tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)?

atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

&Jjrifah usmf

wD,efrifa&Smch f ESihf ql't

kd &if;&Sipf epf
ayusif;+rdKŒ wD,efrif&ifjyif tpkvkduftòyHvkduf vlowfyGJ[m 2009 ZGefv
(3)&uf/ (4)&ufrSm tESpf ESpfq,fwif;wif; jynfhcJhyg+yD? 1974 ckESpf ay:wl*D&JΠtajymif;
tvJupvkd@ wurBmvkH;rSm 'Drkdua&pDta&;awG v_yfv_yf±G±Gjzpfvm+yD; awmiftar&du/
ta±SŒOa&myEkdifiHawGukd ul;pufoGm;ygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHjzpf
+yD; aemufESpfrSm wD,efrifta&;tcif;jzpfcJhygw,f? aemufykdif; bmvifwHwkdif;+ydK/
qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk urBmhajrykHay:rS aysmufuG,fr_eJ@ ppfat;acwftqkH;owfoGm;+yD;
urBmhtcif;tusif;awG ajymif;vJoGm;ygw,f?
w±kwf&JŒ vuf&Sdtaetxm;u &ifwxdwfxdwfeJ@yg? jynfe,fawGrSm qENjyr_
awGjzpfaew,f? tESpf(20)jynfhtwGuf txdrf;trSwfyGJawG rvkyfEkdifatmif wD,efrif
&ifjyiftjynfh vkòH cHa&;tapmift
h =uyfawG csxm;cJw h ,f? Ekid if jH cm;{nfo
h nfawGudk 0ifayguf
awGrmS taocsm &SmazGppfaq;w,f? owif;axmufawG armif;xkw/f tifwmeufawGudk
ydwfqkd@? 1989 ckESpfrSm 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;olawGukd w±kwfppfwyfu &uf&ufpufpuf
aoG;pGef;apcJhwJh jzpf&yftay: uGefjrLepfygwDukd,fwkdifu xdwfvef@ajcmufjcm;aewkef;ygyJ?
q,fpkESpfESpfckausmf wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; tHhbeef; wkd;wufcJhayr,fh w±kwf
tm%mykdifawG ol@vlxkukd t+rJa=umufvef@aewkef;yg? ZGefv ESpfywfvnf ra&mufcif
uwnf;u wD,efrifta&;cif;rSm yg0ifco hJ al wG&ŒJ rdom;pkawG/ aoqk;H cJo h al wG&ŒJ rdcifawG/
vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olawGukd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;w,f? jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;u
ajr,m/ v,f,m/ tvkyform;/ tkd;tdrf&ykdifcGifh awmif;qkdolawG a&SŒaeawGukd zrf;qD;
axmifcsw,f?

74
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
w±kwforkdif;ukd rSefrSefuefuefavhvmzkd@vnf; ausmif;om;awGukd cGifhrðyyg?
1989 ckESpf tpkvkduftòyHvkduf owf+yD;uwnfu ppfwyf+ydKuGJ+yD; tm%modrf;r,fvkd@
xifa=u;trsKd;rsKd;ay;cJhayr,fh bmt&dyfta,mifrSm rjrif&yg? urBm}uD;uvnf; pef;yGifh
vGef;wJh w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;aemufyJ oJoJrJrJvkdufae+yD;/ vlxktay: zdESdyfr_awGukdawmh
‘vkyfae=uyJav’ qkd+yD; *±k%moufrd[ef?

[la,mifbef;/ ausmufusd,ef/ abmifawmif

tpjyefaumuf&&if 1978 rSm wdef@a&Smifyif;tm%m&+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG

'&pyf vkyfcJhygw,f? 1986 usawmh wdef@&JΠ!$ef=um;csufeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfausmufusd,efu
EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJzkd@ jzpfEkdifacs qef;ppf&r,fh vkyfief;tzGJ@ukd xlaxmifcJhygw,f?
t"duta=umif;uawmh ygwDu tvGeftu|Hukdifxm;wJh A[kdOD;pD;pepfukd ajzavsmhzkd@?
aemuf ygwDwGif;rSmvnf; ‘EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rvkyf&if pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
a&SŒra±GŒEkdifbl;’qkdwJh t,ltq uJvmvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;}uD; wdef@ukd,fwkdifvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGtay:
tawmfu h dk owd}uD;}uD;xm; vkyaf e&csed yf g? 1987 'DZifbmrSm uGejf rLepfygwD taxGaxG
twGif;a&;r_; ‘[la,mifbef;’ukd wdef@u twif;z,fxkwfypfvkdufawmh jy\emawGu
pvmygw,f? [lu vpfb&,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;xktay: oabmaumif;
vGe;f ol? vlvwfwef;pm;tv$meJ@ ausmif;om;xkt=um; a&yef;pm;vGe;f +yD; ykEH ydS x f wk af 0
cGifhawG tm;ay;vGef;awmh ygwDwGif; a&S;±kd;pGJ ±kyf=urf;0g'Dtkyfpk&JŒ +idKjiifapmif;ajrmif;r_
cHae&ol?
okd@aomf [l&JŒ ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;ae&mqufcHwJh ‘ausmufusd,ef’
eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf ‘abmifawmif’ wkd@uvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vrf;a=umif;aemufyJ
waumufaumuf qufvkdufygw,f? q&mwynfhESpfa,mufu vpfb&,fynmwwf
t&m&SdawG pkpnf;+yD; ygwDukd EkdifiHawmfuae cGJxm;zkd@/ tm%muef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;
(Checks and Balances) pwifz@dk / ygww D iG ;f 'Dru
dk a&pD &&Sad pzk@d / atmufajcvlxtk wGuf
t&yfom;ykdifcGifhawGay;zkd@ aqG;aEG;apygw,f?
ausmufusd,ef&JΠawG;ac:csufu &Jwif;ygw,f? urBmhwkdif;jynftrsm;pkxuf
vlOD;a&xlxyfwJh w±kwf&JŒjynfe,fawGrSm t+ydKiftqkdifa±G;aumufyGJawGvkyf+yD; jynfol@
uGef*&uftppftrSef zGJ@zkd@txd t}uHðyw,f? ausmufusd,ef&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifu
w±kwfrSm vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDjzpfzkd@txdawmh r[kwfyg? ykdrkdyGifhvif;tjrifus,f wm0ef
,lr,fh Liberalized Communist System ay:xGef;apzkd@ygyJ?

75
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

wpfESpft=umrSm ausmuf&JŒvkyfief;tzGJ@u ygwDukd tpD&ifcHygw,f? ‘ta&;

ay: EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfzkd@ vkdukdvkdtyfae+yD’ qkdwJhtcsuf? 'geJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@
tzGJ@[m odyfvpfb&,fjzpfvmawmh wdef@a&Smifyif;u owday;&+yD? “usKyfwkd@ tm%m
&Sifpepfukd rpGef@v$wfEkdifbl;? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; pdwful;pdwfoef;twGuf ae&mray;
ao;bl;? vufawG@usus pOf;pm;=u” ygwJh?
ygwDA[kdaumfrwDu 1987 ckESpf atmufwkdbmrSm tpD&ifcHpmu wifjywJh
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; tajccHtcsuaf wGudk oabmwloifo h avmuf wlc=hJ uygw,f? tvkyf
pzkd@ aqG;aEG;csufuawmh 1988 txd qufaewkef;yJ? okd@aomf 1989 ckESpf {+yDvrSm
ygwD&JŒ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymifvJa&; tpDtpOfawG yvkHoGm;ygw,f?
ðzwfcscHvkduf&wJh [la,mifbef; ESvkH;a&m*geJ@ uG,fvGefr_ukd EkdifiHawmfpsmye
vkyfay;zkd@ ayusif;wuUokdvfu ausmif;om;awG/ vli,fawG/ q&mq&mrawGeJ@
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay: tpmra=uolrsm;u pwifqENjy=uw,f? ausmif;om;awG
uvnf; EkdifiHa&;vkdufavsmr_tajctaeay: tcGifhtcgaumif;,l+yD; wD,efrifrSm
qENjyyGJawG qufvkyfvmw,f?
jcpm;r_awGudk atmf[pf±w _ cf s/ tajccHOya'u tmrcHxm;wJh vGwv f yfciG ahf wG
awmif;qk=d u? aemufq;Hk ausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ ynmwwftyk pf ak wGt=um; pkpnf;
rdvm+yD; w±kwf+rdKŒ}uD; (434)+rdKŒu vlxkokH;ykHwpfykHausmf yg0ifvmw,f? ayusif;+rdKŒ}uD;
wpfckxJuwif &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGm qENjyaer_u w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDukd aoG;av
ajcmufjcm; apyg+yD?
qENjyyGJawGqD 0ef}uD;csKyfausmufusd,ef vma&mufem;csw,f? qENjyyGJawG
&yfay;zkd@ arwWm&yfcHw,f? ar(20)&ufae@rSm rm&S,favm xkwfjyefygw,f? ZGef(4)
&ufae@rSmawmh wD,efrif&ifjyifay: wifhwm;awGeJ@ eif;0if &Sif;xkwf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;
r_}uD;ukd aoG;v$rf;atmif acsr_ef;ypfcJhygw,f?
oabmxm;}uD;wJh ausmufusd,efukdvnf; &mxl;uðzwf+yD; aetdrf tus,f
csKyf xm;vkdufygw,f? tjcm;vpfb&,f ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;awGvnf; ðywfoGm;+yD;/
ausmuf&JŒwynfh ‘abmifawmif’ukd ckESpfESpf axmifcsypfygw,f? aemufykdif;rSm ta&SŒ
Oa&myeJ@ qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm uGefjrLepf0g'+ydKqif;ukefwm jrif&awmh w±kwfacgif;aqmif
awGu 'Drkdu&ufwpfv_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#tay: wif;wif;&if;&if; ESdyfuGyfygw,f? rDac;vf
a*:bmacsmh&JŒ y,f&DpxGdKufumeJ@ *vyfpaemh trSm;rsKd; rjzpf&atmif w±kwfenf;
w±kwf[efeJ@ pcef;oGm;csif=uygw,f?

