RESEARCHES ON MULTILAYER FILMS WITH POLYETHYLENE CORE

Daniela Teodorescu
1
, Valeriu V. Jinescu
2
, Camelia Hodoan
3
, Gheorghe Hubca
4
, Corneliu
Cincu
4
1
O!" #uchares$, % !on Ghica, danamaria56@yahoo.com
2
&ni'ersi$( )oli$ehnica o* #uchares$, +acul$( o* "echanical ,ngineering and "echa$ronics,
)rocess ,-ui.men$ De.ar$men$, 313 .laiul !nde.enden/ei, 010042, #uchares$, 2omania
3
&ni'ersi$( o* 3gricul$ural ciences and Ve$erinar( "edicine #uchares$, +acul$( o* 3nimal
cience, %4 "5r5$i, 011414, #uchares$, 2omania, cameliahodosan6(ahoo.com
4
&ni'ersi$( )oli$ehnica o* #uchares$, De.ar$men$ o* #ioresourses and )ol(mer cience,
144 Calea Vic$oriei, ec$or 1, #uchares$, 2omania
Abstract
This .a.er has had as .ur.ose rendering o* some researches rela$ed $o e7$rusion
'eloci$ies 8hile ob$aining mul$ila(er *ilms 8i$h *i'e la(ers o* .ol(mer. 3n ins$alla$ion
com.rising *i'e e7$ruders has been used *or $rials and condi$ions and o.$imal areas *or e'er(
single e7$ruder ha'e been se$.
The resul$s $hus ob$ained made .ossible $o se$$le $he o.$imum .arame$ers *or $he
e7$rusion .rocess ale $o ensure a s$able *lo8 o* $he mol$en .ol(mer, 8hich resul$ed in a
uni*orm mul$ila(er, *aul$less s$ruc$ural *ilm.
9e(8ords: polyethylene, extrusion, co-extrusion, multilayer film
Introduction
"ul$ila(er *ilms ha'e *ound large u$ili;a$ion in $echnics, $han<s $o $heir uni-ue
.ro.er$ies, resul$ed *rom $he combina$ion o* mul$i.le .ol(mer la(ers 8i$hin $he same
com.ound. The indi'idual .ro.er$ies o* .ol(mers are de$erminan$ *or $heir uses, some
sui$able *or con$ac$ 8i$h *ood .roduc$s, o$hers .osses barrier .ro.er$ies and o$hers .resen$
1
com.a$ibili;ing .ro.er$ies *or .roducing *ilms *ree o* $he in$erla(er se.ara$ion .henomena
=1>2?. "ul$ila(er *ilms ob$aining is done b( e7$rusion. Those .ol(mers should ha'e iden$ical
'iscosi$ies, al$hough *lure are cases are <no8n 8hen .ol(mers 8i$h di**eren$ 'iscosi$ies ha'e
been success*ull( e7$ruded =3>1?.
!n some cases, an in$er*acial ins$abili$( can a..ear, causing a sur*ace non>uni*ormi$(
and la(ers mi7$ure.
+lo8 ins$abili$ies $ha$ can a..ear 8i$hin a mul$ila(er mel$ on co>e7$rusion are o*
di**eren$ $(.es: a@ non>uni*orm $hic<nesses s$ar$ing *rom $he e7$ruder .ulsa$ion or *rom $he
mel$ $hermal non>homogenei$( =1, 4?A b@ $he more *luid .ol(mer $end $o migra$e b( shrouding
$he more 'iscous .ol(merA c@ $he la(ers in$ermi7ing becomes s$ronger 8i$h $he increasing
*lo8, i.e. $he e7$rusion 'eloci$( and $he o* $he *luid $a<es a ru**led as.ec$ 8hich is 'isuall(
obser'able a$ *irs$. The .henomenon becomes more accen$ua$ed 8i$h $he increase o* $he
'eloci$( and i$ de$ermines $he *orma$ion o* 8rin<led sur*acesA $heir mul$i.lica$ion gi'es $he
*ilm a rough as.ec$ <no8n as $he mel$ $ear =4>B?.
The same resul$ o* $he mel$ $ear is also ob$ained b( decresing $he $em.era$ure.
The abo'e men$ioned .henomenon diminishes do8n $o i$s e7$inc$ion do8n $o i$s
e7$inc$ion b( incresing $he $em.era$ure, $he descrease o* $he e7$rusion 'eloci$(, i.e. $he *lo8,
or b( choosing ade-ua$e .ol(mers o* $he lo8er molecular mass and a narro8 molecular mass
dis$ribu$ion.
The e7.erimen$al obser'a$ions o* $his .henomenon lead $o $he conclusions $ha$ a
cri$ical in$er*acial shear s$ress CD@ e7is$s, o'er 8hich a..ears ins$abili$( *or a .air o* .ol(mers.
Thus, *or ED), .airs o* di**eren$ molecular mass, D
cri$
F30000 )a, *or ED), .ol(.ro.(lene
.airs, D
cri$
F20000 )a, and *or HD), .ol(.ro.ene, D
cri$
F24000 )a.
The *lo8 'eloci$ies dis$ribu$ion o* a mul$ila(er *luid *lo8ing $hrough a 8ide no;;le
8i$h $he o.ening o* G F h consis$s a series o* segmen$s a..ro7ima$i'el( .arabolical uni$ed a$
2
$he .oin$s a12, a23.........e$c. C*ig.1@ and re.resen$s a good a..ro7ima$ion *or narro8 annular
channels, as i$ is $he case o* no;;les *or $ubular *ilm =4?.
+ig.1. chema$ic .ro*ile o* $he *lo8 'eloci$( o* a
non>He8$onian mul$ila(er *luid $hrough a .i.e, 8here =K

