc hu t ho biu thc nu cn thit, v tr li kt qu t s v mu s.
Cu lnh MATLAB c thc hin nh sau:
>> sym x a b % to mt s bin c trng
>> m = x^2 % to mt biu thc n gin
m =
x^2
>> [n,d] = numden(m) % tch t s v mu s.
n =
x^2
d =
1
>> f = a*x^2/(b-x) % to mt biu thc lin quan
f =
a*x^2/(b-x)
>> [n d] = numden(f) % tch t s v mu s.
m =
-a*x^2
d=
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-b + x
Hai biu thc u tin cho ta kt qu nh mong mun
>> g = 3/2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/4 % to mt biu thc khc.
g =
3/2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/4
>> [n,d] = numden(g) % hu t ho v tch cc phn
n =
6*x^2 + 8*x - 3
d =
4
>> h = (x^2 + 3)/(2*x - 1) + 3*x/(x - 1) % tng ca a thc hu t
h =
x^3 + 5*x^2 - 3
d= (2*x - 1)*(x - 1)
>> h2 = n/d % to li biu thc cho h
h2 =
(x^2 + 3)/(2*x - 1) + 3*x/(x - 1)
Hai biu thc g v h c hu t ho hoc tr v biu thc n gin vi mt t s v mu
s, trc khi cc phn t c tch c th chia t s cho mu s to li biu thc nguyn
gc.
20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun
Mt s php ton tiu chun c th biu din trn biu thc c trng s dng cc
ton t quen thuc. V d cho hai hm:
f = 2x
2
+ 3x - 5 g = x
2
- x + 7
>> sym('x') % nh ngha mt bin s c trng
>> f = (2*x^2 + 3*x - 5) % nh ngha biu thc c trng f v g
f=
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )
>> x^2 - x + 7
g =
x^2 - x + 7
>> f +
ans =
3*x^2 + 2*x + 2
>> f - g % tm biu thc ca f-g
ans =
x^2 + 4*x - 12
>> f*g % tm mt biu thc ca f*g
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x -5 ) *( x^2 - x + 7)
>> f/g % tm mt biu thc ca f/g
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )/(x^2 - x + 7)
>> f ^(3*x) % tm nt biu thc cho f
3x
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ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5)*3*x
Thc s l mt php ton trn bt c biu thc no cha t nht mt bin s c tr-
ng s cho kt qu ca mt biu thc c trng, bn hy t hp cc biu thc c nh to
nhng biu thc mi. V d:
>> a = 1; b = 3/2 ; x = sym('x'); % to mt s v nhng bin s c trng
>> f = sin(a - x) % to mt s biu thc
ans=
-sin(x-1)
>> g = sin(b*x^2)
ans=
sin(3/2*x^2)
>> b*f/(g - 5)+ x % kt hp chng
ans =
-3/2*sin(x - 1)/(sin(3/2*x^2)- 5 )+ x )
Tt c cc php ton ny u thc hin tt vi cc i s l mng.
20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao
MATLAB c th biu din nhiu php ton nng cao hn biu thc c trng. Hm
compose compose compose compose kt hp f(x ) v g ( x) thnh f ( g(x)). Hm finverse finverse finverse finverse tm hm nghch o ca mt
biu thc v hm symsum symsum symsum symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. V d :
f = 1/ ( 1 + x
2
) g = sin ( x ) h = x/ ( 1 + u
2
) k = cos ( x+v )
>> syms x u v % nh ngha 3 bin c trng
>> f = 1/(1+x^2) % to 4 biu thc
>> g = sin(x)
>> h = x/(1 + u^2)
>> k = cos(x + v)
>> compose(f,g) % tm biu thc ca f( g ( x ))
ans =
sym(1/(1 + x^2))
compose compose compose compose c th c s dng cc hm m c cc bin c lp khc nhau.
>> compose(h,k) % cho h( x), k ( x ), tm h( k(x) )
ans=
cos(x + v)/(1 + u^2)
>> compose(h,k,u,v) % cho h( u), k( v ), tm h( k( v))
ans =
x/(1 + cos(2*v)^2)
Hm nghch o ca mt biu thc, gi l f(x), l biu thc g (x) m tho mn iu
kin
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g( f (x)) = x. V d hm nghich o ca e
x
l ln(x), do vy ln(e
x
) =x. Hm nghch o ca
sin(x) l arcsin(x), v hm nghch o ca 1/tan(x) l arctan(1/x). Hm finverse finverse finverse finverse tr thnh
hm nghch o ca mt biu thc. Ch finverse finverse finverse finverse tr li duy nht mt kt qu thm ch nu
kt qu khng l duy nht.
>> syms x a b c d z % nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> finverse(1/x) % nghch o ca 1/x l x
ans =
1/x
>> finverse(x^2) % tm mt trong cc gii php g(x
2
) =x
ans =
x^(1/2)
>> finverse(a*x + b) % tm gii php g(f(x)) = x
ans =
-(b - x)/a
>> finver rr rse(a*b + c*d - a*z,a) %tm gii php g(f(a))=a
ans=
-(c*d - a)/(b - z)
Hm symsum symsum symsum symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. C 4 c php ca hm:
symsum(f) symsum(f) symsum(f) symsum(f) tr li tng , symsum(f,s) symsum(f,s) symsum(f,s) symsum(f,s) tr li tng , symsum(f,a,b) symsum(f,a,b) symsum(f,a,b) symsum(f,a,b) tr li tng , cn hm
symsum(f, a, b, s) symsum(f, a, b, s) symsum(f, a, b, s) symsum(f, a, b, s) tr li tng .
Chng ta cng xem xt tng , tr li x
3
/3-x
2
/2+x/6
>> syms x n
>> symsum(x^2)
ans =
1/3*x^3 - 1/2*x^2 + 1/6*x
20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o
Mc ny trnh by cc cng c chuyn i biu thc c trng sang gi tr s v
ngc li. C mt s rt t cc hm c trng c th tr thnh gi tr s.
Hm sym sym sym sym c th chuyn i mt chui hoc mt mng s thnh s biu din c
trng; hm double double double double thc hin ngc li. duble uble uble uble chuyn i mt hng c trng ( mt biu thc
c trng khng c bin) thnh gi tr s c kiu xc nh double double double double.
>> phi = sym('(1 + sqrt(5))/2')
phi =
(1 + sqrt(5))/2
>> double(phi) % nghch o ca gi tr s
ans =
1.6180
Hai cch trn cho ta cng mt kt qu.
Bn lm vic vi a thc trn MATLAB c bn, s dng vector m cc phn t ca
n l cc h s ca a thc. Hm c trng sym2poli sym2poli sym2poli sym2poli chuyn i mt a thc c trng
thnh vector ca h h s . Hm poli2sym poli2sym poli2sym poli2sym th lm ngc li, v bn hy khai bo bin
s dng trong php ton cui cng.
>> x = sym('x')
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>> f = x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5 % f l a thc c trng
f =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> n = sym2poli(f) % tch vector cc h s
n =
1 2 -3 5
>> poly2sym(n) % to li a thc ca x ( mc nh )
ans =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> s = sym('s') % nh ngha s nh l bin c trng
>> poly2sym(n,s) % to li a thc ca f
ans=
s^3 + 2*s^2 - 3*s + 5
20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s
Gi s bn c mt biu thc c trng ca x, v bn mun i bin thnh y.
MATLAB cung cp cho bn cng c thay i trong biu thc c trng, gi l subs subs subs subs. C
php l:
subs subs subs subs( f, old, new ), trong f l mt biu thc c trng, old l bin hoc biu thc c tr-
ng, v new l bin c trng, biu thc hoc ma trn hoc mt gi tr s hoc ma trn. Ni
dung ca new s thay th old trong biu thc f. Di y l mt s v d:
>> syms a alpha b c s x % nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^2 + b*x + c % to mt hm f(x)
f =
a*x^2 + b*x + c
>> subs(f,x,s) % thay th xbng s trong biu thc ca f
ans=
a*s^2 + b*s + c
>> subs(f,a,[alpha;s]) % thay th a bng ma trn c trng a
ans=
[alpha*x^2 + b*x + c]
[s*x^2 + b*x + c]
>> g= 3*x^2 + 5*x - 4 % to mt hm khc
g=
3*x^2 + 5*x - 4
>> h = subs(g,x,2) % new l mt gi tr s
h =
18
>> class(h) % biu din kt qu l mt ni dung c trng
ans =
sym
V d trc biu din cch subs subs subs subs to h s, v sau lm n gin ho biu thc. T
kt qu ca h s l mt ni dung c trng, MATLAB c th rt gn n thnh mt gi tr
n. Ch rng subs subs subs subs l mt hm c trng, n tr thnh mt biu thc c trng, mt ni
dung c trng thm ch n l mt s. nhn mt s chng ta cn s dng hm double double double double
chuyn i chui .
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>> double(h) % chuyn i mt biu thc c trng thnh mt s
ans=
18
>> class(ans) % biu din kt qu l mt gi tr s
ans=
double
20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn
Php ly vi phn ca mt biu thc c trng s dng hm diff diff diff diff theo mt trong 4
mu sau:
>> syms a b c d x s % nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c % nh ngha mt biu thc c trng
f =
a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c
>> diff(f) % ly vi phn ca f vi x l bin mc nh
ans =
3*a*x^2 + 2*x - b
>> diff(f,a) % ly vi phn ca f vi a thay cho x
ans =
x^3
>> diff(f,2) % ly vi phn f hai ln vi ?
ans=
6*a*x + 2
>> diff(f,a,2) % vi phn 2 ln vi ?
ans=
0
Hm diff diff diff diff cng c th thao tc trn mng. Nu f l mt vector c trng hoc ma trn,
diff( f) diff( f) diff( f) diff( f) ly vi phn mi phn t trong mng:
>> f = [a*x,b*x^2;c*x^3,d*s] % to mt mng c trng
f =
[ a*x b* x^2 ]
[ c*x^3 d*s ]
Ch rng hm diff diff diff diff cng s dng trong MATLAB c bn tnh php vi phn s hc
ca mt vector s v ma trn.
20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn
Hm tch phn int(f ) int(f ) int(f ) int(f ) trong f l biu thc tng trng, s tm ra mt biu thc tng
trng F khc sao cho diff(F)=f diff(F)=f diff(F)=f diff(F)=f. Nh bn thy trong phn nghin cu php tnh, php tch phn
phc tp hn php vi phn.Tch phn hoc o hm khng tn ti di mt hnh dng khp
kn; hoc n c th tn ti nhng phn mm khng tm ra n hoc phn mm c th tm ra
n nhng khng b nh hoc thi gian chy. Khi MATLAB khng tm thy php tnh
o hm n a ra cnh bo v s thay th tng trng php tch phn khng th s
dng vi hm pretty pretty pretty pretty. .. .
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>> x = sym('x');
>> p = int(log(x)/exp(x^2)) % ly tch phn
Warning:Explicit integral could not be found.
In C:\MATLAB\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\int.m at line 58
p = int(....
>> pretty(p)
ans =
output from pretty
Hm tch phn, cng nh hm vi phn u c nhiu hn mt c php. int(f) int(f) int(f) int(f) s tm
mt php tnh tch phn theo cc bin c lp mc nh, cn int(f, s ) tm php ly tch phn
theo bin c trng s. Khun mu int( f, a, b ) int( f, a, b ) int( f, a, b ) int( f, a, b ) v int (f, s, a, b ) int (f, s, a, b ) int (f, s, a, b ) int (f, s, a, b ), trong a, b l cc bin s,
tm ra biu thc c trng cho php ly tch phn theo cn t a n b. Tng t cho hm
int(f, m, n ) int(f, m, n ) int(f, m, n ) int(f, m, n ) v
int ( f, s, m, n ) int ( f, s, m, n ) int ( f, s, m, n ) int ( f, s, m, n ).
