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FVFEXYPYM YR QMNPSG HI PSGSQS'MI TIRXVY GE EGIWXE W TSEX VIEPM^E, R WTMVMXY,
GPXSVME GXVI TIVIGLI. -EX GYQ IWXI HIWGVMW S EWXJIP HI TVEGXMG QEKMG HI
YR QEVXSV MRZSPYRXEV, GEVI E EWMWXEX PE S RXPRMVI HI XEMR E XVIM JIQIM-
ZVNMXSEVI: . 9MXI-E#E EQ Z^YX IY GYQ EY ZIRMX TI TVNMR GS#GSKIEQMXI
SEQIRM GX QYR'MM. ?'IPI XVIM ZVNMXSEVIA W-EY E#I^EX TI PEM' #M W-EY TYW PE
WJEX. %Y WJXYMX IPI GI W-EY WJXYMX (.), TI YVQ RYQEM GI PI ZH IY G RGIT W
WI HI^FVEGI (.). 2YQEM GI ZH G YRE WGSEXI S PIXG HI WYF TEX, WI WYMI R
LSVR #M TVMRHI-E HIWGRXE (.). 4I YVQ EGIIE W-E GSFSVX #M W-EY WYMX #M
GIPIPEPXI TI VRH. (YQRI^IY #XMI GI-EY FSWGSVSHMX, IY RY #XMY, G HI-EFME QM
'MRIEQ WY4IXYP HI JVMG. %XXE #XMY G-EY WXVMKEX QEM XVM#SV GXI-YR RYQI HI
FVFEX: n8SEHIVI! -SERI! +LISVKLI!~ %WXE #XMY (.). 'IE HMRXM, E#E GYQ IVE R
TMIPIE KSEP, E RGPMGEX TI GSGMSVZ #M W-E E#I^EX R TVEK. 9RE E ETYGEX S
PSTEX #M WI JGIE G VRI#XI XSX R TVEK; EPXE WY4E R TEXVY ZRXYVM. "M RYQEM
GI ZH G GIE GPEVI TI GSGMSVZ WI YVRI#XI #M, HYT-HYT, S EYH JGRH SGSPYP
GEWIM. (YT GI SGSPI#XI GEWE, WI STVI#XI PE Y#. 'IE GEVI WY4E RXVIEF: n-
'MG GI QEGMRM, QSEV HI TMIPI#~ 'IEPEPX VWTYRHI: n- 1MRXI #M GYZMRXI!~ n-
, M! 1SEV, REMRXI!~ ^MGI MEV GIE HMRXM. "M MEV HYT-HYT, HYT-HYT. (.). -EV E
RGSRNYVEX GEWE S HEX. % HSYE SEV E RXVIFEX-S GIIE GI VRIE GY PSTEXE. n-
'I QEGMRM, QSEV HI TMIPI#~ n- 1MRXI #M GYZMRXI!~ n- , M, QSEV, REMRXI!~ "M
MEV: HYT-HYT, HYT-HYT. % XVIME SEV W-E STVMX #-E RXVIFEX GIE GY GSGMSVZE TI
GIPIPEPXI HSY: n- 'MG GI JEGI'M, QSVEVMPSV#~ n- *EGIQ PSG QGMRXSVMPSV!~ "M
MEV E TSVRMX. "M XSX E#E, TR PE RSY SVM (.). (YT GI-EY WJV#MX EWXE, W-EY
QFVGEX #M MEV EY RGITYX W FSWGSVSHIEWG, W HIMI HMR QMRM. "M MEV EQ
EY^MX: n8SEHIVI! -SERI! +LISVKLI!~ 4I YVQ #M-EY JGYX WIQRI #M W-EY E#I^EX
TI PEM'. :VIQI QYPX R-E XVIGYX PE QMNPSG. 2YQEM GI-EYH E#E, GE YR ZRX KVIY,
R Z^HYL, EJEV #M HISHEX, ^HYT! 4I TVMWT. 4I YVQ EQ EY^MX WXVMKRH:
n%T!~ %XYRGM EY WVMX #STSXMRH JIQIMPI #M RHEX PI-EQ Z^YX MRXVRH G-S
QRHVI' HI 4GY HI-'M IVE QEM QEVI HVEKYP W XI YM'M PE IP. 2YQEMGX IVE
KEPFIR GE YR QSVX #M SGLMM M 'MRIE RIGPMRXM'M, GE HI WXIGP. 0-EY E#I^EX TI PEM',
P-EY VI^IQEX RXVI TIVRI #M IPI W-EY HEX, XGYXI, PE S TEVXI. 2Y XVIGI QYPX #M MEV
EYH GE YR ZRX, HEV YR ZRX QEM KVIY! :IRIE, ZIRIE. "YMIVE TEVG! "M MEV
^HYT! 4I TVMWT; #M n%T!~ GRH P-EY EHYW, QM W-E EVXEX YR FVFEX REPX #M
WTXSW, GY YR GY'MX PE FVY, HI TEVG IVE YR LS' HI GIM HI HIQYPX. 0-EY E#I^EX
#M TI EGIWXE EPXYVIE GY GIP HMRXM. % XVIGYX E#E YR VWXMQT. 'IM ZIRM'M
HSVQIEY TEVG. (ISHEX, QM SEQIRM FYRM, EYH YR ZEMIX PYRK, HITEVXI: TVIE
G ZMRI YR ZRX RIQMPSWXMZ HI^VHGMRRH GSTEGMM. %YH: n1SV! %T! %T!~
*IQIMPI EY WVMX WTVMEXI. %Y TVMRW E #STXM: n6ITIHI! 6ITIHI! 0ETXI TI PE
''RE Y#MM! :MRI HI HITEVXI, HI PE QYRXI!~ %Y MI#MX EJEV. 'RH W-EY RXSVW,
HYGIEY HI WYFWYSVM YR QSGER ^HVEZR, QFVGEX G-S XSLSEVG QM'SEW, PYRK
HI-P ENYRKIE TR PE GPGMI. (E IVE SWXIRMX, WVEGYP! (I QYPX HVYQ GI JGYWI
TI WYW, GI GVI^M# "M P-EY TYW #M TI HRWYP GY GIMPEP'M EPXYVIE. 4I YVQ ZH G
ETVMRH QYMIVMPI JSG QEVI R ZEXV. 7GSX HYT EGIIE HMR TSPM'M KMRM JVMTXI, FVI
#M VEGLMY #M ZMR, XSEXI FYRX'MPI TQRXYPYM. "M GYQ W-E JGYX, W-EY HI#XITXEX
#M MFSZRMGMM (7EHSZIERY, 303-305).
2.1. 'EPYP HI PIQR.
0IQRYP (F', QIPIWXIY IXG.) IWXI RXPRMX, TI PRK TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI HI
EHYGIVI E YVWMXYPYM #M R GIPI HMZMREXSVMM, 3MRH YR WYGGIHERIY EP FEWXSRYPYM
QEKMG EP ZVNMXSVYPYM, YR MRWXVYQIRX HISWIFMX HI I3GMIRX HI VIEPM^EVI E
JEVQIGIPSV. 7 RY YMXQ G S EWIQIRIE VIGY^MX WI JSPSWIE JVIGZIRX HI
ZVNMXSEVI R GEPMXEXI HI QMNPSG HI PSGSQS'MI TIRXVY WEFEX (PMQFMPI HI QIPM'
?1A IXG.), GX #M R GEHVYP TVEGXMGMPSV HI PYEVI E QERIM: GJ. ITMWSHYP EXMRKIVMM GY
RYMEYE E ZEGMPSV HI PE GEVI XVIFYME PYEX PETXIPI, TVIGYQ #M GIP EP R3KIVMM
GY'MXYPYM RXV-YR F', R ZIHIVIE XVERWJIVYPYM PETXIPYM JYVEX #M E MRXVVMM R
TSWIWME ZVNMXSVYPYM: 7XVMKSEMIPI GRH ZVIEY W ME QERE HI PE ZMXI, MEY YR F'
HI WRKIV #M WI HYG GY IP PE GQT YRHI TEWG ZEGMPI WEY GLMEV R KVENH #M,
JGRH GY F'YP WIQR GXVI ZEGMPI FYRI HI PETXI, ^MG: n(I EMGM TY'MR, HI EMGM
QEM QYPX, HI EMGM XSX!~ "M ETSM JEG GY GY'MXYP TI F' EXXIE WIQRI, HI PE GXI
ZEGM EY PYEX PETXIPI. 1IVK HYT EGIIE EGEW, #M HIWTPIXIWG GLMGIPI #M
RGSRNSEV HI RSY SVM ZEGE GVIME ZSV W-P HIE PETXIPI JYVEX HI PE GIPIPEPXI,
VSWXMRH YVQXSEVIPI GYZMRXI: n2Y RGSRNYV GY F'YP EGIWXE ZEGE, GM nQERE~ HI
PE ZEGMPI RWIQREXI TI VZE#YP QIY! 7 ZMR PETXIPI HI PE ZEGE EGIEWXE, W
JYK PETXIPI HI PE IPI, TVIGYQ JYK SMPI HI PYT #M KMRMPI HI YPMY~. R XMQT GI
VSWXI#XI EGIWXI GYZMRXI, EXMRKI GY F'YP ZEGE TI WTMREVI. (YT GI #M-E
I\IGYXEX ZVENE HI RSY SVM, ZVNMXSEVIE RGSRNSEV HI XVIM SVM GEWE #M JRXRE
HMR GYVXI GY F'YP HI WRKIV R QR (4EZIPIWGY, 1945, 67).
*VIGZIRX, R GEHVYP TVEGXMGMPSV SVEGYPEVI, FYGEXE HI PIQR IVE WYFWXMXYXYP
3MR'IM YQERI TIRXVY GEVI WI KLMGIE: %P'MM MEY, WTVI EGIPE#M WGST, EXXIE
FYG'IPI HI PIQR G'M MR#M PSGYMIWG R GEW, HEY 3IGVYM PIQR GXI YR RYQI #M,
HYT EGIIE, V^MQRHY-PI TI XSEXI HI YR TVIXI, QEM EPIW HI GXVI GIP HI
VWVMX #M PWRHY-PI EGSPS TR E HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'E, WI HYG #M WI GYPG. %
HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'E, GYQ WI WGSEP, QIVK W ZEH GI W-E RXQTPEX GY PIQRIPI
HI TIWXI RSETXI. (EG WXEY XSEXI R TMGMSEVI, GYQ W-EY TYW HI GY WIEV,
EXYRGM I WIQR FYR, GGM R GE^YP EGIWXE RMQIRM HMR GEW R-EVI W QSEV R
HIGYVWYP ERYPYM GI YVQIE^. -EV HEG W-E VWXYVREX #M E G^YX ZVIYRYP PE
TQRX, EXYRGM RY I WIQR FYR, GGM VIWTIGXMZYP EP GVYM RYQI P-E TYVXEX
PIQRYP R-EVI W EYH QEM QYPX GYGYP GRXRH, GM XVIFYMI W QSEV TR PE
TVMQZEV WEY GIP QYPX TR PE WJV#MXYP ERYPYM ZMMXSV (1EVMER, 1994, -, 8). R
TVEGXMGMPI SVEGYPEVI TVIQEVMXEPI, TEVMM IVEY WYFWXMXYM'M YVWMXYPYM; TI FE^E
TVMRGMTMYPYM WMQMPMXYHMRMM WI TYXIEY E4E HMR ZVIQI XVWXYVMPI HSQMRERXI EPI
EPIWYPYM: *MIGEVI JEX #M ME GYRYRM'E WE, QIVKI HVITX WTVI ZVIYR KEVH HMR
ETVSTMIVI GY SGLMM RGLM#M #M HI PE TEVYP TI GEVI E TYW TVMQE HEX QRE,
RYQV RSY TEVM R SVMGEVI TEVXI #M R TEVYP EP RSYPIE #M TYRI GYRYRM'E.
