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20
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21
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf
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22
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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23
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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24
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d m;olrsm;u olw@dk &ŒJ Ekid if aH &;awmif;qkcd suaf wG/ rlusi0hf wf/
euf±_dif;wJh bmoma&;,kH=unfcsuf/ ,Ofaus;r_&dk;&mtpOftvm xdef;odrf;a&;/ tkyfpk
&Siof efa&; pwmawG wnf+yD; awmif;qkv d m=uw,f? olw@dk awmif;qkcd suaf wG[m tay;
t,l tavsmt h wif;vkyrf &atmifukd ta&;}uD;w,fv@dk ,lqxm;=uw,f? tusK;d quf
u aphpyf!E‡d id_ ;f vd@k r&awmhwmyg? &d;k &mtpGt J vrf;,H=k unfcsuu f kd enf;enf;tav#mah y;
vdkuf&if vlrsdK;wkHk;r,f/ wdkif;jynfysufr,fqdk+yD; taoudkifxm;wwf=uygw,f?
okd@ESifhwkdif +idrf;csrf;wJh'Drkdua&pDjzpfpOfrSmawmh EkdifiHa&;yÉdyuQajz&Sif;&mrSm
aphpyf!d‡E_dif;jcif;/ tay;t,l tavsmhtwif;vkyfjcif;qkdwmawG r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfygw,f?
&ifhusuf+yD; wnf+idrfwJh 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD;rsm;rSm jyif;xeftpGef;a&mufwJh ,Ofaus;r_
yÉdyuQawGukd a&SmifEkdifwJh tpDtrHawG vkyfxm;Ekdif=uygw,f? Oyrm ,Ofaus;r_ yÉdyuQ
awG jynfol=um;rSm }uD;}uD;rm;rm; jzpfcJh&ifawmif/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGeJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;
vkyfief;awGuwqifh em;vnf&if;ESD;r_ &,lEdkifzdk@/ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awGukd aphpyf!d‡E_dif;Ekdifzkd@
vrf;zGifhay;xm;+yD; EkdifiHa&;jy\embufqD ul;roGm;atmif wm;qD;xm;=uw,f? ,Of
aus;r_ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ wnf&SdaewJh tar&du/ qGpfZmvef/ b,f*sD,H/ e,fomvefeJ@
uae'grSm txl;ojzifh jrifomygw,f?

25
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf
wdik ;f jynfwjynfrmS 'Dru
kd a&pDtwGuf tcgtcGio
hf mapr,fh tcif;tusi;f awG
&Sdr,fqdk&if ,Ofaus;r_uGJjym;r_a=umifh jzpfvmr,fh qdk;0g;wJh EdkifiHa&;tusdK;qufawGudk
ydk+yD;xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifygw,f?

aysmf0ifaygif;pyfjcif;