>> syms x s m n % nh ngha mt s bin
>> f = sin(s + 2*x) % to mt hm tng trng
f=
sin(s+2*x)
>> int(f) % php ly tch phn theo bin x
ans=
-1/2*cos(s+2*x)
>> int(f,s) % php ly tch phn theo i s s
ans=
-cos(s + 2*x)
>> int(f,pi/2,pi) % ly tch phn theo bin x vi cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
-cos(s)
>> int(f,s,pi/2,pi) % ly tch phn theo s, cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
2*cos(x)^2 - 1 - 2*sin(x)*cos(x)
>> g = simple(int(f,m,n)) % ly tch phn theo x, cn t m n n
g =
-1/2*cos(s + 2*n) + 1/2*cos(s + 2*m)
Trong v d ny, hm simple simple simple simple c s dng n gin ho kt qu ca php ly tch phn.
Chng ta s nghin cu thm v hm simple simple simple simple sau ny.
Cng nh hm diff diff diff diff, hm ly tch phn int int int int trn mi phn t ca mng c trng:
>> syms a b c d x s % nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> f = [a*x,b*x^2;c*x^3,d*s] % xy dng mt mng c trng
f=
[a*x, b*x^2 ]
[c*x^3, d*s ]
>> int(f) % ly tch phn mng cc phn t theo i s x
ans =
[1/2*a*x^2, 1/3*b*x^3]
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[1/4*c*x^4, d*s*x]
V d : Gii php c trng ca mt phng php tnh ton c in
Fox Mulder, ang gim st trn mt mi nh ca mt to cao c Roswell, New
Mex ex ex exico, trong khi ang n ba tra th anh ta cht pht hin ra mt vt c hnh dng k l
trn khng cao 50 m. Anh ta ly mt qu c chua chn ra khi chic ti eo sau l-
ng, t vo cnh ca mi nh ri nm mnh qu c chua vo khng trung. Qu c chua c
bay ln vi vn tc ban u l v
0
= 20 m/s. Mi cao 30 m so vi mt t, thi gian bay ca
n l t giy. Hi khi no n t n cao cc i, cao m qu c chua t ti so vi
mt t? Khi no th qu c chua chm ti mt t? Gi s rng khng c lc cn ca
khng kh v gia tc ph thuc vo sc ht l khng i l a =-9.7536 m/s
2
.
Chng ta chn mt t cao l 0, y = 0 l mt t v y = 30 l nh ca to nh. Vn
tc tc thi s l v = dy/dt, v gia tc s l a = d
2
y/dt
2
. Do nu ly tch phn mt ln gia
tc, ta s c vn tc tc thi, cn tch phn vn tc ta s c cao y.
>> t = sym('t'); % nh ngha bin dc trng thi gian
>> digits(5); % chnh xc 5 ch s
>> a = sym('-9.7536') % gia tc o bng m/s
2
a =
-9.7536
>> v = int(a,t) %vn tc xem nh hm thi gian
v =
-9.7536*t
>> v = v + 20 % thi im t=0 vn tc l 20m/s
v =
-9.7536*t + 20
>> y = int(v,t) %tm cao y thi im t bng cch ly tch phn
y =
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t
>> y = y + 30 % cao khi t=0 l 30 m
y =
-4.8768*t^2 + 20.*t + 30
Kim tra xem kt qu c ng khng, nu nh chng ta thay t=0 vo trong biu thc, ta
c:
>> yo = subs(y,t,0)
yo =
30.
kt qu ng nh cao qu c chua trc khi n c nm.
By gi chng ta c vn tc v v tr l hm ca thi gian t. cao cc i khi m
qu c chua ngng ln v bt u ri xung. tm im ny, ta tm gi tr ca t khi v=0
bng cch dng hm solve solve solve solve. .. . Hm ny tm im khng ca biu thc c trng, hay ni cch
khc, solve(f) solve(f) solve(f) solve(f), trong f l hm ca x, tm x khi cho f(x) =0.
>> t_top = solve(v) % tm gi tr ca t khi v(t)=0
t_top =
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2.0505
Bi v solve solve solve solve l mt hm c trng, n tr li mt hng c trng ( thm ch n trng
nh mt s). By gi chng ta tm cao cc i, thi im t = 2.0505 s.
>> y_max = subs(y, t, t_top ) % thay th t bi t_top trong y
y_max =
50.505
Ch rng hm subs subs subs subs c cng gi tr nh chng ta lm trc khi chng ta kim tra
biu thc y, subs subs subs subs s thay bin c trng 2.0505 vo cc gi tr t trong biu thc.
By gi chng ta tm thi gian qu c chua chm mt t.
>> t_splat = solve(y) % qu c chua chm mt t khi y =0
t_splat =
[ -1.1676 ]
[ 5.2686 ]
Do kt qu l s m v qu c chua khng th chm t trc khi n c nm i,
v nghim th hai mi l nghim c ngha. T suy ra cao ca qu c chua thi im
t giy c cho bi phng trnh y = -9.7536t
2
+ 20t + 30, qu c chua t ti cao cc i
50.505m so vi mt t v thi im t = 2.0505 s, v n chm mt t thi im t =
5.2686 s
20.13 V th biu thc c tr 20.13 V th biu thc c tr 20.13 V th biu thc c tr 20.13 V th biu thc c trng ng ng ng
c mt tng tt hn v chuyn g xy ra vi qu c chua, chng ta v kt qu
ca tr chi ny. Gi v tr ca qu c chua ( cao) c miu t bng biu thc
y = (- 4.8768)*t^2 + 20*t + 30
>> ezplot(y) % v cao qu c chua
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
t
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t+30
Nh bn thy, ezplot ezplot ezplot ezplot v th hm c trng trong di -2 t 2.
20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc
i khi MATLAB tr li mt biu thc c trng qu kh c th c. Mt s cng c
c sn tr gip lm cho biu thc d c hn. Trc tin l hm pretty pretty pretty pretty. Lnh ny hin th
biu thc c trng theo mt khun mu tng t nh ku ton hc. Chng ta hy xem s
m rng chui Taylor:
>> x = sym('x');
>> f = taylor(log(x+1)/(x-5))
f =
-1/5*x+3/50*x^2-41/750*x^3+293/7500*x^4-1207/37500*x^5
>> pretty(f)
2 41 3 293 4 1207 5
-1/5 x + 3/50 x - --- x + ---- x - ----- x
750 7500 37500
Biu thc c trng c th a ra di nhiu dng tng t nhau. MATLAB s dng
mt s lnh n gin ho hoc thay i khun mu trong biu thc c trng.
>> x = sym('x');
>> f = (x^2 - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3) % to mt hm
f =
(x^2 - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)
>> collect(f) % gom tt c cc mc nhnhau
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6
>> horner(ans)
ans =
-6 + (5 + (5 + (-5 + x)*x)*x)*x
>> factor(ans) % biu din di dng mt a thc
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ans =
(x - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)*(x + 1)
>> expand(f)
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6
simplify simplify simplify simplify l mt cng c rt mnh, mc ch c bn l n gin ho biu thc di
nhiu kiu khc nhau nh: tch phn v lu tha phn s; lut s m v hm log; v Bessel,
hnh hc v hm gamma. Mt vi v d s minh ho iu ny:
>> syms x y a
>> simplify(sin(x)^2 + 3*x + cos(x)^2 - 5)
ans =
-4 + 3*x
>> simplify(log(2*x/y))
ans =
log(2) + log(x/y)
>> simplify((-a^2 + 1)/(1 - a))
ans =
a + 1
20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc
Biu thc c trng s phc trong c php MATLAB c th c trnh by theo mt hnh
mu m ta c th d ng c bng vic s dng hm pretty pretty pretty pretty.
C th c nhiu kiu tng t nhau ca biu thc c trng, mt s chng th d dng
s dng hn mt s khc trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau. MATLAB a ra mt s
cng c thay i khun dng trong biu thc. l :
Cng c Cng c Cng c Cng c M t M t M t M t
collect Gom tt c cc mc ging nhau
factor Biu din di dng mt a thc
expand M rng tt c cc mc
simplify n gin ho cc biu thc
simple Tm biu thc tng ng c chui k t ngn nht
Hm c trng MATLAB c th c s dng chuyn biu thc c trng thnh
phn thc., cho mt a thc hu t th int( f ) int( f ) int( f ) int( f ) s ly tch phn hm ny, v diff( f ) diff( f ) diff( f ) diff( f ) s ly vi
phn hm ny. V d:
>> s = sym('s');
>> Y =(10*s^2 + 40*s + 30 )/(s^2 + 6*s + 8)
Y =
(10*s^2 + 40*s + 30)/(s^2 + 6*s + 8)
>> diff(int(Y))
ans =
10 - 15/(s + 4) - 5/(s + 2)
>> pretty(ans)
15 5
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10 - ----- - -----
s + 4 s + 2
K thut ny cng tht l hu ch khi ta mun ti gin a thc trong c bc cao
hn mu s.
>> x = sym('x');
>> g = (x^3 + 5)/(x^2 - 1)
g =
(x^3 + 5)/(x^2 - 1)
>> diff(int(g))
ans =
x + 3/(-1+ x) - 2/(x + 1)
>> pretty(ans)
3 2
x + ------ - -----
-1 + x x + 1
20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm
Tm gi tr ca e vi chnh xc 18,29,30 v 31 s. Ch rng kt qu gn vi mt
gi tr s nguyn nht, nhng khng hon ton l mt s nguyn.
>> vpa('exp(pi*sqrt(163))',18)
20.17 Gii ph 20.17 Gii ph 20.17 Gii ph 20.17 Gii phng trnh ng trnh ng trnh ng trnh
Phng trnh c trng c th c gii bng cng c ton hc c sn trong
MATLAB. Mt s c gii thiu, mt s s c chng minh phn sau.
20.18 Gii ph 20.18 Gii ph 20.18 Gii ph 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin ng trnh i s n gin ng trnh i s n gin ng trnh i s n gin
Hm solve solve solve solve gn biu thc c trng v 0 trc khi gii n:
>> syms a b c x
>> solve(a*x^2 + b*x + c)
ans =
[1/2/a*(-b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
[1/2/a*(-b - (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
Kt qu l mt vecto c trng m cc phn t ca n c dng nh trn . gii
php ton c cha du bng, gii mt chui c cha biu thc:
>> solve('a*x^2 + b*x - (-c)')
ans =
[1/2/a*(-b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
[1/2/a*(-b -
(b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
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Nu nh bn mun gii i s khc so vi bin s mc nh th bn c th khai bo trong
solve solve solve solve nh sau:
>> solve(a*x^2 + b*x + c,b)
ans =
-(a*x^2 + c)/x
Php ton c th gii bng cch gn biu thc cho 0. By gi chng ta s gii
cos(x)=sin(x) v tan(x) =sin(2x) theo x, v qui kt qu ca chng v bin f v t:
>> f = solve(cos(x)- sin(x))
f =
1/4*pi
>> t = solve(tan(x)- sin(2*x))
t =
[ 0]
[ pi]
[ 1/4*pi]
[ -3/4*pi]
Kt qu di dng s:
>> double(f)
ans =
0.7854
>> double(t)
ans =
0
3.1416
0.7854
-2.3562
20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s
C th gii vi php ton cng mt lc. Cu lnh [a1, a2, ..., an ] = solve(f1, f2, ...,fn )
gii n php ton cho cc bin mc nh v tr li kt qu trong a1, a2, ..., an. Tuy nhin bin
mc nh s c lu tr . V d:
>> syms x y
>> [a1 a2] = solve(x^2 + x^y + y - 3, x^2 - 4*x + 3)
a1 =
[ 1]
[ 3]
a2 =
[ 1]
[ -(6*log(3)+lambertw(1/729*log(3)))/log(3)]
20.20 Php ton 20.20 Php ton 20.20 Php ton 20.20 Php ton vi phn vi phn vi phn vi phn
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Thng thng php ton vi phn rt kh gii, MATLAB cung cp cho bn mt s
cng c mnh tm kt qu ca php ton vi phn.