(IWGLMHI ETSM SGLMM #M HEG TEVYP I HVITX, HMR PIQR JVYQSW #M GY GSEN, GVIHI
G FVFEXYP IM ZE 3 SQ JVYQSW, MWXI' #M EZYX; HEG TEVYP I GPIRGMYVSW (GY
RSHYVM), WXVQF #M YVX, YVX ZE 3 #M FVFEXYP; MEV HEG TEVYP I JV GSEN,
FVFEXYP IM ZE 3 WVEG. (EG W-EV RXQTPE GE TEVYP EP RSYPIE W 3I
RKIQREX, EHIG HSM TEVM SPEPX, YRYP HI S TEVXI, EPXYP HI GIEPEPX TEVXI TI
PRK KEVH TIRXVY WTVMNMRMVIE EGIWXYME, WI GVIHI G VIWTIGXMZE ZE EZIE HSM
FVFE ' M (MHIQ, 58-59). %WIQIRIE TVEGXMGM IVEY VIEPM^EXI RY RYQEM HI JIXI,
GM #M HI FMI'M: *PGYP WI HYGI GY QMRMPI PE WTEXI W RYQIVI RSY TEVM HMR
KEVH #M EP ^IGIPIE HEG ZE 3 RSHYVSW, I FSKEX YVWMXE; MEV HI IWXI PMQTIHI, I
WVEG (+SVSZIM, 1995, 244). 1IVKRH 3IGEVI WTVI KEVH, GY SGLMM PIKE'M, JEXE
^MGI:
7R-:EWMM FP'EX, %H-QM YR FVFEX GX HI FPWXQEX, (EV FMRI-RXVIQEX!
2YQVRH R SVHMRI HIWGVIWGXSEVI HI PE RSY PE YRY, YPXMQYP TEV IWXI
PIKEX ETSM GY YR SFMIGX HMWXMRGXMZ, VSWXMRHY-WI:
)Y RY PIK TEVYP, 'M-QM PIK YVWMXYP, (I XVIM YVWMXI YVWEX "M HI (YQRI^IY
HEX,
R ZMW W-P ZMWI^, %MIZI W-P Z^! (1EVMER, 1994, -, 94).
3 ZEVMERX E KLMGMXYPYM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRSV FYG'M HI PIQR IWXI
YVQXSEVIE: 7I WXVRK QEM QYPXI JIXI; YRIME HMRXVI IPI M PIEK SGLMM GY YR
XIWXIQIP #M EWXJIP PIKEX XVIFYMI W QIEVK PE YR XVYRGLM YRHI WI XEMI ^MYE
PIQRI; ETYG HI NSW HISHEX GXI TSEXI W HYG, YR FVE' HI ZVIEWGYVM, PI
HYGI R GEW #M GIPIPEPXI JIXI PI RYQV; HEG-W GY WS', JEXE WI QVMX R ERYP
EGIPE; GSRXVEV, RY (6HYPIWGY-'SHMR, 1MLEPEGLI, 8). %PXISVM, R EGIWX PSG WI
HIWJ#YVE #M GIVIQSRMEPYP HI MRZSGEVI E ENYXSVYPYM WYTVEREXYVEP, GEVI IVE
SFPMKEX W VWTYRH WSPMGMXVMM XMRIVIPSV: *IXIPI HMR YRIPI TV'M EPI
8VERWMPZERMIM, GEVI EWIQIRIE RHXMRIE^ HI E ZVNM PE XMIXSV, VSWXIWG
YVQXSEVIPI GYZMRXI:
7JRX :EWMPI! 1-E# VYKE 4I QMRI E Q EWGYPXE, '-EWX RSETXI 1MI TSEXI
'E W-QM JEG 'E W-QM TPEG. 7-QM XVMQM'M YR TI'MXSV (I PE ZEXV SVM GYTXSV
'-YR GVM'EV HIWGRXXSV %MGIE PE XMIXSV! 7-P ETYGM, 7-P EHYGM 4I-YR KXIN GY
TVPIN; 3VM TI GEVI HMR 4GM 7-P EHYGM, *MI QYX, 3I GMYRXEX 2YQEM W-QM 3I
FVFEX, ' IY GVYGI 'M-SM HE. -EV HI RY, XI-SM FPIWXIQE "M HI VY XI-SM RWIQRE!
"M XI VSK, 73RXI :EWMPI 7-QM EHYGM YRYP HMR WIRMR %QMR!~ (+SPSTIR'ME, 200).
4I PRK TVEGXMGMPI HMZMREXSVMM, GEVI RY IVEY PE JIP HI WMKYVI, TVIGYQ
IVEY GIPI HI XVMQMXIVI E ZVNMM, JIXIPI TYXIEY JSEVXI FMRI W ETIPI^I PE ENYXSVYP
YRIM JIQIM GYRSWGXSEVI, GEVI VIEPM^E R PSGYP IM EGXYP QEKMG TIVMGYPSW, HEV
GEVI EZIE QEM QYPX'M WSV'M HI M^FRH: 0E QMI^YP RST'MM MIWI ZVNMXSEVIE PE
GVYGM# HI LSXEVI, YRHI R3KI YR F' TI GEVI-P QFVEG GY WXVEMIPI JIXIM GEVI
ZVIE W-#M ZEH YVWMXYP GI EVI W-S MIMI; EGSPS IE M HIWGRX GY ET RI-RGITYX,
TI GEVI JEXE XVIFYMI W M-S EHYG PE QMI^ HI RSETXI GY KYVE HMR WGSGYP E XVIM
QSVM, JV E 3 Z^YX SVM E ZSVFM GY GMRIZE (6HYPIWGY-'SHMR, 1MLEPEGLI, 33).
8SX GRH WI ETIPE PE ZVNMXSEVI, WYFWXMXYXYP TIVWSERIM WI TYXIE VIEPM^E #M GY
ENYXSVYP EPXSV MRWXVYQIRXI VMXYEPI, GEVI RW IVEY GSRWEGVEXI R ERYQMXI ^MPI,
JEWXI TIRXVY QEKME HVEKSWXIM: :VNMXSEVIPI, GEVI WI SGYT GY GYXEXYP R GV'M,
GY HMJIVMXI JEVQIGI, ZVNM #M HIWGRXIGI, RG RY WI GYPG GYQ RWIVIE^, GM #M
IPI #M EY SGYTE'MYRMPI PSV. %#E, ZVNMXSEVIE GEVI ZSMI#XI W EHYG YVWMXYP YRIM
JIXI HMR HITVXEVI, JYV R EGIEWX WIEV YR VIWXIY WEY QEM QYPXI HI TI PE
NYKYVMPI SEQIRMPSV, RW RYQEM HI EGSPS YRHI SEQIRMM RY-W TVMQIRM'M, EHMG HI
PE EGIPI GEWI EM GVSV WXTRM WYRX RYQEM S HEX GYRYRE'M #M PI TWXVIE^ ETSM
TIWXI XSX ERYP, GE PE XMQT HI XVIFYMR' W PI EMF PE RHIQR. -EV GRH WI
GYPG, TYR GV'MPI GY GEVM ZVNIWG WYF GET, GVI^RH G TVMR EGIEWX JETX TSX
QEM FMRI ZVNM, WEY G PM WI EVEX R ZMW GYQ XVIFYMI W ZVNIEWG GE W
KLMGIEWG QEM RMQIVMX #M QEM FMRI (1EVMER-P, 1994, 7).
R ZEVMERXE QIPIWXIYPYM, PIQRYP VMXYEP TYXIE #M IP W SJIVI MRJSVQE'MM
TVI'MSEWI R GEHVYP TVEGXMGMPSV HMZMREXSVMM: 9RIPI, ZSMRH E #XM RGSXVS WI ZSV
QVMXE, RGEPIG TI QIPIWXIY, WI WYMI TI TSEVX #M WXVMK: n9! 9VWMXSVYP QIY!
RGSXVS I#XM#~ "M HMR GEVI TEVXI RGIT GMRMM E PXVE, HMRXV-EGSPS GVIH G PI ZE
ZIRM YVWMXYP (MHIQ, 59). 1IPIWXIYP, R GEPMXEXI HI MRWXVYQIRX GSRWEGVEX,
GYRSE#XI YR RYQV RWIQREX HI MRXIVHMG'MM: GRH RY-'M XVIFYMI, RY WI EVYRG
W-P GEPGI SEQIRMM R TMGMSEVI, GM WI H TI S ET GYVKXSEVI; W RY HEM GY
QIPIWXIYP R JSG, TIRXVY GE WSEVIPI W RY QRRGI ZVGSPEGMM; W RY FE'M TI
RMQIRM GY QIPIWXIYP, G EGIPE TI GEVI P-EM FXYX WPFI#XI, WI YWYG (2MGYPM'-
:SVSRGE, 223). 'RH WMQTPE GSR3VQEVI E I\MWXIR'IM YVWMXYPYM RY IVE WY3GMIRX,
3MRH RIZSMI HI S GSRJVYRXEVI GY EGIWXE, TIRXVY E KVFM SEVIGYQ PYGVYVMPI,
ENYRKRHY-WI PE 3REPMXEXIE GWXSVMIM, QIPIWXIYP, GE #M TEVYP, ETEVI GE YR
IPIQIRX RIGIWEV EP YRIM TVEGXMGM EGXMZI, SVMIRXEXI EWYTVE YRYM MRHMZMH
HIXIVQMREX: -EY YR QIPIWXIY, WEY WYGMXSV, GY GEVI GSGMSFMI#XI ^KRHVMRH
JSGYP, ^MGRH: n'YQ WEV WGRXIMPI HMR NIVEXMG, E#E W WGRXIMI MRMQE PYM; G RY
RXI'IWG JSGYP, GM MRMQE PYM~. 'RH WI HYGI PE GYPGEVI ME #M QIPIWXIYP #M-P TYRI
WYF GET #M TIWXI RSETXI QYWEM #M ZE ZIHIE R ZMW TEVXIE (6HYPIWGY-'SHMR,
1MLEPEGLI, 27). (EG-'M XVIFYMI TIRXVY GIZE HVEGYP, MEM RSY FI'I GI WI
RZVXIWG TI ET, GRH ZMRI ETE QEVI #M QIVKM, PE HSYWTVI^IGI GIEWYVM
RSETXIE, GY TMIPIE KSEP, R GVYGIPI HVYQYPYM #M JEGM GY EGIPIE JSG #M IP ZMRI.
%XYRGM M HEM HSY SY #M WIQR HI PE GMRI ZVEM #M-P ^MGM: n2E, W XI HYGM R GYXEVI
#M-R GYXEVI PSG #-EGIPE PYGVY W-QM JEGM~. (I-P ^MGM W-P EHYG TI GMRIZE, P TYRI
TI GSGMSVZ #M-P EHYGI. (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 476) 1EKME JSGYPYM IVE EGXMZEX #M
GY YR VIWXIY HI PE NYK: *EXE GEVI ZSMI#XI E-#M EHYGI YVWMXYP, R GLMTYP GYQ W-E
EVXEX ?)Y, JSGYPI, XI-RZIPIWG.A, R XMQTYP EGIPE GX 'MRI VSWXMVIE ZIVWYVMPSV
ZVENIM, RZIPI#XI JSGYP GY YR VIWXIY JYVEX R WIEVE HI 7J. %RHVIM WEY E 7J. :EWMPI
HI PE S GEW YRHI SEQIRMM RY WYRX HI-E HSYE SEV GYRYRE'M. -EV HYT GI E
WJV#MX HI VSWXMX GYZMRXIPI HI QEM WYW MIWI EJEV #M E^ZVPI VIWXIYP TIWXI
GEW (1EVMER-2, 1995, 31).
'SGMSVZE WEY PSTEXE WYRX EPXI SFMIGXI RGVGEXI HI TYXIVI QEKMG,
WMXYEXI R MQIHMEXE ETVSTMIVI E SQYPYM. 'Y EGIWXIE WYRX QERMTYPE'M GVFYRMM R
ZEXV, IWXI MRXVSHYW WEY WGSEW TMRIE HMR GYTXSV; HI EMGM ZMRI #M TYXIVIE PSV
#M, MQTPMGMX, YXMPM^EVIE PSV #M HI GXVI ZVNMXSEVI, TVIGYQ #M R TVEGXMGMPI
TVIQEVMXEPI: *IXI HM T PE RSM W HYGIY PE 'LMGIHM W-# JEG HI QVMXEX. %GIIE
JGI SR JSG QEVI #M-R KYVE PYM 'RI GSGMSVZE #M PSTEXE. 4 PSTEX TYRI SR GPST.