76
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
z±kdufref;&JŒ =oZm

1989 ckESpf azaz:0g&DrSm csDum*kdwuUokdvfrSm tar&dueftpkd;&Xmeu

0g&ifah y:vpDru d u f m z&ef@ppfzu l ,
l m;rm;ukd zdw+f yD; aqG;aEG;yGv J yk yf gw,f? zlu, l m;rm;&JŒ
a[majymcsuf acgi;f pOfu “u|Eyfk w f @dk orkid ;f ed*;Hk qD csO;f uyfae+yD;vm;” qkw d m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdef pmtkyfrxGufao;yg? ‘t&if;&Sifpepfvrf;a=umif;[m v,fjyifqifoGm;ovkd
&Sif;ae+yD? atmifyGJ[m aºuG;a=umfvkd@ &ae+yD? wwd,vrf;qkdoleJ@awmif avukefcH
jiif;raeeJ@awmh’ vkd@ ajyma[moGm;ygw,f?
zlul,m;rm;ajyma[m+yD;vkd@ ESpfvt=umrSm ayusif; wD,efrif&ifjyif
'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfoGm;awmh ynm&SifavmurSm zlul;,m;rm; emrnf
aygufoxuf aygufoGm;ygw,f? zlul,m;rm;u 'Drkdu&ufwpfðyjyifajymif;vJr_eJ@
vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_[m cGJjcm;r&wJh tr$mjzpfpOfygwJh?
okd@aomf w±kwftpkd;&u aps;uGufyJ zGifhr,f? vpmE_ef;xm; vkyfcawG/ t&yf
&yfaps;E_ef;awG tpkd;&u 0ifrpGufbJ zGifhxm;ay;r,f? EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_jzpfwJh
a±G;aumufyGJawGeJ@ t&yfbuftcGifhta&;awGukd jywfjywfom;om; ukdifwG,fygw,f?
'g[m 1978 wdef@a&Smifyif; tm%m&+yD;uwnf;uae uae@txd w±kwfoGm;wJh rl0g'
ygyJ?
1980 rSm wde@f u EkAd ,fq&k pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif rDvw f efz±kud rf efudk w±kwjf ynf
zd w f v k d u f y gw,f ? ygwD x d y f w ef ; t&m&S d w pf & mausmf / ygarmuQ a wG e J @ tpk d ; &Xme
t}uD;tuJawGukd t&if;aps;uGuf tajccHoDtkd&D oifjyay;zkd@yg? z±kdufref[m tpkd;&u
aps;uGufxJ 0ifcs,fvS,fwmukd rkef;&mrSm emrnf}uD;+yD;/ csDvDu yDEkdacs;ukdvnf; óud;ukdif
ðyjyifajymif;vJay;aeol jzpfygw,f?
z±k d i f r ef & J Œ t,l t qu Ek d i f i H a &;ðyjyif a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG [ m uH p D r H & myJ
(incidental) ? &nf±G,fvkyfaezkd@awmif vkdtyfcsifrS vkdtyfr,f? ta&;}uD;wmu
aps;uGufeJ@ ukefoG,fr_ukd csKyfrxm;zkd@yJvkd@ qkdygw,f? 'gu w±kwfaygvpfAsL±kdtzGJ@ukd
cHwGif; awG@apygw,f? ygwDu tm%mukd wif;wif;qkyfxm;&if; yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifheJ@
rsm;rsm;xkwf rsm;rsm;pm;ok;H / rsm;rsm; wify@dk whJ (consumerism) pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;ukd zGichf sif
aeygw,f?
wdef@vkdcsifwmu aygvpfAsL±kdvlwpfpku uGefjrLepfpepfatmufrSm EkdifiHukd
xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifovkd/ 'DvlwpfpkuyJ t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSm EkdifiHa&;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;
Ekdif&r,f? vlxkb0eJ@ vlaer_pwkdifawG vef;vmap&r,f? yDEkdacs;atmufu csDvDeJ@
tawmfqifwlovkd? tdrfeD;csif; pifumylarmf',fukd ykHpH,laewm jzpfygw,f? oHr%d