Hm dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve s gii cc php ton vi phn v cho ta kt qu. C php ca dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve
khc vi phn ln cc hm khc. i s ca hm phi l xu k t thay v biu thc, v nh
xu cha mt du =. iu ny r rng l khc so vi hm solve solve solve solve, m i s ca n phi l
mt biu thc c trng khng c du =.
Php ton vi phn c nhn ra bng k hiu ch hoa D v D2, D3, v.v... .Bt k mt
ch no theo sau Ds u ph thuc vo bin. Php ton ( d
2
y/dt
2
) c thay bi chui k t
D2y=0. cc bin c lp c th c ch ra, hoc nu khng s mc nh l t. V d gii
php ton
(dy,dt) - 1+2y
2
:
>> clear
>> dsolve('Dy=1+y^2')
ans =
tan(t - C1)
trong C1 l hng s. Cng bi ton trn nhng cho gi tr ban u l y(0) =1 th s c kt
qu sau:
>> dsolve('Dy=1+y^2, y(0)=1')
ans =
tan(t+1/4*pi)
20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn
Hm dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve c th gii nhiu php ton vi phn cng mt lc. Khi gii nhiu php
ton vi phn dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve tr cc bin vo mt cu trc hoc mt vector nh solve solve solve solve lm. Ch
dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve xp xp cc bin trc khi c lp trc khi tr. V d:
Gii php ton sau:
df/dt = 3f + 4g dg/d = -4f + 3g
>> [f,g] = dsolve('Df = 3*f + 4*g, Dg = -4*f + 3*g')
f =
exp(3*t)*cos(4*t)*C1 + exp(3*t)*sin(4*t)*C2
g =
-exp(3*t)*sin(4*t)*C1 + exp(3*t)*cos(4*t)*C2
20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh
Ma trn c trng v vector l cc mng m phn t ca n l cc biu thc c tr-
ng. chng c th c to bi hm sym sym sym sym: :: :
>> syms a b c s t
>> A = [a,b,c;b,c,a;c,a,b]
A =
[ a, b, c]
[ b, c, a]
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[ c, a, b]
>> G = [cos(t),sin(t);-sin(t),cos(t)]
G =
[ cos(t), sin(t)]
[ -sin(t), cos(t)]
Kch thc ca ma trn c trng c th tm c bng hm chun size size size size v length length length length. V d:
>> syms a b c d e f
>> S = [a,b,c;d,e,f]
S =
[ a, b, c]
[ d, e, f]
>> h = size(S)
h =
2 3
>> [m,n] = size(S)
m =
2
n =
3
>> length(S)
ans =
3
Phn t ca mng c trng cng c truy nhp tng t nh mng s
>> syms ab cd ef gh
>> G = [ab,cd,ef,gh]
G =
[ ab, cd, ef, gh]
>> G(1,2)
ans =
cd
20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh
Php nghch o v nh thc ca ma trn c tnh bi hm: inv inv inv inv v det det det det
>> H = sym(hilb(3))
H =
[1, 1/2, 1/3]
[1/2, 1/3, 1/4]
[1/3, 1/4, 1/5]
>> det(H)
ans =
1/2160
>> J = inv(H)
J =
[ 9, -36, 30]
[-36, 192, -180]
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[ 30, -180, 180]
>> det(J)
ans =
2160
20.24 Hm b 20.24 Hm b 20.24 Hm b 20.24 Hm bc v xung c v xung c v xung c v xung
Hm step step step step, u(t) v hm impulse, impulse, impulse, impulse, (t) thng c dng trong h thng. Hm bc Ku(t Ku(t Ku(t Ku(t- -- -
a ) a ) a ) a ) trong K l hng s c nh ngha nh sau: Ku(t-a) =0 nu t<a v Ku(t-a)= K nu
T>=a. Di y l hm bc:
20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace
Php bin i laplace bin i t min t sang min s. Hm ca n nh sau:
L(s) =
>> syms a s t w
>> f = exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t)
f =
exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t)
>> L = laplace(f,t,s)
L=
(s + a)/((s + a)^2 + w^2)
>> pretty(L)
s + a
-------------
2 2
s + a) + w
20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier
Hm bin i Fourier v Fourier ngc nh sau:
F() = f(t)=
MATLAB dng w thay cho trong biu thc c trng
>> syms t w
>> f=t*exp(-t^2)
f =
t*exp(-t^2)
>> f=fourier(f,t,w) % bin i fourier s dng tham s t v w
f =
-1/2*i*pi^(1/2)*w*exp(-1/4*w^2)
>> ifourier(f,w,t) % timbin i fourier ngc
ans =
1/2*4^(1/2)*t*exp(-t^2)
>> simplify(ans)
ans =
t*exp(-t^2)
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--------------------------oOo-------------------------
chng 21
hp cng c h thng iu khin
21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th
Phn ln cc cng c trong Hp cng c h thng iu khin Hp cng c h thng iu khin Hp cng c h thng iu khin Hp cng c h thng iu khin u c lun gii d
hiu trn c 2 phng din hm truyn v khng gian trng thi. Thm vo h thng
nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra (MIMO) c sinh ra t vic to ra ma trn B, C, v D c i
hi s chiu. S biu din hm truyn MIMO c hnh thnh do s dng ma trn t bo lu
tr trong nhng a thc hm truyn tng ng. V d :
>> num = { 10, [ 1 10]; -1, [3 0 ] } ; % mng t bo
>> den= { [ 1 10 ], [1 6 10 ]; [ 1 0 ], [1 3 3 ] ; %mng t
% bo bc hai thay cho h thng c 2 u vo v 2 u
ra.
Hm truyn Hm truyn Hm truyn Hm truyn
Lin tc
H(s)= = m<=n MATLAB: :num = [ N
1
N
2
...N
m+1
], den =[ D
1
D
2
... D
n+1
]
Ri rc
H(z) = = m<=n MATLAB: num [N
1
N
2
... N
n+1
], den = [ D
1
D
2
..... D
n+1
]
( mu z
-1
)
H(z) == MATLAB: num = [ N
1
N
2
. N
n+1
], den =[ D
1
D
2
... D
n+1
]
Zero Zero Zero Zero- -- -pole pole pole pole- -- -Gain Gain Gain Gain
Lin tc H(s)== m<n MATLAB: K, Z = [Z
1
; Z
2
; ....Z
m
], P=[ P
1
; ......P
n
]
Ri rc H(z)= = m<= n MATLAB: K, Z = [Z
1
; Z
2
; ....Z
m
], P=[ P
1
;
......P
n
]
Khng gian trng thi Khng gian trng thi Khng gian trng thi Khng gian trng thi
Lin tc
x= Ax + Bu y = Cx + Du MATLAB : A, B, C, D
Ri rc
x[n+1] = Ax[n] + B u[n] y[n] = C x[n] + Du[n] MATLAB : A, B, C, D
=
C mt s tng quan t nhin 1-1 gia ch s mng t bo v ch s ma trn hm
truyn.
21.2 i t 21.2 i t 21.2 i t 21.2 i tng LTI ng LTI ng LTI ng LTI
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MATLAB cung cp mt cch tm lc mng d liu tng quan thnh cc i t-
ng tuyn tnh, bt bin theo thi gian, hoc cc i tng LTI. iu ny gip cho vic
qun l chng c d dng. V d:
>> my_sys= zpk( z, p, k )
Zero/ pole / gain from input 1 to output:
1
-
s
Zero / pole / gain from input 2 to output:
3 ( s+1 )
--------------
(s+10) (s+2)
xy dng mt i tng LTI zero-pole-gain c tn l my_sys c cha h thng 2 u vo v
mt u ra. Cng nh vy:
>> H = tf( num, den )
Transfer function from input 1 to output...
10
#1: .........
s+10
-1
#2: .....
s
Transfer function from input 2 to output ...
s+10
#1:..............
s^2+6 s+10
3s+1
#2: ............
s^2 + 3 s + 3
to mt hm truyn i tng LTI t mng t bo num num num num v den den den den nhp vo trc . Cng nh
vy h thng hin ti hin th mt ch d hiu.
Cui cng, i tng LTI khng gian trng thi c hnh thnh nh sau:
>> a = [ 0 1 ; -2 -4 ] ; b = [ 0 1 ]; c = [ 1 1 ] ; d =0;
% inh ngha ma trn khng gian trng thi
>> system2=ss( a, b, c, d)
a=
x1 x2
x1 0 1.00000
x -2.00000 -4.00000
b =
u1
x1 0
x2 1.00000
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c =
x1 x2
y1 1.00000 1.00000
d=
u1
y1 0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian
Trong trng hp ny, h thng s xc nh cc thnh phn bin gn vi mi phn t v
xc nhn h thng l lin tc theo thi gian.
xy dng mt h thng gin on theo thi gian, s dng hm zpk, tf, zpk, tf, zpk, tf, zpk, tf, v hm ss, ss, ss, ss,
bn nht thit phi khai bo chu k ly mu km theo vi h thng c xem nh l mt i
s u vo cui cng.V d:
>> dt_sys = tf ( [ 1 0.2 ], [ 1 -1 ], 0.01 )
hm truyn
z+0.
...........
z-1
thi gian ly mu : 0.01
H thng ri rc theo thi gian ny c chu k ly mu l : 0.01
21.3 Khi phc d liu 21.3 Khi phc d liu 21.3 Khi phc d liu 21.3 Khi phc d liu
Gi s i tng LTI c to dng, th d liu trong c th tch ra bng cch
s dng hm tfdata, zpkdata tfdata, zpkdata tfdata, zpkdata tfdata, zpkdata, ,, , v ssdata ssdata ssdata ssdata. V d :
>> [nz, dz ]= tfdata (dt_sys ) % tch ra nh l mng t bo
nz =
[1x2 double ]
dz =
[1x2 double ]
>> [ n z, dz ] = tfdata (dt_sys, 'v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
[ -0.2 ]
p =
[ 1 ]
k =
1
>> [z, p, k ] =zpkdata ( dt_sys, 'v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
-0.2
p =
1
k =
1
>> [ a, b, c, d ] = ssdata(dt_sys) % chch ra ma trn khng gian trng
%thi s
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a =
1
b =
1
c =
1.2
d =
1
Nu nh mt i tng LTI c xy dng th n c th c tch ra theo bt c mt
mu no.
