Bi ging 4

Thc hin CBA: Tin t ha cc li ch,

chi ph (bc 4)
Khoa Kinh T
Lp KHT v Thm nh gi k38
Theo bi ging ca
TS. Benoit Laplante
EEPSEA Resource Person
Malaysia, February 2012
Dn trnh by
1) Phn tch kinh t: 9 bc
2) Cc bc v chuyn mn
3) Bc 4
Dn trnh by
1) Phn tch kinh t: 9 bc
2) Cc bc v chuyn mn
3) Bc 4
Chn bc
Bc 2: Nhn dng tt c tc ng vt l tim nng ca d n;
Bc 4: Tin t ha cc tc ng;
Bc 6: Chit khu xc nh hin gi ca chi ph v li ch;
Bc 7: Tnh ton hin gi rng v cc tiu ch khc;
Bc 9: a ra ngh.
Bc 3: Lng ha tc ng c d bo: c v khng c d n;
Bc 1: Xc nh phm vi phn tch;
Bc 8: Phn tch ri ro;
Bc 5: Lp bng li ch chi ph;
Dn trnh by
1) Phn tch kinh t: 9 bc
2) Cc bc v chuyn mn
3) Bc 4
Cc bc v chuyn mn
NH GI KINH T
CC TC NG
A RA
NGH
LNG HA
CC TC NG
NHN DNG
CC TC NG
CC BC
4, 5, 6, 7, v 8
BC
9
CC BC
1, 2 v 3

Cc bc v chuyn mn
NH GI KINH T
CC TC NG
A RA
NGH
LNG HA
CC TC NG
NHN DNG
CC TC NG
Nhim v ca cc nh kinh t
hc
Nhim v ca nhm chuyn
gia
Nhim v ca chuyn gia
kinh t, k thut
v khoa hc
Nhim v ca chuyn gia k
thut v khoa hc
C n m t n h m a n g n h
Dn trnh by
1) Phn tch kinh t: 9 bc
2) Cc bc v chuyn mn
3) Bc 4
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim

Tin t ha tc ng cc chi
ph v li ch

C tn ti gi th trng cho
u vo hay u ra hay khng?

Khng
C

S dng gi n


C tn ti bt k bin dng
no trn th trng?

Khng
C

S dng gi th
trng
S dng gi n
Ngun: Benoit Laplante (2012)

Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Chng ta cn chuyn tt c tc ng vt l c xc nh
v lng ha trong cc bc 1, 2 v 3 v chuyn tt c tc
ng ny thnh gi tr tin t. Trc ht, chng ta phi c
lng gi tr tin t/n v ca tng tc ng.
ngha:
Cn nh:
Chng ta mun nh gi gi sn lng tr v/hoc sn lng
chp nhn ca mt ngi cho mi hng ha v dch v chu
tc ng (tch cc hay tiu cc) bi d n (hay chnh sch).
Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Hai trng hp c th xy ra:
Trng hp 1: Mt hng ha v dch v b tc ng bi d n
(hay chnh sch) trn thc t ang c giao dch trn th
trng v c gi th trng cho hng ha v dch v .
Vn chng ta cn gii quyt: Gi th trng c phn nh
WTP v/hoc WTA ca hng ha v dch v hay khng?
Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Gi th trng s dng cho phn tch ti chnh d n v gi
kinh t (WTP/WTA) s dng cho phn tch kinh t d n.
Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Nu th trng l cnh tranh hon ho (khng c c quyn) v
nu n khng tn ti nhng bin dng (chng hn thu, tr
cp, kim sot gi, thu nhp khu,) th: gi th trng ca
cc u vo v u ra s o lng gi tr kinh t (chi ph) ca
cc u vo v gi tr kinh t (li ch) ca cc u ra ny.
Trong cc trng hp nh vy, chng ta n gin s
dng gi th trng o lng chi ph kinh t v li ch
kinh t ca d n.
Gi th trng ca cc u vo c d n s
dng s o lng chi ph kinh t ca vic s dng
cc u vo ny.
Gi th trng ca cc u ra c d n s dng s
o lng li ch kinh t ca cc u ra ny;
iu ny ch ng i vi loi d n ch c tc ng
bin t (marginal change).
Nu d n quy m ln c th s lm gim gi th
trng u ra hoc s lm tng gi u vo, th vic
thay i gi ( P) ny s lm thay i thng d x hi
( SS, social surplus). V thay i thng d x hi l
mt cu thnh trong gi tr kinh t.
Lu
Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, th trng khng phi
l cnh tranh hon ho, v tn ti nhng bin dng.
Trong cc trng hp nh vy, gi th trng khng phn
nh chnh xc gi tr kinh t thc (chi ph) ca u vo, v
gi tr kinh t thc (li ch) ca u ra.
Trong khi gi th trng c s dng tin hnh phn
tch ti chnh (v gi th trng l gi c tr/nhn bi d
n), th gi th trng ny cn c hiu chnh thc
hin phn tch kinh t. Gi th trng c hiu chnh c
gi l gi n hoc gi kinh t.
Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Quy lut chung l: Nhng thnh phn c lin quan n
thu, tr cp, v thu nhp khu (thng) cn c loi
b t gi th trng xc nh gi n (gi kinh t).
Hai trng hp c th xy ra:
Trng hp 2: Mt hng ha hay dch v b tc ng bi
d n m khng c giao dch trn th trng (thng
gi chung l tc ng phi th trng) v do vy khng tn
ti gi th trng cho tc ng .
Vn cn gii quyt: Lm sao chng ta c th c lng
c WTP v/hoc WTA cho hng ha v dch v ny?
Thng ip tng quan nh sau:
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
SB = CS + PS + GR (*)
- Neu SB > 0 => Li ch
- Neu SB < 0 => Chi ph
Trong o:
CS = Thay oi thang d tieu dung
PS = Thay oi thang d san xuat
GR = Thay oi thu, chi bng tin
Gi n?
Khi nim GR hm s thay i trong thu
hoc chi bng tin theo gi th trng i vi mt
hng mc u ra hoc u vo ca d n.
i vi u ra: GR c th bao gm doanh thu
ca d n, thu thu, hoc gim tr cp ca nh nc.
i vi u vo: GR c th bao gm chi ph ti
chnh ca d n, gim thu, hoc tng tr cp ca
nh nc.
Gi n?
Gi n?
Mt cch din t khc:
Gi kinh t = Gi ti chnh + Thay i thng d x
hi/v + Thay i ngn sch chnh ph/v
Li ch kinh t = Doanh thu + Thay i thng d x
hi + Thay i ngn sch chnh ph
Chi ph kinh t = Chi ph ti chnh + Thay i thng
d x hi + Thay i ngn sch chnh ph
Gi n?
Trong cng thc chung (*) ny, ta quy c nh sau:
Doanh thu t d n mang du dng;
Chi ph u t hoc hot ng ca d n mang du m;
Tng thng d tiu dng, thng d sn xut s mang du dng;
Gim thng d tiu dng, thng d sn xut s mang du m;
Tng thu thu hoc gim tr cp s mang du dng;
Gi thu thu hoc tng tr cp s mang du m.
Gi n?
Gi Q l lng hng ho d n sn xut
(u ra) hoc s dng (u vo)
P
e
l gi n mt loi u ra hoc u vo
ca d n:

Q
SB
P
e
Nu d n ln c th lm thay i gi th trng s
lm thay i thng d sn xut v/hoc thng d tiu
dng.
Thng thng ch i vi cc hng ha phi ngoi
thng th gi c c th thay i do c mt d n mi
c quy m ln.
Thay i thng d sn xut v thng d tiu dng l
mt b phn trong gi tr kinh t ca d n.
Thay i thng d sn xut v thng d
tiu dng
Thm ch trong th trng cnh tranh hon
ho, gi th trng s khng th lc no
cng phn nh y WTP cho cc hng
ha v dch v do c thay i thng d
tiu dng (?).
CS = WTP - P
Thay i thng d tiu dng
Nhng ngi tiu dng s tng/gim
thng d tiu dng nu d n cung
cp/s dng hng ha/dch v vi mt
quy m ln c th lm gim/tng gi
cn bng th trng.
Thay i thng d tiu dng
Q
1d

Lng
0
Gia
S
0

S
p

B C
D
0

P
1

Q
0

A
D
Thay i thng d tiu dng tng do gi gim
P
0


Nhng ngi sn xut khc s tng/gim
thng d sn xut nu d n tham gia
cung cp/s dng hng ha/dch v vi
mt quy m ln c th lm tng/gim
gi cn bng th trng.
Thay i thng d sn xut
Q
1s
P
1

P
0

Gia
S
0

D
0

D
p

G
0
Lng Q
0

F
Thay i thng d sn xut tng do gi tng


Bt k mt s thay i gi no u nh
hng c n pha tiu dng v pha sn
xut ca mt loi hng ha/dch v m d
n cung cp hoc s dng. Chnh v vy,
chng ta thng quan tm n tc ng
rng ca thng d x hi.
Thay i thng d x hi
Thanh ton chuyn giao c nh ngha l cc khon
thanh ton m khng i hi nhn li bt k hng ha
hay dch v no.
V d:
Thu TNDN, thu ti sn, thu kinh doanh khc
Thu quan v tr gi
Mt phn thng d sn xut hoc thng d tiu dng
Vay v tr n vay
Thanh ton chuyn giao
Mt s ngoi l:
Thu v tr cp i khi l khon chuyn giao i
khi khng phi l khon chuyn giao ty vo xut
lng/nhp lng tng thm hay thay th.
Mt s trng hp c bit nh cc loi thu dng
ni ha cc chi ph ngoi tc vo gi th trng
nh thu/ph nhim.
Cc khon vay v tr n vay nc ngoi.
Thanh ton chuyn giao
3 nh c bn trong kinh t hc phc li
(Harberger, 1971)
Gi cu cnh tranh (P
d
) ca mt n v hng ha
o lng li ch ca d n.
Gi cung cng tranh (P
s
) ca mt n v hng
ha o lng chi ph ca d n.
Mt $ l mt $ bt k ai c ai mt.
Lu : nhn din li ch v chi ph?
Gi tr ngun lc tit kim do c d n
c xem nh mt khon li ch m d n
to ra cho x hi.
Gim li ch ca ngi tiu dng do c d
n c xem nh mt khon chi ph m d
n gy ra cho x hi.
Lu : Khi khng c ngoi thng, trong mi
trng hp cn xem xt cc tc ng sau y:

Phn tch ti chnh
D N
(doanh thu/chi ph)
Cc cng ty khc
(PS)
Ngi tiu dng
(CS)
Chnh ph
(thu, chi ngn sch)
Phn tch kinh t
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
(1) Nhp lng v xut lng phi ngoi thng
(2) Nhp lng v xut lng c th ngoi thng
Chia thnh hai trng hp:
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.1) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
(1) Nhp lng v xut lng phi ngoi thng
(2) Nhp lng v xut lng c th ngoi thng
Chia thnh hai trng hp:
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.1) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
(1) Nhp lng v xut lng phi ngoi thng
(2) Nhp lng v xut lng c th ngoi thng
Chia thnh hai trng hp:
2.1) Mt s khi nim
(a) Trng hp th trng cnh tranh
(b) Trng hp th trng b bin dng
anh gia li ch
kinh te au ra cua
d an trong th
trng canh tranh

nh gi li ch kinh t ca xut lng d n
o lng li ch kinh t ca mt d n
ty thuc vo vic xut lng ca d
n s p ng nhu cu mi tng thm
hay ch s thay th ngun cung sn c
trong nn kinh t!
Nu d n ch gp phn lm gia tng tng cung
ca mt hng ha sn c, th li ch kinh t s
c o theo li ch tng thm (theo nh 1)
m ngi tiu dng nhn c t lng hng
ha tng thm ny.
Li ch kinh t chnh l WTP ca ngi tiu
dng (P
d
): Din tch di ng cu.
Xut lng ca d n ch p ng nhu cu mi
D
Xuat lng cua d an ch ap ng nhu cau mi
Gia



P
d
= P
0
Lng
S
S
p
Q
0
Q
1
A

B

Li ch kinh t = Gi
sn lng tr ca ngi
tiu dng cho lng
hng ha tng thm

Cong thc (*):

Li ch tai chnh = P
0
(Q
1
Q
0
) = P
0
Q

SB = CS + PS + GR
= 0 + 0 + P
0
Q

=> Li ch kinh te = P
0
Q


=> P
e
= P
m
= P
0
Xut lng ca d n ch p ng nhu cu mi
Nu xut lng ca d n ch thay th ngun
cung ca cc cng ty khc, th li ch kinh t s
c o bng gi tr ngun lc x hi tit kim
c (theo nh 2) nh cc cng ty ct
gim xut.
Li ch kinh t chnh l chi ph c hi ca pha
sn xut (P
s
): Din tch di ng cung.
Xut lng ca d n ch thay th ngun
cung hin hnh trn th trng
Xuat lng cua d an thay the xuat lng hien co
Q
s
Q
d

P
0s

P
1s

Gia
S
D
S
p

B
C
0
Lng
Li ch kinh te = nguon
lc tiet kiem bi cac
nha san xuat b thay the
A


Cong thc (*):

Li ch tai chnh = P
1s
(Q
d
Q
s
) = P
1s
Q

SB = CS + PS + GR

= P
0s
P
1s
AB - P
0s
P
1s
CB + P
1s
Q


=> Li ch kinh te =

=> P
e
> P
m
= P
1s
Xut lng ca d n ch thay th ngun
cung hin hnh trn th trng
V d mt nh my sn xut giy nhm vo th trng
ni a vi ng cung, cu th trng S
0
v D
0
Gi v lng cn bng th trng hin ti l P
0
v Q
0
Khng c bin dng nn P
s
= P
d
= P
0
Khi c d n, ng cung ni a s l S
p
v gi cn
bng s l P
1
v lng cn bng l Q
1

Gi gim s lm thay i thng d tiu dng v thng
d sn xut
Xut lng ca d n va p ng nhu cu
mi va thay th ngun cung hin hnh trn
th trng
Q
s
=180 Q
d
=280
Lng
0
Gia
S
0

S
p

B
C
D
0

P
1
= 15
Q
0
=200
A
D
Xuat lng cua d an mot phan ap ng nhu cau mi va
mot phan thay the cung hien co
P
0
= P
s
= P
d
= 20

D
E
Li ch ca d n c tnh hai ngun:
Lng cu tng thm Q
0
Q
d
(k hiu Q
d
): theo nh
1, c o bng gi cu cho mi n v tng
thm (tc din tch di ng cu).
Lng cung thay th Q
s
Q
0
(k hiu Q
s
): theo nh
2, c o bng gi cung cho mi n v thay th
(tc din tch di ng cung).
Xut lng ca d n va p ng nhu cu
mi va thay th ngun cung hin hnh trn
th trng
Cong thc (*):

Li ch tai chnh = P
1
(Q
d
Q
s
) = P
1
Q (doanh thu)