n
,, in 8hich

is $he
shear gradien$
During $he *lo8ing .rocess $hrough no;;le o* a $8o mel$ .ol(mer la(ers, an
in$er*acial con$ac$ is reali;ed and a .ol(mer segmen$s in$er.ene$ra$ion. This in$er.ene$ra$ion
3
is more in$ense as $hose $8o .ol(mers 3 and # are more $hermod(namicall( com.a$ible,
8hich corres.onds $o a s$ruc$ural resembling o* =10>12?.
The in$er*ace 8id$h increases b( con$ac$ $ime, ge$$ing close $o a limi$ 'alue, 8hich is
higher as $he .ol(mers are more com.a$ible =13>14?.
Ihen $he co>e7$rusion o* $8o di**eren$ s$ruc$ural and $hermod(namicall( non>
miscible .ol(mers is im.osed, $he single solu$ion $o a'oid e7*olia$ion is $o in$roduce $he $hird
in$ermediar( la(er, com.a$ible 8i$h bo$h 3 and # .ol(mers or 8i$h a co.ol(mer bloc< 3#
=11, 1%>1J?.
3n e'en be$$er solu$ion is using com.ounds or .olar andKor gra*$ed co.ol(mers.
Their role is $o o.$imi;e $he in$er*acial adherence b( combining $he $8o .ol(mers
*unc$ionali$ies and $o adLus$ $he in$ermediar( la(er 'iscosi$( =1B>24?.
Eo8 densi$( .ol(e$h(lene CED),@, linear lo8 densi$( .ol(e$h(lene CEED),@,
.ol(amide 1 ha'e be used as .ol(mers, 8hile e$h(lene>'in(l ace$a$e C,V3@ and e$h(lene>
'inil>alcohol C,VOH@ co.ol(mers ha'e been used as adhesi'es.
The .ur.ose o* $he .a.er consis$s in$o se$$ing $he e7.erimen$al condi$ions
C$em.era$ures, shear s$resses, *lo8s e$c.@ *or an o.$imal e7$rusion o* mul$ila(er *ilms 8i$hou$
$he ins$abili$( .henomenon occurring.
Ex!ri"!nta# art
$% Ra& "at!ria#s
The ra8 ma$erials used ha'e $he charac$eris$ics .resen$ed in $able 1.
Table 1. "ain chac$eris$ics o* ra8 ma$erials.
Cr.
Ho.
Charac$eris$ic ED), EED), )31 ,V3 ,VOH O#
4
1. Densi$ies,
gKcm
3
0.430 0.420 1.12>1.13 0.430 1.11
2 Glass
$ransi$ion
$em.era$ure,
M9KMC
>143.1%K
>12%
24JK24 313.1%K40 30J.4%K
34.B
31B.1%K4%
3. "el$ +lo8
!nde7, "+!, Ca$
140MC,2,11<g@
gK10min
0,3 2 > 2 2
"el$ +lo8
!nde7, "+!, Ca$
210MCK2,11
<g@, gK10min
> > > > 4,1
+lo8 !nde7,
!CT,
C2J%MCK%<g@
> > 1%cm
3
K10
min
> >
4. Visco
si$(,
)aNs,
a$
140MC 14,31710
3
3710
4
> 21,%%710
3
11,B3710
3
14%MC 13,BB710
3
2,J4710
4
> > 21,42710
3
210MC 2,1B710
3
2,11710
4
> 14,1B710
3
12,B4710
3
220MC > > > 12,34710
3
>
22%MC 11,%B710
3
> %,4J710
3
11,4%710
3
>
22JMC 11,%4710
3
> > > >
230MC 11,31710
3
> 2,B%710
3
10,12710
3
>
23%MC 1,00710
3
1,4B710
4
2,JB710
3
> 1,34710
3
2J%MC > > 3,0B1710
3
> >
%.
2. T'! !x!ri"!nta# d!t!r"inations ha'e been rendered b( an ins$ala$ion Omicron>
$(.e, e-ui..ed 8i$h *i'e e7$ruders 8i$h an e7$rusion> in>*i'e>la(ers head .resen$ed as
*ollo8s:
5
+ig.2. +ilm e7$rusion line *or $a<ing o'er $he $ube
'er$ical 8ind =1B?
1 > e7$ruder, 2 > cooling .lan, 3 > blo8n *ilm, 4 > guiding .anelsA
% > c(linder sealing *ilm, 1 > *ilm 8inding de'iceA
J > ring cooling, B > air inle$ $o dila$e *ilm.
The co>e7$rusion head is similarl( 8i$h $he one .re;en$ed in +igure 3.
+ig.3. Co>e7$rusion head *or % la(er
6
The mel$ *lo8 beha'ior is described b( Os8ald de Iaele la8
=K

n
(1)
in 8hich is the shear s$ress,

is $he shear ra$e, 9 and n are cons$an$s *or ma$erial

Cn>*lo8 inde7A 9>consis$enc( inde7@.
The Iilliams>Eandel>+err( model CIE+@ =2%>24? has been used *or $he d(namic
'iscosi$( calculus o* .ol(mers a$ di**eren$ $em.era$ures. This model has been e7.ressed b(
$he e-ua$ion C2@:

,
_

r
r
T T C
T T C
T
2
1
0
@ C
e7. @ C
C2@
in 8hich T> is $he calcula$ing $em.era$ure, M9, T
r
> re*erence $em.era$ure,M9, C
1
, C
2
, O
0
P
cons$an$es, 8hich 8hen T
r
e-ual T
g
, ha'e $he 'alues C
1
Q1J.44A C
2
Q%1.1A O
0,
O P ini$ial and
*inal 'iscosi$(.
!n order $o de$ermine $he .ressure and *lo8ing 'eloci$( dro.s o* e'er( la(er, i$ has
been .rees$ima$ed a ma$erial *lo8 *or e'er( e7$ruder and i$ has been $a<en in$o accoun$ $he
e-ua$ion C3@ o* $he .ressure dro. p a$ $he no;;le 8all 8i$h $he rela$ion =1%?:

,
_

1
]
1

+

R
L
n
n
R
!
p
n
0 0
0 3
2 1 3

C3@
in 8hich p P .ressure dro., )aA D' P 'olume$ric *lo8, m
3
KsA 2F 0.2 m P no;;le radius,A O
0
>
d(namic 'iscosi$(, )a.s A
0

> 'eloci$( gradien$ a$ $he re*erence s$a$e, 8hich in $his case is 1s

>
1
A EF0.03%m P no;;le leng$h,
Ii$h $he ob$ained 'alue *or Rp *rom $he e-ua$ion C3@ in$roduced in $he e-ua$ion C4@ o*
$he .ressure dro. as a 'eloci$( *unc$ion,

0
2
2
"
p C4@
7
$he *lo8ing 'eloci$( has been de$ermined corres.onding $o e'er( la(er 8i$h $he
e-ua$ion C%@ =1%?:

0
2 p
" C%@
8here:
SF1 , coe**icien$ o* local resis$ance *or $he case o* *luids 8i$h sudden e7s$ressA
T F densi$( o* ma$erial, <gKm
3
.
The a'erage 'eloci$( in $he middle .lane, 8hich in *ac$ is a correc$ion o* $he *lo8ing
'eloci$(, on e'er( e7$ruder, has been calcula$ed 8i$h $he rela$ion C1@=1%?:

,
_

+
+

1 2
1
n
n
"
m
"
C1@
8here n has $he ne7$ 'alues =11>1J? :
*or ED), 0.3%A *or ,V3 0.40A *or ,VOH nF0.4%, *or EED), nF0.10 and *or )31 nF0.J0.
The shear s$ress a$ $he no;;le 8all D, in )a, is calcula$ed 8i$h $he e7.ression CJ@ =1%?:

,
_

r
L
p
2

CJ@
+i'e $(.es o* mul$ila(er *ilms o* $he *ollo8ing com.osi$ions ha'e been $a<en in$o
considera$ion:
F$. 24.%1UED),K11,%4U,V3K2J.JU)31K11.%4U,V3K24.%1UED), corres.onding
$o $he $hic<nesses o* 3% K 30K J0 K 30 K 3% Vm, 8hich b( co>e7$rusion gi'es a $o$al
$hic<ness o* 200 Vm
F(. 1B.J%UED),K12.%0U,V3K23.J1U),W,VOHC14.J1U ),W4U,VOH@K1B.J4U
,V3K21.2% U ED), corres.onding $o $he $hic<nesses o* 30 K 20K %0 K 2% K 3% Vm,
8hich b( co>e7$rusion gi'es a $o$al $hic<ness o* 110 Vm
+i'e $(.es o* mul$ila(er *ilms o* $he *ollo8ing com.osi$ions ha'e been considered:
8
F). 31,2%U EED), K 1,2% U ,V3 K 2%U )31 K 1,2% U ,V3 K 31,2% U EED),
corres.onding $o $he $hic<nesses o* %0 K 10K 40 K 10 K %0 Vm, 8hich b( co>e7$rusion
gi'es $he $o$al $hic<ness o* 110 Vm
R!su#ts and discussions
The 'iscosi$(, $he .ressure dro.s, $he e7i$ 'eloci$( *or $he no;;le, $he correc$ed
a'erage 'eloci$( and $he s$ress a$ $he no;;le 8all ha'e been $a<en in$o considera$ion *or $he
mul$i.le la(er *ilm +
1
, 8i$h B00 mm *inal 8id$h CTable 2@A $he mul$ila(er *ilms +
2
ha'e been
similarl( .rocessed CTabele 4@ as 8ell as +
3
CTable 1@.
Table 2.
Ior<ing .arame$ers *or ob$aining $he mul$ila(er *ilm: ED),K,V3K)31K,V3KED),
Ior<ing
.arame$ers
,7$ernal
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 1
Ea(er
Cen$ral
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 2
Ea(er
!n$ernal
Ea(er
,7$rusion
on head
ED),
,7$ruder 1
,V3
,7$ruder 2
)31
,7$ruder 3
,V3
,7$ruder 4
ED),
,7$ruder %
)ro.osed *ilm
$hic<nesses,
Vm
4% 30 J0 30 4% 220
2eali;ed
$hic<nesses,
Vm
43.2 24.% 1B.J 24.J 44.1 21%.2
)ressure in
<g*Kcm
2
, in $he
en$rance
sec$ion
C")a@
1J0
C11.J@
140
C1B.1@
320
C31.4@
11J
C11.4@
2%0
C24.% @
314
C31@
Curren$
!n$ensi$( $o $he
e7$ruder
*eeding, 3
24 30 J2 30 B0 0,B
cre8
'eloci$ies,
ro$Kmin
31 32 4% 1B 42
+lo8, <gKh
Cm
3
Ks@
%3.4
C1.%4%710
>%@
2%.2B
CJ.%%710
>1
@
%4
C1.41710
>%@
2%.2B
CJ.%%710
>1
@
%3.4
C1.%4%710
>%
@
21J.4
C1.41710
>%
@
9
Ior<ing
.arame$ers
,7$ernal
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 1
Ea(er
Cen$ral
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 2
Ea(er
!n$ernal
Ea(er
,7$rusion
on head
3'erage
mel$ing
$em.era$ures,M
C
210 210 22% 22% 230 22J
Viscosi$( a$
$he
$em.era$ure a$
$he no;;le
en$rance, )as
12.1BN10
3
14.1BN10
3
%.4JN10
3
11.4%N10
3
11.31N10
3
1B.43N10
3
CED),
e7$@
Densi$(,
9gKm
3
430 430 1120 430 430 434.J4
CDmKD'@
,7.onen$ n,
*rom $he rel.
C1@
dimensionless
0.3% 0.40 0.J0 0.40 0.3% 0.3%
CED),@
)ressure dro.
in each *eeder
o* $he
e7$ruder, )a
121.2J 341.240 32.1%4 304.101 JJB.3BB 14B%.1B1
Veloci$( a$
no;;le e7i$,
mKs
1.11 1.24 0.234 0.B1% 1.1 1.JB
Correc$ed
'eloci$( 8i$h
$he rel.C1@,
mKs
0.42 1.01 0.114Q
0.1J
0.13 0.BJ 1.41
hear s$ress a$
no;;le 8all,
)a Crel.J@
> > > > > 4241.24
Table 3.
)h(sico>chemical charac$eris$ics o* $he ob$ained mul$ila(ered *ilm a$ a $em.era$ure o* 210>
230MC and .ressures o* 11J>2%0 <g*Kcm
2
Charac$eris$ics &" Tes$ing
me$hod
"inimum
'alues
guidance *or
use com.ared
3chie'ed
'alues
10
$o $he
maLori$( o*
$he ma$erials
1. Trac$ion C.ulling s.eed
100mmKmin@
"D> $ensile s$reng$h
- $ension
- elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
!O
11B4 :B3
min 11.1B
>
11.B0
10U
>$o $ear
> resis$ance
> elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
min 142.J
200
14J.%
301
TD>a$ s$re$ching
- $ension
- elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
min 11.1B
>
11.B0
12
>$o $ear
> resis$ance
> elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
102
2%0
130
320
2. 2esis$ance $o shoc< b(
$rac$ionKim.ac$
s$reng$h
"D> *or shee$
>*or ma$erial
TD> *or shee$
> *or ma$erial
JKm
<JKm
2
JKm
<JKm
2
!O 1%21,
sam.le $(.e 2
and 3

