Leonidas Montes, Tras La Huella de Adam Smith

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impossible to assign responsibility among them.

We share the opinion that


the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with Chile’s unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
PRESENTACIÓN
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
elected by popularTRAS vote) LA
for 16 years. ByDE
HUELLA the ADAM
standardsSMITH:
of multiparty
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
SU RELEVANCIA HOY
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
parliamentary rights from five of Leonidas Montes
the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
La influencia de algunos pensadores marca un verdadero hito en
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
nuestra historia intelectual. Adam Smith es un notable ejemplo. Ce-
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
lebrando los 230 años de la publicación de Una Investigación acerca
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
de la Naturaleza y las Causas de la Riqueza de las Naciones (1776),
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
un conjunto de ensayos en este volumen destaca la relevancia para la
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
discusión actual de quien es considerado uno de los grandes pilares
Concertación del may well be inliberal.
pensamiento a position in 2005 to aclaim
Esta introducción la seriecredit for good
de ensayos que
economic stewardship. Next,destacando
le siguen se inicia many of dethe issues
manera muy surrounding theaspec-
sucinta algunos non-
democratic legacy of the
tos de la vida Pinochet
y obra de Adam era —including
Smith. En seguida sethe renowned
analiza parcial-
mente la recepción de la obra de Smith con un hincapié especial en
algunas de las contribuciones más recientes en torno a la investiga-
ción del legado de este pensador. Finaliza con el objetivo principal
de esta breve introducción, esto es, presentar los ensayos que le
siguen.

LEONIDAS MONTES. Ingeniero Civil Industrial, Licenciado en Filosofía, Magíster


en Ciencia Política de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Ph.D. y M.Phil.
Facultad de Economía de la Universidad de Cambridge. Profesor de Economía en la
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez y miembro del Consejo Directivo del CEP.

Estudios Públicos, 104 (primavera 2006).


impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 6Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
1. Introducción
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially

tender
E
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s, so as time
el
n cuanto
legado
passes,a la
de este
theinfluencia
compelling
intelectual
y relevancia
alabado
force of de
por
thatAdam
Burke y
Smith,
initial ¿cómo en-
motivation
utilizado en la causa
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
de la Revolución Francesa, admirado por Kant
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided y rebatido por Bentham,
over defensor de lassuch
social issues, virtudes
as thedellegal
capitalismo
status of ydivorce
a la vez and implacable
access to crítico
birth de
algunos
control. de sus
Finally, defectos?
by the ¿Cómo explicar
2005 elections, que Smith,
the Concertación willconsiderado
have held the uno de
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house res-
los grandes padres del liberalismo, fue admirado por Marx? Distintas
puestas
elected surgen ante
by popular vote)estas
for interrogantes,
16 years. Bypero the lo cierto esofque
standards el legado de
multiparty
Adam Smith
coalitions posee much
anywhere, múltipleslessinterpretaciones.
among Latin El padre de lapresidential
America’s economía tiene
muchas caras, sobre todo en el ámbito político. En efecto,
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous los dos primeros
ensayos en este volumen —Otteson y Fleischacker—
corruption charges against members, including the stripping muestran interpreta-
of
ciones aparentemente contrapuestas, pero no necesariamente
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the excluyentes,
de Adam
general Smith: una
disillusionment desde
that goeslawith
derecha
holdingpolítica y otraofdesde
the reins powerla for
izquierda,
so
www.cepchile.cl

respectivamente.
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Any El ofcontexto políticoordesome
these forces, Grancombination
Bretaña a fines of del siglocould
them, XVIII,indeed
principal-
mente dominado por whigs y tories, no es
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors de gran ayuda para definir
as la
visión política de Smith. El celo por su vida privada,
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.reflejado en su escasa
In thecorrespondencia, tampocoeconomy
first place, the Chilean nos permite tener through
has come una ideathe clara.
last Si
fiveelyears
concepto
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and aún
de “liberalismo” era completamente ajeno a su contexto, más distantes
serían lasand
employment distinciones, cada vez
growth figures más difusas,
rebounded in firstentre izquierda
months y derecha,
of 2003. The o
liberal versus
Concertación may progresista.
well be in aPero Adam
position in Smith
2005 tocontribuye
claim credita la for
gestación
good de
una concepción económica y política “liberal” 1. Y su obra, fuente inagota-
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
ble de ideas,
democratic constituye
legacy of theunPinochet
fértil cimiento
era para la tradiciónthe
—including liberal.
renowned
Se podría argumentar que todo el legado de Smith se resume en el
análisis, la promoción y su defensa de “el plan liberal de la igualdad, libertad
y justicia” (RN IV.ix.3, 664). Ésta es su gran tarea: la formación de una
sociedad mejor. Su aproximación a los fenómenos sociales es principalmen-
te desde la perspectiva de la economía política, la jurisprudencia y la ética.
Este gran proyecto de construir una “ciencia social” es multidisciplinario y
esencialmente interdisciplinario. Muy en el espíritu de la Ilustración, recor-
dando el sapere aude de Kant, prácticamente no quedan áreas del saber
ajenas a esta monumental tarea.
Lo interesante es que, trascendiendo las distinciones ideológicas, el
legado de Smith sigue teniendo vigencia significativa. Aunque sus palabras
no sean siempre del agrado de todos los consumidores, tanto la izquierda
1 Utilizo el concepto liberal de acuerdo a nuestra tradición hispana, no en su
concepción norteamericana de una posición política de izquierda, sino como referencia
a una tradición liberal de la cual Smith forma parte, que bien podría ajustarse a lo que en
la tradición anglosajona se ha denominado el liberalismo clásico.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s MONTES
unusual electoral rules. 7
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
como la derecha, así como progresistas, liberales clásicos y conservadores,
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
se pueden beneficiar con una lectura de Adam Smith.
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Estas disquisiciones iniciales nos llevan al tema de fondo de esta
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
introducción: ¿cuál es el verdadero legado de este pensador cuyo impacto
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
trasciende el ámbito de la economía? ¿Es Adam Smith aún relevante? Estas
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
preguntas, complejas y a la vez provocativas, son en parte respondidas en
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
esta colección de ensayos. Sin embargo, antes de especular sobre su lega-
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
do y su relevancia, es importante comprender quién era realmente Adam
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
Smith y en qué contexto le tocó vivir. Aunque no es tema de esta introduc-
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
ción, el estudio de la Ilustración escocesa como un fenómeno social muy
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
particular es, a mi juicio, sumamente relevante2. Sin duda lo que sucedió
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
después del Acta de Unión entre Escocia e Inglaterra en 1707, una vez que
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
se funda Gran Bretaña, es esencial. El consecuente desarrollo económico y
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
social de Escocia fue clave en la percepción que los pensadores escoceses
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