SB = CS + PS + GR

= P
0
ACP
1
- P
0
ABP
1
+ P
1
Q

=> Li ch kinh te = Q
s
Q
d
CAB =

=> P
e
> P
m
= P
1

Q *
2
P P 1 0
Xut lng ca d n va p ng nhu cu
mi va thay th ngun cung hin hnh trn
th trng
Tnh dien tch Q
s
BACQ
d
nh sau:

Gia tr chi ph kinh te = Q
s
BACQ
d
= P
d
*(Q
d
-Q
0
) + P
s
*(Q
0
-Q
s
)

= P
d
* Q
d
+ P
s
* Q
s
Trong o:

- P
d
la gia cau trung bnh =

- P
s
la gia cung trung bnh =

Lu y:
Trong trng hp khong co bien dang th P
d
0
= P
s
0
, P
d
1
= P
s
1
2
P P 1 d 0 d
2
P P 1 s 0 s
Xut lng ca d n va p ng nhu cu
mi va thay th ngun cung hin hnh trn
th trng
anh gia chi ph kinh
te au vao cua d an
trong th trng
canh tranh

o lng chi ph kinh t ca mt
d n ty thuc vo vic nhp
lng d n s dng s lm tng
cung hay s gim cu (thay th
ngi tiu dng sn c) trong nn
kinh t.
nh gi chi ph kinh t ca nhp lng d n
Phn gim trong tiu dng (lng cu thay th, Q
d
):
theo nh 1, c o bng gi cu cho mi n v thay
th (tc din tch di ng cu).
Phn ngun lc tng thm c s dng sn xut ra
lng u vo p ng nhu cu ca d n (lng cung
tng thm, Q
d
): theo nh 2, c o bng gi cung
cho mi n v tng thm (tc din tch di ng
cung).
nh gi chi ph kinh t ca nhp lng d n
Cong thc (*):

Chi ph tai chnh = Q
0
CDQ
1

SB = CS + PS + GB

= 0 + 0 - Q
0
CDQ
1


=> Chi ph kinh te = Chi ph tai chnh
Nhp lng ca d n c cung cp t sn
xut mi
Gia
P
0

S
d

D
p

D
0

D C
Q
1

Q
0

Lng
0
Nhap lng cua d an trong th trng canh tranh neu nhap
lng ma d an s dung c cung cap t san xuat mi


Nu cu nhp lng ca d n c p ng bng
cch thay th nhng ngi tiu dng hin ti th chi
ph kinh t s l gi tr m l ra nhng ngi tiu
dng ny sn lng tr c cc nhp lng ny nu
khng c d n.
Chi ph kinh t trong trng hp ny c tnh theo
gi cu, P
d

(nh 1).
Nhp lng ca d n thay th nhp lng ca
nhng ngi tiu dng khc
Q
1
d
Q
0

P
1

P
0

Gia
S
d

D
0

D
p

B
A
0
Lng
C
D
Nhap lng d an trong th trng canh tranh neu nhap lng
cua d an s dung thay the nhng ngi tieu dung hien hu


Cong thc (*):

Chi ph tai chnh = Q
1
d
ABQ
0

SB = CS + PS + GR

= -P
0
CAP
1
+ P
0
CB P
1
- Q
1
d
ABQ
0


=> Chi ph kinh te < Chi ph ti chnh

Nhp lng ca d n thay th nhp lng ca
nhng ngi tiu dng khc
i khi cc nhp lng phi ngoi thng ca
d n c cung cp bi mt phn cung cp
mi v mt phn thay th nhng ngi tiu
dng hin ti.
V d nhp lng st thp c s dng cho
d n xy mt chic cu quy m ln.

Nhp lng ca d n va c cung cp mi
va thay th nhng ngi tiu dng khc
Phn ct gim trong tiu dng (lng cu thay th,
Q
d
): theo nh 1, c o bng gi cu cho
mi n v thay th (tc din tch di ng cu).
Phn ngun lc tng thm c s dng sn
xut ra lng u vo p ng nhu cu ca d n
(lng cung tng thm, Q
d
): theo nh 2, c
o bng gi cung cho mi n v tng thm (tc
din tch di ng cung).
Nhp lng ca d n va c cung cp mi
va thay th nhng ngi tiu dng khc
Q
s
1
22.000
P
1
=$550
P
d
=P
s
=P
0
= $500
Gia/tan
S
0

D
0

D
p

G E
0
Lng (tan) Q
0
20.000
H
Q
d
1
17.000
Nhap lng d an anh gia nhap lng va co tac ong tang
them va co co tac ong thay the

F

Cong thc (*):

Chi ph tai chnh = Q
1
d
EGQ
1
s

SB = CS + PS + GR

= -P
0
FEP
1
+ P
0
FG P
1
- Q
1
d
EG Q
1
s

=> Chi ph kinh te < Chi ph ti chnh

Nhp lng ca d n va c cung cp mi
va thay th nhng ngi tiu dng khc
Tnh dien tch Q
d
1
EFGQ
s
1
nh sau:

Gia tr chi ph kinh te = Q
d
1
EFGQ
s
1
= P
d
*(Q
0
-Q
d
1
) + P
s
*(Q
s
1
-Q
0
)

= P
d
* Q
d
+ P
s
* Q
s
Trong o:

- P
d
la gia cau trung bnh =

- P
s
la gia cung trung bnh =

Lu y:
Trong trng hp khong co bien dang th P
d
0
= P
s
0
, P
d
1
= P
s
1
2
P P 1 d 0 d
2
P P 1 s 0 s
Nhp lng ca d n va c cung cp mi
va thay th nhng ngi tiu dng khc
Tm tt: Gi tr kinh t (khng bin dng,
d n nh)
Thay th Tng thm

Xut lng

Nhp lng
Tm tt: Gi tr kinh t (khng bin dng,
d n ln)
Thay th Tng thm

Xut lng

Nhp lng
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.1) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
(1) Nhp lng v xut lng phi ngoi thng
(2) Nhp lng v xut lng c th ngoi thng
Chia thnh hai trng hp:
2.1) Mt s khi nim
(a) Trng hp th trng cnh tranh
(b) Trng hp th trng b bin dng
anh gia li ch kinh te
au ra cua d an trong
th trng bien dang
Cc loi thu nh trn doanh s
V d thu (15%) nh trn gi cung ca ngi sn xut
giy:
Trc khi nh thu: Gi v lng cn bng l P
0m
v
Q
0m
nh thu, gi cu/i giy m ngi tiu dng sn
lng tr cho mi n v s khng thay i (?) v vn
l D
0
Nhng ti mi n v c mua, th s tin m ngi
tiu dng sn lng tr cho nh sn xut s gim ng
bng mc thu.


ng cu khi c nh thu (net of tax), D
st
, th
hin s tin m ngi tiu dng sn lng tr cho
nh sn xut (effective demand curve).
Trn quan in ngi sn xut giy, vic nh thu
s lm dch chuyn ng cu vo trong (t D
0
vo
D
st
).
Lng cn bng mi s l Q
0st
, gi cu gm thu l
P
1d
v gi ngi sn xut nhn P
1s

Cc loi thu nh trn doanh s
Xut lng ca d n trong trng hp c thu
nh trn doanh s
Khi c d n, ng cung s chuyn t S sang S
p

v lng cung ca d n l Q
1d
Q
1s
Gi cung s gim t P
0s
xung P
1s
Gi gim lm tng lng cu t Q
0
ln Q
1d
Gi gim lm mt s ngi sn xut gim sn
xut/hoc ri ngnh, lm gim sn lng ca h
t Q
0
xung Q
1s

A
Gia
P
d
1
= P
m
1
(1+t)
Q
d
1
Q
0

S
D
st

D
0

S
p

P
s
1
= P
m
1
Q
s
1

E
D
C
B
Thue
F
anh gia xuat lng d an khi co thue doanh thu
P
s
0
= P
m
0
P
d
0
= P
m
0
(1+t)
G