>
1000
>
400
204
2120
1J1
222%
11
3. 2esis$ance $o im.ac$
Dar$'is, mul$ia7iall(
> im.ac$ s$reng$h a$
$ear
> im.ac$ energ( a$ $ear
H
J
!O JJ1%>2
min %0
>
42
2.3
4. 2esis$ance a$
lacera$ion
"D>*or shee$
>*or ma$erial
H
HKmm
!O 13B3>2
min 2
>
4.2
%0
TD>*or shee$
>*or ma$erial
H
HKmm
min 3
>
J.1
B3
%. )ermeabili$( $o o7(gen
C23MC, 1 bar@
cm
3
Km
2
K24h !O 2%%1 :J4 ma7 100 12
1. )ermeabili$( $o 8a$er
8e$ air C23MC,
sa$ura$ion H2@
gKm
2
K24h ma7 4 3.1
J. Ieigh$ uni$ area gKm
2
!O 4%41 :42 204
The anal(sis o* $he resul$ed charac$eris$ics, corrobora$ed 8i$h $he usage re-uiremen$
sho8s $ha$ +
1
*ilm can be used in s$orage and $rans.or$ condi$ions *or 8hich higher .h(sico>
chemical charac$eris$ics o* $he *ilm are necessar( bu$ no s$ric$ re-uiremen$s *or air
.ermeabili$( and mois$ air.
Table 4 Ior<ing .arame$ers *or ob$aining mul$ila(er *ilms con$aining adhesi'e ,VOH.
12
Ior<ing
.arame$ers
,7$ernal
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 1
Ea(er
Cen$ral
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 2
Ea(er
!n$ernal
Ea(er
,7$rusion
on head
ED),
,7$ruder 1
,V3
,7$ruder 2
ED),W
adhesi'e
,VOH
,7$ruder 3
,V3
,7$ruder 4
ED),
,7$ruder %
)ro.osed *ilm
$hic<ness, Vm
30 20 %0 2% 3% 110
2eali;ed
$hic<ness, Vm
24.3 20.2 44.J 24.4 34.J 1%B.B
)ressure in
<g*Kcm2, in $he
*eeder
en$rance
sec$ion
C")a@
310
C3%.3@
340
C3B.2%@
4B0
C4J@
13J
C13.43@
34%
C33.B3@
4%
"el$
$em.era$ures,
MC
22% 22% 14% 220 14% 23%
Curren$
!n$ensi$( $o $he
e7$ruder
*eeding, 3
%4 10 BJ 4B BJ 0,%
cre8
ro$a$ions,
ro$Kmin
30 32 1B J1 14 1%
Volume$ric
*lo8, <gKh
Cm
3
Ks@A
31
C1.0J710
>%
@
24
CJ.1J710
>1
@
10
C1.%4%710
>%
@
30
CB.41710
>1
@
42
C1.2%710
>%
@
142
C%.11710
>%
@
Viscosi$( a$
$he
$em.era$ure a$
$he no;;le
en$rance, )as
11.%B710
3
11.4%710
3
13.BB710
3
12.34710
3
13.BB710
3
11.00710
3
Densi$(,
<gKm
3
430 430 1040
CDmKD'@
430 430 44%
CDmKD'@
,7.onen$ n,
*rom $he rel.
C1@
dimensionless
0.3% 0.40 0.3J 0.40 0.3% 0.3%
)ressure dro. 44J.3% 302.JB 411.%J 3%B.14 %41.14 J11.02
13
Ior<ing
.arame$ers
,7$ernal
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 1
Ea(er
Cen$ral
Ea(er
3dhesi'e 2
Ea(er
!n$ernal
Ea(er
,7$rusion
on head
in each *eeder
o* $he e7$ruder,
)a
Veloci$( a$
$he no;;le e7i$,
mKs
1.03 0.B1 1.31 0.BB 1.13 1.2J
Correc$ed
'eloci$(,mKs
0.B2 0.13 0.B4 0.1B 0.B4 0.B4
hear s$ress a$
no;;le 8all,
)a, con*.rel.CJ@
> > > > > 21BB.13
Table %
)h(sico>chemical charac$eris$ics o* $he ob$ained mul$ila(ered *ilm 8i$h ,VOH as adhesi'e
Charac$eris$ics &" Tes$ing
"e$hod
"inimum
Values as
guidance *or
use,
com.ared $o
$he maLori$(
ma$erials
3chie'ed
Values
1. Trac$ion C.ulling s.eed
100mmKmin@
"D>$ensile s$rengh$
- $ension
- elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
!O
11B4 :B3
min 11,1B
>
B4.1
J
>$o $ear
- resis$ence
- elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
min 142,J
200
20J.3
24%
TD>in $ension
- $ension
- elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
min 11,1B
>
B2.B0
11
14
>$o $ear
> resis$ence
> elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
102
2%0
14B
320
2. 2esis$ence a$ shoc<
b( Trac$ion
"D> *or shee$
>*or ma$erial
JKm
<JKm
2
!O 1%21,
sam.le $(.e 2
and 3 >
1000
140
2300
TD> *or shee$
> *or ma$erial
JKm
<JKm
2
>
400
143
1B2%
3. 2esis$ence $o im.ac$
Dar$'is, mul$ia7iall(
> im.ac$ s$reng$h $o
$ear H
!O JJ1%>2
min %0 B3
> im.ac$ energ( $o $ear J 1.B
4.
2esis$ence a$
lacera$ion
"D >*or shee$
> *or ma$erial
H
HKmm
!O 13B3>2
min 2
>
4.4
44
TD>*or shee$
>*or ma$erial
H
HKmm
>
>
%. )ermeabili$( a$ o7(gen
C23MC, 1 bar@
cm
3
Km
2
K24h !O 2%%1 :J4 ma7 100 33