'DyHkpHuawmh tar&duef&JΠaysmf0iftdk;}uD; Melting Pot ygyJ? 1848-1920

twGif; tar&durSm v$rf;rkd;aewJh ,Ofaus;r_u +AdwdefEkdifiHu ajymif;a±$Œvm+yD; tajccs
aeolvljzLawG tckdiftrmwnfaqmufxm;wJh ,Ofaus;r_ jzpfaew,f? +Adwdefr[kwfwJh
bmompum;rwl/ vlrsKd;rwl/ wjcm;a'ou ajymif;vmwJhvlawGeJ@ tJ'D,Ofaus;r_wkd@
xdyfwkdufwkd; &ifqkdifcJh=uygw,f?
1910 a&mufawmh tar&durSmaewJh vljzLig;a,mufrSm wpfa,mufu
wjcm;wkid ;f jynfrmS arG;zGm;vmolawG jzpfw,f? rdbawGrmS vJ av;a,mufrmS wpfa,muf
u jynfyEdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm arG;vmolawGjzpfw,f? okd@aomf r=umygbl; tar&dua&muf+yD;
rsKd;qufwpfquf ESpfquftwGif;rSmyJ olwkd@u xyfarG;vmwJh rsKd;qufopfawG[m ,Of
aus;r_aysmf0iftdk;}uD;xJ aygif;pyfoGm;=uw,f? olwkd@qkdif&m bdk;pOfabmifqufaecJhwJh
wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ ,Ofaus;r_awGudk wpkw H &m wG,w f maeonfw h idk f tar&duefEidk if t
H ay: Ekid if H
a&;t& opPmxm;vm=uw,f? txl;ojzifh tar&duefjzpf&jcif; trsKd;om;a&; trSwf
vuQ%mudk *k%f,lwwfvm=uygw,f?
xke@J xnfe@J 0ifa&mufvm=uolawGudk wpkv H ;Hk twkid ;f twmtm;jzifh ,Ofaus;
r_ ul;pufaysm0f ifomG ;w,f qkad yr,fh tar&duefv@l tzG@J tpnf;rSm vlrsK;d a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_
qkid &f m uGjJ ym;euf±id_ ;f r_awGukd &ifqidk w
f ;dk wJt
h cg ,Ofaus;r_ aysm0f ift;kd rSmawmif jy\em
awG ay:vmcJhygw,f?
tar&durSm &Sn=f umpGmaecJw h hJ a'ocHvrl sK;d rsm;eJ@ vljzLwk@d t=um; &ifqidk af wG@
=uwJt h cg ,Ofaus;r_aysm0f ifaygi;f pyfwmawG arhaysmufomG ;+yD;/ twif;t"rR ae&mjyefcs
xm;r_ oD;jcm;cGJaeckdif;r_ pwmawG jzpfvmw,f? wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ra&mufrD tar&durSm
a&S;OD;rqGuxJu aevmwJh tif'D;,ef;awGvkdyJ/ tvGefrsm;jym;wJh tmz&duef-tar&d
uef aus;u|efawGeJ@ olwkd@&JŒom;pOfajr;qufrsm;ukd tar&duefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;taeeJ@
tar&duef,Ofaus;r_xJ aysmf0ifaygif;pyfEkdifatmif rwwfEkdifcJhygbl;?
vlrsKd;uGJjym;wmukd tajccH+yD; t"rRykHoGif;xm;wJh ZmwfcGJjcm;r_eJ@ aus;u|ef
pepfu aysm0f ifaygi;f pyfjcif; vG,v f ,G u f u l rl jzpfatmif [ef@wm;xm;cJyh gw,f? v,f,m
vkyfief;eJ@ &xm;vrf;awGrSm tm&Su vmtvkyfvkyf=uwJholawGukdvnf; ,Ofaus;r_
aysm0f if aygi;f ul;atmif rvkyaf y;Ekid cf yhJ g? b0aexkid rf y_ pHk H tajccHutp uGjJ ym;wJh tar&d

26
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
uefawmifykdif;om;awGeJ@ ajrmufykdif;eJ@taemufykdif;jynfe,faeolawGt=um;rSm wjynf
axmifxJ twlaeoltcsif;csif;t=um; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;jcif;[m jyefaphpyfr&awmhyJ/ xdef;
csKyfr&awmhwt hJ xd jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? aemufq;kH ajz&Si;f r&awmhyJ jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmuf
avmifoGm;&wJhtxdygyJ?
jynfwiG ;f ppfu av;ESp=f um+yD; vltajrmuftrsm; aoqk;H cJ&h w,f? awmifyidk ;f
u ±_;H edr+hf yD;/ u|epf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f ypfonfw
h idk f yÉdyuQu r+yD;qk;H cJyh g? awmifyidk ;f &JŒ oD;jcm;
,Ofaus;r_eJ@ vlr_taqmufttkHtwGif; tmz&duef-tar&duef jynfolrsm;ukd +cdrf;
ajcmufwm/ t=urf;zufwmawGeJ@ vufatmufcHðyjrJ ðyxm;cJhygw,f? 20 &mpktukef
rSmawmh tar&duef&JΠorkdif;0if aysmf0ifaygif;pyfa&;vkyf&yf[m wjznf;jznf;rsm;vmwJh
“[pfpfyef;epf” awGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif ukdifwG,fEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;bl;qdkwm xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; awG@&ygw,f?
'Dru
dk &ufwpfusiphf OfatmufrmS ,Ofaus;r_yÉdyuQawGudk +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f ukid f
wG,f ajz&Si;f Ekid yf grh vm;qkw d m oHo,&Szd , G f tajctae qdu k af ew,f? ,Ofaus;r_aygi;f pkH
xGef;um;wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf tar&du[m qufzGH@òzd;vmrSmvm;/ ,Ofaus;r_
axGjym;r_uwqifh ykdtqifjrifhwJh tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_/ onf;cHr_eJ@ vkdufavsmr_wkd@ukd
arG;xkwfay;EkdifwJh wpfckwnf;aomvltzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf wnf&SdEdkifrvm;qdkwmuawmh
qufapmifh=unfh&ygOD;r,f?