&KE PSTEXE GY GPSTY R GYTXSVM, Y XVKI EJEV, XVKI NEV GY GSGMSVZE, MEV
FKE SR TXMG PSTEXE R GYTXSV. >MGI:
'IE GSGMSVZ! , M, PSTEX! 1VMX-Q HMRXVSPEPX!~
7 EPIKI G JEXE GEVI-# JGI HI QVMXEX, W QVMXE HIKVEF ('LMXE-4ST,
160). 6WXYVE HI TI GSGMSVZ #M HI TI PSTEXE HI TMRI IWXI JSPSWMX HI YRIPI
JIXI EXYRGM GRH QIVK TIRXVY RXME HEX PE NSG. %GIE VWXYV S TYR R STMRGM
^MGRH: %#E W NSG IY HI Y#SV GYQ NSEG GSGMSVZE #M PSTEXE R GYTXSV #M E#E W
RY TSEX GYXEVI HYT QMRI GYQ RY TSX JIQIMPI JV HI PSTEX #M
GSGMSVZ! (4EQ3PI, 1998, 36). 'Y GSGMSVZE R QMRM HI MI#M RSETXIE EJEV, RY
XI XIQM HI RMQMG, TIRXVY G HI GSGMSVZ XSEXI VYX'MPI JYK, G IE YQFP TVMR
JSG #M RMGM HVEGYP, RMGM EPX VYXEXI RY WI TSEXI ETVSTME, GGM IPI HI JSG WI XIQ
(2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 22P-222). 0E JIP, GRH I TPSEMI QEVI GY TMEXV, JIQIME
XVIFYMI W EVYRGI EJEV R GVYGI GSGMSVZE #M PSTEXE ?2A #M TMEXVE WX RHEX
(MHIQ). 4IRXVY E WGTE HI HYLYVMPI ETIPSV, VYWEPOM, VY#MM #M YGVEMRIRMM MEY
GSGMSVZE #M QIVK HYT IPI GPEVI TI IE; EWXJIP, EGIWXIE S MEY PE JYK, GVI^RH
G WYRX YVQVMXI HI S ZVNMXSEVI, HI GEVI IPI WI XIQ JSEVXI XEVI (/SPGMR, 25).
7XVMKSMM QSV'M MIW HMR QSVQMRXI PE 7J. %RHVIM, WI RXPRIWG PE YR PSG GY WXVMKSMM
ZMM, EHMG GY WXVMKSMM SEQIRM #M WI FEX GY GSGMSVZIPI TR GRX GSGS#MM
(4EQ3PI, 1997, 220).
2.2. -RZSGEVIE WXIPIM.
*IXIPI HMR YRIPI TV'M EPI 9RKEVMIM, GRH I GIVYP WIRMR, RGIT E RYQVE
WXIPIPI HI PE YRY PE RSY, ^MGRH:
3 WXIE GY HSY WXIPI, 3 WXIE GY XVIM WXIPI, 3 WXIE GY TEXVY WXIPI, 3 WXIE
GY GMRGM WXIPI.~
"M XSX E#E TR PE:
3 WXIE GY RSY WXIPI.~
-EV GRH ENYRK PE E RSYE WXIE, I\GPEQ:
%GIEWX QRHV WXIE )WXI SVRHE QIE!~
"M HEG WXIEYE E RSYE, PE GEVI W-E STVMX, IWXI HMR RXQTPEVI S WXIE
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SVRHE PSV ZE 3 YR JIGMSV LSPXIM #M EZYX. -EV HEG WXIEYE RY I PYQMRSEW, ZE 3
YVX #M WVEG. (EG GIVYP I RSYVEX, JV WXIPI, I WIQR G RY QYP'M TI'MXSVM ZSV
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RXPRMQ S MQEKMRI MRIHMX E WXIPIM-EY\MPMEV, GEVI EVI VSPYP HI E XVEWE HVYQYP
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HMR PYQIE WYFTQRXIER, HMR QTV'ME QSV'MPSV. 4SXVMZMX YRIM ZIGLM GVIHMR'I
IKMTXIRI, QSV'MM GSRXMRYEY W XVMEWG R WXIPI (0YVOIV, 161, 162). R YRIPI
TV'M HMR &VIXERME 7YTIVMSEV, GRH WI RE#XI YR GSTMP RSETXIE, XEXP MIWI EJEV
#M WI YMX W ZEH GYQ EVEX WXIEYE GEVI IWXI WMXYEX GLMEV HIEWYTVE LSVRYPYM.
(EG IE IWXI WXVPYGMXSEVI, RSY-RWGYXYP ZE 3 JIVMGMX, RSVSGSW, MEV HEG WXIEYE
IWXI TEPMH, IWXI YR WIQR GPEV HI RIRSVSG (7IFMPPSX, -, 63). 9GVEMRIRMM GVIH G
ZVNMXSEVI ZE HIZIRM JEXE GEVI WI RE#XI WYF S WXIE RIRSVSGSEW (7PE#GMSZ, 79).
1EM QYPX, WVFMM WTYR G ZVNMXSEVIPI RY TSX JEGI RMQMG SEQIRMPSV RWGY'M WYF
S WXIE RSVSGSEW. 2Y TSEXI JEGI RMQMG TVMQYPYM, GIPYM HI-EP #ETXIPIE, TVIGYQ
#M YPXMQYPYM RWGYX HMR JEQMPMI (PE YGVEMRIRM). 0 MTSWXE^MIVI E WXIPIM RSVSGSEWI
IWXI HIQSRYP RYQMX 7XIE (^ZI^HE) S WXIE GY EVMTM, GY JE' HI SQ #M GY S
QMG GSEH, HMR GEXIKSVME WTMVMHY#YPYM, GEVI EHYGI FERM TVSTVMIXEVYPYM; HEG
EVI GSEHE PYRK, XVERWTSVX GIVIEPI, PETXI IXG. ('IVITERSZE, 1983, 48). (YT
EPXI GVIHMR'I, WXIPIPI RY WYRX EPXGIZE HIGX GERHIPIPI GI WI ETVMRH PE
RE#XIVIE 3IGVYM GSTMP #M VITVI^MRX HYVEXE ZMI'MM EGIWXYME. *MIGEVI SQ #M EVI
WXIEYE PYM, GEVI WX EGSPS WYW TI GIV, EXXE XMQT GX XVMI#XI IP. 'RH QSEVI
SQYP, EXYRGM M WI WXMRKI #M WXIEYE WEY WI HIWTVMRHI HI TI GIV #M GEHI, GE S
WGRXIMI, XVKRH YR 3V PYQMRSW HI-E PYRKYP GIVYPYM. -RGSXVS GEHI WXIEYE, RXV-
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RKIVYP M ZE WXE EPXYVM, SQYP RY ZE EZIE E WI XIQI HI RMGM S TYXIVI QEPI3G.
(EV GRH WXIEYE GIPYM GEVI PSZI#XI 3KYVE M WTYRI GI #M GYQ WXIPIM LS'YPYM,
EGIEWXE P TVWI#XI TI GIP TI GEVI-P ETV, MEV JSV'E QEPI3G TSEXI PYGVE R
ZSMI, GGM TSVYRGE WMPI#XI WXIEYE T^MXSEVI E#E RGX MQEKMRMM PSZMXI M WI
XVMQMXI YR RKIV; EGIWXE WI VIXVEKI HI RHEX, MEV JSV'E QEPI3G PYGVIE^. (I
EWIQIRIE, GE #M PE VSQERM, VSQRM IXG. "M VY#MM GVIHIEY R I\MWXIR'E YRIM WXIPI
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EGIWXE QYVIE. 7I QEM GVIHIE G WXIEYE IVE HISWIFMX HI ZYPRIVEFMP, RGX,
HEG IVE EVXEX GY HIKIXYP, WI TYXIE HYRE TIVWSERIM GVIME M ETEV'MRIE
WXIEYE EKVIWEX (%JEREWMIZ, 1982, 355).
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QSXMZYP GHIVIE ?3A HMEZSPMPSV: 9RMM EY VQEW R GIV, HI EXYRGM WTR^YV GY
GETYP R NSW #M GY TMGMSEVIPI R WYW; HI EGIIE ^MGI G RY I FMRI W XI YM'M GRH
GEHI ZVS WXIE HMR GIV, GGM WXIPIPI EGIPI WYRX HMEZSPMM GIM WTR^YVE'M, GEH TI
TQRX (&VMPP, 1994, -, 30). -QEKMRIE HIQSRMG E WXIPIM G^XSEVI IWXI QYPX
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S TVMRH #M R-S PEW W GE^ TI TQRX. "M HI EGIIE PI ZIHIQ RSM YQFPRH
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#M HI EV GHIE XSEXI, ETSM QEM XSEX PYQIE EV 3 WGLMPSHMX #M FSPREZ HMR
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ZVIS FEP HVGIEWG (4EQ3PI, 1997, 115). 1IHMGMRE TSTYPEV GYRSE#XI RW
GE^YVM R GEVI XVEXEQIRXYP YRIM EJIG'MYRM WI VIEPM^IE^ XSGQEM TVMR
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WXIPIPSV. -RZSGE'ME EHVIWEX WXIPIM-YVWMXI IWXI I\XVIQ HI I\TPMGMX:
8SEXI WXIPIPI W WXIE 2YQEM WXIEYE PYM (GYXEVI) 7 RY WXIE, 7 YQFPI
'VYGM# #M HI-E GYVQI^M# 7-P EHYG PIEGYP PYM (GYXEVI) "M-R SY W M-P
TYMI (&YXYV, 1992, 66).
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ETIPEX GY RGVIHIVI GRH RIVFHEVIE JIXIPSV RIQVMXEXI EXMRKIE GSXI
QE\MQI: *EXE GEVI ZVIE W WI QVMXI, ENYRIE^ R %NYRYP 'VGMYRYPYM, MEV
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7XIE, WXIPM#SEVE QIE, 8SEXI WXIPIPI W WXIE, 2YQEM E QIE W RY WXIE, 7
YQFPI-R PYRK #M-R PEX #M TI PE RSM TVMR WEX, 7-EHYG TI-EP QIY FVFEX, %WX-WEV
W-P ZMWI^, 1MRI EMIZIE W-P ZH~.
%TSM JEXE QIVKI R GEW #M ME S FYGEX HI TMX W QFYGI. 4VMQE FYGEX
TI GEVI S VYTI GY HMR'MM S WGSEXI HMR KYV #M S TYRI WYF TIVRE TI GEVI
HSEVQI. 7YF EGIIE#M TIVMR TYRI #M S SKPMRH, TMETXRYP #M RGP'QMRXIE HI
TI TMGMSVYP HVITX ('PMQER-:IWIPY, 245).
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GSQTPI\ HIGX WMQTPE GLIQEVIE E EWXVYPYM. 7YRX HI EWIQIRIE ETIPEXI EPXI
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TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRIM ZVNM HI HVEKSWXI. 7TVI HISWIFMVI HI TVEGXMGMPI
HMZMREXSVMM, R GEHVYP GVSVE WSPMGMXERXYP EVI QEM HIKVEF S EXMXYHMRI TEWMZ IP
ME GSRXEGX GY PYQIE GIEPEPX, JV RW E MRXIVZIRM R HIWJ#YVEVIE
IZIRMQIRXIPSV ZVNMPI TVIWYTYR MQTPMGEVIE QEWMZ E TVEGXMGERXYPYM, EGYQ
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WI HYG R GYXEVIE YVWMXYPYM, TIRXVY E-P TYRI TI GEPIE GIE FYR, RHVITXRHY-
P GXVI TEVXIRIVYP GI-P E#XIETX GY RIVFHEVI:
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(VEKSWXIPI QIPI; 3TX WXIPI, KSWXIPI, (VEKSWXIPI QIPI; -E #M-E RSYE WXIE,
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R-SM HSVQM, 2Y XI LSHMRM, 'M QFP 'VMPI "M XSEXI LSXEVIPI.