1. )ermeabili$( a$ 8a$er
8e$ air C23MC,
sa$ura$ion H2@
gKm
2
K24h ma7 4 1.J
J. Ieigh$ uni$ area gKm
2
!O 4%41 :42 1%%
The use o* ED),W,VOH as a core la(er com.ared $o $he use o* onl( ED),
de$ermines an increase o* .h(sical and mechanical .ro.er$ies, such as: $ensile s$reng$h,
im.ac$ s$reng$h b( $ensile, $ear s$reng$h and lo8 .ermeabili$( $o o7(gen and humid air 8i$h
15
8a$er. These charac$eris$ics ac-uired b( $he addi$ion o* ,VOH ma<e $hem usable *or
.ac<aging, s$orage and $rans.or$ o* .erishable .roduc$s 8hich re-uire limi$ed mois$ure
en'ironmen$s.
Table 1 Ior<ing .arame$ers *or ob$aining $he *ilm 8i$h $he s$ruc$ure
EED),K,V3K)31K,V3KEED), .
Table 1
Ior<ing
.arame$ers
,7$ernal
Ea(er
,7$ruder 1
3dhesi'e
Ea(er 1
,7$ruder 2
Cen$ral
Ea(er
,7$ruder
3
3dhesi'e
Ea(er 2
,7$ruder 4
!n$ernal
Ea(er
,7$ruder
%
,7$rusion
on head
EED), ,V3 )31 ,V3 EED),
)ro.osed *ilm
$hic<ness, Vm
%0 10 40 10 %0 110
2eali;ed
$hic<ness, Vm 44.3 10.2 34.J 11.0 44.4 1%4.1
)ressures, in
<g*Kcm
2
, a$ $he
en$rance sec$ionA
")a
1%1
C1%.3@
1J%
C1J.1@
40%
C40.2@
13%
C13.2@
30B
C30.2@
310
3'erage "el$ing
$em.era$ures, MC
210 210 22% 220 140 23%
Curren$ in$ensi$(
$o $he e7$ruder
*eeding, 3
2B 24 J4 4% J0 0,%
cre8
ro$a$ions,ro$Kmin
23 23 %J B4 12 1%
+lo8, <gKh
10 12 4B 12 10 142
Volume$ric *lo8,
m
3
Ks
1.BN10
>%
3.1N10
>1
1.12N10
>%
3.1N10
>1
1.BN10
>%
%.4BN10
>%
Viscosi$( a$ $he
$em.era$ure a$
$he no;;le
en$rance, )a
%
s
2.11N10
4
14.1BN10
3
%.4JN10
3
12.34N10
3
3N10
4
2.11N10
4
Densi$(, <gKm
3
420 430 1120 430 420 4J2
,7.onen$ n *rom
$he rel.C1@
0.10 0.40 0.J0 0.40 0.10 0.%4
16
Ior<ing
.arame$ers
,7$ernal
Ea(er
,7$ruder 1
3dhesi'e
Ea(er 1
,7$ruder 2
Cen$ral
Ea(er
,7$ruder
3
3dhesi'e
Ea(er 2
,7$ruder 4
!n$ernal
Ea(er
,7$ruder
%
,7$rusion
on head
mensional
)ressure dro. in
each *eeder, )a
241.42 244.14 1%2.4 24B.2 343.% 102.4
Veloci$( a$ $he
no;;le e7i$, mKs
0.J2 0.J4 0.%2 0.J3 0.B1 1.11
Correc$ed
'eloci$( 8i$h $he
rel.C1@, mKs
0.%2 0.11 0.3J 0.%J 0.12 0.B2
hear s$ress a$
no;;le 8all, )a
> > > > > 1J22.11
The use o* )3 1 as a cen$ral la(er com.ared $o $he use o* ED),W,VOH de$ermined
an increase o* .h(sical and mechanical .ro.er$ies, such as: $ensile s$reng$h, im.ac$ s$reng$h
b( $ensile, im.ac$ resis$ance, resis$ance $o $ear s$reng$h, and o7(gen .ermeabili$( $o 8a$er and
mois$ air are 'er( close. These charac$eris$ics ac-uired b( $he addi$ion o* )31 ma<e $hem
usable *or .ac<aging, s$orage and $rans.or$ o* .erishable .roduc$s $ha$ re-uire $am.er
resis$ance and are subLec$ $o .ossible collisions.
Table J
)h(sico>chemical charac$eris$ics o* $he ob$ained mul$ila(ered *ilm 8i$h ,V3 and )31
Charac$eris$ics &" Tes$ing
"e$hod
"inimum
Values as
guidance *or
use,
com.ared $o
$he maLori$(
ma$erials
3chie'ed
Values
17
1
.
Trac$ion C.ulling s.eed
100mmKmin@
"D> $ensile s$reng$h
- $ension
- elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
!O
11B4 :B3 min 11.1B
>
42.1
J
>$o $ear
- s$reng$h
- elonga$ion
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
TD>in $ension
- $ension
- elonga$ion
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>$o $ear
> resis$ence
> elonga$ion
9g*Kcm
2
U
>>>>>>
9g*Kcm
2
U
>>>>>>
9g*Kcm
2
U
min 142.J
200
>>>>>>>
min 11.1B
>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
102
2%0
21J.3
2%%
>>>>>>>
B4.10
11
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1JJ
322
2
.
2esis$ence $o shoc<
b( Trac$ion
"D> *or shee$
>*or ma$erial
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
TD> *or shee$
> *or ma$erial
JKm
<JKm
2
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