tuvieron de la “sociedad comercial” que se estaba formando. Los intelectua-


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
les escoceses fueron testigos de muchos cambios, positivos y negativos.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Lo cierto es que Smith es una importante figura dentro de un contexto
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
intelectual muy peculiar, que es la Ilustración escocesa3.
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
in far better shape 2.than that of
Algunos any of its de
antecedentes Southern Cone yneighbors,
Adam Smith su obra and
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Concertación En mayunwell be inpueblo
pequeño a position in 2005
escocés to claim
llamado creditdonde
Kirkcaldy, for good
sólo había
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
aproximadamente 1.500 habitantes a comienzos del siglo XVIII (Rae, 1895:
democratic
7), nacelegacy
en 1723ofAdam
the Smith.
Pinochet
A losera
14 —including
años, como erathe renowned
común en esa época,
comienza sus estudios universitarios en la Universidad de Glasgow. Des-
pués de la unión entre Escocia e Inglaterra en 1707, Glasgow había experi-
mentado un rápido crecimiento económico. El traslado desde su pequeño
pueblo natal a una próspera ciudad comercial debe haber sido un cambio
importante para el joven Smith. Sus estudios universitarios son en lenguas
clásicas, filosofía (lógica, metafísica y pneumática), teología, matemáticas y

2 En relación con el contexto de la Ilustración escocesa, Bryson (1945) es un


texto clásico. También conviene consultar Campbell y Skinner (1982), Berry (1997) y
Broadie (2001, 2003). Para una novela intelectual fascinante que narra la importancia
de la Ilustración escocesa para el mundo moderno, recomiendo How the Scots Invented
the Modern World (2001), de Arthur Herman.
3 En cuanto a su vida, las biografías clásicas de Adam Smith son la de John Rae

(1895) y la más reciente, actualizada y comprensiva, es The Life of Adam Smith,


publicada en 1995 por Ian Simpson Ross. Otras biografías que pueden consultarse son
Hirst (1904), West (1976) y el breve texto de Raphael (1985), que sirve como intro-
ducción a Smith y su legado.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 8Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
filosofía moral. Sin duda esta última disciplina tuvo una enorme influencia
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
en el joven Smith, sobre todo porque esta cátedra estaba en manos del
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
“never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson” (Corr. 274, 309). Francis Hutcheson
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
(1694-1746) fue uno de los fundadores de la Ilustración escocesa, padre de
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
la teoría del moral sense y maestro de la nueva generación a la que Smith
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
pertenecía. En 1740 Adam Smith parte con una beca a Balliol College en la
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Universidad de Oxford. Allí su experiencia universitaria durante aproximada-
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
mente seis años, en contraste con la vibrante vida intelectual en Glasgow,
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
fue académicamente desilusionante4. Pero constituyó un período de extraor-
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
dinaria formación intelectual.
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
De regreso a Escocia comienza a dictar unas clases públicas de be-
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
lles lettress en la Universidad de Edimburgo. En 1752 es elegido para la
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
famosa cátedra de filosofía moral en la Universidad de Glasgow, cuyo pres-
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
tigio provenía de la tradición iniciada en esta cátedra por Francis Hutche-
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

son. Ocupa esta posición académica hasta 1764 y es durante este período
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
cuando se comienzan a forjar los primeros indicios de lo que será el legado
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
de Adam Smith. Sus clases de filosofía moral, según el testimonio de su
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
alumno y amigo John Millar, comprendían teología natural, ética, jurispru-
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
dencia y economía política (ver EPS, 274-275). Mientras es profesor de filo-
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
sofía moral, escribe su Teoría de los Sentimientos Morales (TSM).
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
No debemos olvidar que el prestigio intelectual de Smith proviene de
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
su Teoría de los Sentimientos Morales, publicada en 1759. Fue esta obra,
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
inspirada en sus clases de filosofía en la Universidad de Glasgow, la que
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
concitó la admiración de sus pares. Al momento de ser publicada, el gran
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned
filósofo David Hume, probablemente su mejor amigo, le escribe una gracio-
sa y larga carta con ese tono tan propio de su carácter alegre y jovial. Hume
parte enumerando a las personalidades de la época a quienes les había
hecho llegar copias de TSM, pidiéndole más adelante excusas por la demora
en escribirle para “contarle algo del éxito de su libro, pronosticando con
cierta probabilidad si finalmente debe ser condenado al olvido o registrado
en el templo de la inmortalidad” (Corr. 31, 33). Después de otra extensa
digresión, continúa: “Mi querido Mr. Smith, tenga paciencia, tranquilidad en
su compostura, muéstrese como un filósofo en la práctica así como en su
profesión, piense en lo vacío, lo rústico y fútil que es el juicio común de los
hombres…” (Corr. 31, 34). Finalmente le transmite la noticia: “Suponiendo,

4 Critica duramente el sistema de Oxford, donde los profesores reciben un sueldo

fijo, ya que “por todos estos años los profesores públicos han perdido incluso la preten-
sión de enseñar” (RN V.i.f.7, 761). Por el contrario, defiende el sistema escocés, donde
los profesores reciben un sueldo fijo y otro variable que se recauda directamente de los
alumnos.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s MONTES
unusual electoral rules. 9
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
entonces, que se ha preparado para lo peor con estas reflexiones, procedo a
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
contarle las noticias melancólicas, que su libro ha sido muy desafortunado,
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
ya que el público tiende a aplaudirlo en extremo” (Corr. 31, 35).
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
TSM recibió elogios de Edmund Burke (Corr. 38, 46-47), fue traduci-
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
da al francés5 y le permitió a Adam Smith ser invitado a comienzos de 1764
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
como tutor del duque de Buccleuch a un grand tour por el continente. Ésta
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
era una oferta atractiva, tanto desde una perspectiva intelectual como eco-
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
nómica. Abandona su cátedra de filosofía moral en la Universidad de Glas-
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
gow y se embarca en su primer viaje al extranjero. Ese mismo verano de 1764
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
Smith le escribe a Hume contándole que estaba aburrido, y que para pasar el
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
tiempo habría comenzado a escribir un libro (ver Corr. 82, 102), con toda
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
probabilidad el germen de su La Riqueza de las Naciones (RN). En gran
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
parte gracias a los contactos de David Hume, Smith conoce personalmente
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
a los grandes representantes de la Ilustración francesa: Voltaire, Montes-
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