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GSSVHSREXIPI ZVNMM: TI PRK EKVIWMYRIE J'M#, RHVITXEX GXVI TIVIGLI,
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TVIWYTYRI EHIWIE YR JYVX: TSXIR'EVIE MYFMVMM YVWMXYPYM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRSV
IPIQIRXI QEKMGI MRHMWTIRWEFMPI, TVSZIRMXI HI PE SFMIGXI WEY 3MR'I TIRXVY
GEVI HVEKSWXIE EHIZVEX GSRWXMXYMI YR HI^MHIVEX QTPMRMX, HSZEH I\MWXIR'E
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WIGVM R4SVMXI, (I PE 99 HI QMVM GY QMVIWI, (I PE 99 HI GVEM GY GVMIWI, (I PE
99 HI-QTVE'M GY-QTVXIWI, (I PE 99 HI TVIS'M GY TVISXIWI, (I PE 99 HI
TYRM GY TYRM'I, (I PE 99 HI LYPYFM GY LYPYFM'I,
(I PE 99 HI ZEGM GY ZM'IM, (I PE 99 HI SM GY QMIM, (I PE 99 HI WGVSEJI GY
TYVGIM, (I PE 99 HI TPVMM JIGMSVI#XM, (I PE 99 HI WXVY'YVM JIXI#XM; 7 QM PI
EHYGM, HVEK WXIE, 4R PE GWY'E QIE, (I GY WIEV TR-R GRXXSVM (I HSY
SVM,
-EV HMR GRXXSVM 4R-R ^SVM,
(I XVIM SVM, R EWX YPGIE GY 4SVM!
%FME R EGIWX QSQIRX EP ZVNMM JIXIPI WI YMX TI GIV PE WXIEYE GIE QEM
PYQMRSEW #M VSWXIWG EPXI GYZMRXI-GLIMI EPI ZVNMM: . 7VM'M, WXIRM, 7VM'M
TSTSVIRM, ' EVHI -REPXYP GIVMYPYM! (E RY EVHI -REPXYP GIVMYPYM,
'M EVHI 'Y#QE YVWMXYPYM QIY, 'IP EPIW HI (YQRI^IY, 'Y#QE-R GETYP
WY "M GQI#E TI HRWYP #M MRMQE-RXV-RWYP0.
%GIWX ITMWSH EP ZVNMM HI HVEKSWXI QEVGLIE^ S EPX MTSWXE^ E WXIPIM-
HIWXMR-TIVIGLI #M ERYQI VITVI^IRXEVIE MKRMG E TEWMYRMM EQSVSEWI: TEXMQE
RIW'MSEW, HISWIFMX HI TIVMGYPSEW E WSPMGMXERXYPYM EXMRKI HMQIRWMYRM
GSWQMGI; R EGIWX JIP, EHYGIVIE YVWMXYPYM IWXI WYKIVEX GE YR JIP HI MI#MVI
FIRI3G HMR EGIEWX WXEVI HI XSVXYV TWMLMG #M 3^MG E FVFEXYPYM. 1EM QYPX,
I\TPS^ME TXMQE# GI P-E EXMRW TI EPIW HIT#I#XI RMZIPYP GSRXEGXYPYM 3^MG GY
JSGYP MRMQMM JIXIM. :VENE GETX EGYQ EGGIRXI HI FPIWXIQ, #XMMRHY-WI
RGT'REVIE YVWMXYPYM HI E HE MQIHMEX GYVW WSPMGMXVMM: . 7XIE JVYQSEW "M
PYQMRSEW! )Y ZSM HSVQM, (EV XY RY HSVQM, 'M XI HY-R PYQI, 0E YVWMXYP QIY
ERYQI #M HI P-IM E4E '-E WXE 0E QIWI-RXMRWI, 0E JGPMM ETVMRWI,
'Y RIZIWXI KVEWI "M GSTMPI JVYQSEWI, *-P W-P TEV G'IPI ZMIVQRSEWI,
2YQEM IY W-P 3Y QEM JVYQSEW. "M QM-P EH: 4VMR THYVI, TVMR HIWMQI #M TVMR
WEX JV VY#MRI #M TVMR GQT JV HVYQ #M TIWXI ETI JV TSH #M TIWXI KEVH JV-
HI TVPE^.
(IQSRMWQYP TVSGIHIYPYM MRZSGEXSV, TVIGYQ #M REXYVE GSRXEGXYPYM
WXEFMPMX RXVI GIPI HSY NYQX'M (W RY YMXQ, XSXY#M, G, R QEVIE QENSVMXEXI
E GE^YVMPSV, WI GVIHI G EGIEWX RXPRMVI WI TIXVIGI R WTMVMXY, EHIWIE R ZMW,
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ETIPEVIE PE QSXMZI QMXSPSKMGI XVEHM'MSREPI: QEWE RXMRW #M JGPMMPI ETVMRWI (GE
R GE^YP PSGEPM^VMM FSPMPSV, E QSV'MM ?4A), GPXSVME TVMRXV-YR WTE'MY RSR-YQER:
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EPX QSXMZ, EP ENYXSVYPYM-EKIRX, HI EGIEWX HEX MRXIVTVIXEX XSX GE S
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1 HYG GSHVMM W-P TVPIWG, (I ZIVHIE' W-P KXIWG #M ZMPI W PI WIG "M
TIXVMPI W PI GVIT!
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GVIEWG, (E XI HY QEM FMRI R PYQI,
4IWXI PYQI, 0E YVWMXYP QIY ERYQI, 'Y JSG P RGMRKI, 'Y JSG P ETVMRHI,
*SG R KYVE GQI#MM M FEK, 0E MRMQ M-P E#E^; 7 EVH GQI#E TI HRWYP "M
MRMQE RXV-RWYP, 7 RY TSEX HSVQM, 7 RY TSEX LSHIRM, 4R-PE RSM R-E ZIRM,
0E TVMR'M E Q TI'M! (1EVMER, 1994, -, 96).
(YT VSWXMVIE EGIWXIM ZVNM R RXVIKMQI IWXI I\EQMREX WXIEYE-YVWMX.
(EG WXIEYE, R HIGYVWYP VSWXMVMM EGIWXSV ZIVWYVM, ZE WXVPYGM HMR GI R GI QEM
XEVI, EXYRGM JEXE ZE EZIE TEVXI HI GIP PE GEVI KRHI#XI; HEG WXIEYE WI ZE
RXYRIGE, #M ZE TMIVHI HMR WXVPYGMVI (HMR MYFMVI), EXYRGM JEXE RY ZE EZIE TEVXI
#M RSVSG HI EGIPE PE GEVI WI KRHI#XI.
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%#E GYQ EQ Z^YX R GETMXSPYP GSRWEGVEX MRM'MIVMM ZVNMXSEVIPSV, GEPYP
HIQSRMG IVE YR ENYXSV HI RHINHI TIRXVY TYRIVIE R TVEGXMG E QEPI3GMMPSV HI
XSX JIPYP. *MI G IVE GPVMX TIRXVY E ENYRKI PE WEFEX, 3I G IVE JSPSWMX R
TVEGXMGMPI HI PYEVI E QERIM, ERMQEPYP WEY, QEM FMRI ^MW, WYGGIHERIYP EGIWXYME,
SVMGYQ W-EV 3 RYQMX (QXYV, QIPM', GSGMSVZ, WYP IXG.) ETEVI GE YR IPIQIRX
MRWITEVEFMP HI TIVWSERE ZVNMXSEVIM. (I EGIIE IVE 3VIWG W 3I XVMQMW YR EWXJIP
HI ENYXSV VETMH R GYXEVIE YVWMXYPYM GEVI RXV^ME W ETEV (QEM EPIW G IVE
ZSVFE HI RHITPMRMVIE YRIM GPXSVMM HYW-RXSVW). *V W WI JEG ZVIS VIJIVMVI PE
REXYVE ERMQEPYPYM, GEPYPYM M IWXI WSPMGMXEX WTVMNMRYP R QSH RIQMNPSGMX R S
WIEQ HI ZVNM:
1YVKYPI, -RXV QYVKYPI, 2E-'M FVYP QIY, *VY GEPYPYM XY, 1IVKM HI GEX
YVWMXSVYP QIY, 'EVI-P HEX HI (YQRI^IY. 9RHI P-M RXPRM,
9RHI P-M KWM 7-P MY#RI#XM, 7-P TPIWRI#XM, 'Y FMGM HI JSG, 7 RY TSEX
WXE-R PSG, 0E QMRI W-P TSVRI#XM. (7IZEWXSW-P, 140-P41).
R EPXI GE^YVM, JEVQIGYP RY WI QEM EHVIWE HMVIGX ERMQEPYPYM, GM YRYM
SFMIGX WEGVEPM^EX, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP GVYME TYXIE 3 WSPMGMXEX ERMQEPYP HIQSRMG.
R TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI SJIRWMZI, QEM EPIW R ZVNMPI HI YVWMX, FVYP, RWS'MX HI YR
EG, IVE YR MRWXVYQIRX YXMPM^EX VMXYEP, RXV-YR GSQTPI\ HI TVEGXMGM #M IPIQIRXI.
4YXIVMPI QEKMGI EPI EGIWXYM SFMIGX ZIWXMQIRXEV WYRX HSFRHMXI RXV-YR
QSQIRX WEGVY, R YVQE YRYM XVERWJIV HI JSV' HMR TEVXIE HIWXMRYPYM: 9VWMXIPI,
TI PE 7J. %RHVIM, YQFP #M ZMR HI GIEVG JIXIPI #M PI RXVIEF TVMR WSQR: n-
(SVQM#~ n- (SVQ #M RMGM TVIE~, M ^MGM. n- :VEM W XI QVM'M, G IY 'M XVMQMX TI
GYXEVI #M TI GYXEVI; HEG ZVEM, W-'M EPIKM. 'ET EQ, HEV FERM R-EQ~.
6WTYRHI YVWMXE. %XYRGM W VWTYR^M: n- 2E-'M FVYP QIY, W-P TYM R
GETYP XY~. (EV HEG ZVEM TI GMRIZE, M WTYM ERYQI R GETYP GYM W-P
TYR (4EQ3PI, 1997, 228-229). R EGIWX WIRW TSX 3 I\TPMGEXI QERMTYPVMPI
VMXYEPI EPI FVYPYM R GEHVYP TVEGXMGMPSV QEKMGI HI E4EVI/EHYGIVI E YVWMXYPYM:
-E HMR FVY HI RSY SVM TI EG, HYT GEVI E#XIVRI FVYP GY EG GY XSX TI TVEK,
FXRH TIWXI IP RSY QXRMM, JV RW E JEGI #M GVYGI; R XMQTYP GX FEXI
QXRMMPI ^MGI HMR KYV:
9VW, YVWMXSVYP QIY (I (YQRI^IY HEX (I SEQIRM PWEX,
:MR-R ZMW W XI ZMWI^, %MIZIE W XI Z^~ (+LISVKLMY, 10).
(YT YR VMXYEP FMRI WXEFMPMX WI VIEPM^E RWY#M FVYP: R ENYRYP 7J. :EWMPI,
JEXE JYV HI PE S ZIGMR HSY JYMSEVI HI GRIT HI ZEV, ZMRI EGEW GY IPI, PI
FEXI, PI QIPM', PI XSEVGI #M 'IWI GY IPI TR PE ^MY S GMRKXSEVI. 7I RGMRKI
GY IE #M WI GYPG, E#XITXRH ETSM GE-R ZMW W M WI EVEXI TEVXIE (4EQ3PI, 1998,
93). 3 HEX SF'MRYX FVYP, YXMPM^EVIE PYM R GEHVYP VMXYEPYPYM IVE HMJIVMX: 9RIPI
JIXI, R WIEVE HI 7J. :EWMPI, RGMRK GY FIXIPI PSV GXI S JIQIMI RWVGMREX,
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RIZEWX (MHIQ). (EG, EXYRGM GRH IVE JSPSWMX HI JIXI, EG'MYRIE XMTMG IVE
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QM JEG FVYP QIY KVET, /7 Q ZMWI^ PE RSETXI QVMXEX, /'YPIKRH GRIT
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TSVRI#XM. (MFMHIQ, 126).