21.4 S nghch o i t 21.4 S nghch o i t 21.4 S nghch o i t 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI ng LTI ng LTI ng LTI
Bn cnh vic tch cc i tng LTI thnh nhiu kiu khc nhau, chng cn c th
c chuyn i thnh cc dng khc nhau bng cch s dng cc hm t to. V d :
>> t = tf ( 100, [1 6 100]) % xy dng mt hm truyn.
Hm truyn :
100
.................
s^2 + 6 s + 100
>> sst = ss(t )
a = x1 x2
x1 -6.00000 -6.25000
x2 16.00000 0
b = u1
x1 2.00000
x2 0
c = x1 x2
y1 0 3.12500
d = u1
y1 0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian.
>> zpkt = zpkt(t)
Zero / pole / gain:
100
.................
(s^2+ 6 s + 100 )
21.5 Thut ton i t 21.5 Thut ton i t 21.5 Thut ton i t 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI ng LTI ng LTI ng LTI
S dng i tng LTI cng cho php bn thit lp thut ton s khi. V d, hm
truyn lp ca mt h thng hi tip l G( s ) . Th hm truyn lp gn nht ca l : T(s ) =
G(s ) ( 1 + G(s) ). Trong MATLAB, iu ny bt u:
>> g = tf( 100, [1 6 0]) % hm truyn lp
Hm truyn:
100
............
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181
s^2 + 6 s
>> t = g/(1+g)
hm truyn:
100 s^2 + 600 s
...............................
s^4 + 12 s^3 + 136 s^2 + 600 s
>> t = minreal(t) % thit lp hm hu pole-zero
Hm truyn:
100
...................
s^2 + 6 s + 100
21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng
Hp dng c h thng iu khin( The Control System Toolbox ) The Control System Toolbox ) The Control System Toolbox ) The Control System Toolbox ) c cp n vic
phn tch h thng s v thit k hm. hon thin ti liu ny, hy xem help help help help trc tuyn.
hiu c mt s c im ca, hy tham chiu n i tng LTI open-loop v closed-
loop.
>> g = zpk ( [ ], [ 0, -5, -10 ], 100 ) % h thng open-loop
Zero/pole/gain :
100
....................
s (s+5 ) ( s+ 10 )
>>t =minreal ( g /( 1 +g ) ) H thng closed-loop
Zero / pole/ gain:
100
.....................................
(s+11.38 ) ( s^2 + 3.62 s ) + 8.789 )
Poles ca h thng ny l:
>>pole( t )
ans =
-11.387
-1.811 + 2.3472 i
-1.811 + 2.3472 i
th Bode ca h thng c cho nh hnh v:
>>bode(g)
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Hnh 21.1 Hnh 21.1 Hnh 21.1 Hnh 21.1
th Bode n gin ca h thng closed-loop l:
>> bode(t)
Hnh 21.2 Hnh 21.2 Hnh 21.2 Hnh 21.2
p ng xung ca h thng
>> step(t)
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Hnh 21.3 Hnh 21.3 Hnh 21.3 Hnh 21.3
Ngoi cc phng php nu trn, hp cng c h thng iu khin cn a ra thm cho
bn lnh tr gip ltiview. ltiview. ltiview. ltiview. Hm ny cho php bn la chn cc i tng LTI t ca s lnh
v quan st cc p ng khc nhau trn mn hnh.
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin
S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI
ss Xy dng kiu khng gian trng thi
zpk Xy dng kiu zero-pole-gain
tf Xy dng kiu hm truyn
dss Ch r kiu ho php khng gian trng
thi
filt ch r b lc s
set Thit lp hoc sa i c th ca LTI
ltiprops Tr gip tri tit cho c tnh TTI
Phn tch d liu Phn tch d liu Phn tch d liu Phn tch d liu
ssdata Tch ma trn khng gian trng
thi
zpkdata Tch d liu zero-pole-gain
tfdata Tch t s v mu s
dssdata Ch ra verion ca ssdata
get Truy nhp c tnh gi tr ca
LTI
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184
c tnh ca cc loi c tnh ca cc loi c tnh ca cc loi c tnh ca cc loi
class kiu model ( ss , zpk , or tf )
size S chiu ca u vo/ u ra
isempty True cho kiu LTI rng
isct True cho kiu lin tc theo thi gian
isdt True cho loi gin on theo thi gian
isproper True cho kiu LTI ci tin
issiso True cho h thng mt u vo/ mt u ra
isa Kim tra Loi LTI c a ra
S nghch o S nghch o S nghch o S nghch o
ss Chuyn i thnh khng gian trng thi
zpk Chuyn i thnh zero-pole-gain
tf Chuyn i thnh hm truyn
c2d Chuyn i t lin tc sang gin on
d2d Ly mu li h thng ri rc hoc thm tr u
vo
Cc php ton Cc php ton Cc php ton Cc php ton
+ v - Cng v tr h thng LTI ( mc song song
)
* Nhn h thng LTI (mc ni tip )
\ Chia tri: sys1\sys2 ngha l: inv
(sys1)*sys2
/ Chia phi: sys1/sys2 c ngha
sys1*inv(sys2 )
Hon v ngc
. Hon v u vo/u ra
[...] S kt ni h thng LTI ngang/ dc
inv Nghch o h thng LTI
ng hc ng hc ng hc ng hc
pole, eig H thng poles
tzero S truyn h thng cc s 0
pzma Biu Pole-Zero
dcgai nh hng DC ( tn s thp)
norm Ch tiu h thng LTI
covar Covar of response ln nhiu trng
damp Tn s t nhin v s suy gim cc h
thng
esort Xp xp cc tnh lin tc bi phn thc
dsort Xp xp cc tnh ri rc bi bin
pade Xp x pade ca thi gian tr
p ng thi gian p ng thi gian p ng thi gian p ng thi gian
step p ng bc
Updatesofts.com Ebook Team
185
impulse p ng xung
inittial p ng h thng khng gian trng thi vi
trng thi khi to
lsim p ng u vo tu
Ltiview p ng phn tch GUI
gensig Pht sinh tn hiu u vo cho lsim
stepfun Pht sinh u vo n v -bc
p n p n p n p ng tn s g tn s g tn s g tn s
bode th Bode ca p ng tn s
sigma th gi tr tn s duy nht
nyquist th Nyquist
nichols Biu Nichols
ltiview p ng phn tch GUI
evalfr p ng tn s ti mt tn s nht
nh
margin Gii hn pha v tng ch
Lin kt h thng Lin kt h thng Lin kt h thng Lin kt h thng
append Nhm h thng LTI bi vic thm cc u ra v u vo
parallel Kt ni song song ( tng t overload + )
series Kt ni ni tip ( tng t overload * )
feeback Kt ni hi tip hai h thng
star Tch s star( kiu lin kt LFT )
connect Chuyn ho t kiu khng gian trng thi sang c tnh biu
khi
Dng c thit k c in Dng c thit k c in Dng c thit k c in Dng c thit k c in
rlocus Qu tch nghim
acker S thay th cc SISO
place S thay th cc MIMO
estime Khun dng b nh gi
Cng c thit k LQG Cng c thit k LQG Cng c thit k LQG Cng c thit k LQG
lqr, dlqr B iu chnh hi tip v phng trnh bc hai tuyn
tnh
lqry B iu chnh LQ vi u ra ph
lqrd B bin i LQ ri rc sang lin tc
kalman B nh gi Kalman
lqgrreg B bin i LQG c a ra t tng ch LQ v b
nh gi Kalman
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186
Gii quyt php ton ma trn Gii quyt php ton ma trn Gii quyt php ton ma trn Gii quyt php ton ma trn
lyap Gii phng trnh Lyapunop lin tc
dlyap Gii ph ng trnh Lyapunop ri rc
care Gii phng trnh i s Riccati lin tc
dare Gii phng trnh i s Riccati ri rc
S S S S biu din biu din biu din biu din
crtldemo Gii thiu n hp cng c h thng iu khin
jetdemo Thit k kinh in b chng suy gim m ca
phng tin vn chuyn trc thng
diskdemo Thit k b iu khin s a cng
milldemo iu khin LQG SISO v MIMO ca h thng
cn thp trn
kalmdemo Thit k b lc Kalman v m phng
-----------------------oOo----------------------
Chng 22
Hp dng c x l tn hiu
22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu
Hp cng c x l tn hiu cung cp cng c cho kim tra v phn tch tn hiu; kim tra
v phn tch tn s ca n hoc ph v xy dng b lc.
chng ta xy dng mt tn hiu nhiu sau phn tch n.
>> t = linspace(0,10,512); % trc thi gian
>> x = 3*sin(5*t)- 6*cos(9*t)+ 5*randn(size(t));
% tn hiu vi nhiu Gaussian
>> plot(t,x) % th tn hiu
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Hnh 22.1 Hnh 22.1 Hnh 22.1 Hnh 22.1
>> x = fft(x);
>> X = fft(x);
>> Ts = t(2)- t(1);
>> Ts = t(2)- t(1)
Ts =
0.0196
>> Ws = 2*pi/Ts;
>> Wn = Ws/2
Wn =
160.5354
>> W = linspace(0,Wn,length(t)/2);
>> Xp = abs(X(1:length(t)/2));
>> plot(w,Xp)
th c v hnh 22.2
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Hnh 22.2
>> i = find(w<=20);
>> plot(w(i),Xp(i))
>> grid
>> xlabel('tan so, rad/s')
>> titile('Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu')
0 5 10 15 20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
tan so, rad/s
Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu
Hnh 22.3 Hnh 22.3 Hnh 22.3 Hnh 22.3
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chng 23
tr gip
23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip
MATLAB tr gip mt s lnh gip bn truy nhp thng tin nhanh chng v cc
lnh ca MATLAB hoc cc hm bn trong ca s lnh, bao gm hel hel hel help pp p, lookfor lookfor lookfor lookfor,whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew,
v info info info info. .. .
23.1.1 Lnh help 23.1.1 Lnh help 23.1.1 Lnh help 23.1.1 Lnh help
Lnh help help help help ca MATLAB l cch n gin nht nhn tr gip nu bn bit c
topic ca ci cn tr gip. Nhp vo lnh help help help help topic, mn hnh s hin th ni dung ca topic
nu nh n tn ti. V nh:
>> help sqrt
SQRT Square root.
SQRT(x) is the square root of the elements of x. complex results are produced
if X is not positive
See also SQRT
Bn s nhn c tr gip ca MATLAB v hm cn bc hai. Mt khc, nu nh
bn nhp vo dng lnh sau:
>> help cows
cows not found
th MATLAB s khng bit g v cows. Bi v hm ny khng c trong th vin mu.
Ch : trong v d trn, SQRT c vit ch hoa. Tuy nhin khi s dng sqrt khng bao gi
l ch in, do MATLAB l mt ngn ng cht ch nn SQRT s khng c bit n v
qu trnh s sinh ra li.
>> SQRT (2)
??? SQRT (
|
Missing operator, coma, or semicolon.
tm tt, tn hm c in hoa cho d c nhng khi s dng, hm s dng k t thng
thng.
Lnh help help help help hot ng tt nu nu nh bn bit chnh xc topic m bn mun tr gip
m iu ny thng kh thc hin, help help help help hng dn bn trc tip truy tm chnh xc cc topic
m bn mun, bn ch n gin nhp vo help help help help m khng c topic.
>> help
HELP topics
MATLAB : general - mc ch chung ca cu lnh
MATLAB : ops - cc ton t v cc k hiu c bit
MATLAB : lang - xy dng ngn ng lp trnh.