Dien tch Q
1s
BADCQ
1d
nh sau:

Gia tr li ch kinh te = Q
1s
BADCQ
1d
= P
s
*(Q
0
-Q
1s
) + P
d
* (Q
1d
-Q
0
)

= P
s
* Q
s
+ P
d
* Q
d

Trong o:

- P
d
la gia cau trung bnh =

- P
s
la gia cung trung bnh =

Lu y:
Trong trng hp P
s
= P
m
< P
d
; P
d
= P
m
(1+t)
) t 1 ( *
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m 1 d 0 d
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m s1 s0
Xut lng ca d n trong trng hp c thu
nh trn doanh s
Cong thc (*):

Li ch tai chnh = P
s
1
(Q
d
1
Q
s
1
) = P
s
1
Q (doanh thu)

SB = CS + PS + GR

= P
d
1
CDP
d
0
- P
s
1
BAP
s
0
+ (P
s
1
Q + GECF)

=> Li ch kinh te = Q
d
1
CDABQ
s
1


=> P
e
> P
m
= P
1s

Xut lng ca d n trong trng hp c thu
nh trn doanh s
Cc loi tr cp sn xut trn xut lng
ca d n
V d, chnh ph tr cp S% chi ph sn xut tri cy,
nn cc nng dn c th cung cp cng lng tri cy
vi gi thp hn.
ng cung s dch chuyn sang phi, t S sang S
sub
,
tng lng cung t Q
0
ln Q
sub
Gi th trng l gi m ngi sn xut sn lng cung
cp sau khi nhn tr cp, P
1m
, cng chnh l gi cu
m ngi tiu dng sn lng tr P
1d
, gi cung P
1s
l chi
ph thc s sn xut lng Q
sub

Xut lng ca d n khi c tr cp sn xut
Khi c d n, ng cung dch chuyn t
ng cung th trng S
sub
sang S
sub+p
Gim gi cn bng th trng
Tng cu
Gim cung ca nhng ngi sn xut hin
hnh
Gia
P
d
0
= P
m
0

P
s
1
= P
m
1
/(1-S)
Q
0
Q
s
1

S
D
S
sub

D
Q
d
1

P
d
1
= P
m
1

D
C
E
B
A
Tr cap
Lng
S
sub+p

anh gia xuat lng d an khi co tr cap san xuat
P
s
0
= P
m
0
/(1-S)

Dien tch Q
s
1
ABCDQ
d
1
tnh nh sau:

Gia tr li ch kinh te = Q
s
1
ABCDQ
d
1
= P
s
*(Q
0
-Q
s
1
) + P
d
* (Q
d
1
-Q
0
)

= P
s
* Q
s
+ P
d
* Q
d
Trong o:

- P
d
la gia cau trung bnh =


- P
s
la gia cung trung bnh =

Lu y:
Trong trng hp P
d
= P
m
< P
s
; P
s
= P
m
/(1-s)
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m

1 d 0 d
) s 1 /(
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m 1 s 0 s
Xut lng ca d n khi c tr cp sn xut
Cong thc (*):

Li ch tai chnh = P
d
1
(Q
d
1
Q
s
1
) = P
d
1
Q

SB = CS + PS + GR

= P
d
1
DCP
d
0
- P
s
1
ECP
s
0
+ (P
d
1
Q + EGFFA)

=> Li ch kinh te = Q
s
1
ABCDQ
d
1


=> P
e
< P
m
= P
1s

Xut lng ca d n khi c tr cp sn xut
Kim sot gi u ra ca d n
Nhiu ngnh nh ng st, cp nc, in, in
thoi, bu chnh, giao thng cng cng,
khng th tng gi cung cp dch v ca mnh
mt cch ty tin, v l mt hnh thc kim
sot gi.
Mt d n cung cp loi dch v hin ang b
kim sot gi th li ch kinh t c tnh nh
th no?
Gia
P
e

P
max

P
d

Q
1s
Q
0s

S
D
S
p

Q
0d

P
f

A
B
Lng
C
D
anh gia xuat lng d an khi co kiem soat gia san xuat


Cong thc (*):

Li ch tai chnh = P
f
(Q
s
1
Q
s
0
) = P
f
Q (doanh thu)

SB = CS + PS + GB
= ABCD + 0 + (P
f
Q
g
+ 0)

=> Li ch kinh te = Q
s
0
ABQ
s
1


Kim sot gi u ra ca d n
anh gia chi ph kinh
te au vao cua d an
trong th trng
bien dang
Nhp lng ca d n khi c cc loi thu
doanh thu
Gi s nhp lng st thp c s dng trong d n
xy cu chu mt loi thu doanh s t
st
lm cho ng
cu (trn quan im nh sn xut) dch chuyn vo
trong t D
0
vo D
0st
Khi c d n, c 2 kh nng xy ra:
Lng cu tng thm < lng cu gim do thu
Lng cu tng thm > lng cu gim do thu

Gia
P
m
0
= P
s
0

P
m
1
= P
s
1

P
*


Q
s
1
Q
0

S
D
0st

A
B
D
C
D
pst

D
0
P
d
1
= P
m
1
(1+t)


Q
d
1

Q
*
E
G
F
anh gia chi ph khi co thue doanh thu tren nhap lng cua d an
A
H
P
d
0
= P
m
0
(1+t)





Cong thc (*):

Chi ph tai chnh = Q
d
1
AAQ
s
1

SB = CS + PS + GR

=

=> Chi ph kinh te = Q
d
1
ABCDQ
s
1

Nhp lng ca d n khi c cc loi thu
doanh thu
Dien tch Q
d
1
ABCDQ
s
1
nh sau:

Gia tr li ch kinh te = Q
d
1
ABCDQ
s
1
= P
d
*(Q
0
-Q
d
1
) + P
s
*(Q
s
1
-Q
0
)

= P
d
* Q
d
+ P
s
* Q
s

Trong o:

- P
d
la gia cau trung bnh =

- P
s
la gia cung trung bnh =

Lu y:
Trong trng hp P
s
= P
m
< P
d
; P
d
= P
m
(1+t)
) t 1 ( *
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m 1 d 0 d
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m s1 s0
Nhp lng ca d n khi c cc loi thu
doanh thu
Cong thc (*):

Chi ph tai chnh = Q
d
1
AEQ
s
1

SB = CS + PS + GB

=

=> Chi ph kinh te = Q
d
1
ABCDQ
s
1

Nhp lng ca d n khi c cc loi thu
doanh thu
Gia
P
d
0
= P
m
0

P
s
0
= P
m
0
/(1-s)
Q
s
1
Q
0

S
D
0
S
sub

D
p

A
D
C
B
Q
d
1

P
d
1
= P
m
1

P
s
0
= P
m
0
/(1-s)
E
F
G
Tr cap san xuat loai nhap lng d an s dung


Tnh dien tch Q
d
1
ABCDQ
s
1
nh sau:

Gia tr li ch kinh te = Q
d
1
ABCDQ
s
1
= P
d
*(Q
0
-Q
d
1
) + P
s
*(Q
s
1
-Q
0
)

= P
d
* Q
d
+ P
s
* Q
s

Trong o:

- P
d
la gia cau trung bnh =

- P
s
la gia cung trung bnh =

Lu y:
Trong trng hp P
d
= P
m
< P
s
; P
s
= P
m
/(1-s)
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m 1 d 0 d
) s 1 /(
2
P P