quieu, Helvetius, Holbach, D’Alambert, entre otros. Además el futuro padre


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
de la economía tiene la oportunidad de conocer a Turgot y, más importante
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
aún, a Francois Quesnay, el padre de los fisiócratas. Su contacto con el
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
fundador de la escuela fisiócrata, que pregonaba el laissez faire, laissez
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
passer con el corolario político de que el mejor gobierno es el menor gobier-
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
no, fue una influencia importante para Smith, pero en ningún caso decisiva.
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
En el libro IV titulado “De los sistemas de economía política” de RN critica
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
al “sistema agrícola”. Según los fisiócratas, la riqueza de un país está princi-
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim6 credit for good
palmente en la naturaleza, en particular la agricultura .
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
Smith, al inicio de su La Riqueza de las Naciones, en la “Introduc-
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned
ción y plan de la obra”, responde de inmediato a la pregunta sugerida en el
título de su gran obra: la riqueza de una nación está en el trabajo producti-
vo. Pensar que la riqueza de una nación está en la naturaleza sería el gran
error de quienes se hacían llamar a sí mismos les Economistes. Por ello
Smith se refiere en el último capítulo del libro IV, con su peculiar y fina
ironía, al sistema agrícola como aquel que “representa el producto de la
tierra como la única fuente del ingreso de una nación, y que en el presente
sólo existe en las especulaciones de unos pocos hombres de gran saber e
ingenuidad en Francia” (RN IV.ix.2, 663). Los demás ocho capítulos del libro
IV son una crítica enérgica y sostenida del “sistema mercantil”. En efecto, el
5 En 1764 fue traducida por Marc Antoine Eidous y en 1774-1775 por Jean-
Louis Blavet. Asimismo sabemos que en 1774 Louis Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld
preparó un manuscrito de su traducción. Una nueva traducción fue publicada en 1798,
en pleno período revolucionario, por Sophie de Grouchy, en ese entonces viuda de
Condorcet. Esta última traducción está basada en la última edición de TSM.
6 De allí el nombre de fisiócratas (physis-kratos): el gobierno o la dirección de la

naturaleza.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 10
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
mercantilismo equivocadamente sostiene que la riqueza de un país está en
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
sus reservas, promoviendo políticas económicas de carácter proteccionista
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
que restringen el libre comercio.
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
Después de casi tres años en el continente, principalmente en Fran-
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
cia, Smith regresa a Londres a causa de la inesperada muerte del hermano
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
menor del duque, quien durante su enfermedad fue atendido por el propio
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Quesnay. De regreso a Londres, en 1766, el duque de Buccleuch se compro-
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
mete a mantenerle la generosa mensualidad de por vida. Gracias a este apo-
presidency and a majority
yo económico, Smith se in the Chamber
retira of Deputies
a Kirkcaldy y con la(the legislative
excepción housepocas
de unas
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards
visitas a Londres y Edimburgo, se dedica durante los próximos diez años a of multiparty
coalitions
escribiranywhere,
su RN. Estamuch less among
importantísima obraLatin America’s
fue publicada presidential
finalmente en 1776,
systems,
pocothe antesConcertación is geriatric,
de la revolución bearing
americana, the scars
ad portas de laofrevolución
miscellaneousfrancesa
corruption charges against members, including
y de lo que años después sería la revolución industrial. the stripping of
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in
El buen David Hume, después de leer RN, le escribe “Euge! Belle! 2002, and the
general disillusionment
Querido Sr. Smith: that
estoygoesmuywith holdingcon
satisfecho thesureins of power(Corr.
desempeño” for so 150,
www.cepchile.cl

long.186),
One might conclude,
y lo invita then, that
a discutir the coalition
ciertos is simply ready
puntos, advirtiéndole queto tiene
expire.que ser
Any ya
pronto, of que
thesesuforces,
delicado or estado
some de combination
salud no leof them, could
permitirá indeed
una larga espera.
undermine the Concertación,
Aproximadamente cinco meses but después
we do Davidnot regard these factors
Hume muere as
apaciblemente.
necessarily
En una devastating to the
carta a su editor coalition’s
William survival
Strahan, Adam forSmith
a number of reasons.
describe la muerte de
In thesufirst
granplace,
amigothe Chilean
David Hume, economy
alabandohassu come through
carácter. Estethe last five years
testimonio fue publi-
in farcado, lo que,
better shapedada la that
than reputación
of anydeof“ateo” de su amigo
its Southern ConeHume, produjo
neighbors, andcierta
reacción and
employment pública. Smith
growth se queja
figures de que “ese
rebounded inofensivo
in first months pedazo
of 2003.deThe papel...
me ha producido
Concertación may well diezbeveces más problemas
in a position in 2005que to elclaim
muy credit
violento
forataque
good que
hice sobre
economic todo el sistema
stewardship. Next, comercial
many of de theGranissuesBretaña” (Corr. the
surrounding 208,non-
251). Al
referirse de esta forma a su RN, este testimonio
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned es evidencia de que Smith
estaba consciente del carácter revolucionario de sus ideas en el plano de la
economía política.
En una suerte de ironía histórica, en 1777 Adam Smith, el defensor
del libre mercado, es nombrado Comisionado de Aduanas en Edimburgo.
No obstante que esta posición podía asumirse como una sinecura, ejerció
sus funciones con celosa responsabilidad. Tanto es así que pese a las
promesas para escribir un tratado de jurisprudencia que completara su plan
original de conformar el gran sistema de una “ciencia social” —que incluye-
ra ética (TSM), economía política (RN) y jurisprudencia—, el tiempo le resul-
ta escaso7.
7 Esta promesa quedó al final de la primera edición de la TSM (1759). Posterior-

mente en una carta de 1785 a su editor promete unas “pequeñas alteraciones” (Corr. 244,
281) para una sexta edición. Sin embargo sólo tres años más tarde se da cuenta de la
verdadera dimensión de su tarea, dejando por un tiempo sus labores en Aduanas para hacer
“muchas adiciones y correcciones” (Corr. 276, 310). Después de un año de arduo trabajo
en TSM, Smith se excusa con su editor por la excesiva demora (ver Corr. 287, 321), pero
sigue trabajando en ella. Finalmente la sexta edición de TSM se publica de manera póstu-
ma en 1791.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s unusualMONTES
electoral rules. 11
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
Su Riqueza de las Naciones no sufrió mayores cambios en sus dos
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
últimas ediciones de 1786 y 17898. No obstante, los últimos años de su vida
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Smith los dedicó a su libro de ética: aproximadamente un tercio de la sexta
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
edición de la TSM corresponde a adiciones que Smith realizó en este último
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
período de su vida. Pese a que ciertos intérpretes no consideran relevantes
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
dichos cambios, a mi juicio son significativos porque reflejan su pensamiento
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
más maduro. Es particularmente interesante su intención de complementar su
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
concepto de simpatía y espectador imparcial con una ética de la virtud.
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
En seguida realizaré un recorrido muy personal, y en ningún caso
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
exhaustivo, en cuanto al impacto intelectual de Adam Smith.
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
corruption charges against demembers,
3. La recepción Adam Smith including the stripping
y la investigación recienteof
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
No obstantethat
general disillusionment quegoes
el impacto inicial de
with holding theTSMreinsfueof tal vez mayor
power for so que el
www.cepchile.cl