MATLAB : elphun - cc hm ton hc s ng
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MATLAB : specfun - cc hm ton hc c bit
MATLAB : matfun - hm ma trn - i s hc tuyn tnh
MATLAB : datafun - hm bin i fourier v phn tch d liu
MATLAB : polyfun - cc a thc v php ni suy
MATLAB : funfun - phng n gii cc ODE v cc hm ca hm
MATLAB : sparfun - ma trn sparfun
MATLAB : graph2d - ho 2 chiu
MATLAB : graph3d - ho 3 chiu
MATLAB : specgraph - th ph
MATLAB : graphics - thao tc ho
MATLAB : uitools - cc cng c giao tip ngi s dng v ho
MATLAB : strfun - xu k t
MATLAB : iofun - tp vo / ra
MATLAB : timefun - ngy thng v thi gian
MATLAB : datattypes - cu trc v kiu d liu
MATLAB : MacOS - cc hm trong Macintosh
MATLAB : demos - v d v minh ho
MATLAB : specmat - ma trn c bit
MATLAB : local - tham chiu
MATLAB : cntol - hp cng c h thng iu khin
MATLAB : signal - hp cng c x l tn hiu
MATLAB : symbolic - hp cng c ton hc
Thm tr gip trong th mc: topic, nhp vo help topic help topic help topic help topic
23.1.2 Lnh lookfor 23.1.2 Lnh lookfor 23.1.2 Lnh lookfor 23.1.2 Lnh lookfor
Lnh lookfor lookfor lookfor lookfor cung cp s tr gip bng vic tm kim tt c cc dng u ca help help help help
topic topic topic topic,v cc M-file trn ng dn m MATLAB ang tm, v tr li danh sch tt c cc file
cha t kho m bn khai bo..Mt iu rt quan trng l t kho khng cn thit l mt
lnh ca MATLAB. V d:
>> lookfor complex
CONJ complex conjugate
IMAG complex imaginary part
REAL complex real part
CDF2RDF complex diagonal form to real block diagonal form
RSF2CSF real block diagonal form to complex diagonal form
CPLXPAIR sort numbers into complex conjugata pairs
T kho complex complex complex complex khng phi l mt lnh ca MATLAB, nhng n vn c tm ra
phn help help help help gm 6 lnh ca MATLAB. Nu mun bit thng itn v cc lnh ny, hy nhp vo
t lnh help help help help. V d:
>> help CONJ
CONJ complex
CONJ (x) is the complex conjugate of X
For a complex x, CONJ(X ) = REAL (X) - i * IMAG( X)
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See also : REAL, IMAG, I, J
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info 23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info 23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info 23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info
ng nh tn gi ca n, whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew v info info info info hin th nhng thng tin v nhng thay
i v nhng s ci tin MATLAB v hp dng c ca n, nu dng m khng c i s, th
info info info info s hin th nhng thng tin chung v MATLAB, phong php tip cn MathWorks, cn
nu dng c i s, v nh: whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew MATLAB hoc info signal info signal info signal info signal, ,, , th file Readme Readme Readme Readme cha thng
tin Toolbox Toolbox Toolbox Toolbox s hin th, nu n tn ti.
23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip
Mt s m rng ca h thng tr gip trong MATLAB5 l ca s help help help help mi. Lnh
helpwin helpwin helpwin helpwin s m ra ca s mi trn mn hnh ca bn v bn c th dng chut i di chuyn
thanh sng n mc no m bn quan tm. Nu dng lnh helpwin helpwin helpwin helpwin m khng c tham s,
th ca s help help help help c dng nh hnh sau:
Hnh 23.1 Hnh 23.1 Hnh 23.1 Hnh 23.1
Nhn kp vo bt c topic no hin th trong ca s help help help help, s hin th mt ca s mi
cha cc topic con hoc cc hm gn vi n.
Nhn kp vo bt c biu tng no trong s hin th thng tin tr gip v mc .
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cc M cc M cc M cc M- -- - File ca Student File ca Student File ca Student File ca Student Edition ion ion ion
HELP Topic
Th mc MATLAB
Mc ch chung ca cu lnh Mc ch chung ca cu lnh Mc ch chung ca cu lnh Mc ch chung ca cu lnh
Thng tin chung Thng tin chung Thng tin chung Thng tin chung
help Tr gip trc tuyn, hin th vn bn ti cc dng lnh
helpwin Tr gip trc tuyn,ca s truy xut
helpdesk Tra nhanh thng tin v cc thc mc
demo Chy cc chng trnh mu
whatsnew Hin th cc file Readme
Readme Thng tin mi cp nht MATLAB 5
Qun l khng gian lm vic Qun l khng gian lm vic Qun l khng gian lm vic Qun l khng gian lm vic
who Danh sch cc bin hin ti
whos Danh sch cc bin hin ti, khun dng di
clear Xo b cc bin v hm khi b nh
pack Hp nht khng gian lm vic
load Np cc bin vo khng gian lm vic t a
save Lu cc bin vo a
quit Thot khi mc hin ti MATLAB
Qun l Qun l Qun l Qun l ng dn ng dn ng dn ng dn
path Nhn/to ng dn
addpath Thm th mc theo ng dn
rmpath Ri th mc t t ng dn
editpath Sa i ng dn
Qun l cc hm v lnh Qun l cc hm v lnh Qun l cc hm v lnh Qun l cc hm v lnh
what Danh sch cc file c trng ca MATLAB trong th mc
type Danh sch file-M
edit Son tho filr-M
lookfor Tm kim tt c cc file-M theo t kho
which Xc nh cc hm v file
pcode To file-P
inmem Danh sch cc hm trong b nh
mex Bin dch hm MEX
Cu lnh i Cu lnh i Cu lnh i Cu lnh iu khin u khin u khin u khin
echo Ly li lnh t
file-M
more Kim sot u ra
cc trang ca s lnh
diary Lu gi vn bn
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format Thit lp nh
dng cho u ra
Hot ng ca lnh h thng Hot ng ca lnh h thng Hot ng ca lnh h thng Hot ng ca lnh h thng
cd Thay i th mc
lm vic hin ti
pwd Hin th th mc
lm vic hin ti
dir Danh sch th
mc
delete Xo file
getenv Ly li bin mi
trng
! Thc hin cu
lnh ca h iu hnh
dos Thc hin lnh
dos v tr li kt qu
unix Thc hin lnh
unix v tr li kt qu
vms Thc hin lnh
VMS DCL v tr li kt qu
web M trnh xt
duyt Web
computer Loi my tnh
M MM M- -- -file g ri file g ri file g ri file g ri
debug Danh sch
cc lnh g ri
dbstop To im
ngt
dbclear Di chuyn
im ngt
dbcont Tip tc thc
hin lnh
dbstack Hin th cc hm gi ngn xp
dbstatus Danh sch
cc im ngt
dbstep Thc hin
mt hoc nhiu dng
dbtype Danh sch file-M vi s lng dng
dbup Thay i phm vi khng gian lm vic a phng
dbquit Thot khi ch g ri
dbmex file- MEX g
ri ( ch cho UNIX )
Cc ton t v cc k t Cc ton t v cc k t Cc ton t v cc k t Cc ton t v cc k t c bit c bit c bit c bit
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Cc ton t Cc ton t Cc ton t Cc ton t
plus (+) Cng
uplus (+) Cng unary
minus ( - ) Tr
uminus (-) Tr unary
mtimes(. *) Nhn ma trn
times (*) Nhn mng
mpower (^) Lu tha ma trn
power (. ^ ) Lu tha mng
mldivide (\ ) Chia tri ma trn
mrdivide /) Chia phi ma trn
ldivide (.\ ) Chia tri mng
mdivide (./ ) Chia phi ma trn
kron Sn phm c cng
Ton t Ton t Ton t Ton t quan h quan h quan h quan h
eq (== ) Bng
ne ( ~= ) Khng bng
lt (< ) Nh thua
gt (>) Ln hn
le (<= ) Nh thua hoc bng
ge (>= ) Ln hn hoc bng
Ton t logic Ton t logic Ton t logic Ton t logic
and ( & ) Logic v
or ( | ) Logic hoc
not ( ~ ) Logic ph nh
xor Logic hoc ph nh
any True nu mi phn t ca vector khc khng
all True nu tt c cc phn t khc khng
Cc ton t Bitwise Cc ton t Bitwise Cc ton t Bitwise Cc ton t Bitwise
bitand Bitwise and
bitcmp Bit hon thnh
bitor Bitwise OR
bitmax Maximum floating point integer
bitset Thit lp bt
bitget Nhn bt
bitshift Dch bit
Thit lp cc k t Thit lp cc k t Thit lp cc k t Thit lp cc k t
union Thit lp lin kt
unique Ch s duy nht
intersect Thit lp s giao nhau
setdiff To s khc nhau
setxor Thit lp hoc ph nh
ismember True nu thit lp cc thnh vin
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Cc k t c bit Cc k t c bit Cc k t c bit Cc k t c bit
colon Du hai chm
() Du ngoc n
[ ] Du ngoc vung
{ } Du ngoc nhn
. Chm thp phn
. Truy nhp cu trc trng
.. Th mc m
... S tip tc
, Du phy
; Du chm phy
% Ch thch
! Lin quan cu lnh ca h iu hnh
= Gn
Nhy
transpose(.) Chuyn v
ctranspose( ) Chuyn v s pc lin hp
horzcat [, ] Gp chui theo chiu ngang
vertcat[; ] Gp chui theo chiu ng
subsasgn Gn subscripted
bsref Tham chiu subscripted
subsindex Ch s subscripted
Cu Trc ngn ng lp trnh
Cu lnh iu khin Cu lnh iu khin Cu lnh iu khin Cu lnh iu khin
if iu kin thc hin cu lnh
elseif Dng vi if
else Dng vi if
end Kt thc lnh if, for, while
for Lp li cu lnh mt s ln
while vng lp while
break Thot khi vng lp for v while
return Tr v t hm gi
pause Tm dng cho ti khi nhn mt phm bt k
Thi hnh v nh gi Thi hnh v nh gi Thi hnh v nh gi Thi hnh v nh gi
eval Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB
feval Thc hin hm ch ra bi xu
evalin nh gi cc biu thc trong khng gian lm vic
builtin Thc hin cc hm c to bi phng php xp chng
assignin Gn cc bin trong khng gian lm vic
run Chy script
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Script, hm, v cc bin Script, hm, v cc bin Script, hm, v cc bin Script, hm, v cc bin
script V script MATLAB v file-M
function Thm hm mi
global nh ngha bin ton cc
mfilename Tn v cc M-file ang thc hin hin ti
lists Du phy phn chia cc danh sch
exist Kim tra xem cc bin hoc cc hm c c nh ngha
hay khng
isglobal True nu l bin ton cc
Thao tc vi cc i s Thao tc vi cc i s Thao tc vi cc i s Thao tc vi cc i s
nargchk Cng nhn s lng cc i s u vo
nargin S lng hm cc i s u vo
nargout S lng hm cc i s u ra
varagin Danh sch cc i s u vo, di cc bin
varaout Danh sch cc i s u ra, di cc bin
inputname Tn i s u vo
Hin th thng bo Hin th thng bo Hin th thng bo Hin th thng bo
error Hin th thng bo li v hm hu
warning Hin th thng bo cnh bo
lasterr Thng bo li trc
errortrap B qua li trong qu trnh kim tra
disp Hin th mt mng
fprintf Hin th thng bo nh dng
sprintf Ghi d liu nh dng vo mt xu
u vo t u vo t u vo t u vo tng h ng h ng h ng h
input Nhc ngi s dng nhp vo
keyboard Gi bn phm t M-file
pause i ngi s dng nhp d liu vo
uimenu To giao din bng chn-ngi s dng
uicontrol To giao din ngi iu khin
Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn
Ma trn c bn Ma trn c bn Ma trn c bn Ma trn c bn
zeros Mng s khng
ones Mng s 1
eye Nhn dng ma trn
repmat Ti to v mng
rand S ngu nhin xp xp ng u
randn S ngu nhin xp xp thng thng
linspace Vector khng gian tuyn tnh
logspace Vector khng gian logarthm
meshgrid Mng X-Y cho th 3 chiu
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: Vector khng gian thng thng v ch s trong ma trn
Thng tin mng c s Thng tin mng c s Thng tin mng c s Thng tin mng c s
size Kch c ma trn
length di vector
ndims S chiu
disp Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
isempty True nu l ma trn trng
isequal True nu ma trn l ng nht
isnumaric True cho mng s
islogical True cho mng logic
logical Chuuyn i gi tr s thnh logic
Thao tc vi ma trn Thao tc vi ma trn Thao tc vi ma trn Thao tc vi ma trn
reshape Thay i kch c
diag Ma trn ng cho v ng cho ca ma trn
tril Trch pha di ra ma trn tam gic
triu Trch pha trn ra ma trn tam gic
fliplr Ma trn flip theo hng tri /phi
flippud Ma trn flip theo hng trn/ di
flipdim Ma trn flip dc theo chiu khai bo
rot90 Quay i mt gc 90
find Tm ch s phn t khc khng
end Ch s cui
sub2ind Ch s tuyn tnh t multiple subscripts
ind2sub Multiple subscripts t ch s tuyn tnh
Hng v cc bin c bit Hng v cc bin c bit Hng v cc bin c bit Hng v cc bin c bit
ans Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
eps Vit di dng du phy ng
realmax S du phy ng dng ln nht
realmin S du phy ng dng nh nht
pi 3.1415926535897...