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(8ISHSVIWGY, --, 50).
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ERXIVMSV, IPIQIRXYP-GLIMI P GSRWXMXYME TMIHMGE HIQSRMG, EMGM, WMQFSP TIRXVY
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MRXIVJIVIR' E TPERYVMPSV, VI^YPXEX, HI GI RY, EP SGYPXVMM TEV'MEPI HIWXMREXI
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TYRI KSP R QMNPSGYP GEWIM WTVI Y#, P QTMIHMG PE TMGMSEVI. &EFE WXVMK GXVI
GIP QTMIHMGEX, VSWXMRH TVMQIPI HSY ZIVWYVM: n*VYR^ ZIVHI HI EPYR, /7 ZMI
GYXEVI RIFYR~ ?QTMIHMGEXYP WEVI HI XVIM SVM WTVI Y# RIGLI^RH GE GEMMA;
n*VYR^ ZIVHI PIQR HI JEK, /'YXEVI ?WEVI WTVI Y# HI XVIM SVM, RIGLI^RH GE
GEMMA W QSEV HI-EP XY HVEK; /*VYR^ ZIVHI PIQR HI WRKIV/7 ZMI GYXEVI GE
YR RKIV~. R EGIWX QSQIRX, MRHMGE'MMPI HI VIKMI WTYR G JEXE WEVI WTVI Y#,
TR PE TVEKYP Y#MM, YRHI GEHI NSW. &EFE XEMI TMIHMGE GY XSTSVYP, JEXE WI VMHMG,
SGSPI#XI GEWE HI XVIM SVM #M WXVMK ZIVWYVMPI GI YVQIE^. -RGLIMRHY-#M VSPYP HI
XVERWTSVXEXSV, TVMR WMQYPEVIE ENYRKIVMM PE HIWXMRE'ME GIPYM HSVMX (SGSPYP VMXYEP EP
GEWIM), JEXE TVMQI#XI EGYQ VSPYP TVMRGMTEP, IE #M RY JIVQIGXSEVIE, 3MRH GIE
GEVI VIEPM^IE^ GLIQEVIE VMXYEP: . 'YXEVI, RY ^FSZM, /7GSEP-XI, RY QEM
HSVQM, /:MR HIKVEF G XI-SM MYFM. -RXVRHY-#M R VSPYP TVSTVMIM ZMI'M, JEXE MRXV
R GEW, WI QFVEG, WI KXI#XI, ME YR QSWSV R KYV, WI VMHMG R TMGMSEVI TI
GS# #M ^MGI HI XVIM SVM ZIVWYVMPI GI YVQIE^: . *VYR^ ZIVHI HMVQSXMR/'YXEVI,
ZMR W RI MYFMQ. /*SEMI ZIVHI QVKVMX, /4IRXVY XMRI Q-EQ KXMX. -QFVGRHY-
WI #M ETIPRH PE LSVR, TVMR GEVI #M WXVMK HVEKSWXIE, GEHVYP EG'MYRMM RY QEM
IWXI YRYP JERXEWXMG; RI E4Q RXV-S GEW SFM#RYMX, R TVIENQE ZIXVIM, R XMQTYP
HIWJ#YVVMM YRIM ZVNM HI YVWMX. *EVQIGYP RY WI RGLIMI EMGM. (YT GI-P XVMQMXI
MRZMXE'ME YVWMXYPYM, JEXE MIWI EJEV, PIEK YR TEV GY FIXIPI #M RYQV, R SVHMRI
EWGIRHIRX, GMRGM^IGM HI TEVM; TI GIP HI-EP GMRGM^IGMPIE P WXVRKI-R FVE'I, P
WVYX, ^MGRH GIPI HSY ZIVWYVM GEVI YVQIE^: . ,EM GYXEVI TYM FSFSG, /
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QEM XVIFYMI IE RW#M W WI XVERWJSVQI R GEPYP-ENYXSV, ZSGIE IM V^FEXI GLMEV
PE HIWXMREXEV, SVMGRH TSEXI ETIPE PE WTVMNMRYP, I EHIZVEX, HI XIQYX, EP YRYM
TEXVSR RIJEWX: . 2Y WGYXYV KEVHYP, GM XYPFYV PEGYP, /7 MEW HVEGYP, /7-QM
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TIVWSRENIPSV TEVXMGMTERXI PE ZVEN (HVEGYP, GEVI IWXI YR WMQTPY XVERWTSVXEXSV),
TIVJSVQIVMM WYRX WMKYVM G JEVQIGYP ZE EZIE WYGGIWYP WGSRXEX: TVSWXMQIE
GVIHI G ZMRI RIFYR #M GEHI PE TMGMSEVIPI IM #M QSEVI HYT HRWE (7IZEWXSW-P,
142).
9XMPM^EVIE VMXYEP E FVYPYM WI JGIE #M R ZMVXYXIE EWIQRVMM WEPI GY
#EVTIPI-FEPEYV (IP RWY#M S VITVI^IRXEVI WTIGM3G TIRXVY QEM QYPXI 3MR'I
HIQSRMGI: WTMVMHY#, #EVTI EP GEWIM, ^FYVXSV IXG.). 'E LMIVSJERMI E WEGVYPYM,
FVYP IWXI YR SFMIGX GI HMWTYRI HI TYXIVM EXX JEWXI, GX #M RIJEWXI: IP IWXI
EXX GIVGYP TVSXIGXSV GEVI ETV XVYTYP YQER, HEV #M, EXYRGM GRH IWXI
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GI QTVYQYX GIZE HMR QMXMGYP QIWEKIV PYQMRMWGIRX:
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(YQRI^IY. (1EVMER, 1996, 20).
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GYQYPEXI RXV-YR WMRKYV EGX: *IXIPI HMR 1SPHSZE, GEVM ZSMIWG E WI QVMXE, HEG
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KWM TI WGEYR, (-P WYF WGEYR; (I P-IM KWM TI GYTXSVMY,
(-P WYF GYTXSVMY; (I P-IM KWM 9RHI P-IM KWM, 'Y FSXYP P QY#G, 'Y
REWYP P WY4, 'Y GSEHE-P TPIWRI#XI, 'Y YVIGLMPI P RIXI^I#XI "M PE QMRI-P
TSVRI#XI. 7 GVITI, W TPIWRIEWG, 0E QMRI W WI TSVRIEWG!~
%GIWXI GYZMRXI PI WTYRI JEXE HI XVIM SVM, ETSM GSRXMRY:
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YVWMXSVMYP QIY, R ZMW W-P Z^, %MIZIE W-P ZMWI^!~
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YR IJSVX TIRXVY E-#M EXMRKI WEVGMRE. (YFPYP FVFEXYPYM XVIFYMI W 3I EHYW, GLMEV
GY JSV'E (HI EMGM #M MQTVIGE'ME), EHIWIE R TS3HE HSVMR'IM WEPI, W HIE WIEQ
R JE'E YVWMXIM WEPI JIQMRMRI. R EGIPE#M XMQT, EGIEWX ZVEN I\TVMQ GPEV
VETSVXYVMPI HI WYFSVHSREVI RXVI EGIWXI XMTYVM HI EKIR'M QEKMGM: WXIEYE-YVWMX
P XVMQMXI R GYXEVI TI FEPEYVYP-TENYV, GEVI, R EGIPE#M XMQT, IWXI QERMTYPEX
(GY RGYZMMR'EVIE WXIPIM) HI JEX, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP FVYPYM EGIWXIME.
. (YT GI KXI#XI EGIWXI GYZMRXI HI WTYW, JEGI GXI XVIM QXRMM PE
VWVMX, ETYW, QME^RSETXI #M QME^^M, ZMRI R GEW GY SGLMM PIKE'M WEY RYQEM
RGLM#M #M, TYRRH QRE TI GPI#XI, RZVXI JSGYP, ^MGRH:
'YQ RY TSEXI XSEX PYQIE *V GPI#XI-E XVEKI JSG, %#E #M YVWMXYP QIY,
'IP EPIW HI (YQRI^IY,
7 RY TSEX-R PSG E WXE 4R-GI RY W-E EVXE R EWX-RSETXI W-P ZMWI^!~
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GPI#XIPI PE GET, ETSM WI GYPG TI QRE HVIETX, TYRI TEPQIPI WXVRWI RXVI
KIRYRGLM #M E#E ZMWIE^ YVWMXYP (1EVMER, 1994, -, 96-97; EGIEWX E HSYE TEVXI
E ZVNMM IWXI MRXIVIWERX TVMR JETXYP G JEGI PIKXYVE GY YR EPX WYGGIHERIY EP
WXIPIM GIPIWXI, IWXI ZSVFE HI JSGYP XIVIWXVY, HI GEVI ZSQ ZSVFM R VRHYVMPI
YVQXSEVI).
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ENYXSVYP FVYPYM QEKMG. (I EGIEWX HEX RY WI QEM JEGI RMGM YR JIP HI XVMQMXIVI
PE WXIEYE-XVMQM'XSEVI. -RZIWXMX GY TYXIVI IWXI GLMEV WSPMGMXERXE, GEVI, R
ZMVXYXIE JETXYPYM G TSWIH YR EWIQIRIE MRWXVYQIRX QEKMG, TSEXI VIEPM^E GY
WYGGIW, JV YR EPX WTVMNMR I\XIVMSV, EGXYP HI EHYGIVI WMPMX E YVWMXYPYM. %WIQIRM
WSPSQSREVYPYM, XRVE EVI R WYFSVHMRIE IM YR FEPEYV RWTMQRXXSV, WMRKYVYP
GEVI-P TSEXI ZIRM HI LEG TIVIGLMM RIEWGYPXXSEVI: 7QFX WIEVE WTVI
HYQMRMG, QEV'M WTVI QMIVGYVM #M NSM WTVI ZMRIVM, JEXE GEVI ZSMI#XI W-#M JEG TI
YVWMX, GRH WI GYPG, ME FVYP R QR, JEGI RSY RSHYVM RXV-RWYP #M ^MGI:
&VRI, FVRM#SVYP QIY, *-XI #EVTI PEYV, "EVTI FEPEYV 'Y WSP^MM HI EYV,
'Y XSXYP HI EYV, 'Y 24 HI TMGMSEVI QIVKXSEVI, 'Y 24 HI PMQFM QTYRKXSEVI,
'Y 24 HI EVMTM ^FYVXSEVI. &VRI, FVRM#SVYP QIY, 4EW PE YVWMXSVYP QIY.
(I-E 3 R WEX EMGI, (I-E 3 R EP HSMPIE, (I-E 3 R EP XVIMPIE, (I-E 3 R EP
TEXVYPIE, (I-E 3 R EP GMRGMPIE, (I-E 3 R EP #EWIPIE, (I-E 3 R EP #ETXIPIE, (I-
E 3 R EP STXYPIE, (I-E 3 R EP RSYPIE, (I-E 3 SVM#MYRI EV 3,
'Y PMQFIPI W-P QTYRKM, 0E MRMQ W-P WXVTYRKM "M PE QMRI W-P EHYGM;
"M GY WSP^MM W-P WSP^I#XM "M PE QMRI W-P TSVRI#XM.~
4R EMGM 'MRI FVYP TI QR RXMRW. %GYQ RW, WXVRKRHY-P TI YR
#EVTI, R3KI R IP YR EG #M ^MGI:
'SPEG GE IY RY WXVRK EMGM FVYP QIY GSPEG, 'M EHYG YVWMXSVYP QIY R GEM
HI SPEG, 4VMR XVK JV HI VY#MRI,
4VMR GSHVY JV HI WMRI. )Y RY R3K EMGM EGYP R FVYP QIY, 'M S WKIEX
R MRMQE YVWMXSVYPYM QIY~.