de RN 9, la gran influencia por un lado de Bentham, y por otro lado de Kant,


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
sumieron
Any of thesea la TSM
forces,en una suertecombination
or some del olvido. Lo of cierto
them, es que RN
could tuvo gran
indeed
impacto
undermine the enConcertación,
los acontecimientos
but wepolíticos
do not de fines these
regard del siglo XVIII,
factors as sobre
todo en
necessarily cuanto a su
devastating to enorme influencia
the coalition’s en la for
survival Independencia
a number ofamericana.
reasons. Pero
ante place,
In the first estos dos grandes economy
the Chilean sistemas morales,
has comecomo throughsonthe
el utilitarismo y el kan-
last five years
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and lo que
tianismo, la moral smithiana, basada en los sentimientos, entra en
podríamos
employment and definir
growth como
figuresunrebounded
largo período de hibernación.
in first months of 2003. El ritmo
The de las
reediciones
Concertación may de wellRNbeyinTSM es unainprueba
a position 2005 to de claim
este fenómeno durante los
credit for good
siglos XIX y XX 10. Adam Smith pasó a convertirse en el padre de la econo-
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
mía, e incluso
democratic legacy elofpadre
the del laissez faire
Pinochet era atribuido
—including a la escuela de Manchester.
the renowned
Sin embargo en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX un grupo de economistas
alemanes pertenecientes a la escuela histórica comenzaron a cuestionar la
TSM. Se preguntaron cómo era posible que el mismo autor hubiera escrito
dos libros tan distintos. En RN se defendía la concepción del interés propio
y en TSM el concepto de simpatía. El homo economicus descansa en un ser
humano egoísta y el homo moralis en un ser benevolente. Así se origina el
famoso “Das Adam Smith Problem”, un debate que mantuvo, y mantiene,
un activo interés intectual11.
8 La segunda edición de la RN apareció en 1778, la tercera, para la cual se

agregaron unas 24.000 palabras, apareció en 1784, y las subsiguientes dos ediciones (1786
y 1789) no presentan alteraciones de ningún tipo. En efecto, al comienzo de la cuarta
edición aclara: “En esta cuarta edición no he hecho alteraciones de ningún tipo”.
9 Para la recepción de RN, ver Teichgraeber (1987), Rashid (1998: 135-181) y

Rothschild (1992).
10 Por ejemplo durante los primeros tres cuartos del siglo XX se realizan sólo

cuatro reimpresiones de TSM en inglés, y más de cuarenta de RN.


11 Una interpretación respecto al contexto que pudo originar el “Smith Problem”

y las reacciones ante éste, en Montes (2004, capítulo 2).


impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 12
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
Skar¿yñski (1878) encontró una explicación muy simple para este fe-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
nómeno: fue el contacto de Adam Smith con los materialistas franceses
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
durante su viaje al continente lo que habría producido un cambio en su
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
pensamiento. Antes de partir al grand tour escribe su TSM, donde se enfo-
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
ca en la benevolencia de lo seres humanos, y al regresar a Gran Bretaña
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
desarrolla su RN, donde destaca el carácter egoísta de la naturaleza humana.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
El año 1896 Edwin Cannan (1861-1935) publica los apuntes de los estu-
control. Finally, by the 2005 12elections, the Concertación will have held the
diantes de Adam Smith , donde está claro que muchas de sus ideas en
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
economía política estaban presentes antes de su viaje al continente. Si el
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
descubrimiento de los apuntes de clases echó por la borda la Umschwungs-
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
theorie que explicaría el problema de Smith, el problema estaba basado en
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
una concepción errónea de lo que Smith decía. Existe cierto generalizado
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
consenso en que TSM, y a fortiori el concepto de simpatía, no es acerca de
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
la benevolencia, y RN tampoco es acerca del egoísmo. Si bien es cierto que
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

en RN no aparece el concepto de simpatía, en TSM el concepto de interés


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
propio, que difiere del egoísmo que a la vez tanto critica en esta obra, es
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
tratado en profundidad.
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
En la primera mitad del siglo XX el connotado economista Jacob
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
Viner (1892-1970) y Glenn Morrow ([1923] 1927, 1969) producen excelentes
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
estudios de Adam Smith. La introducción a la nueva traducción al alemán
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
de TSM realizada por Walter Eckstein (1926) es también un trabajo funda-
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
mental. Cabe asimismo destacar en este período Adam Smith as Student
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
and Professor (1927), de William Scott. No obstante hay a mi juicio dos
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
obras que marcan un quiebre. Por una parte en su influyente ensayo “Adam
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned
Smith and Laissez Faire” (1927) Jacob Viner plantea que TSM y RN son
obras divergentes e imposibles de reconciliar, resucitando el famoso “Adam
Smith Problem”. Sugiere que RN sería un libro de economía política y TSM
una obra de ética donde Smith nos revelaría una clara influencia religiosa.
Por otra parte, en su colosal History of Economic Analysis (1954), Joseph
Schumpeter plantea que Smith no es un pensador original. Para Schumpeter
tal vez lo único rescatable y original en RN sería el capítulo de precios (RN
I.vii) como precursor de la teoría del equilibrio económico, “la Magna Carta
de la teoría económica” (Schumpeter, 1954: 189, 968). La influencia de ambos
connotados economistas ocasiona lo que podríamos definir como una rela-
tiva pérdida de interés en el legado de Adam Smith13.
12 Éstas son sus Lectures on Jurisprudence, correspondientes a ciertos apuntes

de sus clases durante los años académicos de 1762-1763 y 1763-1764.