trsm;oabmt& qkH;jzwfjcif;

qGpfZmvef/ b,f*sD,HeJ@ e,fomvefwkd@rSm xl;jcm;csufudk,fpDeJ@ ol@tvkdvkd

yÉdyuQjzpfvmEkid wf hJ ,Ofaus;r_awG &Syd gw,f? tJ'ED idk if aH wG&ŒJ tawG@tóuHuae oifcef;pm
&Ekdifwmuawmh ygvDrefeJ@ uufbdeufwkd@rSm qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
oabmwlnDr_ w+ydKifeufxJ&rS jzpfr,fqkdwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfawG zefwD;Edkifr_ygyJ?
trsm;tm;jzifh ygwDtrsdK;rsdK; tkyfpktrsdK;rsdK;t=um; !$ef@aygif;yHkpHeJ@ tm;vkH; oabmwlnD
wJh rl0g'awG xGufay:vmapEdkifw,f?
vlenf;pktkyfpk&JΠuGJjym;jcm;em;wJh ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd ododomom
xdckdufEkdifw,fqkd&if tpkd;&qkH;jzwfcsuf[m ygvDrefeJ@ uufbdeufrSm trsm;oabmwl
nDr_ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ &,lzkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? vlrsdK;pk}uD;&J@ v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_uae vGwf
ajrmuf+yD;/ uufbdeufeJ@ ygvDrefrSm tkyfpkwpfpkcsif;pD&JΠukd,fpm;vS,fawGu yGifhvif;wJh
oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufwpfck twnfðycsrSwfvmEdkifw,f?
tJh'DqkH;jzwfcsuf[m oD;jcm;vlenf;pk ,Ofaus;r_tkyfpk tenfqkH;wpfck tusKd;
pDyGm;ukd xda&mufpGm udk,fpm;ðyEkdif&ygr,f? tJ'Dvdk acsmacsmarmarmjzpfvmatmif

27
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf
ygvDreftrwfawGu ygvDreftwGif; tkyfpkwpfckcsif;&JΠukd,fpm;vS,fawGtm;vHk;udk
r#r#ww ukd,fpm;ðyzkd@ taotcsm pDppf&ygw,f? uufbdeufrSmvnf; tkyfpki,f vlrsdK;
pki,fawG&@J uk, d pf m;vS,af wG yg0ifapw,f? vlenf;pk/ ,Ofaus;r_ rwlwhJ tkypf w k pfcck si;f
pD&J@ ukd,fpm;vS,fawG uufbdeufrSm rdrdwdk@ oabmrwlwJh ay:vpDawGtay: “ADwkd”
okH;cGifh&vm=uw,f?
rwluGJjym;wJh vlrsdK;pki,fawG/ tkyfpki,fawGt=um; !$ef@aygif;vkyfzdk@u
acgif;aqmifawGrSm ajyajyvnfvnf vkyfEkdifpGrf;&nf &Sd&ygr,f? tay;t,lvkyf&mrSm
jrifhrm;wJh onf;cHpdwf &Sd=u&ygr,f? yÉdyuQawGeJ@jy\emawG&JŒ tajzukd aphpyf!d‡E_dif;
az:xkwf&mrSm aemufvkdufawG&JΠoabmwlnDr_&atmif pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sd+yD; av;pm;
xkdufwJh acgif;aqmifrsKd; &Sd&r,f? yef;wkdifeJ@ wefzkd;owfrSwfjyXmef;csufawGu oabmwl
nDcsu&f Ekid af vmufatmif tus,t f jyef@oabm aqmif&ygr,f? csucf si;f cGx J u
G rf ,fqw kd hJ
awmif;qkcd suaf wGudk rawmif;jzpfatmif wGe;f yk@d ay;Ekid w
f hJ trsK;d om;a&;pnf;vH;k r_ wefb;kd
trSwfvuQ%mawG &Sd&ygr,f? t=urf;zufenf;/ awmfvSefa&;enf;awGukd z,f &Sm;EkdifwJh
'Drkdu&ufwpf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;awGtay: ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf vdkufem=uzdk@ vdkygr,f?

oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfciG ahf y;jcif;