(YT GI E VSWXMX #M EGIWXI ZIVWYVM, TYRI FVYP WYF GET, WI GYPG #M EXYRGM
TVMR WSQR ZIHI TI YVWMXSVYP WY (1EVMER, 1996, 216). %NYR#M EMGM, XVIFYMI W
QIR'MSRQ G TYXIVIE HI GEVI HMWTYRI FVYP TSEXI 3 QERMTYPEX #M R VIKMQ
HMYVR #M, QEM QYPX, R ZEVMM WMXYE'MM, R GEVI IVE RIZSMI HI YR MRWXVYQIRX
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QEM TSEXI JYKM. M RGVYGM#I^M FVRI'YP R GSEVRI, GE PE FSM, TR WI MWTVZI#XI
XSEX E'E, M WYTYM GETXYP FMRI, GE W RY WI QEM HI^PIKI #M HYT EWXE EM W-P
TS'M HE HVYQYP, GGM VQRI R WIVZMGMYP XY. %XYRGM SQYP TSEXI TSVYRGM SVMGI
#M HVEGYP EWGYPX RYQEMHIGX. M TSEXI EHYGI FERM, ZMXI IXG. %HYW R EGIEWX
WXEVI, HVEGYP WI RYQI#XI WTMVMHY# 1 (>ERRI, :-, 556).
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2.4. ?5A. :%86% (73&%)
% MGM XVIFYMI W RGEHVQ QEM ZIGLMPI VITVI^IRXVM VSQERI #M KVIGI#XM
HIWTVI HMZMRMX'M WTIGMEPM^EXI, TVSXIGXSEVI EPI EGIWXYM XSTSW WEGVY. *SQE\
WSF IVE ^IM'E VSQER E ZIXVIM #M WSFIM; HMR EGIIE#M GEXIKSVMI JGIE TEVXI #M
:IWXE, ^IM'E ZIXVIM GEWIM #M E JSGYPYM ( KV. ,IWXME). -RKVSTEX, PE RGITYX, EGEW,
WYF ZEXV WEY ETVSETI HI ZEXV, QSVXYP RY-#M TVWIE RMGM PSGYMR'E, RMGM
FYRYVMPI, RMGM JEQMPME. 7TMVMXYP WY GSRXMRYE W XVMEWG MRZM^MFMP EPXYVM HI EM
WM, YXMP WEY EQIRMR'XSV. -HIIE WYTVEZMI'YMVMM QSVXYPYM E HEX RE#XIVI GYPXYPYM
WXVQS#MPSV, EHMG XYXYVSV TVEGXMGMPSV GEVI XMRH, TI HI S TEVXI, W RXVI'MR
ZME'E YQFVIPSV #M, TI HI EPX TEVXI, 3I W-P ETIVI TI GIM ZMM HI MR4YIR'E PSV
QEPMKR, 3I W PI EWMKYVI HIWGIRHIR'MPSV ENYXSVYP WXVFYRMPSV PSV; MRXIVHMG'MM,
MQTVIGE'MM #M TIHITWI GEVI TVSXINIE^ QSVQMRXIPI, V^FYRVM #M MWT#MVM EPI
GVMQIM, WVFXSVM JYRIVEVI #M WEGVM3GMM, GSQIQSVVM, ERMZIVWVM, SJVERHI
(1EYWW-,YFIVX, 1997, 190-P91). 0IKXYVE QEM GPEV E WSFIM GY GIEPEPX PYQI,
R WTI' GY PYQIE QSV'MPSV, WI IZMHIR'ME^ RXV-S WIVMI HI TVEGXMGM QEKMGI GEVI
WI HIWJ#SEV HYT RGLIMIVIE GIVIQSRMEPYPYM RQSVQRXVMM. 4IRXVY E RY WI
XIQI HI QSV'M WEY TIRXVY E WI JIVM HI EG'MYRIE PSV RIJEWX, GE WXVMKSM, SEQIRMM
#M PMTIEY QMRMPI HI WSF WEY, HRH PE S TEVXI ETVXSEVIE, WI YMXEY R WSF
(&EMFYVMR, 1983, 165). 0E JIP, GRH QYVIE GMRIZE, ETVXSEVIE WSFIM WI
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IVEY YXMPM^EXI EGIPIE#M IPIQIRXI: HSVMXSVYP, WXRH TI WSF, WI YMX (TVMR JVY,
WMX) PE QEW, YRHI HI SFMGIM IVE E#I^EX QSVXYP (MHIQ, 156).
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WTE'MY WEGVY RY WI VIJIV RYQEM PE TVI^IR'E QSV'MPSV JEQMPMIM, GM PE MHIIE HI
^SR HI GSRXEGX GY PYQIE GIEPEPX, GY PYQIE HYLYVMPSV. %WXJIP, WI WTYRI,
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SQ, P-EV QYRGM; HEV P PEW TR GI H XYRYP RXV-RWYP #M EXYRGM P WJEVQ; WEY:
0SGYP HVEGYPYM I R GYTXSV, R LSVR; #M JEGI S FSVXMGMG, G RMGM R-S ZI^M #M
EGSPS #IHI. 0YM M-P HVEK W WI YRK GY JYRMRKMRI, HI EGIIE-P E#E HI
RIKVY (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 1215, 1216). 4VMR EGXI QEKMGI RXVITVMRWI R GEHVYP
EGIWXYM XSTSW WI TYXIEY SF'MRI VI^YPXEXIPI HSVMXI R YRMZIVWYP RZIGMREX: (I
*MPMTM, GE W RY XVEK PYTYP PE ZMXI, W RY-P QRRGI TI SEQIRM PE HVYQ YRK
ZIXVIPI, KYVE GYTXSVYPYM, FSV'MPI TVMR TIVI'M M YRK KYVE PYTYPYM #M SGLMM GE W
RY ZEH (MHIQ, 1212). %VHIVIE R WSF E YRSV QXYVM ZIGLM TVSHYGIE ZRX
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HYGIE PE RQYMIVIE KIVYPYM (:MRSKVEHSZE-8SPWXEME, 1993, 18). %TIPRH R
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JIXIPI MQTPMGEY EGIWX WTE'MY QMXMG R TVEGXMGMPI HI EHYGIVI E YVWMXYPYM. 'IM GEVI
HSVIWG W-#M E4I ZMMXSVYP R ENYRYP %RYPYM 2SY WI YMX R WSF (7XVELSZ, 157). R
9GVEMRE WI TVSGIHE PE JIP HI 'VGMYR, RW TIRXVY E-P ZIHIE TI QSV'M. 6Y#MM
WTYRIEY: GYM M TPEGI W WI YMXI R WSF GRH WI JEGI JSGYP, ZE QYVM GYVRH
(MHIQ, 155). 'IP QEM JVIGZIRX WI ETIPE PE EGIWX TVSGIHIY R GEHVYP TVEGXMGMPSV
SVEGYPEVI TVIQEVMXEPI. 3 WEQ HI JIXI WI WGSEP R ^MYE HI 7J. +LISVKLI HMW
HI HMQMRIE', WI HYG TR PE JRXR, WGSX ET, MEY S KYV HI ET, WI RXSVG
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ETE EHYW S XYVX #M TYRRH-S R ZEXVE JSGYPYM, GE W WI GSEG, ^MG:
)Y RXSVG ZEXVE, :EXVE RXSEVGI GYTXSVYP, 'YTXSVYP RXSEVGI LSVRYP,
,SVRYP RXSEVGI GELPE,
'ELPE RXSEVGI TIVIXIPI, 4IVIXIPI RXSEVGI PIE'YVMPI, 0IE'YVMPI RXSVG
EGSTIVQRXYP. 8S'M QMGMM,
8S'M ZSMRMGMM, 8S'M WXIRMM, 8S'M TSTSVIRMM 7 GEXI RYQEM PE QMRI, 2YQEM
QMI W WI RGLMRI, -EV HY#QERGIPI QIPI, 'IPI WTYVGEXI #M VIPI, 7 VQMI
RKPSHEXI, 'PS#XI RPSG#REXI, (I KMRM KMR'EXI,
R TSH EVYRGEXI. (E IY W 3Y TYRM', 4SHSKLM', (I PE QYRXI
WGSFSVX, (I XSEX PYQIE MYFMX. *IGMSVMM GI Q-SV ZIHIE R FVE'I G Q-SV PYE,
R JVYRXI Q-SV WVYXE, R JVYRXIE NSGYPYM Q-SV TYVXE!~
'SGRHY-WI XYVXE EWXJIP HIWGRXEX, S MEY HI TI ZEXV #M S TYR TI TVEK
#M HEG ZMRI Q'YP #M S QRRG, EXYRGM JEXE GEVI E JGYX-S #M E HIWGRXEX-S
EVI R HIGYVWYP ERYPYM HI FYR WIEQ W WI QVMXI. (1EVMER, 1994, --,
307-308).
2.4.2. ,36290.
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,SVRYP IVE TVMQE TMIW EGXMZEX HI ZEXV. (MWTYRRH PE VRHYP PYM HI FSKEXI
VITVI^IRXVM EPI TYXIVMM WEPI QEKMGI, LSVRYP IVE QEM HIKVEF YR JIP HI
XVEQFYPMR GXVI GIEPEPX PYQI, YR XYRIP QEKMG R MRXIVMSVYP GVYME WI VIEPM^EY
QIXEQSVJS^IPI: IP IVE PSGYP HI YRHI TSVRIE WTVI I\XIVMSV EKIRXYP RJSGEX #M
R4GVEX (PE TVSTVMY #M PE 3KYVEX) #M IVE, HI EWIQIRIE #M PSGYP TVMR GEVI
EGIWXE, GLMEV #M HYFPYVE YVWMXYPYM, TYXIEY TXVYRHI R WTE'MYP YQER. -EX GYQ
I\TPMG S ZVEN HI RXSEVGIVI E HVEKSWXIM EGIWX VSP EP LSVRYPYM:
1 WGYPEM, 1 WRIGEM 7Y4RH #M GLMVMRH. 1-E YVX QEMGE, 1-E YVX
XEMGE, 1-E YVX XSEX PYQIE (I PE VWVMX PE ETYW, 1EM EPIW WGVMWE, YVWMXE, (I PE
YVWMXSVM YVWEX, (I PE (YQRI^IY WJRXY HEX. 0E RSETXI R ZMW W XI ZMWI^,
1MRI ZMI W XI Z^,
7 XI GYRSWG. 3 W EVYRG S FEWQE TI GS#: 8Y W XI JEGM YR GSGS# 'Y 44
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GMSGRM'M, 'Y EVMTMPI W-P TPIWRM'M, 0E GYXEVI W-P TSVRM'M. (0EYKMIV, 133).