13 Para entender la autoridad intelectual que figuras como Jacob Viner y Joseph

Schumpeter inspiraban, basta recordar que Hayek en su notable ensayo “Two Types of
Mind” se refiere a Viner y a Schumpeter como “master of his subject” (Hayek 1978: 51).
Esta pérdida de interés es relativa, ya que en 1957 Joseph Cropsey, dentro de la corriente
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s MONTES
unusual electoral rules. 13
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
No obstante que la obra de Smith continúa siendo de interés para
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
una amplia gama de historiadores del pensamiento económico14, hasta hace
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
unos treinta años Adam Smith era el objeto de estudio por parte de historia-
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
dores del pensamiento económico que estudiaban el período clásico desde
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
una perspectiva marxista (e. g., Maurice Dobb, 1973; Ronald Meek, 1977). El
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
foco principal era RN, como eventual precursor del materialismo histórico, la
over social
teoríaissues, such
del valor as teoría
y la the legal
de lastatus of divorce
alienación. and access
Un pequeño to birth
grupo —notable-
control.mente
Finally, by the
Hayek 2005 elections,
y Friedman— the Concertación
defendía las credencialeswillliberales
have helddelthe
padre de
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
la economía.
elected by popular vote) forde16
El bicentenario RNyears.
en 1976Byesthe standards
un punto of multiparty
de inflexión para el estu-
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s
dio de Adam Smith. Para celebrar la ocasión, Oxford University presidential
Press inicia
systems,
un the Concertación
ambicioso is geriatric,
proyecto: el Glasgow bearing the of
Edition scars
the of miscellaneous
Works and Correspon-
corruption
dence charges against
of Adam Smith. members,
El legado including
completo de Adam theSmith
stripping of entre
se publica
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002,
1976 y 1983, fruto del monumental esfuerzo de los editores generales An- and the
generaldrew
disillusionment
S. Skinner y that
David goes with holding
D. Raphael. Estasthe reins
obras of power
establecen losfor so canó-
textos
www.cepchile.cl

long. One
nicosmight conclude,
de Adam then,instaurándose
Smith, that the coalition is simplydeready
un sistema to expire.
citaciones. Las obras
Any of these
publicadas son:forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
TSM devastating
necessarily The Theory
to theofcoalition’s
Moral Sentiments, editado
survival for por D.ofD.reasons.
a number Raphael y A.
L. Macfie, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
in far RN
better shape An than
Inquiry
thatinto the Nature
of any and Causes
of its Southern of the
Cone Wealth ofand
neighbors, Nations,
employment and editado
growth por R. H.rebounded
figures Campbell in y A. S. months
first Skinner,ofOxford: Clarendon
2003. The
Concertación may Press,
well1976.
be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Corr.stewardship.
economic Correspondence
Next, many of Adam
of theSmith,
issueseditado por E. C.
surrounding theMossner
non- y I.
S. Ross, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned1977.
LJ Lectures on Jurisprudence, editado por R. L. Meek, D. D. Ra-
phael y P. G. Stein, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.
EPS Essays on Philosophical Subjects, editado por W. P. D. Wight-
man y J. C. Bryce, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
LRBL Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, editado por J. C. Bryce,
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.

Además se publican importantes colecciones15. Este renacimiento de


productividad en cuanto al legado de Adam Smith se refleja en una serie de

straussiana, publica su importante obra Polity and Economy, donde destaca ciertos aspec-
tos hobbesianos en Smith. Posteriormente en 1967 se publica una colección de ensayos de
A. L. Macfie, futuro editor de TSM, como The Individual in Society.
14 Cabe destacar a Nathan Rosenberg, Mark Blaug, Samuel Hollander, Warren

Samuels, David Levy, Maurice Brown, Rory O’ Donnell, Glenn Hueckel y Walter Eltis.
15 Previo a la edición de Glasgow, en el año 1975, A. Skinner y T. Wilson editan

la importante colección de ensayos Essays on Adam Smith. Otras colecciones relevantes


son O’Driscoll (1979), Campbell & Skinner (1982), Jones & Skinner (1992) y Skinner
(1996).
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 14
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
ensayos en diversas áreas del pensamiento de Smith. En particular los tra-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
bajos de Recktenwald (1978), Brown (1997) y Tribe (1999) cubren la flo-
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
reciente investigación en torno a Adam Smith, resumiendo este ímpetu
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
productivo.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
Entre 1981 y 1987 Liberty Fund publicó todas las obras de Adam
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
Smith en un formato de alta calidad y a precios subsidiados por dicha fun-
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
dación. Recientemente Liberty Fund ha incluido una importante colección
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
de obras, incluyendo TSM y RN, en su The Online Library of Liberty
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
(www.econlib.org y www.libertyfund.org). También acaba de publicar el
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
Index to
coalitions the Worksmuch
anywhere, of Adam
less Smith,
amongeditado
Latin por Knud Haakonssen
America’s presidential y An-
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneousobras
drew S. Skinner, que es un índice por temas y autores para todas las
de Smith.charges
corruption En español contamos
against con muy
members, buenas traducciones
including the stripping (e introduc-
of
ciones) de Carlos Rodríguez Braun para TSM y RN,
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, andpublicadas por Alianza
the
Editorial
general (1997 y 1994,
disillusionment respectivamente),
that goes with holding ythepara los of
reins Ensayos
power Filosóficos
for so
www.cepchile.cl

(Ediciones Pirámide, 1998).


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Any Después
of these de la edición
forces, or somede Glasgow hay tres
combination obras could
of them, en particular
indeed que
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factorsPolitics.
conviene destacar. En 1978 Donald Winch publica Adam Smith’s as
An Essay
necessarily in Historiographic
devastating Revision,
to the coalition’s dondefor
survival entrega una lectura
a number historio-
of reasons.
In thegráfica con un
first place, the interesante
Chilean economy componente
has comedel through
humanismo cívico.
the last En 1981
five years
Knud Haakonssen publica The Science of a Legislator.
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and The Natural Juris-
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The las
prudence of David Hume and Adam Smith (1981), donde profundiza en
Lectures on
Concertación mayJurisprudence
well be in aanalizando
position inel2005
concepto de justicia
to claim credit yfor
la importan-
good
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non- y
cia de una corriente jurisprudencial en Smith que proviene de Grotius
Pufendorf.
democratic La importante
legacy colección era
of the Pinochet de ensayos
—including editadatheporrenowned
Istvan Hont y
Michael Ignatieff en 1983, Wealth and Virtue. The Shaping of Political
Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, inicia el debate destacando las
tensiones entre una interpretación desde el humanismo cívico (a la Pocock)
o jurisprudencial (a la Haakonssen)16. Estas obras gatillan una nueva etapa
en términos de investigación. No obstante presentar distintos enfoques, su
influencia sigue vigente en los estudios más recientes de Adam Smith.
Después de la caída del muro de Berlín en 1989, surgen nuevas in-
quietudes respecto al legado de Adam Smith. Si en Smith los marxistas
veían a Marx, otros le atribuían una ciega defensa del libre mercado. La
caída del comunismo inició una nueva mirada de los economistas a
Adam Smith, manteniéndose la tensión entre lecturas progresistas y libera-
les clásicas. Importantes economistas como James Buchanan, Robert Coa-
se, Friedrich von Hayek, Amartya Sen, Milton Friedman, Vernon Smith and