,Ofaus;r_ uGm[csuf odyfeuf±_dif;+yD; ajz&Sif;r&Ekdif=u&if enf;vrf;wpfcku

oD;jcm; cGJaexdkifcGifh ay;xm;+yD;/ olwkd@ trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%m xdef;odrf;EkdifwJh ukd,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifhukd tvkHtavmufay;+yD; oD;oef@EkdifiHa&;,lepftjzpf owfrSwfay;&ygr,f?
wcsKdŒaomtajctaersKd;rSm z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfu ajz&Sif;enf;wpfrsKd; jzpfEkdif
ygw,f? oD;jcm;tpkd;&tjzpf vGwfvyfaomjynfe,f (State)/ jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o
(Province) pojzifh cGJjcm;owfrSwf+yD; rwluGJjym;wJh tkyfpkawG vufcHEkdifavmufatmif
vkHavmufwJh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhawG ay;&rSmyg?
“qGpf”[m vlrsKd;aygif;pkH&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfygw,f? rwluGJjym;wJh vlenf;pk
,Ofaus;r_tkyfpkawGudk e,fajrowfrSwfay;+yD; aexdkifcGifhay;wm&,f/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh
ydkif;jcm;xm;ayr,fh wwdkif;jynfvHk;&J@ trsdK;om;a&; vuQ%mwefbdk;awGeJ@ z,f'&,f
jynfaxmifpk awmifhwif;cdkifrmr_udk qGpfZmvefu jyoygw,f? odk@aomf qGpftwGuf
jzpfEdkifayr,fh tjcm;EkdifiHawGtwGuf toHk;0ifrS 0ifygvdrfhr,f?
'ghxuf t&SdefvGef+yD; rwlnDwJh ,Ofaus;r_awGt=um; aphr&wma=umifh vHk;0
vGwfvyffa&; (Independence) txd awmif;qkdvmr_awG &Sdwwfygw,f? odk@ESifhwdkif 'Drkd
u&ufwpf pHE_ef;awGeJ@ &ifhusufvm+yDqdk&if EdkifiHwEdkifiHuae +idrf;csrf;pGm ESpfjcrf;uGJ
oGm;wm odyfjy\em r&SdEkdifbl;vkd@ xifygw,f? Oyrm - qGD'ifeJ@wGJaewJh aemfa0;[m/

28
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
vGwfvyfa&;&cgeD; &mpkwpfckeD;yg; wGJae+yD;/ 1905 rSm vGwfvyfa&;ukd +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
&cJhygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkwJh e,fajrydkifeufwpfckxJrSmyJ ,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHk
rsdK;EG,fpk aygif;pHkjzpfae&if vGwfvyfa&;twGuf cufcJ=urf;wrf;r_awG jzpfvmapygw,f?
Quebec jynfe,fu uae'guae cGx J uG +f yD; vGwv
f yfa&;vkcd siaf yr,fh tJ'jD ynfe,fxrJ mS
uae'gEkdifiHom;tjzpfeJ@om qufaecsifolawG/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymolawG/ tjcm;u
0ifvmolawG &Sdaeygw,f? ykdifeufe,fajrt& cGJxGufEkdifw,f qdkayr,fh/ EkdifiHa&;t&
±_yfaxG;aeygw,f?