i, j n v o
inf V cng
NaN Khng phi l mt s
isNaN True nu NaN
isinf True nu s phn t l khng v cng
isfinite True nu s phn t l v cng
flops m s ch s sau du phy ng
Cc bin c bit Cc bin c bit Cc bin c bit Cc bin c bit
ans Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
eps chnh xc sau du phy ng
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pi
i, j
inf
NaN Khng phi dng s
clock ng h tng
date Ngy
flops m s hot ng ca du phy ng
nargin S lng cc i s ca hm vo
narout S lng cc i s hm ra
Cc loi ma trn c bit Cc loi ma trn c bit Cc loi ma trn c bit Cc loi ma trn c bit
comban Bu bn
diag ng cho
eye Nhn dng
gallery B mt
hadamar Hadamard
hankel Hankel
hilb Hilbert
invhilb Hilbert o
linspace Vector
logspace Vector
magic Vung Magic
meshdom Thc hin cho mesh plots
ones Hng
rand Cc phn t ngu nhin
toeplitz Toeplitz
vander Vandermonde
zeros Khng
Cc hm ton hc thng th Cc hm ton hc thng th Cc hm ton hc thng th Cc hm ton hc thng thng ng ng ng
Cc hm l Cc hm l Cc hm l Cc hm lng gic ng gic ng gic ng gic
sin Hm sine
cos Hm cosine
tan Hm tangent
asin Hm arcsine
acos Hm arccosine
atan Hm arctangent
atan2 Hm arctan gc phn t
sinh Sine hyperpolic
cosh Cosine hyperpolic
tanh Tangent hyperpolic
asinh Arcsine hyperpolic
acosh Arccosine hyperpolic
atanh Arctangent hyperpolic
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Cc hm ton hc Cc hm ton hc Cc hm ton hc Cc hm ton hc
abs Tr tuyt i hoc bin s phc
angle Gc pha
sqrt Cn bc hai
real Phn thc
imag Phn o
conj Phc lin hp
round Lm trn n s nguyn gn nht
fix Lm trn n khng
floor Lm trn n m v cng
ceil Lm trn n v cng
sign Hm du
rem S lu li hoc cc khi ( modulus)
exp Hm m c s e
log Logarithm t nhin
log
10
Log 10 c s
Cc hm c bit Cc hm c bit Cc hm c bit Cc hm c bit
airy Hm airy
besselj Hm Bessel loi th nht
bessely Hm Bessel loi th hai
besselh Hm Bessel loi th ba ( hm Hankel )
besseli Sa i hm Bessel loi th nht
besselk Sa i hm Bessel loi th hai
beta Hm beta
betainc Hm beta khng hon ton
betaln Hm logarithm beta
erf Hm li
erfc Hm li thnh phn
ellipk Php tch phn elliptic
ellipj Hm elliptic Jacobian
gamma Hm gamma
gammaln Hm logarithm gamma
inverf Hm li ngc
rat Xp x
Hm l thuyt s hc Hm l thuyt s hc Hm l thuyt s hc Hm l thuyt s hc
factor H s s khai
isprime True nu l s s khai
primes Danh sch cc s s khai
gcd B chia chung ln nht
lcm Php nhn chung nh nht
rat Xp x hu t
rats u ra hu t
perms S hon v
nchoosek S t hp chp K ca N phn t
ho ho ho ho
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Trang ho Trang ho Trang ho Trang ho
plot th tuyn tnh X-Y
loglog th loglog X-Y
semilogx th semi-log X-Y
semilogy th semi-log X-Y
polar th to cc
mesh Mt li khng gian 3 chiu
contour th ng bao
meshdom Min trong ca th li
bar Biu hnh ch nht
errorbar Thm vo errorbars
title Tiu th
xlabel Nhn trc x
ylabel Nhn trc y
grid K ng li trong th
text Vn bn v tr bt k
gtext Vn bn v tr con tr
ginput Nhp ho
iu khin ca s ho iu khin ca s ho iu khin ca s ho iu khin ca s ho
axis Cn chnh trc to v hnh dng ca n
zoom Co vo hoc dn ra th
hold Gi th trn mn hnh
shg Hin th th nn mn hnh
clg Xo th trn mn hnh
subplot Tch ca s ho
ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu
Lnh Lnh Lnh Lnh ho thng th ho thng th ho thng th ho thng thng ng ng ng
plot3 V ng thng v im trong khng gian 3 chiu
mesh B mt khng gian 3 chiu
surf T mu b mt khng gian 3 chiu
fill3 in y a gic 3 chiu
Cn chnh mu Cn chnh mu Cn chnh mu Cn chnh mu
colormap Tra ca bng mu
caxis S phn chia bng mu gi
shading Ch lm bng
hidden Ch du cc nt
brighten Bng tra cu mu ti hoc sng
Chiu sng Chiu sng Chiu sng Chiu sng
surfl Lm bng b mt khng gian 3 chiu bng chiu sng
lighting Ch chiu sng
material Ch phn chiu t nhin
specular S phn chiu
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diffuse S phn chiu khuch tn
surfnorm B mt thng thng
Bng mu Bng mu Bng mu Bng mu
hsv Bng gi tr mu bo ho
hot Bng mu en- trng- - vng
gray Bng mu chia theo xm tuyn tnh
pink Mu hng
white Mu trng
bone Mu xm pha ln xanh da tri
.
..
iu chnh trc iu chnh trc iu chnh trc iu chnh trc
axis iu chnh hnh dng v phn chia
zoom Co vo hoc dn ra th
grid ng k li
box Hp cha trc to
hold Lu th hin ti
axes Xy dng trc mt v tr bt k
Ch thch ho Ch thch ho Ch thch ho Ch thch ho
title Tiu ho
xlabel Nhn trc x
ylabel Nhn trc y
zlabel Nhn trc z
colorbar Hin th thanh mu
text Ch thch vn bn
gtext Di vn bn n v tr chut
chui k t chui k t chui k t chui k t
Khi qut chung Khi qut chung Khi qut chung Khi qut chung
char To mt chui k t
double Chuyn chui sang m s k t
cellstr To mng chui t bo t mng k t
blanks Xu rng
deblank Di chuyn cc xu rng
eval Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB
Kim tra ch Kim tra ch Kim tra ch Kim tra chui ui ui ui
schar True nu l chui k t ( xu )
iscellstr True nu l mng chui t bo
isletter True nu l ch hoa trong bng ch ci
isspace True nu l k t rng
Cc php ton vi chui Cc php ton vi chui Cc php ton vi chui Cc php ton vi chui
strcat Kt ni xu
strvcat Kt ni dc xu
strcmp So snh chui
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strncmp So snh N k t u tin ca chui
findstr Tm mt xu bn trong xu khc
strjust Mng k t ng u
strrep Thay th chui bng chui khc
strtok Tm th bi trong chui
upper Chuyn chui sang ch hoa
lower Chuyn chui sang k t thng thng
Chui v vn bn Chui v vn bn Chui v vn bn Chui v vn bn
abs Chuyn i t chui sang gi tr ASCII
num2str i t s thnh chui
int2str i s nguyn sang chui
settr Thit lp c ch rng ma trn l mt chui
sprintf i s sang chui
hex2num Chuyn i chui t h 16 sang dng s
file input/output file input/output file input/output file input/output
M v M v M v M v ng file ng file ng file ng file
fopen M file
fclose ng file
File nh phn i/o File nh phn i/o File nh phn i/o File nh phn i/o
fread c d liu nh phn t file
fwrite
Vit d liu nh phn ln file
File i/o nh dng File i/o nh dng File i/o nh dng File i/o nh dng
fscanf c d liu nh dng t file
fprintf Ghi d liu nh dng ln file
fgetl c dng lnh t file, thay bng dng mi
fgets c dng lnh t file, gi nguyn dng mi
input Hin th ngi dng nhp vo
V tr file V tr file V tr file V tr file
ferror Kim ra trng thi file
feof Kim tra xem kt thc file hay cha
fseek Thit lp b ch th v ch file
ftell Nhn t b ch th v tr file
frewind Rewind file
Cc hm xut nhp fi Cc hm xut nhp fi Cc hm xut nhp fi Cc hm xut nhp file le le le
load Np khng gian lm vic t file-MAT
save Lu gi khng gian lm vic vo file - MAT
dlmread c file phn nh ASCCI
dlmwrite Ghi file phn nh ASCCI
Xut nhp file o Xut nhp file o Xut nhp file o Xut nhp file o
imread c phn o t file ho
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imwrite Ghi phn o ln file ho
imfinfo Tr li thng tin v file ho
Xut nhp file audio Xut nhp file audio Xut nhp file audio Xut nhp file audio
auwrite Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
auread Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
wavwrite Ghi file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )
wavread c file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )
Ca s lnh I / O Ca s lnh I / O Ca s lnh I / O Ca s lnh I / O
clc Xo ca s lnh
home a con tr v u vn bn
disp Hin th mng
input Thng bo cho ngi s dng nhp vo
pause i t ngi s dng tr li
thi gian v ngy thi gian v ngy thi gian v ngy thi gian v ngy
Gi v ngy hin ti Gi v ngy hin ti Gi v ngy hin ti Gi v ngy hin ti
now Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng s
date Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng chui
clock Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng vector
Cc hm c bn Cc hm c bn Cc hm c bn Cc hm c bn
datenum S ngy ni tip
datestr Chui thay th ngy
datevec Thnh phn ngy thng
Hm ngy thng Hm ngy thng Hm ngy thng Hm ngy thng
calendar Lch
weekday Ngy trong tun
eomday Kt thc thng
datetick Du tick nh dng cho ngy thng
Hm m Hm m Hm m Hm m
cputime Thi gian cpu tnh theo n v giy
tic, toc B m ngng hot ng
etime Thi gian thit lp
pause Dng trong mt giy
kiu d liu v cu trc kiu d liu v cu trc kiu d liu v cu trc kiu d liu v cu trc
Kiu d liu Kiu d liu Kiu d liu Kiu d liu
double Chuyn i thnh double
sparse Tto mt ma trn khng lin tc
char Xy dng mng k t
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cell To mng t bo
struct Xy dng hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
uint8 Chuyn i thnh s nguyn khng du 8 bit
inline Xy dng i tng INLINE
Hm ca mng nhiu chiu Hm ca mng nhiu chiu Hm ca mng nhiu chiu Hm ca mng nhiu chiu
cat Mng kt ni
ndims S chiu
ndgrid To thnh mng cho cc hm N-D v php ni suy
permute Php ni suy s chiu ca mng
ipermute Nghch o php ni suy s chiu ca mng
shiftdim Chuyn dch s chiu
H H H Hm ca mng t bo m ca mng t bo m ca mng t bo m ca mng t bo
cell To mng t bo
celldisp Hin th ni dung ca mng t bo
cellplot Hin th thut ho mng t bo
num2cell Chuyn i mng s thnh mng t bo
deal Phn pht u vo n u ra
cell2struct Chuyn i mng t bo thnh mng cu trc
struct2cell Chuyn i mng cu trc thnh mng t bo
iscell True nu l mng t bo
Hm cu trc Hm cu trc Hm cu trc Hm cu trc
struct To hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
fieldsnames Nhn tn trng cu trc
getfield Nhn li ni dung ca trng cu trc
setields Thit lp ni dung trng cu trc
isfield True nu trng trong mng cu trc
istruct True nu l mng t bo
chuyn i d liu ng chuyn i d liu ng chuyn i d liu ng chuyn i d liu ng
Hm t DDE Hm t DDE Hm t DDE Hm t DDE
ddeadv Thit lp b gim st lin kt
ddeexec a xu ra thc hin
ddeinit Khi to s giao tip DDE
ddereq Yu cu d liu t cc ng dng
ddeterm Kt thc s giao tip DDE
ddeunadv Ci b b gim st lin kt
V d v s th hin V d v s th hin V d v s th hin V d v s th hin
MATLAB/matrn MATLAB/matrn MATLAB/matrn MATLAB/matrn
intro Gii thiu php ton ma rn c bn trong MATLAB
inverter Gii thch ma trn o
matmanip Gii thiu php nhn ma trn
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Ca s lnh Ca s lnh Ca s lnh Ca s lnh
clc Xo ca s lnh
home a con tr v u dng
format Thit lp dng hin th kt qu
disp Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
fprintf In s c nh dng
echo Cho php gi li cu lnh
General General General General
hlep Phng tin tr gip
demo Chy cc chng trnh mu
who Danh sch cc bin trong b nh
what Danh sch cc M-file trn a
size S chiu ca hng v ct
lengh di vector
clear Xo khng gian lm vic
computer Loi my tnh
^C Hu bin a phng
quit Lt thc chng trnh
exit Tng t nh quit
(Lp trnh )Programming v file (Lp trnh )Programming v file (Lp trnh )Programming v file (Lp trnh )Programming v file- -- -M MM M
input Nhp s t bn phm
keyboard Gi bn phm nh M-file
error Hin th thng bo li
function nh ngha hm
eval Vn bn c gii thch trong cc bin
feval Hm nh gi c gi ra bi chui
echo Cho php gi li cu lnh
exist Kim tra xem c bin tn ti hay khng
casesen Thit lp nhy ca case
global nh ngha cc bin ton cc
startup Khi to M-file
getenv Nhn chui mi trng
menu La chn t bng chn
etime Elapsed time (khng k n thi gian)
Cc file trn a Cc file trn a Cc file trn a Cc file trn a
chdir i th mc hin ti
delete Xo file
diary Ghi mc
dir Th mc ca file trn a
load Np cc bin t file
save Lu cc bin nn file
type Lit k hm hoc file
what Hin th cc M-file trn a
fprintf Vit vo file
pack Nn b nh qua save
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a thc a thc a thc a thc
poly a thc c trng
roots Nghim a thc- phng php ma trn bu bn
roots1 Nghim a thc- phng php Laguerre
polyval c lng a thc
polyvalm c lng a thc ma trn
conv Php nhn
deconv Php chia
residue Khai trin a thc
polyfit S diu chnh chnh lch a thc
Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh
Phn tch ma trn Phn tch ma trn Phn tch ma trn Phn tch ma trn
norm Ch tiu ma trn hoc vector
normest nh gi ma trn hai ch tiu
rank Hng ma trn
det nh thc
trace Tng cc phn t trn ng cho chnh
null Khng gian trng
orth Tnh trc giao
rref Rt gn hng theo hnh bc thang
subspace Gc gia hai s m
Php ton tuyn tnh Php ton tuyn tnh Php ton tuyn tnh Php ton tuyn tnh
\ v / Li gii php ton tuyn tnh; s dng help slash
inv Ma trn o
cond S iu kin i vi ma trn o
condest nh gi s iu kin mt ch tiu
lu S tm tha s LU
luinc Tim tha s LU khng hon thnh
Gi tr duy nht Gi tr duy nht Gi tr duy nht Gi tr duy nht
svd S phn tch gi tr duy nht
svds Mt s gi tr duy nht
poly a thc c trng
polyeig Vn ca a thc
condeig S iu kin vi hy vng
qz S tm tha s cho hm suy rng
schur S phn tch chui
Hm ma trn Hm ma trn Hm ma trn Hm ma trn
expm Ma trn theo hm m
logm Ma trn logarithm
sqrtm Ma ttrn bc hai
funm nh gi chung hm ma trn
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Tm tha s tiu chun Tm tha s tiu chun Tm tha s tiu chun Tm tha s tiu chun
qrdelete Xo b th mc t s tm th mcQR
qrinsert Gi vo th mc trong s tm tha s QR
rsf2csf Mu ng cho thc ti mu ng cho phc tp
balance Cn bng tng chnh xc
Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu
Php ton c bn Php ton c bn Php ton c bn Php ton c bn
max Thnh phn ln nht
min Thnh phn nh nht
mean Gi tr trung bnh
median Gi tr trung tuyn
std lch gc chun
sum Tng ca cc s hng
prod Kt qu ca cc phn t
hist Biu
trapz Hnh thang s nguyn
cumsum Tng tch lyca cc phn t
cumprod Kt qu tch luca cc phn t
cumtrapz S nguyn tch lu bc thang
Sai phn c hn Sai phn c hn Sai phn c hn Sai phn c hn
diff Sai phn v o hm xp x
gradient Gradient xp x
del2 Laplacien ri rc
Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) Filtering and convolution ( np, cun )
filter B lc s mt chiu
filter2 B lc s 2 chiu
conv Php nhn a thc v s nn li
conv2 Nn 2 chiu
convn Nn n chiu
deconv Gii nn v chia a thc
Bin i fourier Bin i fourier Bin i fourier Bin i fourier
fft Bin i fourier ri rc
fft2 Bin i fourier ri rc 2 chiu
fftn Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
ifft Bin i fourier ri rc ngc
ifft2 Bin i fourier ri rc hai chiu
ifftn Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
a thc v php ni suy a thc v php ni suy a thc v php ni suy a thc v php ni suy
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Php ni suy Php ni suy Php ni suy Php ni suy
interpl Php ni suy mt chiu ( tra bng )
interplq Php ni suy tuyn tnh mt chiu nhanh
interpft Php ni suy mt chiu s dng phng php FFT
interp2 Php ni suy hai chiu ( tra bng )
interp3 Php ni suy ba chiu ( tra bng )
interpn Php ni suy n chiu ( tra bng )
griddata iu chnh b mt v li d liu
hm v gii php ODE hm v gii php ODE hm v gii php ODE hm v gii php ODE
Optimization and Root Finding Optimization and Root Finding Optimization and Root Finding Optimization and Root Finding
fmin Ti thiu hm mt bin
fmins Ti thiu hm vi bin
fzero Tm hm mt bin khng
Numaric Integration Numaric Integration Numaric Integration Numaric Integration
quad Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t thp
quad8 Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t cao hn
dblquad Tch phn hai ln nh gi v s lng
i t i t i t i tng hm inline ng hm inline ng hm inline ng hm inline
inline Xy dng i tng INLINE
argnames Tn i s
formula Th thc hm
char Chuyn i i tng INLINE thnh mng k t
ma trn ri rc ma trn ri rc ma trn ri rc ma trn ri rc
Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn
speye Ma trn ng nht thc khng lin tc
sprand Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc ng nht
sprandn Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc thng thng
sprandsy Ma trn i xng ngu nhin khng lin tc
spdiags Ma trn khng lin tc c to thnh t ng cho
Full to Sparse Conversion Full to Sparse Conversion Full to Sparse Conversion Full to Sparse Conversion
sparse To ma trn khng lin tc
full Chuyn i ma trn khng lin tc thnh ma trn y
find Tm ch s cc phn t khc khng
spconvert Nhp vo t nh dng ma trn khng lin tc bn ngoi
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mc lc mc lc mc lc mc lc
Matlab ton tp ..................................................................................................................1
ci t................................................................................................................................1
1. MATLAB for WIN........................................................................................................1
a) CD ROM.1
b ) B nh1
chng 1: GII THIU chung..............................................................................................2
1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin............................................................................................3
1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ..........................................................................4
1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin .........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu................................................................6
1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc ...................................................................................................................7
chng 2: CC C tnh K THUT...................................................................................9
2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng ng ng ng...............................................................................9
chng 3: NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH.......................................................... 15
3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB.............................................................. 15
3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu ........................................................................................... 16