R WXVRW PIKXYV GY WEGVEPMXEXIE LSVRYPYM TSX 3 EQMRXMXI QEM QYPXI
GVIHMR'I. 7YRX QYPXI HYLYVM GEVI TXVYRH R GEW XSGQEM TVMR LSVR (PE
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MRXVE #M QSEVXIE: (EG QMVIEWE, GRH MRXV R GEWE QMVIPYM, WI YMX PE LSVR, M
QSEVI WSEGVE (MHIQ, 146). R -RWYPIPI 8SRKE, GRH QYVIEY V^FSMRMGMM #M
GTIXIRMMPI, WI GVIHIE G WY4IXIPI PSV WI VMHMG TVMR LSVR R PYQIE GIVIEWG,
YRHI XVMIWG ZI#RMG (4VSTT, 114). 7I QEM GVIHIE G, EXYRGM GRH QYVIE YR
SQ, XVIFYME W WI HIWGLMH ETVXSEVIE LSVRYPYM, TIRXVY GE WY4IXYP SQYPYM W
TSEX MI#M PMFIV (&EMFYVMR, 1983, 164-P65). 4SPSRI^MM WTYR G WIEVE XVIFYMI W
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(MHIQ, 60). 7TIVMIXSEVIE WGS'MER &SHEGL MRXV R GEW, GSRJSVQ GVIHMR'IPSV,
XSX TI LSVR (&VMKKW, 224). 0E TSPSRI^M WOV^EX WTMVMHY#YP, R MTSWXE^E WE
PYQMRMWGIRX #M JGIE MRXVEVIE WEY MI#MVIE R GEW, GRH TSVRIE TVMR GYV'MPI
ZIGMRI HYT JYVEX, XSX TVMR LSVR, TVI^IR'E PYM 3MRH WIQREPEX TVMR WGRXIMIVMPI
GI WI ^VIEY R RST'MPI WIRMRI (7ERRMOSZE, 1994, 46), GE R GVIHMR'IPI
VSQRI#XM PIKEXI HI ^FYVXSV. 0E VY#M, SVMKMRIE GSTMMPSV IVE I\TPMGEX TVMR
EVYRGEVIE PSV R GEW HI GXVI FEV^, R QSH IZMHIRX, TI LSVR (+VMF, 119). 0E
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EVYRGEY TI LSVR WIQMR'I, REMRXI HI GMR, WTYRRH: 8SX E#E HI REPXI W
GVIEWG #M KVRIPI WIQREXI! (:MRSKVEHSZE-8SPWXEME-P, 1994, 25). 6SQRMM
GVIHIEY G QMVIEWE, GRH ZIRIE R GEWE QMVIPYM, XVIFYME W EXMRK LSVRYP GY
QRE WEY W HITYR TI ZEXV WEY TI LSVR S SJVERH VMXYEP (TMRI YRW GY
QMIVI), GE W 3I EGGITXEX HI PEVMM GEWIM ()ZWIIZ-P, 1994, 74). 'E S TVEGXMG
VMXYEP QTSXVMZE WXVMKSMPSV, HI 7J. %RHVIM YRKIEY Y#E #M GIVGIZIPIPI HI PE
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RGIVGEVIE PSV HI E TXVYRHI R GEW ((VEKSWPEZ-2, 123). 6SQRMM WTYRIEY G,
EXYRGM GRH HHIEM PETXI GY QTVYQYX, TIRXVY GE S HEX GY EGIEWXE W RY HEM
#M QERE, XVIFYME W XVIGM HI XVIM SVM EGIE SEP TI HYT WXPTYP LSVRYPYM. 8SX GY
VSP ETSXVSTEMG WI EK'E HI WXPTYP LSVRYPYM YR JYW, R GEVI IVE R3TX S
GT'R HI YWXYVSM, TIRXVY GE ZVNMXSEVIPI WVFI W RY TSEX JEGI VY RSY-
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YVQE PYM #M RGSRNYVM LSVRYP HI XVIM SVM W WI 'MI HI GEW, GYQ WI 'MRI LSVRYP #M
W WXIMI, ETSM #M RGSRNYV JIQIME QMNPSGYP #M YVQE GIIE S GSEWI R WXVEM #M S
TSEVX PRK WMRI (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 1211). 8SX R WGSTYVM JEWXI WI JGIEY #M
GLIQVMPI: HI WXVMKM TI KYVE LSVRYPYM TI GMRI HSVI#XM, ZMRI HIKVEF (+SVSZIM,
1995, 109). 'RH TMIV^M HMR FXXYV ZVIS ZMX, WXVMK-S WIEVE TI GS#YP GEWIM,
G ZE ZIRM; (EG PM WI JYV ZVIS ZMX WEY HEG RYQEM PM W-E TMIVHYX #M RY QEM
HEY HI IE, ZVNMXSVYP GEVI E JSWX GLIQEX PE GEWE GIPYM GY TEKYFE WI YVG TI
LSVRYP GEWIM #M WXVMK TI RYQI ZMXE:
2IE, RIE, RIE, 1VXY', (MR RSY LSXEVI, :MR-EGEW MEV, (MR JYRHYP
TQRXYPYM 4I EVMTE ZRXYPYM, 2.4.3. *3'90.
4VMR JYRHYP THYVMM, 4I GSEHE WIGYVMM, 2IE, RIE, RIE, 1VXY'!~ (1EVMER,
1994, --, 108).
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ZVNMPI HI HVEKSWXI. R JVEKQIRXYP HI QEM NSW ZPZXEME GSWQMG GI IWXI
WXVRMX HI MRMQE ETVMRW E YVWMXYPYM GETX S PSGEPM^EVI QMXMG QYRXIPI
+EPEPIYPYM/+EPMPIYPYM #.E. 3MRH YR XSTSW WEGVY JVIGZIRX RXPRMX R PIKIRHI
(VITVI^IRXVM EPI FSPMPSV, WTMVMXI EPI XSVWYPYM 1EV'SPIE, .SMQVM'E IXG.):
7VM'M, SEQIRM, 'Y GSJI #M GY ET, ' W-S ETVMRW QYRXIPI +EPEPIYPYM. &E
RY W-S ETVMRW QYR'MM +EPEPIYPYM, ' W-S ETVMRW MRMQE PY %PI\ERHVY
(I 99 HI HSVMR'YVM HI-E QIPI, (I 99 HI HVEKSWXM HI-EPI QIPI, (I 99 HI
MFSZRMGI HI-E QIPI. (+SPSTIR'ME, 277-278).
R TPER GSRGVIX, JSGYP XIVIWXVY GSRWXMXYME, HI EWIQIRIE, YR EKIRX QEKMG
MRHMWTIRWEFMP TYRIVMM R TVEGXMG E JEVQIGIPSV HI HVEKSWXI TVMR EVHIVIE
WY4IXYPYM TIVWSERIM MYFMXI. (MRGSPS HI QIXEJSVIPI TVMR GEVI IWXI VITVI^IRXEX
HSVMR'E WI\YEP, JSGYP GSRWXMXYMI IP RWY#M YR EKIRX MRJEMPMFMP TIRXVY SF'MRIVIE
VI^YPXEXYPYM HSVMX R GE^YP JEVQIGIPSV HI HVEKSWXI: -EY YR QIPIWXIY, WEY
WYGMXSV, GY GEVI GSGMSFMI#XI ^KRHVMRH JSGYP, ^MGRH: n'YQ WEV WGRXIMPI HMR
NIVEXMG, E#E W WGRXIMI MRMQE PYM; G RY RXI'IWG JSGYP, GM MRMQE PYM~. 'RH WI
HYGI PE GYPGEVI ME #M QIPIWXIYP #M-P TYRI WYF GET #M TIWXI RSETXI QYWEM #M ZE
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GYRSWGYXI ZVNM PE GEVI WI ETIPIE^ R EGIWX WIRW:
)Y, JSGYPI, XI-RZIPIWG, 8I-RZIPIWG, XI TSXSPIWG, (EV XY QM XI HI^ZIPI#XI
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'Y 99 HI GETYVM, 'Y 99 HI SGLM, 'Y 99 HI PMQFM, 'Y 99 HI TMGMSEVI #M XI
HY-R PYQI. (1EVMER, 1996, 15).
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3MRHY-P HSV HI YVWMXYP WY, ZSMI#XI W-P EHYG PE WMRI HMR SVMGI HITVXEVI W-EV
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-EV HYT GI JYV VIWXIYP #M WI RXSEVGI GY IP EGEW, WI HYGI HVITX PE
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*EXE GEYX GE, TI GRH VSWXI#XI ZIVWYVMPI EGIWXIE, W RY 3I RMQIRM R GEW,
GEVI EV TYXIE W-S EYH #M W-S WXMRKLIVIEWG R ZVNMXSVME WE. (EG I #M EPXGMRIZE
R GEW #M S ZIHI GI JEGI, EXYRGM XSEX ZVENE, HYT GVIHMR'E IM, R-EV EZIE RMGM
YR IJIGX. (YT GI E WJV#MX HI VSWXMX ZIVWYVMPI HI QEM WYW, MIWI EJEV GY VIWXIYP
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WY, MEV E HSYE ^M HMQMRIE' EMIZIE WI ZE RXPRM GY HRWYP #M-P ZE WXVRKI R
FVE'IPI WEPI, 3MRHG E#E M-E JGYX, G IP RYQEMHIGX XVIFYMI W ZMR PE HRWE #M
W-S GIEV PE TVMR'MM WM HI WS'MI (MHIQ, 15-P6; WYFP. 2. %. 3.).
R EPXI GE^YVM, TIRXVY VIEPM^EVIE EGIWXIM ZVNM IWXI RIZSMI HI QEM QYP'M
EKIR'M QEKMGM. 4VI^IR'E GY'MXYPYM, YR SFMIGX RGVGEX HI TYXIVM VIHYXEFMPI,
GSRXVMFYMI PE EWMKYVEVIE WYGGIWYPYM TVEGXMGMM. R EGIWX GE^, EGGIRXYP WI TYRI R
TVMQYP VRH TI IJIGXIPI HMWXVYKXSEVI HYFPI EPI QEKMIM WMQTEXIXMGI EG'MSREXI
HI GIPI HSY MRWXVYQIRXI: EVHIVIE I\XIVMSEV, E GQ#MM, IWXI YR VI^YPXEX
HMVIGX EP EG'MYRMM WXMLMIM JSGYPYM, R XMQT GI EKVIWEVIE MRMQMM, R WIRWYP WXVRMVMM
TEXMQMM HSVMXI, IWXI QEM HIKVEF ETERENYP GY'MXYPYM: 'Y GY'MXYP JEGM. 'Y'MXYP P
TYM R JSG. : M R GEW #M ^MGM:
*SG, JSGY#SVYP QIY, )Y XI-RZIPIWG, 8Y W XI HI^ZIPI#XM.
'YQ EVHI JSGY-R ZEXV, %#E W EVH GQI#E TI HRWYP "M MRMQE RXV-
RWYP~.
'Y'MXYP P PE#M R JSG TR E HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'. 7I JEGI WQFX
WIEVE (:EWMPMY, % P., 30-31).
3 ZVEN HMR EGIIE#M GEXIKSVMI TVIWYTYRI YXMPM^EVIE JSGYPYM R GEPMXEXI HI
EKIRX HMWXVYKXSV: SFMIGXIPI GI HI'MR TYXIVIE QEKMG WYRX, R EGIWX XMT HI
ZVEN, GY'MXYP #M GVQMHE-WXEXYIX, MRHMWTIRWEFMP I\SVGM^VMM: 4I S GVQMH
RSY WI JEGI GLMT HI SQ GI RWY#I#XI WGVMWE WEY WGVMWYP #M, HIWGRXRH, WI XSX
R'IET GY YR GY'MX GYRYREX EGIP GLMT HI TI GVQMH. 7I HIWGRX WIEVE, TI
ZEXVE JSGYPYM. (YT XIVQMREVI, WI RZIPI#XI GVQMHE R JSG, ^MGRH:
*SGYPI, IY RY XI-RZIPIWG W XI WXMRKM, 'M XI-RZIPIWG W XI-ETVMR^M. 7 WI
ETVMR^ MRMQE R WGVMWE GYXVYME "M W ZMI TIWXI HIEPYVM, 4IWXI ZM, TIWXI
QVGMRM, 4VMR GMYPMRM,
4VMR WEX *V WJEX, 4VMR GMRM *V GMSQEK, 4VMR PYQI *V
ZSVF.~ (0EYKMIV, 134).