JKm
<JKm
2
!O 1%21,
sam.le $(.e 2
i 3 >
1000
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>
400
140
233%
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
110
14J%
18
3
.
2esis$ence $o im.ac$
Dar$'is, mul$ia7iall(
> im.ac$ s$reng$h $o
$ear H
!O JJ1%>2
min %0 BJ
> im.ac$ energ( $o $ear J > 1.4
4
.
2esis$ence a$
lacera$ion
"D>*or shee$
>*or ma$erial
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
TD>*or shee$
>*or ma$erial
H
HKmm
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
H
HKmm
!O 13B3>2
min 2
>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
min 3
>
4.4
%4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1.4
BJ
%
.
)ermeabili$( a$ o7(gen
C23MC, 1 bar@
cm
3
Km
2
K24h !O 2%%1 :J4 ma7
100
2J
1
.
)ermeabili$( a$ 8a$er
8er air C23MC,
sa$ura$ion H2@
gKm
2
K24h ma7 4 1.B
J
.
Ieigh$ uni$ area gKm
2
!O 4%41 :42 123
!n all anal(;ed cases, $he .re>es$ablished 'olume$ric and gra'ime$ric *lo8s ha'e been
ini$iall( usedA $he .ressure gradien$s ha'e been es$ablished b( succesi'e e7.erimen$al
calculus and $es$sA $he *lo8ing 'eloci$( *or an o.$imum e7$rusion ha'e also been de$ermined,
no s$ruc$ural *aul$s ha'ing been de$ec$ed. The *lo8ing 'eloci$ies ha'e been correc$ed 8i$h a
correc$ion coe**icien$, 8hich $a<es in$o considera$ion $he *lo8ing inde7 *rom .o8er la8, in
order $o ob$ain $he *lo8ing 'eloci$( o* .ol(mers in $he a'erage .lan.
19
!$ is *ound $ha$ $he de$ermined 'eloci$ies are in*luenced b( $he .ol(mers na$ure and
densi$(, b( $he 8or<ing .ressure and $he scre8 ro$a$ion.
3nal(;ing $he e7.erimen$al da$a, i$ is *ound $ha$, *or $he high densi$( .ol(mers, as
)31, rela$i'el( lo8 *lo8ing 'eloci$ies are needed Cabou$. 0.1J mKs@ o* $he *ilm +1, a$ a
*eeding *lo8 o* %4 <gKh, in order $o ob$ain a cen$ral *ilm o* $hic<ness J0Xm.
!n $he case o* .ol(mers used as adhesi'e in$erla(er C,V3@, $he *lo8ing 'eloci$ies are
o* 1.01mKs and 0.13mKs, a$ a *lo8 o* 2%.2B <gKh, *or a $hic<ness o* la(er o* 30Xm.
The *lo8ing 'eloci$ies o* )31 C+ilm +
3
@ increase b( $he decrease o* $he *lo8 and $he
la(er $hic<ness C0.3J mKs *or a *eeding *lo8 o* 4B <gKh and a la(er $hic<ness o* 40Xm@, 8hile
$he *lo8ing 'eloci$ies o* $he .olar in$er la(ers ,V3 decrease b( $he *lo8 and $he la(er
$hic<ness decrease C0.11 and 0.%J mKs, *or a *lo8 o* 12 <gKh and a la(er $hic<ness o* 10Xm@.
This beha'ior is e7.lained b( $he im.or$an$ di**erence be$8een $he rheological
.arame$ers o* $hose $8o .ol(mers C$ab. 2, 4.1@.
!$ has been calcula$ed $he shear s$ress a$ $he no;;le 8all *or e'er( *ilm a.ar$. 3s much
as $he shear s$ress a$ $he no;;le 8all is more close $o ;ero as $he .ol(mer *lo8ing $hrough $he
no;;le is easier.
!n all e7.erimen$s .er*ormed, i$ has been no$iced $ha$ $he in$er*acial shear s$ress a$ $he
no;;le 8all is belo8 $he cri$ical 'alue C*or e7am.le, *or $he .ol(e$h(lene sor$s $he cri$ical
'alue is o* 0.0411")a or 0.4B <g*Kcm
2
@. !n$er*acial ins$abili$( occurs a$ 'er( close 'alues or
o'er $he cri$ical shear s$ress a$ $he no;;le 8all.
Conc#usions
1. !$ is *ound $ha$ he correc$ed *lo8ing 'eloci$ies se$ in $he a'erage .lane are
in*luenced b( $he na$ure and $he densi$( o* .ol(mers, b( $he 8or<ing .ressure
and $he scre8 ro$a$ion.
20
2. !n all reali;ed e7.erimen$s, i$ is *ound $ha$ $he in$er*acial shear s$ress a$ $he no;;le
8all is belo8 $he cri$ical 'alue, reason *or 8hich i$ is *ound no occur in$er*acial
ins$abili$( .henomenon 8i$h $he .ol(mer brea<ing.
3. #( e7.erimen$al $es$s and calculus ha'e been se$ $he o.$imal *lo8 o* 8or<ing o*