2
P P 1 m 0 m s1 s0
Nhp lng ca d n khi c cc loi thu
doanh thu
nhiu quc gia, cc u vo quan trng
nh nc, in, du, than, lao ng, b
kim sot gi.
Trong cc trng hp nh vy, chng ta s
nh gi chi ph kinh t ca cc loi nhp
lng ny nh th no?
Nhp lng b kim sot gi
Cong thc (*):

Chi ph tai chnh =

SB = CS + PS + GR

=

=> Chi ph kinh te =

Nhp lng b kim sot gi
Q
d
0

Q
s

P
f

P
s

Gi
S
D
0

D
p

B
A
0
Q
Q
d
1

Nhp lng b kim sot gi
C D
Tm tt: Gi tr kinh t (bin dng do thu v tr
cp, d n nh)
Thay th Tng thm

Xut lng

Nhp lng
Tm tt: Gi tr kinh t (bin dng do thu v tr
cp, d n ln)
Thay th Tng thm

Xut lng

Nhp lng
Tm tt: Gi tr kinh t (bin dng do kim
sot gi)
Thay th Tng thm

Xut lng
(gi thp hn gi
cn bng)

Nhp lng
(gi thp hn gi
cn bng)
Tm tt: Gi tr kinh t (bin dng do kim
sot gi)
Thay th Tng thm

Xut lng
(gi cao hn gi cn
bng)

Nhp lng
(gi cao hn gi cn
bng)
Nhp lng khi c c quyn
Nu d n tng i nh v s dng tng i t cc
nhp lng phi ngoi thng, th chng ta c th gi
nh rng nhu cu nhp lng cho d n s c p
ng bng lng cung tng thm m khng lm thay
i gi th trng. Khi , gi n ca nhp lng s l
gi cung loi tr thu nhng tnh tr cp.
TM TT
Nu d n tng i nh v cung cp tng i t
cc hng ha phi ngoi thng cho th trng, th
chng ta c th gi nh rng hng ha ca d n ch
phc v nhu cu tng thm m khng lm thay i
gi th trng. Khi , gi n ca xut lng s l
gi cu bao gm thu nhng loi tr tr cp.
TM TT
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.1) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
(1) Nhp lng v xut lng phi ngoi thng
(2) Nhp lng v xut lng c th ngoi thng
Chia thnh hai trng hp:
2.1) Mt s khi nim
(a) Trng hp th trng cnh tranh
(b) Trng hp th trng b bin dng
nh ngha hng ngoi thng v phi
ngoi thng
Phn ln cc nhp lng (v xut lng) ca mt
d n l cc hng ha/dch v c th ngoi
thng.
Hng c th ngoi thng c nh ngha l
nhng hng ha/dch v m vic tiu dng hay
sn xut chng lm thay i xut/nhp khu rng
ca mt quc gi.
Hng c th ngoi thng c sn xut hay s dng
bi mt d n khng nht thit phi c nhp khu hay
xut khu, nhng phi c kh nng nhp khu hoc xut
khu c.
Nu mt d n s dng mt nhp lng c th ngoi
thng, th vic s dng nhp lng ny s c nh
hng tiu cc n cn cn thng mi hoc t gi hi
oi ca quc gia.
nh ngha hng ngoi thng v phi
ngoi thng
Nu d n cung cp mt xut lng c th
ngoi thng th xut lng ny s c nh
hng tch cc n cn cn thng mi hoc
t gi hi oi ca quc gia.
Hng c th ngoi thng gm c hng c th
xut khu (chi ph sn xut trong nc < gi
FOB) hoc hng c th nhp khu (gi CIF <
chi ph sn xut trong nc).
nh ngha hng ngoi thng v phi
ngoi thng
P
w.fob
Q
s
Q
d
D
w
D
d
A
S
d
Xut khu

B
Hng c th xut khu (v d c ph)
Lng
Gi
P
w.cif
Lng
Q
d
Q
s
S
w
D
d
A
S
d
Nhp khu

B
Hng c th nhp khu (v d xe my)
Gi

Hng phi ngoi thng l nhng hng ha v
dch v c chi ph sn xut bin ni a, P
d
,
nh hn chi ph nhp khu, p
w.cif
, nhng ln
hn doanh thu xut khu, p
w.fob
. Cho nn s
khng c li nu nhp hoc xut khu cc
hng ha/dch v nh vy.
V d, vn ti ni a, cc dch v cng ch,
cc dch v c nhn, ct, , gch,
nh ngha hng ngoi thng v phi
ngoi thng
P
w.cif
S
w
D
d
A
S
d
B
Hng phi ngoi thng (v d xi mng)
Lng
Gi
P
w.fob
D
w
D
C
P
d
o lng gi tr kinh t ca cc hng ha
c th ngoi thng
Tnh theo gi bin gii
Gi bin gii ca hng c th nhp khu l gi CIF
(gi cha tnh cc loi thu quan v hn ngch).
Gi bin gii ca hng c th xut khu l gi FOB
(gi nh xut khu nhn c sau khi tr cc loi
chi ph a hng ti bin gii, nhng trc cha
tnh tr cp/thu xut khu).
Gi s t gi hi oi th trng = t gi hi oi kinh t.
o lng gi tr kinh t ca cc hng ha c th ngoi
thng, ta nn chia thnh 3 loi:
Cc hng ha c nhp/xut khu nhng gi s
khng thay i (ng cung, cu th gii co gin
hon ton).
Cc hng ha c nhp/xut khu nhng gi s
thay i (ng cung, cu th gii co gin).
Cc hng ha hin ti khng c ngoi thng
nhng c th ngoi thng nu chnh sch ngoi
thng thay i.
o lng gi tr kinh t ca cc hng ha
c th ngoi thng

Gia tr kinh te cua
hang co the ngoai
thng vi gia khong
oi khi co d an
Tt c, nhng c vi trng hp ngoi l, gi
ca hng c th ngoi thng s khng i
khi tng cung hoc cu do c d n v ng
cu th gii v xut lng ca d n v
ng cung th gii v nhp lng ca d n
co gin hon ton.
Hng c th ngoi thng vi gi khng
thay i khi c d n
Xut lng c th ngoi thng c th:
Xut khu
C th thay th hng ha nhp khu
Nhp lng c th ngoi thng c th:
Nhp khu
C th xut khu (nhp lng ca d n l ra s
c xut khu nu khng c d n)
Hng c th ngoi thng vi gi khng
thay i khi c d n
Xut lng xut khu
V d d n khai thc m ng
P
wfob
Q
1
Q
0
Q
d
D
w
F
E
S
p
S
0
Gi
Lng
Li ch kinh t/n v xut lng xut khu l
gi cu th gii, tc P
w.fob
Gi n l lng ngoi t thc s kim c/n
v xut khu, tc gi xut khu tr bt k
khong li nhun trung gian v chi ph vn ti
chuyn hng ha t d n ra cng.
Xut lng xut khu
V d xut khu giy:
Gi FOB = 200 USD
Tr gi xut khu = 10% gi FOB
T gi chnh thc (OER) = 45 INR/USD
T gi kinh t (E
e
) = 50 INR/USD
Tnh: FEP, P
f
, P
e
, v CF?

Xut lng xut khu
V d xut khu hng may mc:
Gi FOB = 800 USD
Thu xut khu = 5% gi FOB
T gi chnh thc (OER) = 45 INR/USD
T gi kinh t (E
e
) = 50 INR/USD
Tnh: FEP, P
f
, P
e
, v CF?