77
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

vufoD;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_ukd zdESdyf+yD; aps;uGufpepfukd oGm;ygr,f?

t&ifuwnf;u zdESdyfr_[m r&Sdrjzpf ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ wdef@u vkH;0 ,lq
xm;ygw,f? armfvufatmufrSmu twkdif;tqrJh ðzwfxkwfoef@pifa&;awGvkyf/
0g'jzef@,E , W m;atmufrmS vlxt k m;vk;H xdwv f ef@aecJ&h wm? tvkyo
f rm; ta=umif;cH
+yD; blZGm&Sif;vif;a&; acgif;pOfwyfcJhw,f? wdef@acwfrSmu pGwf&rf;um;wmrsKd; r[kwf
awmhbJ/ zdESdyfr_rSm tEkynmygvm+yD? armfacwfrSm yk*~Kdvfa&;=oZmxlaxmifr_atmufrSm
±l;a=umifa=umifaecJh&+yD; wdef@acwfrSmawmh tifpwDusK;&Sif;toGif ykdaqmifvmygw,f?
vlxku txkduftavsmuf tdyfa&;00eJ@ csrf;om&m &vmygw,f? okd@aomf ygwDeJ@
tpkd;&ukd ay:wiftHwk&ifawmh aor,fhom}uH?
wdef@&JŒðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGu atmifjrifr_awGa=umifh ay: jyLvm jzpfygw,f?
1983 rSm EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ wHcg;zGifhvkdufw,f? tvkyform;awGukd ygwDu xdef;csKyf
rxm;awmhbJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfykdifcGifh ay;vkdufygw,f? v,form;awGu olwkd@
b0 olwkd@ykdifqkdifvm+yD; +rdKŒ}uD;awGwuf a&mif;0,f=uw,f?
1980 jynfhvGefaESmif;ykdif;rSmawmh vlóudufrrsm;wJh vrf;a=umif;awG wdef@
azmfaqmif&+yD? t&if;aps;uGufoGm;zkd@ tpkd;&&JΠaps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfr_awG y,fzsufay;
vkduf&awmh t&yf&yfukefaps;E_ef;awG rkd;ay:axmifwufukefw,f? EkdifiHykdifpuf±kHawGu
odef;oef;csDwJh tvkyform;awG av#mhypfawmh tvkyfvufrJh v_dif;xoGm;w,f? aygufol
eJ@ ±_H;ol=um; qif;&Jcsrf;omuGm[r_ }uD;vmygw,f?
1988 rSmawmh aps;E_ef;vGwfvyfcGifhay;r_&JŒ aemufjyef±kdufcsufawG ygwDu
t}uD;tus,&f ifqidk &f +yD? jcpm;r_e@J aqG;rsK;d nmwumaumif;pm;a&; (nepotism) tay:
us,fus,favmifavmif toHawG xGufvm+yD? aps;uGufwHcg;zGifhwm[m vlxktwGuf
rygbJ/ ygwDt&m&Sd}uD;awGeJ@ olwkd@ygwemrsm;twGufvkd@ a0zefvm=uygw,f?