$he e7$rusion ins$alla$ion in $he case o* $he $hree $(.es o* mul$ila(er *ilm,
8i$hou$ ins$abili$( .henomenon occurring.
4. The .h(sico>mechanical charac$eris$ics e'idenced b( $ensile s$reng$h, im.ac$
s$reng$h b( $ensile, im.ac$ resis$ance, $ear s$reng$h o* *ilms +2 8i$h ,VOH and
o* *ilms +3 8i$h )31 are higher $han $hose *or +1 8hich ha'e onl( )31 in $he
inner la(er. These charac$eris$ics ac-uired b( $he addi$ion o* )31 ma<e $hem
usable *or .ac<aging, s$orage and $rans.or$ o* .erishable .roduc$s $ha$ re-uire
$am.er resis$ance and are subLec$ $o .ossible collisions.
R!*!r!nc!s
1. D!EH3H, ". 9., ,EV3H, #., H3E!E, G., De'elo.emen$ o* ,7$rusion !ns$abili$ies and
sur*ace irregulari$ies, $e'ens !ns$i$u$e o* 2heolog(, 2003, .. 11.
2. 9!!, H. ,. and )!3&, J. "., , J. 2heol. 3B, 1444, .. 144J.
3. T,ODO2,C&, D., )a$en$ 3..lica$ion 2O 3 2004>00JJ1, 2B.04.2004
4. COGI,EE, +. H., J. Hon>He8$onian +luid "ech. 2, 14JJ, .. 3J.
%. 3E3H, V., ,uro*ilm 4J, %>J June 144J, +ran<*ur$>Germania
1. CO92,EE, 3., 3"!>Consul$ing, 3nglia>The 1444 3"! )las$ics !ndus$r( eminar
J. D,HH, ". "., 3nnual 2e'. +luid "ech. 33, 2001, .. 21%.
B. DOOE,Y, J., Viscoelas$ic *lo8 e**ec$s in mul$ila(er .ol(mer co>e7$rusion, ,indho'en
Techniche &ni'ersi$e$, 24, 2002, .. 31.
4. )3D!9O&E!3, J. Z VE,C,9, J., 3nal(sis o* ,7$rusion .roblems 8i$h *lo8 simula$ion,
Com.u.las$ !n$erna$ional !nc., 200J, .. 13.
21
10. 2.).CHH3#23, J.+.2!CH32DOH, ,ngineering a..lica$ions, !chem,, 200B, .. 110.
11. D!EH3H, ".9., ,EV3H, #., H3E!E G., De'elo.emen$ o* ,7$rusion !ns$abili$ies and
sur*ace irregulari$ies, $e'ens !ns$i$u$e o* 2heolog(, 2>3J, 2003, .. J%.
12. H3T[!9!2!39O, ., "!GE,2, 9., )ol(mer .rocessing ins$abili$ies>O'er'ie8 o*
.rocessing ins$abili$ies, The &ni'ersi$( o* #ri$ish Columbia, Canada, 2004, .. 1.
13. "!TO&E!, ,., )ol(mer .rocessing ins$abili$ies>econdar( *lo8 ins$abili$ies, The
&ni'ersi$( o* #ri$ish Columbia, Canada, 2004, .. 14.
14. CH3HG, D. H., 2heolog( in .ol(mer .rocessing, He8 Yor<, 3cademic )ress, 14J1
1%. CH3H, !.C., ,7$rusion o* .ol(mers: $heor( and .rac$ice, Hanser ,d., &, 2000, .. 142.
11. H322!, 2."., Coloring $echnolog( *or .las$ics, )las$ics Design Eibrar(, ,d.Iilliam
3ndre8 !nc., &, 1444, .. 1%B.
1J. 23&V,HD33E, C., )ol(mer e7$rusion , 2e'ised 4
$h
,di$ion, Hanser, 2001, .. 33%.
1B. T\H,C&, ).O., T,ODO2,C&, D., H&#C3, GH., 3mbalaLe .olimerice .en$ru
.roduse alimen$are, ,d."3T2!G 2O", #ucure$i, 2010
14. 3E3H, V., T,ODO2,C&, D., )a$en$ 2O12%3BJ, 12.04.200B
20. 3E3H, V., 3E3H, 2. > )a$en$ 2O 11%J42, 01.10.144B
21. ) 44>1%$h 3nnual Iorld Congress 13>1% Dec 1444>[urich,,l'e$ia
22. 3E3H, V., 3HT,C 2001, Congress o* ),, 1>10 "a( 2001>DallasCT7@,&3, )re.rin$s
..2%B1.
23. ],uro.ean )las$ics He8s^ Collec$ion, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443.
24. ])las$i-ues "odernes e$ ,las$omeres^ Collec$ion, 1441, 1443.
2%. #!HH3H, #., +&CH, H., 3..lied scanning .robe me$hods : Charac$e$i;a$ion !!!,
.ringer, 2001, ..B4.
21. OD!3H, G., )rinci.les o* )ol(meri;a$ion, Iile( !n$erscience, 2004, ..31.
22
2J. 3ll Your )ol(mer Heeds 888.sigmaaldrich.comKe$cKmedialibKdiesK3ldrichKGeneral>
!n*orma$ionK$hermal_$ransi$ion_o*_homo.ol(mers.)ar.001.+ile.$m.K$hermal_$ransi$ion_o*_.ol(mers.
.d* ,
2B. "329, J., )h(sical )ro.er$ies o* )ol(mers Handboo<, second edi$ion, .ringer, &,
2003, ..44.
24. E!D,, D., +OG, 2., C2C Handboo< o* Chemis$r( and )h(sics> $ccm E2H, Glass
Transi$ion Tem.era$ure *or elec$ed )ol(mers, ..13.
30. T&DO,, 2., )rocese i u$ilaLe `n indus$ria de .relucrare a com.uilor macromoleculari,
,d.Tehnic5, #ucure$i, 14J1, .. 411.

23