3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s........................................................................................... 17
chng 4: Script M_files................................................................................................. 18
chng 5: QUN L Tp.................................................................................................. 21
5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng ........................................................................................... 24
chng 6: cc php ton vi MNg................................................................................. 25
6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n................................................................................................................ 25
6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng.................................................................................................... 25
6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng ................................................................................................. 26
6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct ....................................................................................... 28
6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. ........................................................................... 33
6.6 Thao tc i vi mng 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng ............................................................................................ 34
6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con ................................................................................................ 38
6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng ........................................................................................................ 39
6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng................................................................................................... 42
6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu ................................................................................................. 43
chng 7 cc php tnh vi mng.................................................................................... 48
7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. ................................................................................... 48
7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . .................................................................................................. 50
7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit ...................................................................................................... 51
chng 8 cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H................................................................. 55
8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h...................................................................................................... 55
8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic.......................................................................................................... 57
8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h .............................................................................. 57
chng 9 VN Bn.......................................................................................................... 58
9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t.................................................................................................................. 59
9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu....................................................................................................... 61
9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu...................................................................................................... 62
9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu........................................................................................... 63
chng 10 thi gian......................................................................................................... 65
10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti .............................................................................................. 65
10.2 S chuyn 10.2 S chuyn 10.2 S chuyn 10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu i gia cc kiu i gia cc kiu i gia cc kiu................................................................................ 65
10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy................................................................................................. 67
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10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian........................................................................................... 68
10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian..................................................................... 70
chng 11 VNG LP IU KHIN................................................................................. 74
11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for ......................................................................................................... 74
11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while ..................................................................................................... 76
11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end ............................................................................................. 77
11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch- -- -case case case case ............................................................................................ 78
chng 12 HM M_FILE ................................................................................................. 82
12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh .................................................................................... 83
chng 13 PHN TCH D LIU.................................................................................... 88
13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu ................................................................................... 95
chng 14 A THC....................................................................................................... 96
1 11 14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 4.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 4.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 4.1 Cc nghim ca a thc....................................................................................... 96
14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc ....................................................................................................... 96
14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc............................................................................................... 97
14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc.................................................................................................... 98
14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 o hm o hm o hm o hm............................................................................................................ 98
14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc .................................................................................. 98
14.7 Phn thc hu t 14.7 Phn thc hu t 14.7 Phn thc hu t 14.7 Phn thc hu t.................................................................................................... 99
chng 15 php ni suy v mn ho ng cong.......................................................... 101
15.1 Mn ho ng cong 15.1 Mn ho ng cong 15.1 Mn ho ng cong 15.1 Mn ho ng cong .......................................................................................... 101
15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu............................................................................................ 104
15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu .......................................................................................... 109
chng 16 phn tch s liu........................................................................................... 111
16.1 V th 16.1 V th 16.1 V th 16.1 V th ............................................................................................................. 112
16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm............................................................................................ 114
16.3 Tm gi 16.3 Tm gi 16.3 Tm gi 16.3 Tm gi tr khng tr khng tr khng tr khng................................................................................................. 116
16.4 Php ly tch phn 16.4 Php ly tch phn 16.4 Php ly tch phn 16.4 Php ly tch phn ............................................................................................. 116
16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn................................................................................................ 117
16.6 Phng trnh vi phn 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn.......................................................................................... 119
chng 17 ho trong h to phng...................................................................... 121
17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot ............................................................................................... 121
17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu................................................................................... 123
17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th.......................................................................................................... 124
17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii i ch gii i ch gii i ch gii ................................................. 124
17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to ....................................................................................... 127
17.6 In hnh 17.6 In hnh 17.6 In hnh 17.6 In hnh................................................................................................................ 130
17 17 17 17.7 .7 .7 .7 Thao tc vi th Thao tc vi th Thao tc vi th Thao tc vi th............................................................................................ 131
17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng .................................. 133
chng 18 hotrong khng gian 3 chiu .................................................................. 137
18.1 th ng thng. 18.1 th ng thng. 18.1 th ng thng. 18.1 th ng thng. ........................................................................................... 137
18.2 th b mt v li 18.2 th b mt v li 18.2 th b mt v li 18.2 th b mt v li ........................................................................................... 138
18 18 18 18.3 Thao tc vi th .3 Thao tc vi th .3 Thao tc vi th .3 Thao tc vi th .............................................................................................. 141
18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu..................................... 143
18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu .......................................................................................................... 144
18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu ............................................................................................ 145
18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin......................................................................... 146
18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu............................................................................................... 147
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu.......................................................................... 148
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chng 19 Mng t bo v cu trc .............................................................................. 150
19.1 Mng t bo 19.1 Mng t bo 19.1 Mng t bo 19.1 Mng t bo....................................................................................................... 150
19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo ..................................................................... 150
19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo ..................................................................... 151
19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo....................................................................... 152
19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t............................................................................... 153
19. 19. 19. 19.6 Cu trc 6 Cu trc 6 Cu trc 6 Cu trc.............................................................................................................. 153
19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc..................................................................................... 153
19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc ..................................................................... 154
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra ....................................................................... 156
chng 20 Biu tng ca hp cng c ton hc ......................................................... 156
20.1 Biu thc v c 20.1 Biu thc v c 20.1 Biu thc v c 20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c trng c i tng c trng c i tng c trng c i tng c trng.................................................................. 156
20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng............................................................. 157
20.3 20.3 20.3 20.3 S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB ................................................ 158
20.4 Bin c trng 20.4 Bin c trng 20.4 Bin c trng 20.4 Bin c trng..................................................................................................... 160
20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng.................................................................... 161
20. 20. 20. 20.6 66 6 Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s.................................................................................. 161
20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun .............................................................................. 162
20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao.................................................................................... 163
20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o................................................................................................. 164
20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s......................................................................................... 165
20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn ............................................................................................. 166
20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn................................................................................................. 166
20.13 V th biu thc c trng 20.13 V th biu thc c trng 20.13 V th biu thc c trng 20.13 V th biu thc c trng............................................................................ 169
20.14 nh dng 20.14 nh dng 20.14 nh dng 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc v n gin ho biu thc v n gin ho biu thc v n gin ho biu thc .............................................................. 170
20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc..................................................................... 171
20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm............................................................................................................... 172
20.17 Gii phng trnh 20.17 Gii phng trnh 20.17 Gii phng trnh 20.17 Gii phng trnh ............................................................................................. 172
20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin.................................................................... 172
20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s.................................................................................. 173
20.20 Php ton vi phn 20.20 Php ton vi phn 20.20 Php ton vi phn 20.20 Php ton vi phn............................................................................................ 173