Xut lng xut khu
Xut lng c th xut khu
Li ch ti chnh =
Gi FOB ti cng
+/- Tr cp/thu
- Ph bc d v bo him t d n n cng
k c thu/tr cp (nu c)
- L ph cng k c thu/tr cp (nu c)

Li ch kinh t =
Gi FOB iu chnh ph thng ngoi hi
- Gi tr kinh t ca ph bc d v bo him t
d n ra cng
- Gi tr kinh t ca l ph cng

Xut lng c th xut khu
Xut lng thay th nhp khu
V d d n lp rp xe my
P
wcif
Lng
Q
d
Q
1
Q
s
S
w
C
A
S
p
S
0
D
D
d
Gi
Li ch kinh t/n v xut lng thay th nhp khu l gi
cung th gii, tc P
w.cif
ca hng nhp khu.
Gi n chnh l lng ngoi t quc gia s tit kim
c/n v xut lng nh c d n:
Khng tnh thu quan hoc hn ngch nhp khu
Tnh chi ph kinh t ca cc dch v trung gian v vn ti nhp hng
t cng vo th trng ni a
Khng tnh chi ph kinh t ca cc dch v trung gian v vn ti xut
lng ca d n t d n ra th trng ni a
Xut lng thay th nhp khu
Li ch ti chnh =
Gi CIF ti cng nhp khu
+ Thu quan
+ Ph cng k c thu/tr cp (nu c)
+ Ph bc d v bo him k c thu/tr cp
(nu c) t cng vo th trng ni a
(gi ca nh nhp khu)
- Ph vn ti t ni khai thc (v d m) n d n
(gi ti chnh ti cng d n)
Xut lng thay th nhp khu
Li ch kinh t =
Gi CIF iu chnh ph thng ngoi hi
+ Gi tr kinh t ca l ph cng
+ Gi tr kinh t ca chi ph bc d v bo him
t cng
- Gi tr kinh t ca chi ph vn ti t d n ra th
trng
Xut lng thay th nhp khu
Nhp lng nhp khu
V d d n cn nhp khu linh kin in t
P
wcif
Q
1
Q
0
Q
s
S
w
C
D
D
0
S
0 D
p
Gi
Lng
Chi ph kinh t/n v nhp lng nhp khu l gi
cung th gii, tc P
w.cif
Gi n l lng ngoi t m quc gia tiu tn nhp
khu/n v nhp lng nhp khu:
Tnh chi ph kinh t ca cc dch v marketing v
vn ti chuyn nhp lng vo d n
Khng tnh thu quan hay hn ngch
Nhp lng nhp khu
V d nhp khu lp xe:
Gi CIF = 40 USD
Thu nhp khu = 30% gi CIF
VAT = 10% (CIF + thu nhp khu)
T gi chnh thc (OER) = 45 INR/USD
T gi kinh t (E
e
) = 50 INR/USD
Tnh: FEP, P
f
, P
e
, v CF?

Nhp lng nhp khu
Chi ph ti chnh =
Gi CIF ti cng
+ Thu quan
+ L ph cng bao gm thu/tr cp (nu c)
+ Ph bc d bao gm thu/tr cp (nu c) t cng n
d n

Chi ph kinh t =
Gi CIF iu chnh ph thng ngoi hi
+ Gi tr kinh t ca l ph cng
+ Gi tr kinh t ca ph bc d t cng vo d n
Nhp lng nhp khu
Nhp lng c th xut khu
V d d n ch bin c ph s dng nhp lng c ph
nguyn liu
P
wfob
Q
0
Q
1
Q
s
D
w
E
F
D
0
S
0
D
p
D
Gi
Lng
Chi ph kinh t/n v nhp lng c th xut khu l
gi cu th gii, tc P
w.fob
Gi n chnh l lng ngoi t l ra quc gia nhn
c/n v hng ha nu nh khng c d n:
Khng tnh chi ph kinh t ca cc dch v trung
gian v vn ti hng ha ra cng
Tnh chi ph kinh t ca dch v vn chuyn v
qun l a hng c th xut khu n d n
Nhp lng c th xut khu
Chi ph ti chnh =
Gi FOB ti cng
- L ph cng bao gm thu/tr cp (nu c)
- Ph bc d t d n n cng v bo him bao gm c
thu/tr cp (nu c)
(Gi m n v xut khu nhn c)
+ Ph bc d v bo him t n v xut khu ra th trng hoc
d n
(Gi m d n phi tr)
Nhp lng c th xut khu
Chi ph kinh t =
Gi FOB iu chnh ph thng ngoi hi
- Gi tr kinh t ca l ph cng
- Gi tr kinh t ca ph bc d v bo him t n v xut
khu n cng
+ Gi tr kinh t ca ph bc d v bo him t n v xut
khu n d n/th trng
Nhp lng c th xut khu

Gia tr kinh te cua
hang co the ngoai
thng vi gia thay
oi khi co d an
Trng hp ny ch c nhng quc gia ln hoc c li
th so snh tuyt i nh vi t Trung Quc, du t -
rp, len t c, c ph t Brazil,
C 2 trng hp:
Xut khu mt xut lng lm gim gi th gii
Nhp khu mt nhp lng lm tng gi th gii
Hng c th ngoi thng vi gi thay
i khi c d n
Xut khu xut lng lm gim gi
th gii
P
mr
Q
1
Q
0
Q
r
D
d
A
C
S
p
S
0
D
1w
P
0w
D
B
Gi
Lng
Nhp khu nhp lng lm tng gi
th gii
P
0w
Q
2d
Q
1d
Q

D
0
A
E
S
w
S
0
D
p
P
mc
C
B
Lng
Gi

Gia tr kinh te cua hang
ngoai thng trong cac
th trng b bien dang
Q
s

Lng
0
Gia
S
0

S
p

D
D
0

P
fob-t

A
Xuat lng cua d an mot chu thue xuat khau/c hng tr
gia xuat khau
Q
2
Q
1
Q
e
Q
0

P
fob

P
fob+s

B
C
D
w-te
D
w
D
w+s
E F
H
G
Thu
Tr
cp
Gia
P
w(cif + t)
S
w+t

D
p

D
0

B
A
S
0

Q
1
Q
0

Lng
0
C D
S
w

P
wcif
Nhap lng cua d an chu thue nhap khau
GIA TR KINH TE CUA
TY GIA HOI OAI
Ph thng ngoi hi (FEP)
Nu khng c can thip ca chnh ph v thng
tin hon ho trn th trng hng ha ngoi
thng v th trng ngoi hi th t gi hi oi
chnh thc (OER) l mt thc o tt cho li ch
v chi ph kinh t khi thu hoc chi ngoi hi.
Cc chnh ph thng kim sot ngoi hi vi
nhiu hnh thc khc nhau.

A
R
Q
d
Q
0

S
fe
D
t

D
fe

Q
s

E
C
T gi hi oi n v s nh gi qu cao ng ni t
OER

Shadow ER
ng
cung FE
chnh thc
ng cung
FE trn th
trng t do
(gi nh)
ER
VND/$


S kim sot trn th trng ngoi hi lm cho
t gi hi oi chnh thc OER c nh gi
qu cao (tc VND c gi) => cu ngoi hi >
cung ngoi hi.
Ni t c nh gi qu cao nu OER nh
gi thp s ni t m dn chng sn lng tr
cho mt n v ngoi t.
Ph thng ngoi hi (FEP)
Vi mc OER ny, nh xut khu ch xut hng
ha v dch v tr gi Q
s
ngoa t v nh nhp
khu cn Q
d
ngoi t mua hng nhp khu =>
d cu ngoi hi.
gii quyt tnh trng thm ht cn cn ngoi
thng, chnh ph c th nh thu quan nhp
khu (hoc tr cp xut khu, )
Ph thng ngoi hi (FEP)
Quc gia c mt t gi hi oi b nh gi qu
cao c cho l c mt ph thng ngoi hi
(FEP)
FEP cho bit mc m OER nh gi thp
lng tin ni a m dn chng sn lng tr
cho mt ng ngoi t (hay chi ph c hi thc
ca nn kinh t)
Ph thng ngoi hi (FEP)
Cng thc tnh FEP:





t = Thu quan nhp khu
d = Thu xut khu
s = Tr gi xut khu
M = Gi tr nhp khu theo gi bin gii, CIF
X = Gi tr xut khu theo gi bin gii, FOB
% 100 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
X M
s d X t M
FEP
Ph thng ngoi hi (FEP)
FEP cho bit pn trm tng thm m dn chng sn
lng tr cho mt ng ngoi t, trn OER, nu h c
th mua ngoi t mt cch t do.
Nu khng iu chnh FEP trong thm nh kinh t,
th cc d n sn xut hng ngoi thng s c mt
NPV b nh gi thp hn so vi d n ch sn xut
hng phi ngoi thng. Ngc li, d n s dng
nhp lng nhp khu s c chi ph thp hn v s
c NPV c nh gi qu cao so vi cc d n s
dng nhp lng phi ngoi thng.
Ph thng ngoi hi (FEP)
T gi hi oi n
T gi hi oi n (SER) l t gi phn nh
gi tr kinh t thc ca mt ng ngoi t
trong nn kinh t
Trong nn kinh t khng c cc bin dng
trn th trng hng ha ngoi thng v
th trng ngoi hi th SER s bng t gi
cn bng (R th)
Khi c bin dng SER > OER

A
ER
VND/$
R
Q
d
Q
0

S
fe
D
t

D
fe

Q
s

E
C
T gi hi oi n v t gi th trng ch en
OER

Shadow ER
ng
cung
chnh thc
FE
ng cung
FE trn th
trng t do
(gi nh)
Black market ER
ng cung FE th
trng ch en


G
ER
VND/$
Q
0
Q
s
1

S
fe
D
t

D
fe

Q
d
1

T gi hi oi n theo cng thc Harberger
OER
2
D
P

S
s
C
E
F
A
D
OER
1

B


Phng php gi ni a
Hng ha ngoi thng
Gi bin gii * SER => Tng ng gi
ni a
Hng phi ngoi thng
Gi ni a
=> S dng gi ni a cho tt c cc hng mc
ca d n
Phng php gi bin gii
Hng ha ngoi thng
Gi bin gii * OER
Hng ha phi ngoi thng
Gi ni a i * CF
i
=> Tng ng gi bin gii
S dng gi bin gii cho tt c cc hn mc ca d
n
i price domestic
i equivalent price border

i good of factor Conversion CF
i
Gi th trng vs Gi n
Tin t ha tc ng thnh
li ch v chi ph
C tn ti gi th trng cho
u vo v u ra khng?
C KHNG
C bt k bin dng th
trng no khng
S dng
gi n
C KHNG
S dng
gi n
S dng
gi th trng
Gi th trng vs Gi n
Tin t ha tc ng thnh
li ch v chi ph
C tn ti gi th trng cho
u vo v u ra khng?
C KHNG
C bt k bin dng th
trng no khng
S dng
gi n
C KHNG
S dng
gi n
S dng
gi th trng
Trng hp
ny th sao?
C th, chng ta s ni v phng php nh gi kinh
t ca tc ng mi trng t mt d n hay chnh
sch.
Nn tng chung
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
C th, chng ta s ni v phng php nh gi kinh
t ca tc ng mi trng t mt d n hay chnh
sch.
Nn tng chung
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Nn tng tng quan
1. Mi trng v h sinh thi cung cp cc hng ha v dch v
co ch cho con ngi, vd. ng gp n phc li cho con
ngi v c con ngi nh gi.
V d v cc dch v m h sinh thi cung cp (Daily, 1997):
Lm sch khng kh v nc;
Gim thiu tc ng ca l lt v hn hn;
To v ti to t v mu m cho t;
Th phn cho hoa mu v cy t nhin;
Kim sot cn trng nng nghip;
Duy tr a dng sinh hc;
Bo v khi bc x mt tri;
iu ha kh hu tng phn.
Nn tng tng quan
Cung cp nc
V d v hng ha v dch v c cung cp bi nc trn b
mt (Postel v Carpenter, 1997)
Nc ung, nu n, git, v s dng trong sinh hot gia nh khc;
Sn xut, ch to nng lng, s dng trong cc ngnh cng
nghip khc ;
Ti tiu cho ma v, cng vin, sn golf ;
Nui trng thy sn.
Cung cp cc hng ha khc
C, chim nc, con hn v con trai
Cc dch v phi khai thc
Kim sot l;
Giao thng;
Bi v ua thuyn gii tr;
Gim nhim;
Khu bo tn chim v ng vt hoang d;
...
Nn tng tng quan
V d v hng ha v dch v c cung cp bi cc m ly
(Ewel, 1997):
a dng sinh hc
Ni c tr cho cc loi qu him;
Sn sinh ng vt hoang d c th khai thc (chim nc, ng
vt c da lng; b st, c v ng vt c v bc, etc.);
Sn sinh qun th hoang d to gi tr gii tr phi khai thc;
Sn xut g;