*k±k}uD;vnf; ru,fEkdif

aps;uGufpepf prf;oyfr_a=umifh tE W&m,fE_wfcrf;0 a&mufvmawmh *k±k}uD;

z±kdufrefukd w±kwfjynf vmvnfzkd@ w&m;0ifzdwf&+yD? z±kdufrefu ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL; ausmufusd,efeJ@ ESpfem&Davmuf tpkd;&rD'D,ma&SŒrSm aqG;aEG;=uw,f? &Sef[kdif;
aumfrwD&JΠygwDtwGif;a&;r_;/ aemif orwjzpfvmr,fh usefZDrif;eJ@vnf; pum;awG
wavS}uD; ajym=uw,f?

78
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
z±kdufref&JŒ ausmufeJ@ usefukd ay;wJh t}uHOm%fu csDvDu yDEkdacs;ukd ay;cJhwJh
[mygyJ? ‘zdtm;awGukd OD;r!$wfeJ@/ rsufawmifrcwfeJ@’ (don't bow the pressure
and don't blink) ? yk*v ~ u
d toGiaf jymif;a&;awG qufomvky/f vkt d yf&if qlyu G rf al wGudk
zdESdyfoifhwm zdESdyf?
z±kdufref&JŒc&D;u ay:vpfAsL±kdvl}uD;aygif;pkHeJ@ awG@cJhayr,fh bm&vm'frS
rxifyg? ygarmuQ}uD;ukd ygwDu w&m;0if crf;crf;em;em; óudqkdaqG;aEG;cJhwJhykHawG jynfol
ukd csjyayr,fh pdwfr0ifpm;=uyg? aemufvtenf;i,ft=umrSm wD,efrif&ifjyif
ausmif;om;awG&JŒqENjyr_awG qufwkduf xGufvmygw,f?
trsm;tjrifrSmawmh wD,efrifqENjyyGJawG[m taemufpwkdif 'Drkdua&pD
vkdvm;olawGeJ@ uGefjrLepft,ltq wif;rmolawG=um;u yÉdyuQyGJvkd@yJ odygr,f?
okd@aomf 'Dhxuf av;eufr_awG&Sdaeygw,f? 1989 qENjyyGJukd OD;aqmifcJhol wpfOD;jzpfwJh
0rf[Gmu ol@&JΠ'China's New Left' pmtkyfrSm ckvkda&;ygw,f?
“qENjyyGJrSm wuUokdvfausmif;om;awGwifru/ puf±kHtvkyform;awG/
q&mawG/ vkyfief;&SifawG/ a&SŒaeawGtxd yg ygw,f? t"duqENjy&jcif;ta=umif;u
wdef@a&Smifyif; vkyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGukd róudufvkd@/ rcHpm;Ekdifvkd@? olu
rDvfwefz±kdufrefajymwJhtwkdif;/ t&if;aps;uGufvkdufvkyfawmh ukefaps;E_ef;awGwuf/
tvkyfvufrJhawG rsm;vmw,f? wdef@[m uGefjrLepfzufxm;wm r[kwfbJ uGefjrLepfukd
z±kdufrefeJ@ aygif;+yD; cGmcsaewm? tJ'Dh tajymif;tvJ'%f rcHpm;Ekdif=ujcif;u 1989
tkHºuGr_}uD; jzpfapcJhwm”
wdef@a&Smifyif;u EkdifiHa&;rajymif;bJ/ pD;yGm;a&;yJ ðyjyifajymif;vJcsifawmh
t=uyftwnf; &ifqkdifoGm;&w,f? wu,fu ygwDtwGif;rSm taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;
ausmufusd,efvkd pD;yGm;a&;aum EkdifiHa&;yg tcsKd;usus ðyjyifajymif;vJcsifolawG &Sdae
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ygwDwGif; xdyfwef;tm%mvuf0,f&Sdoltrsm;pku EkdifiHa&;ðyjyif
ajymif;vJzkd@ rpGef@pm;csifyg? 'ga=umifhvJ tajzu qENjyolawGukd acsr_ef;+yD; wdef@&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;oufouf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;c&D;qufzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkduf=uwm?
qkdcJhwJhtwkdif; ar (20)&ufrSm tpkd;&u rm&S,favm p+yD;xkwfjyefw,f/ ZGef
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&Jjrifhausmf

&nf!$ef;

- The Shock Doctrine by Naome Klein

-The Spirit of Democracy by Larry Diamond
- The Economist, May 2009

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