16 Posteriormente Richard Teichgraeber publica en 1986 ‘Free Trade’ and Moral

Philosophy.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s MONTES
unusual electoral rules. 15
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
George Stigler17 entregaron sus propias visiones respecto del padre de la
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
economía.
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Desde entonces diversos libros como Capitalism as a Moral Sys-
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
tem: Adam Smith’s Critique of the Free Market Economy, de Spencer Pack
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
(1991); A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
and Adam Smith, de Samuel Fleischacker (1999), y el influyente Economic
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment, de Emma
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
Rothschild (2002), han reclamado la figura de Adam Smith para la izquierda
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
política. En particular Rothschild (2001) representa una corriente de historia
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
intelectual donde plantea la intepretación más radical de la mano invisible:
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
ésta sería una ironía, una broma de Adam Smith para describir la sangrienta
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
mano invisible del libre mercado.
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
En 1993 se publican las obras de Jerry Muller, Adam Smith in His
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
Time and Ours (1993), y Stewart Justman, The Autonomous Male of Adam
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

Smith (1993). Vivienne Brown en su Adam Smith’s Discourse: Canonicity,


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Commerce, and Conscience (1994) entrega una mirada crítica, analizando la
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
narrativa de TSM y RN y realizando una investigación pionera de la influen-
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
cia estoica en Smith. Jeffrey Young en su Economics as a Moral Science
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
(1997) entrega un análisis de la importancia de la relación entre TSM y RN
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
en lo concerniente al concepto de justicia de Smith. En su Adam Smith and
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
the Classics: The Classical Heritage in Adam Smith’s Thought (2001) Glo-
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
ria Vivenza estudia las influencias clásicas en Adam Smith. Por su parte
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Salim Rashid, en su The Myth of Adam Smith (1998), entrega una mirada más
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
iconoclástica del padre de la economía.
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned
En los destacados trabajos de Charles Griswold, Adam Smith and
the Virtues of Enlightenment (1998), y de James Otteson, Adam Smith’s
Marketplace of Life (2002), se reestablece el importante rol de TSM en la
historia de la filosofía moral. Esto es digno de resaltar ya que hoy filósofos
como Martha Nussbaum, Stephen Darwall, Ernst Tugendhat y Charles Larmo-
re reconocen la importancia de Adam Smith en el campo de la filosofía moral.
En 2003 James Alvey publica Adam Smith: Optimist or Pessimist?18,
donde analiza la defensa y la crítica que realiza Smith de la sociedad comer-
cial. Recientemente Samuel Fleischacker publicó su Adam Smith’s Wealth of
Nations: A Philosophical Companion (2004), donde extiende una mirada
política al legado de Smith. Leonidas Montes publicó Adam Smith in Con-
text. A Critical Reassessment of some Central Components of His Thought

17 Ver algunos de estos ensayos, y otros, en las colecciones para celebrar el


bicentenario como Glahe (1978) y posteriormente Fry (1992).
18 Ese mismo año Pierre Force publica Self-Interest before Adam Smith. A

Genealogy of Economic Science (2003).


impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 16
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
(2004), donde se cubre la importancia de la trilogía de la simpatía, el especta-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
dor imparcial y la virtud del self-command. Jerry Evensky publica su Adam
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Smith’s Moral Philosophy. A Historical and Contemporary Perspective on
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
Markets, Law, Ethics, and Culture (2005), donde explica el legado de Smith
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
como “el plan liberal de la igualdad, libertad y justicia” (RN IV.ix.3, 664),
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
influido por una mirada religiosa.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Istvan Hont publica en 2005 su Jealousy of Trade: Internacional
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective, donde entre-
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
ga su perspectiva intelectual de Smith y el contexto del siglo XVIII. Por
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
último, se acaba de publicar el esperado Cambridge Companion to Adam
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
Smith, editado por Knud Haakonssen, que incluye a un grupo de prestigia-
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
dos académicos, entre ellos Amartya Sen, Emma Rothschild, John Pocock,
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
Knud Haakonssen, Donald Winch, Charles Griswold, Christopher Berry y
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
Alexander Broadie. Recientemente se publicó una colección de ensayos de
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

jóvenes doctorados que trabajaron en Adam Smith, titulado New Voices on


long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Adam Smith (2006), editado por Leonidas Montes y Eric Schliesser.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Otra importante iniciativa es la formación de la International Adam
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
Smith Society, que publica regularmente un Newsletter. Aquí se informan
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
de las recientes disertaciones doctorales, publicaciones y conferencias rela-
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
cionadas con Adam Smith. Esta sociedad también promueve sesiones es-
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
peciales de Adam Smith con diversas conferencias. También se inició la
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
publicación de una nueva revista internacional, la Adam Smith Review, edi-
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
tada por Vivienne Brown, donde se publican críticas de los libros más re-
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
cientes, dándoles a los autores la posibilidad de responder.
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned
Esta abrumadora producción intelectual refleja un vibrante ambiente
intelectual en cuanto al legado de Adam Smith19. Este creciente interés, en
que se están descubriendo aspectos muy interesantes de las obras menos
estudiadas de Smith, y especialmente algunos ensayos en su Essays on
Philosophical Subjects (EPS) acerca del lenguaje, metafísica, astronomía,
sólo nos confirman por qué grandes pensadores como Adam Smith han
tenido tanta influencia y relevancia en nuestra historia.

4. Los ensayos en este volumen

Samuel Fleischacker, en su A Third Concept of Liberty (1999), ha


realizado una labor pionera descubriendo la posible influencia de Smith en
Kant. Esta conexión se extrapola al plano de lo político en su reciente On
19 Una colección bastante exhaustiva de ensayos acerca de Adam Smith se en-

cuentra en las recopilaciones editadas por J. C. Wood, Adam Smith: Critical Assessments
(1983-1984 y 1994).
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s MONTES
unusual electoral rules. 17
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion (2004), don-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
de analiza en detalle las implicancias políticas que hoy tiene el pensamiento
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
de Smith. Como un representante de la izquierda política, en su ensayo
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
“Adam Smith y la Igualdad” Fleischacker defiende una visión progresista
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
de Adam Smith que pone el énfasis en su concepto de igualdad y su pre-
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
ocupación por los pobres.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Por otra parte James Otteson en su influyente Adam Smith’s Market-
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
place of Life (2002) ha realizado una interpretación del legado de Smith a la
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
luz de una visión más amplia del mercado. Desde una posición hayekiana,
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
destacando la preocupación de Adam Smith por el principio de la libertad
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
individual, Otteson representaría una perspectiva política de derecha. En su
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
“Adam Smith y la Libertad” James Otteson defiende una lectura liberal clási-
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
ca de Adam Smith donde priman el respeto por la libertad individual y la
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, and the
justicia conmutativa. La actitud política liberal clásica de desconfianza ante
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