20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn.............................................................................. 174
20.22 20.22 20.22 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh............................................................................. 174
20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh ............................................................................. 175
20.24 Hm bc v xung 20.24 Hm bc v xung 20.24 Hm bc v xung 20.24 Hm bc v xung............................................................................................ 176
20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace............................................................................................... 176
20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier ................................................................................................ 176
chng 21 hp cng c h thng iu khin................................................................. 177
21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th ..................................................................................... 177
21.2 i tng LTI 21.2 i tng LTI 21.2 i tng LTI 21.2 i tng LTI ...................................................................................................... 177
21.3 Khi phc 21.3 Khi phc 21.3 Khi phc 21.3 Khi phc d liu d liu d liu d liu................................................................................................ 179
21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI............................................................................... 180
21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI..................................................................................... 180
21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng.............................................................................................. 181
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin................................ 183
S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI..........................................................................................183
Phn tch d liu ........................................................................................................183
c tnh ca cc loi ...................................................................................................184
S nghch o .............................................................................................................184
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Cc php ton.............................................................................................................184
ng hc.....................................................................................................................184
p ng thi gian........................................................................................................184
p ng tn s............................................................................................................185
Lin kt h thng.........................................................................................................185
Dng c thit k c in..............................................................................................185
Cng c thit k LQG..................................................................................................185
Gii quyt php ton ma trn......................................................................................186
S biu din................................................................................................................186
chng 22 Hp dng c x l tn hiu ............................................................................ 186
22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu............................................................................................... 186
chng 23 tr gip......................................................................................................... 189
23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip........................................................................................... 189
23.1.1 Lnh help ........................................................................................................189
23.1.2 Lnh lookfor ...................................................................................................190
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info.....................................................................................191
23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip .................................................................................................. 191
cc M- File ca Student Edition...................................................................................... 192
HELP Topic.................................................................................................................... 192
Mc ch chung ca cu lnh......................................................................................... 192
Thng tin chung ..........................................................................................................192
Qun l khng gian lm vic ........................................................................................192
Qun l ng dn.......................................................................................................192
Qun l cc hm v lnh..............................................................................................192
Cu lnh iu khin ....................................................................................................192
Hot ng ca lnh h thng......................................................................................193
M-file g ri .................................................................................................................193
Cc ton t v cc k t c bit .................................................................................... 193
Cc ton t..................................................................................................................194
Ton t quan h..........................................................................................................194
Ton t logic ...............................................................................................................194
Cc ton t Bitwise .....................................................................................................194
Thit lp cc k t ........................................................................................................194
Cc k t c bit.........................................................................................................195
Cu lnh iu khin ....................................................................................................195
Thi hnh v nh gi....................................................................................................195
Script, hm, v cc bin..............................................................................................196
Thao tc vi cc i s ...............................................................................................196
Hin th thng bo.......................................................................................................196
u vo tng h........................................................................................................196
Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn........................................................................ 196
Ma trn c bn ............................................................................................................196
Thng tin mng c s..................................................................................................197
Thao tc vi ma trn ...................................................................................................197
Hng v cc bin c bit ...........................................................................................197
Cc bin c bit ........................................................................................................197
Cc loi ma trn c bit ............................................................................................198
Cc hm ton hc thng thng .................................................................................... 198
Cc hm lng gic ....................................................................................................198
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Cc hm ton hc.......................................................................................................199
Cc hm c bit ........................................................................................................199
Hm l thuyt s hc....................................................................................................199
ho............................................................................................................................ 199
Trang ho...............................................................................................................200
iu khin ca s ho............................................................................................200
ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu.......................................................................... 200
Lnh ho thng thng ..........................................................................................200
Cn chnh mu............................................................................................................200
Chiu sng..................................................................................................................200
Bng mu....................................................................................................................201
iu chnh trc ............................................................................................................201
Ch thch ho.........................................................................................................201
chui k t....................................................................................................................... 201
Khi qut chung ..........................................................................................................201
Kim tra chui .............................................................................................................201
Cc php ton vi chui..............................................................................................201
Chui v vn bn ........................................................................................................202
file input/output ............................................................................................................... 202
M v ng file............................................................................................................202
File nh phn i/o...........................................................................................................202
File i/o nh dng.........................................................................................................202
V tr file .......................................................................................................................202
Cc hm xut nhp file ...............................................................................................202
Xut nhp file o .........................................................................................................202
Xut nhp file audio ....................................................................................................203
Ca s lnh I / O.........................................................................................................203
thi gian v ngy ............................................................................................................ 203
Gi v ngy hin ti ....................................................................................................203
Cc hm c bn..........................................................................................................203
Hm ngy thng..........................................................................................................203
Hm m ....................................................................................................................203
kiu d liu v cu trc................................................................................................... 203
Kiu d liu .................................................................................................................203
Hm ca mng nhiu chiu ........................................................................................204
Hm ca mng t bo.................................................................................................204
Hm cu trc...............................................................................................................204
chuyn i d liu ng ................................................................................................. 204
Hm t DDE................................................................................................................204
V d v s th hin........................................................................................................ 204
MATLAB/matrn..........................................................................................................204
Ca s lnh.................................................................................................................205
General .......................................................................................................................205
(Lp trnh )Programming v file-M...............................................................................205
Cc file trn a ...........................................................................................................205
a thc........................................................................................................................206
Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh........................................................................... 206
Phn tch ma trn........................................................................................................206
Php ton tuyn tnh ...................................................................................................206
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Gi tr duy nht............................................................................................................206
Hm ma trn ...............................................................................................................206
Tm tha s tiu chun................................................................................................207
Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu ............................................................................... 207
Php ton c bn........................................................................................................207
Sai phn c hn ..........................................................................................................207
Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) ........................................................................207
Bin i fourier ............................................................................................................207
a thc v php ni suy................................................................................................. 207
Php ni suy ...............................................................................................................208
hm v gii php ODE................................................................................................... 208
Optimization and Root Finding....................................................................................208
Numaric Integration.....................................................................................................208
i tng hm inline ...................................................................................................208
ma trn ri rc ................................................................................................................ 208
Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn..............................................................................208
Full to Sparse Conversion...........................................................................................208
mc lc........................................................................................................................... 209