Ngun nc: Cung cp u vo cho sn xut
Ci thin cht lng nc;
X l v gim thiu tc ng l lt;
Duy tr ngun nc.
Nn tng tng quan
1. Mi trng v h sinh thi cung cp cc hng ha v dch v
co ch cho con ngi, vd. ng gp n phc li cho con
ngi v c con ngi nh gi.
Cu trc
Vn ng
H SINH THI
Hng ha v dch v
Nn tng tng quan
2. Hot ng ca con ngi nh hng (tc ng) n cu v
s vn ng (vd., chc nng), v hng ha v dch v c
cc h sinh thi cung cp.
3. V h sinh thi phc tp v thay i nn hiu bit v cc hng
ha v dch v m n cung cp v cch thc hot ng ca
con ngi tc ng n vic cung cp cc hng ha v dch
v ny l khng hon ho v kh khn lng ha.
4. Tuy nhin, vi tnh trng hin nay s pht trin ca c phn
tch kinh t v sinh thi v m hnh ha cho php chng ta
trong nhiu hp c th thc hin c nh gi kinh t cho
s thay i cc hng ha v dch v ca h sinh thi.
1. Mi trng v h sinh thi cung cp cc hng ha v dch v
co ch cho con ngi, vd. ng gp n phc li cho con
ngi v c con ngi nh gi.
Nn tng tng quan
Vn quan trng:
Cung cp mt khung khi nim vng chc hng dn thc hin
nh gi kinh t cho tc ng mi trng ca d n.
Nn tng tng quan
C th, chng ta s ni v phng php nh gi kinh
t ca tc ng mi trng t mt d n hay chnh
sch.
Nn tng chung
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Cung cp nc
Nc ung, nu n, git, v s dng trong sinh hot gia nh khc;
Sn xut, ch to nng lng, s dng trong cc ngnh cng
nghip khc ;
Ti tiu cho ma v, cng vin, sn golf ;
Nui trng thy sn.
Cung cp cc hng ha khc
C, chim nc, con hn v con trai
Cc dch v phi khai thc
Kim sot l;
Giao thng;
Bi v ua thuyn gii tr;
Gim nhim;
Khu bo tn chim v ng vt hoang d;
...
Chng ta c th nhm cc hng ha v dch v ny thnh
cc phn loi s dng khc nhau khng?
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Hng ha v dch v mi trng
Phi s
dng
S dng
Gin
tip
Trc
tip
Phi tiu dng Tiu dng
Tn ti Mc ch
khc
S dng khc nhau
v
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Tng gi tr kinh t
Gi tr
phi s
dng
Gi tr s
dng
Gi tr
s dng
gin tip
Gi tr
s dng
trc tip
Gi tr s dng trc
tip phi tiu dng
Gi tr s dng
trc tip tiu dng
Gi tr tn
ti
Gi tr lu
truyn
cc loi gi tr kinh t khc nhau
+
+
+
+
Gia gi tr s dng, thm vo:
Gi tr la chn
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Tng gi tr kinh t
Gi tr s
dng
Gi tr
s dng
gin tip
Gi tr
s dng
trc tip
Gi tr s dng trc
tip phi tiu dng
Gi tr s dng
gin tip tiu dng
M t gi tr s dng
+
+
Gia gi tr s dng, thm vo:
Gi tr la chn
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
M t:
Gi tr s dng trc tip tiu dng:
S dng tiu dng lin quan n khai thc thnh phn ca h
sinh thi cho mc ch tiu dng (hoc s dng).
V d:
Cu c (bn hoc gii tr);
Khai thc cc lm sn ngoi g;
Khai thc g;
Khai thc tri cy t cy n tri.
Gi tr s dng trc tip tiu dng l gi tr t ngun lc/ti
nguyn c khai thc hoc thu hoch.
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
M t:
Gi tr s dng trc tip phi tiu dng:
Gi tr s dng trc tip phi tiu dng lin quan n cc dch v
cung cp trc tip bi mi trng hoc h sinh thi m khng
xy ra hin tng khai thc hay thu hoch ngun lc/ti nguyn.
V d:
Dng dng chy ca nc lm giao thng ng thy;
Bi li gii tr;
Ngm chim trong khu vc bo tn;
Sn xut nng lng hydro.
Gi tr s dng trc tip phi tiu dng l gi tr ca cc hot
ng phi tiu dng.
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
M t:
Gi tr s dng gin tip:
S dng gin tip lin quan n vic cung cp cc dch v t
mi trng hay h sinh thi gip h tr ti nguyn sinh thi
hoc duy tr qu trnh sinh hc.
V d:
Cc khu vc rng ngp mn gip chng bo;
Cc m ly lm nc sch hn;
Cc m ly gip duy tr ngun nc ngm;
Rng gip lu tr carbon;
Ca sng gip bo v c con.
Gi tr s dng gin tip l gi tr ca cc dch v c cung cp
bi mi trng.
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
M t:
Gi tr s dng la chn:
Cc hng ha v dch v no ca mi trng hay h sinh thi
c th khng c s dng trc tip hay gin tip hin ti.
Tuy nhin, cc c nhn c th mun gi chng li la chn
tiu dng trong tng lai.
Bo tn rng cho mc tiu kho cu sinh hc.
Gi tr s dng gin tip l gi tr ca cc dch v c cung cp
bi mi trng.
V d:
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Tng gi tr kinh t
Gi tr
phi s
dng
Gi tr tn
ti
Gi tr lu
truyn
M t gi tr phi s dng:
+
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
M t:
Gi tr phi s dng:
Gi tr phi s dng l cc gi tr con ngi c c khng lin
quan n vic s dng hng ha v dch v sinh thi.

Gi tr phi s dng c th c n gin l t vic con ngi thch
th vi s hiu bit v h sinh thi ang tn ti (gi tr tn ti),
hoc tn ti cho kh nng vic s dng (trc tip hoc gin tip)
cho cc th h tng lai (gi tr lu truyn).
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Tng gi tr kinh t
Gi tr
phi s
dng
Gi tr s
dng
Gi tr
s dng
gin tip
Gi tr
s dng
trc tip
Gi tr s dng trc
tip phi tiu dng
Gi tr s dng
trc tip tiu dng
Gi tr tn
ti
Gi tr lu
truyn
+
+
+
+
Gia gi tr s dng, thm vo: Gi tr la chn
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
ng dng cho cc vng ngp nc
Cu trc
Vn ng
H SINH THI
Hng ha v dch v
Gi tr Kinh t
Cc c tnh ca vng ngp nc
(v d v quy m, a im, dc, a cht, chng loi, mc
nc, pH, oxy ha tan)
Cu trc
Sinh khi, t/trm tch,
h ng thc vt,
Vn ng
Quang hp, thot hi nc,
phn hy,...
Chc nng
Hng ha

Dch v
S dng
Gi tr s dng gin tip
Duy tr dinh dng;
Kim sot l lt;
Chng bo;
Duy tr nc ngm;
Cn bng kh hu.

Gi tr phi s dng
a dng sinh hc;
Vn ha, di sn;
Lu truyn.

Gi tr s dng trc tip
C;
Nng nghip;
Ci t;
Gii tr;
Giao thng;
Bt ng vt hoang d

Gi tr s dng

Gi tr phi s dng
Tng gi tr kinh t

S
I
N
H
T

I


G
I
A
O
D
I

N



K
I
N
H
T

H

C

Gi tr vng ngp nc
ng dng v
khung phn
tch chung
cho vng
ngp nc
C th, chng ta s ni v phng php nh gi kinh
t ca tc ng mi trng t mt d n hay chnh
sch.
Nn tng chung
Khi nim tng gi tr kinh t
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Dn trnh by
1) Thng ip tng quan
2) Bc 4
2.2) Khi gi th trng tn ti
2.3) Khi gi th trng khng tn ti
2.1) Mt s khi nim
Tng gi tr kinh t
Gi tr
phi s
dng
Gi tr s
dng
Gi tr
s dng
gin tip
Gi tr
s dng
trc tip
Gi tr s dng trc
tip phi tiu dng
Gi tr s dng
trc tip tiu dng
Gi tr tn
ti
Gi tr lu
truyn
+
+
+
+
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Chng ta c th o lng cc gi tr s dng v phi s dng
ny nh th no?
Gi tr phi s
dng
Gi tr s dng
Gi tr s dng
gin tip
Gi tr s dng
trc tip
Gi tr s dng trc
tip phi tiu dng
Gi tr s dng trc
tip tiu dng
Gi tr lu
truyn
Gi tr
tn ti
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Nhm 1: Phng php Thay i nng sut;
Nhm 2: Bc l s thch:
Nhm 3: Pht biu s thch:
3 nhm phng php:
Cc phng php ny nhm mc tiu nh gi cc tc ng
ca mi trng thng qua quan st hnh vi ca cc c
nhn, v cho bit nhng g c hnh bc l s a thch
ca h cho s thay i cht lng mi trng.
Cc phng php ny nhm mc tiu nh gi cc tc ng
ca mi trng bng vic s dng d liu v la chn gi
nh ca cc c nhn thc hin trong cc cuc kho st v
pht biu s a thch ca h.
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Ni dung tng phng php s c trnh by mn Kinh t mi trng
Gi tr phi s
dng
Gi tr s dng
Gi tr s dng
gin tip
Gi tr s dng
trc tip
Gi tr s dng trc
tip phi tiu dng
Gi tr s dng trc
tip tiu dng
Gi tr lu
truyn
Gi tr
tn ti
Cc phng php nh gi kinh t
Nhm 1: Phng
php Thay i nng
sut
Nhm 2 (Bc l s
thch) v Nhm 3
(Pht biu s thch)






Nhm 3 (Pht biu
s thch)
i vi mi phng php, nhn dng cc thng tin cn s
dng;
Nhn dng ngun lc v thi gian sn c;
Thc hin thu thp d liu s cp da trn thi gian v
ngun lc sn c.
i vi mi tc ng, nhn dng cc phng php ph hp;
Lm bt c g c th vi cc ngun thng tin sn c;
Nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng ca d n;
Nhn dng cc tc ng quan trng cn thit tin hnh nh
gi tc ng;
TM TT