los planes sociales, de reticencia frente al rol de los expertos, forma parte
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
integral de la interpretación de Otteson.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
El primer capítulo del libro primero de RN es acerca de la división del
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
trabajo. En su clásico ejemplo de la fábrica de alfileres, Smith cuenta que un
necessarily devastating to the coalition’s survival for a number of reasons.
hombre por sí mismo sólo puede producir entre uno y veinte alfileres. Pero
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
Smith “ha visto”20 una pequeña fábrica donde diez hombres se dividen
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
distintas tareas, con lo cual se incrementa la producción a “cuarenta y ocho
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
mil alfileres por día” (RN I.i.3, 14-15). Con el principio de la división del
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
trabajo y su impacto en la productividad se establecen los fundamentos de
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
la defensa que realiza Smith de la “sociedad comercial”. Lo notable es que
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era —including the renowned
este primer capítulo finaliza con una suerte de experimento mental. Smith
compara la gran diferencia entre las condiciones de vida de un campesino
“laborioso y frugal” con el “lujo extravagante” de un príncipe europeo. Pero
acto seguido compara al campesino “laborioso y frugal” con un rey africa-
no, “dueño absoluto de las vidas y libertades de diez mil salvajes desnu-
dos” (RN I.i.11, 24). Esta comparación a mi juicio entrega un mensaje
político, donde resulta difícil abstenerse de encontrar cierta similitud con el
experimento mental que sugiere la imagen del velo de la ignorancia de
Rawls. El salvaje desnudo no es dueño de su vida ni de su libertad. El
campesino, en una sociedad comercial, tiene garantizada su propiedad, la
que incluye, en la tradición liberal lockeana, “su vida, su libertad y sus
derechos de propiedad”. Según Smith, si es “laborioso y frugal” en una
“sociedad comercial” tendrá la oportunidad de “mejorar su condición”. Por
tanto la pregunta es: ¿políticamente qué tipo de sociedad es mejor, la comer-
20 Destaco esto para recordar la importancia de la experiencia en estos pensa-
dores.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 18
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
cial o la africana? Ciertamente, extrapolando al situarse ante el experimento
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
mental rawlsiano, aquella donde se respeta la propiedad en su más amplio
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
sentido liberal.
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
En esta línea argumental, Jimena Hurtado en su “Smith y Rawls: De
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
la Utilidad de la ‘Simpatía’ para una Concepción Liberal de la Justicia” recla-
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
ma para Smith una concepción más sofisticada de la justicia social que
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
incluye la simpatía y el espectador imparcial. Esto resulta interesante, ya
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
que Rawls
presidency and erróneamente
a majority in the clasifica
Chambera Smith como un(the
of Deputies pensador utilitarista.
legislative house
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multipartyJacob
En palabras del gran historiador del pensamiento económico
Viner, Smith
coalitions anywhere,fue “elmuch
gran ecléctico”
less among (1927: 199).
Latin A mi juicio,
America’s este epíteto no
presidential
debe the
systems, ser Concertación
tomado en unissentido peyorativo.
geriatric, bearing Adam Smith
the scars no sólo hablaba y
of miscellaneous
leía en latín, como era usual en la época,
corruption charges against members, including the stripping sino que tenía un amplio dominio
of
de la lengua griega. Por ello es muy posible que
parliamentary rights from five of the coalition’s deputies in 2002, Adam Smith hubiera
and theestado
de acuerdo
general con esta descripción.
disillusionment that goes with En holding
efecto, etimológicamente
the reins of power el verbo
for sogrie-
www.cepchile.cl

long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. a sus
go eklektikos dice relación con elegir lo que es mejor. En cuanto
influencias,
Any of these Smith supo or
forces, elegir
somea lo largo de una
combination of tradición
them, couldintelectual
indeed que
parte con
undermine thelosConcertación,
clásicos, de quienes
but we erado un not
granregard
conocedor
thesey admirador.
factors as Una
rápida mirada
necessarily por los
devastating to volúmenes que contenía
the coalition’s survival suforbiblioteca
a number(Mizuta, 1967) y
of reasons.
una rápida lectura de su legado son evidencia suficiente
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years de su acabado
in farconocimiento
better shapedethan los that
clásicos.
of any La of
influencia de losCone
its Southern clásicos en su obra
neighbors, andes un
tema queand
employment ha ido cobrando
growth figuresrelevancia,
reboundedcomo queda
in first claroofen2003.
months el libroTheAdam
Smith andmay
Concertación the Classics
well be(2001) de GloriainVivenza.
in a position 2005 to claim credit for good
Siguiendo la empresa
economic stewardship. Next, many de estudiar
of the laissues
influencia de los clásicos,
surrounding the non- María
democratic
Alejandralegacy
Carrascoof entrega
the Pinochet era —including
una novedosa lectura de theAdam renowned
Smith como
filósofo de la razón práctica. Sin duda las figuras de Aristóteles y de Santo
Tomás de Aquino eran subestimadas por los intelectuales de la Ilustración
escocesa, pero Carrasco nos muestra como Smith puede ser leído desde una
óptica aristotélica sin que ello signifique una contraposición a su teoría de
la simpatía y el espectador imparcial, sino muy por el contrario, su postura
sería compatible con la razón práctica aristotélica.
En una línea de investigación similar, Ryan Hanley pretende rescatar
la importancia de una ética de la virtud en una lectura de Smith. No es
casual que una parte completa de TSM, titulada “Del carácter de la virtud”,
haya sido agregada en los últimos años de vida de Smith para su sexta
edición. Esto implica un giro hacia una ética de la virtud.
En su “La Concepción Benevolente pero Interesada de la Filosofía
de Adam Smith”, Eric Schliesser explora la concepción de la filosofía de
Adam Smith en relación con la vida común y las ciencias. En cuanto a la
política, se esboza la idea de que la filosofía ayuda a diseñar un marco
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s unusual MONTES
electoral rules. 19
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
institucional equitativo y libre del fanatismo como consecuencia no desea-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
da de la religión. Finalmente se analiza la posición smithiana en relación con
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
el republicanismo extremo de Rousseau, sobre quien escribió en una revista
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
de la época
might naturally argumentando
weaken. In addition,quetheSmith defiende aand
Concertación, la sociedad comercial como
even its component
un medio para filosofar.
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
Maríasuch
over social issues, Eltonasen thesulegal
“Benevolencia y Educación
status of divorce Pública
and access en Smith”
to birth
hace hincapié en la importancia de la benevolencia
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the en el pensamiento de
Smith.
presidency andSugiere que in
a majority el the
interés por síofmismo
Chamber Deputiesen La(theRiqueza de las
legislative Naciones
house
incluso puede ser virtuoso, llegando a ser una
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty prudencia inferior, compati-
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential en el
ble con la benevolencia. Se refiere también al destacado papel que
sistema
systems, de la libertad isnatural
the Concertación Smith
geriatric, le atribuye
bearing a la educación
the scars moral y políti-
of miscellaneous
ca de los individuos que conforman una
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of sociedad.
parliamentaryPor último
rights fromenfive “Sobre
of theelcoalition’s
Newtonianismo deputies y lainTeoría del Equilibrio
2002, and the
generalEconómico
disillusionmentGeneral thatdegoes
Adam Smith”
with holdingse explora
the reins la metodología
of power fordeso Newton
www.cepchile.cl