'Drkdu&ufwpf ,Ofaus;r_tay: ,kH=unfcsuf

20 &mpktwGi;f 'Dru dk a&pDtpk;d &awG r=umc% +ydKvJuswm &Sad eayr,f/h wcsKŒd

aom 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG[m &ifqkdif&wJh tcuftcJt=uyftwnf; rkefwkdif;trsKd;rsKd;ukd
jzwfausmfEkdifcJhygw,f? wcsdK@u w}udrfru t}udrf}udrf jzwfausmfEkdifcJhwmyg? jyif;xefwJh
,Ofaus;r_ujJG ym;r_a=umifh jzpfay:vmwJah b;tE &W m,fudk ausmjf zwfEidk cf =hJ uygw,f? wcsKŒd
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG[m ,cifuxufykd+yD; tE W&m,fv_dif;'%fawGukd cHEkdif&nf&Sdvmw,f?
wcsKdŒEkdifiHawGrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftaqmufttkHawGa=umifh t=uyftwnf;
tcuftcJawGukd ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;Ekdif+yD;/ wcsKdŒ'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG bma=umifh rausmf
jzwfEkdif&wmvJ? txufuwifjycJhwJh 'Drkdua&pDukd taxmuftulðywJh ta&;ygwJh
tajctaeay;r_ t&yf&yf&Sdjcif; r&Sdjcif;ay: rlwnfaeygw,f? aemufwpfcku acgif;aqmif
eJ@ aemufvkdufjynfolawGu 'Drkdu&ufwpf tkdif'D,m/ wefzkd;eJ@ vkyf&yfawGukd xufxuf
oefoef axmufc=H uw,fq&dk if tJ'w D idk ;f jynfrmS wnf+idrw f hJ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;tvm;tvm
awG ykad umif;onfxuf aumif;vmrSmyg? tJ', D =Hk unfcsuef @J pdwaf eoabmxm;awG[m
wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ ,Ofaus;r_xrJ mS pGwJ ifepf0ifaewJu h mvrsK;d rSm xufoefpw d cf s&wJh axmufcrH _
awG ykdvmrSm aocsmygw,f? rsKd;qufwpfqufrSwpfquf pdrfh0ifysH@ESH@aerS ykdckdifrmygvdrfh
r,f? wenf;ajym&&if 'Dru dk &ufwpfEidk if aH &;,Ofaus;r_udk ykid q f idk af e+yDv@dk ajymEkid yf gw,f?
'Drkdu&ufwpfEdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_u jynfolawGukd atmufygtajctaeawG
vufcH,kH=unfhvmapygw,f?
- 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ EkdifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_[m vkdvm;wJh yef;wkdifjzpfw,f?
- wyfeJ@ &Jtay: xdef;csKyfcGifhukd a&G;cs,fcHxm;&wJh acgif;aqmifrsm;vuf0,f tjynfht0
xm;&r,f?
- jynfol=um;wGif jzpfay:wJh oabmxm;uGJvGJr_/ EkdifiHa&;tjrifuGJjym;r_wkd@ukd pdwf&Snf
onf;cH&r,f?

29
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf
- tajccHusaom 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm; wnf&Sd&r,f? (ta&G;cs,fcH
uk,
d pf m;vnfrsm;/ vGwv f yfr#waom a&G;aumufyrJG sm;/ vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:a&;om;
ajymqkdcGifhrsm;/ owif;&Ekdifonfh trsKd;rsKd;aom enf;vrf;rsm;/ toif;tzGJ@qkdif&m
ukd,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ EkdifiHom;wpfOD;taejzifh us,fjyef@pGm yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh
wdk@jzpfygw,f)

aps;uGufpDyGm;a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_

orkdif;qkdif&m ±_a'gifhuajymr,fqkd&if 'Drkdu&ufwpf,kH=unfr_/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf

,Ofaus;r_w@dk e@J eD;eD;uyfuyf qufpyfaewJt h &muawmh aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfv@dk qkEd idk f
ygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftaqmufttkHawG jzpfay:vmatmif taxmuftultrsm;}uD;
ay;EkdifwJht&mu aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;yJjzpfw,f? t"dutm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGukd
EkdifiHawmf (State) u rykdifbJ yk*~vduykdifrsm; jzpf&ygr,f?
odk@ESifhwdkif 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ aps;uGuft&if;&Sifpepfwkd@tay: tjiif;yGm;p&mawG
vnf; &Sdygw,f? aps;uGuft&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;atmufrSm vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_awGeJ@twl
wif;rmr_awG &Sdaevdk@ygyJ? pD;yGm;a&;rSm nDr#r_awGr&Sd&if EkdifiHa&;wef;wl&nfwl &zkd@ rjzpf
Ekdifygbl;? okd@aomf wzufuvnf; aoG;pkyfwJh t&if;&Sifpepfukd ykd,Ofyg;atmif 'Drkdua&pD
u vkyfaqmifay;Edkif+yD;/ wqifhjrifhwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf jzpfvmapEdkifygw,f? EkdifiH
a&;taqmufttkaH wG zG@H ®z;vmzk@d / xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid zf @dk uv
dk nf; aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;a=umifh
zGH@xGm;vmwJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u taxmuftulay;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@®z;r_ESifhtwl
'Drudk a&pDa&;ukd OD;aqmifr,fh ynmwwf vlvwfwef;pm; tiftm;awmifw h if;vmwmu
vnf; jiif;r&ygbl;?
w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;eJ@ umv&Snf=um&xm;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@[m 'Drkdua&pD
a&;udk taxmuftulðywJh zufwmawGygyJ/ tcsKyfqdk&&if txufaz: jyyg tajctae
awGeJ@twl 'Drkdu&ufwpftaqmufttkHawG zGH@®z;&Sifoefatmif vkyf&ygr,f? ay:vpD
rdwfumrsm; taeeJ@ wdkif;jynfb,fvdktajctae b,fvdktaetxm;&Sd&Sd 'Drkdu&ufwpf
a&cHajrcHawG&vmatmif tajrmftjrif&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmifae=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?

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On Democracy by Robert A. Dall

Political Theory by Andrew Heywood

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