long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. inserto
para enfrentar problemas científicos argumentando que Adam Smith,
en
Anyel contexto
of these “newtoniano”
forces, or some de la Ilustración of
combination escocesa, sería un
them, could sofisticado
indeed
intérprete
undermine de Newton. Considerando
the Concertación, but we do que not algunos
regard economistas,
these factorsentre as ellos
Schumpeter,
necessarily devastatinghan tovisto
theacoalition’s
Smith como un precursor
survival de la teoría
for a number del equilibrio
of reasons.
general,
In the first place,y que
the para
Chileanelloeconomy
la influencia
has decomeNewton
through habría sidofive
the last fundamental,
years se
in far explica que ambas
better shape than thattesisofnoany sonofsustentables.
its SouthernNewton y Smith noand
Cone neighbors, son pre-
employment
cursores anddelgrowth
equilibriofigures rebounded
económico in first months of 2003. The
walrasiano.
Concertación El may well de
legado be unin apensador
positiondel in 2005
calibretodeclaim
Adam credit
Smithfor es
good
y seguirá
economic
siendostewardship.
fuente de Next,nuevasmany of the issues
especulaciones surrounding
y debate. the non-es que
Lo interesante
democratic legacytrasciende
Adam Smith of the Pinochet era —including
las distinciones entre derechathe renowned
e izquierda. Las pos-
turas de Otteson y de Fleischacker son en apariencia contrarias, pero no
necesariamente excluyentes a los ojos de Smith. Su “plan liberal de la igual-
dad, libertad y justicia” sigue siendo nuestro más grande desafío.
Por último sólo resta agradecer a Samuel Fleischacker, James
Otteson, Jimena Hurtado, Alejandra Carrasco y María Elton por su partici-
pación en este número. Expreso también mis agradecimientos a la editorial
Routledge por autorizar la traducción de los ensayos de Ryan Hanley, Eric
Schliesser y el mío. Agradezco asimismo la importante colaboración de
Martín Bruggendieck y Alberto Ide en la traducción al castellano de los
trabajos de Samuel Fleischacker, Ryan Hanley y Eric Schliesser, y de los
artículos de James Otteson y el mío, respectivamente. Finalmente mi recono-
cimiento a María Teresa Miranda, secretaria de redacción de Estudios Pú-
blicos, por su silenciosa y abnegada labor de editar lo que en principio
parecía una tarea imposible.
impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 20
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
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the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
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with Chile’s unusualMONTES
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———— “Two Types of Mind”. En New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics,
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 22
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
Jones, Peter y Andrew Skinner: Adam Smith Reviewed. Edinburgh University, 1992.
government
Justman, during
S.: The the 1990s. Moreover,
Autonomous Male of Adamthe coalition itself was
Smith. Norman, OK: initially
University of
galvanized Oklahoma
around opposition
Press, 1993. to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s, so as C.:
Larmore, time passes,
Patterns the compelling
of Moral Complexity. force of that
Cambridge: initial motivation
Cambridge University Press,
1987.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
Levy, D. M.: “The Partial Spectator in the Wealth of Nations: A Robust Utilitarianism”.
parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
En European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 2: 299-326, 1995.
over ————
social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
“Adam Smith’s Rational Choice Linguistics”. En Economic Inquiry, 35: 672-
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertación will have held the
678, 1997.
presidency
———— and“Adam
a majority in the
Smith’s Chamber
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of Gambling: Approbation house
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popular vote) En Journal
for 16of the HistoryBy
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Levy, D.anywhere,
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much “Sympathy
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systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
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corruption
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long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready toSmith. London: George Allen and
expire.
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Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
———— “The Invisible Hand of Jupiter”. En Journal of the History of Ideas, 32: 595-
undermine 599, the 1971.
Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
necessarily devastating
Meek, R. L.: Smith, Marx to theandcoalition’s
After: Tensurvival
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Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
with Chile’s unusualMONTES
electoral rules. 23
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
O’Driscoll, G. P. Jr. (ed.): Adam Smith and Modern Political Economy: Bicentennial
government duringEssays ontheThe1990s.
WealthMoreover, the coalition
of Nations. Ames: Iowa Stateitself was Press,
University initially
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galvanized
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around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s
1980s,Raphael,
so as timeD. D.:passes,
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Utility”. En motivation
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Aristotelian Society, 73: 87-103, 1973.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertación, and even its component
parties ————
—most Adam notablySmith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
Rashid, S.: The Myth of Adam Smith. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Raynor, D.: “Hume’s Abstract of Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments”. En
control. Finally, by the
Journal 2005
of the elections,
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of Philosophy, 22: 51-79, 1984.will have held the
presidency and a majority
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rights from
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the coalition’s
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long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
———— “Adam Smith, Consumer Tastes, and Economic Growth”. En Journal of
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Political Economy, 76: 361-374, 1968.
undermine the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
———— “Adam Smith on Profits-Paradox Lost and Regained”. En A. S. Skinner y T.
necessarily devastating
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on Adam survivalClarendon
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———— Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment.
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
economic stewardship.
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———— The Market and the State: Essays in Honor of Adam Smith. Oxford: Clarendon
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertación may well dissolve before Chile’s next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 24
Chile’s unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PÚBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertación’s demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalition’s early years in
Smith, V.: “The Two Faces of Adam Smith”. En Southern Journal of Economics, 65: 2-
government20, during
1998. the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around
Stigler, G. J.: Essaysopposition
in the Historyto the Pinochet Chicago:
of Economics. regime The of the 1970sofand
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might————
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weaken.Travels on the Ship
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even itsy component
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parties —most notably the Christian Democrats— are internally divided
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over social Adamissues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Smith’s Wealth of Nations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986.
control.
———— Finally,“LessbyAbused
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I Had Reason Concertación will haveofheld
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of multiparty
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coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin America’s presidential
Tugendhat, E.: Vorlesung über Ethik. Frankfurth/M: Suhrkamp, 1997.
systems, the Concertación is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
———— “Universally Approved Intersubjective Attitudes: Adam Smith” (traducido al
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por Bernard members,
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Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
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undermine Princeton:
the Concertación, but we do not regard these factors as
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necessarily devastating to the coalition’s
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in reasons.
Adam Smith’s
In the first place,
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employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
———— “Scottish Moral Philosopher as Political Economist”. En Historical Journal,
Concertación may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
35: 91-113, 1995.
economic
———— stewardship. Next, many
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