2.4.4. 3%0% () 098 (90'-'%)
R TVEGXMGMPI QEKMIM MYFMVMM, EGXYP QEKMG VIWTIGXMZ IWXI RYQMX TYRIVIE
GMSFYPYM, JGYXYP GY YPGMGE. 'E HI SFMGIM, I\MWXEY TVEGXMGM EGXMZI, R GEVI
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IJIGXMZ HMR HSQIRMYP QEKMIM RIKVI, EXX R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI QEXIVMEPIPI
YXMPM^EXI R XMQTYP ZVNMM, GX #M VIJIVMXSV PE HYVMXEXIE KIWXYVMPSV IJIGXYEXI: 'IP
GVYM M WI TYRI GMSFYP WI YVMRIE^ RXV-YR YPGMSV RSY. %TSM P EWXYT FMRI #M-P
RGMRKI PE JSG. 9PGMSVYP, 3MRH RGMRW #M RJYRHEX, RGITI W GLMSVMI #M, HMR
WYMXYVMPI GI PI JEGI EXYRGM, WI ^MGI G WXVMK RYQIPI 4GYPYM GEVI ZE PYE TI
JEX. R ZVIQIE GRH P RGP^IWG PE JSG, P FEXI GY YR QRYRGLM HI RYMIPI HI
EPYR, HI WRKIV #M HI EV'EV #M WI QEM ^MG JIP HI JIP HI HIWGRXIGI:
8I FEX GY RYMEYE HI WRKIV, 7 QM-P EHYGM GE YR RKIV. 8I FEX GY RYMEYE
HI EPYR, 7-P EHYGM GE YR RIFYR.
8I FEX GY RYMEYE HI EV'EV, 7 ZMI GE YR EVQWEV~ (>ERRI, :-, 512).
(EG TR EGYQ HIQSRMWQYP ZVNMM IVE HEX HI MRXIRWMXEXIE EGXIPSV
QEKMGI, ZSQ I\IQTPM3GE R GSRXMRYEVI EGIEWXE JGRH VIJIVMVI PE JEVQIGI
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TYRI GIEV, FER HI ^IGI GVYGIVM #M TV HMR GET. %GIWXE WI TYRI ETSM WYF EXEVI
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EHMG PE JIGMSVYP WEY JEXE GI ZSMIWG E WI GWXSVM. 2IGYVEXYP TPIEG TIWXI QVM
#M TSHYVM TR ENYRKI PE GIP XVMQMW, TI GEVI ETSM P EHYGI TI HVKPY, HI-P JEGI
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VIWTIGXMZ WI TM# R GMSVXSMY HI QEV'M TR QEV'M. %XYRGM FEK P IP TIXVMM HI PE
RSY TSHYVM, RSY EGI HI GET, QPHM'I HI TPST #M PMRXI; WYVGIPI HMR KEVH HI PE
NYHIPI (TVMQEV) #M HI PE GEWE GSQYREP (TVMQVMI). 1EV'M P TYRI PE JSG #M-P
3IVFI GY WYVGIPI HMR RSY QI^YMRM. *EXE WI HI^FVEG ETSM HI XSX, GY RYMIPI HI
WRKIV #M HI TVYR VS#Y FEXI SPYP ^MGRH: n2Y FEX SPYP, GM FEX TI HVEGYP; HVEGYP
HEXE QIE R ZMW W-S ZMWI^, QMRI EMIZIE W-S ZH~ (>ERRI, :--, 52).
R E#E-RYQMXIPI JEVQIGI, GEVI, GSRJSVQ HIPMQMXVMM JGYXI HI 7. * P.
1EVMER, VITVI^MRX YR EGX NYWXM'MEV, HI RXVIKMVI JEWX E HIWXMRYPYM E HSM XMRIVM,
JSV'E HIWXVYGXMZ IWXI #M IE TVI^IRX, HI#M WYRX YXMPM^EXI GY TVIGHIVI
IPIQIRXI GYVEXI, R ZIHIVIE TVSTM'MIVMM: 9RIPI JIXI, GRH ZSV W-#M WGSEX
HVEKSWXIPI, MEY RXV-S YPGMG ET RIRGITYX #M TYRRH RXV-RWE FYWYMSG, S
TER HI TYR #M YR FER HI EVKMRX, WI HYG TI PE GLIYXSVMPI KEVHYPYM RXV-S ^M HI
QEV'M, NSM WEY WQFX #M (.) WI WTEP GY ETE HMR YPGMG (1EVMER, 1996, 23). R
XI\XIPI-ZVNM VSWXMXI GY EGIWX TVMPIN, R TS3HE RXVIKYPYM EVWIREP JEWX Z^YX QEM
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)Y RY-RZVX YPGMGE, 'M-RXSVG KRHYP "M GYZRXYP "M MRMQE PYM 2. GY XSXYP
(I PE EPXI JIXI WTVI QMRI. 7 TEV HMR JE' GYGSRM', -EV HMR HSW TYRM'.
''M R YVQ QM-SV GPGE 8S'M Q-SV PYHE, 'Y HR#MM-SM NYGE, R KYV Q-SM
WVYXE, (I QR G Q-SV PYE, 'Y HR#MM Q-SM HI^QMIVHE. (1EVMER, 1996, 22).
%PXISVM RMGM RY WI QEM TYRI TVSFPIQE EQKMVMM MYFMXYPYM YVWMX, GM IWXI
ZSVFE HI HIGPER#EVIE TVSGIHYVMM TYRMXMZI E TIVIGLMM MRHSPIRXI, GEVI RY E
TPIGEX TR EGYQ YVIGLMPI PE VYKMPI 3IVFMR'M EPI JIXIM. 'E #M R GIPIPEPXI XMTYVM
HI ZVNM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YPGIPIM, TVEGXMGE VMXYEP WI VIEPM^IE^ TVMR GYQYPEVIE
QEM QYPXSV IPIQIRXI: SEPE IWXI TYW TI ZEXV, R GSRXEGX RIQMNPSGMX GY JSGYP
HMWXVYKXSV #M EMGM WIQRM3GRH TEXMQE I\TIHMXSVYPYM: 7I HYG R GEW, MEY S
SEP GY ET RIRGITYX, S TYR TI ZEXVE JSGYPYM #M, RZVXMRH-S, ^MG:
2Y RZVXIWG SEPE, (E-RZVXIWG TI YVWMXYP QIY, 4SEXI-P R EGIWX WEX,
4SEXI-P R GIP WEX. (I-P R TEX, (-P WYF TEX; (I-P TI PEM', (-P WYF PEM'; (I-P PE
Y#, (-P WYF Y#; -^FI#XI-P, 4SVRI#XI-P, 0E QMRI WSWI#XI-P! 0E QMRI-P TSVRI#XI,
0E QMRI-P WSWI#XI, 'Y QRGEVIE PYM, 7TVI QRGEVIE QIE, 'Y SHMLRE PYM,
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RZIV^M'M, QIVM R4SVM'M): . 0E QMNPSG HI GEPI 0I-S MI#MX 7XIRMM, 4STSVIRMM,
1IKMI#M'IPI, :IGMRMPI. (I QRE HVIETX S PYEX, (MPXYVM HI HVYQ S HEX, 4IVHIPI
HI YVX M-S TYW, *ETX KYVMPI PI-S-RGPI#XEX, 1MRMPI PI-S PIKEX, 4MGMSEVIPI PI-S-
QTMIHMGEX, 'PEVI TI-S FY#XMLSER
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TVWMX M-S YRW, 'Y JYRMRKMRI M-S YRW, 'Y YRXYV HI FYVWYG M-S YRW, 'Y TMIPI
HI #EVTI M-S YRW, 'Y XEPT HI LYLYVI^ M-S YRW.
9VXYP EG'MYRIE HI E YV TI GMRIZE WI QEXIVMEPM^IE^ R XI\XYP
HIWGRXIGYPYM #M R ZM^MYRIE TSTYPEV TVMR EXMRKIVIE KVEHYPYM QE\MQ HI
VIWTMRKIVI E YRIM TIVWSERI, SF'MRYX RHISWIFM TVMR GSRXEKMYRIE GY
IPIQIRXIPI (ERMQEPI, SFMIGXI IXG.) GSRWMHIVEXI XVEHM'MSREP HVITX
VIWTMRKXSEVI, MQTYVI. (I EPXJIP, IWXI ZSVFE EMGM #M HIWTVI S QYVHVMI 3^MG E
HIWXMREXEVYPYM ZVNMM, GI GSRSXIE^ YQMPMR'E, HIKVEHEVIE ZSMX E EGIWXYME (LSMX,
GEP QTY'MX, TGYV, GIRY#, JYRMRKMRI, FYVWYG, VGIEPE #EVTIPYM, WMRKYVXEXIE
LYLYVI^YPYM). (MR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP QSHEPMX'MM TVMR GEVI WI TYXIE EXMRKI
SFMIGXMZYP, ZVENE QEPI3G HI YVX IVE TVSTEKEX TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP JETXYPYM
(JGYXYPYM, HI PE E JEGI), GEVI TYXIE TYRI WXTRMVI TI GIP ZM^EX R HMJIVMXI
QSHYVM:
*ETX YRW, *ETX QRGEX, *ETX WXVMKEX, *ETX FYX, *ETX XYVREX, *ETX R
TMGMSEVI GPGEX. *ETX TI GEW, *ETX TI QEW,
*ETX TVMR TEXVY GSP'YVM HI GEW. 'Y TMIPI HI PYT M-S QFVGEX, 'YRYR HI
WTMRM HI QGI# R GET TYWY-PI-S, 'Y GQ#M HI YVX M-S-QFVGEX, 'Y FVY HI
YV^MGM M-S RGMRW, 'Y GMYFSXI HI TMIPI HI FVSEWG M-S RGP'EX. (:EWMPMY, % P., 42).
:VENE HI QEM WYW MRGPYHI, R GEXIKSVME IPIQIRXIPSV QEKMGI HMRXVI GIPI
QEM VIHYXEFMPI, TMIPIE HI PYT. %GIEWXE IWXI RXV-EHIZV YR PSG GSQYR EP
EGIWXYM XMT HI JEVQIGI. -EX RG YR I\IQTPY:
'MRI-P EGIIE, 'MRI-P EGIIE#
'EXVMRE! 'I EVI TI GET!
4MIPI HI HVEG! 'I EVI TI XVYT#
4MIPI HI PYT! 'I EVI TI ZMRI#
4MIPI HI GMRI! 'I EVI R KYV#
4VMGE^ #M YV! (EG-P E#E, 7 JYK 2. HI IE 'E HI HVEGY #M W WI XIEQ
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%GIWX JEVQIG IWXI, HYT GYQ E4Q #M HMR I\TPMGE'ME YVQXSEVI, YRYP HI
TVSZSGEVI E VYTXYVMM VIPE'MMPSV HMRXVI HSY TIVWSERI, GY WGSTYP HI E JEZSVM^E S
RSY YRMVI: :VNMXSEVIE, ZVRH W HIWTEVX TI GIM GI XVMIWG FMRI, WI HYGI R
THYVI #M GEYX HSM GSTEGM KIQIRM, HI^VHGMRE'M HI S JYVXYR #M GEVI EY
G^YX YRYP RXV-S TEVXI MEV GIPPEPX R EPXE. (MRXVI EGIWXI HSY PIQRI ME
ZVNMXSEVIE 'VR #M, GRH GIM HSM EQER'M WI E4 QTVIYR, VSWXI#XI JSVQYPE
HI QEM WYW, EHVIWRH GYZMRXIPI EXX YRYME GX #M EPXYME #M E^ZVPMRH 'VRE
EGIEWXE RXVI HR#MM (MHIQ).
2.1. 5X/KXGER HI PYT
R WXVRW PIKXYV GY TYXIVIE QEPI3G E TMIMM HI PYT WI E4 YR EPX
SFMIGX QEKMG YXMPM^EX HI ZVNMXSEVI #M ERYQI KXYP/KXPERYP HI PYT. 'SRJSVQ
TVMRGMTMMPSV WMQTEXMIM #M GSRXEKMYRMM, XVIGIVIE TVMRXV-S TMIPI WEY TVMRXV-YR
KXPER HI PYT GSRJIVIE 3MR'IPSV S TEVXI HMR GEPMX'MPI GEVREWMIVYPYM: 7TVI E
EZIE QYPX QMIVI HI PE EPFMRI, IWXI FMRI E PI PWE W MEW EJEV R ^MYE HI
&YRE-:IWXMVI, TVMRXV-YR KXPER HI PYT, #-ETSM IPI HIZMR JSEVXI VIPI, YGMH TI
EPFMRIPI ZIGMRMPSV #M PM JYV QMIVIE (+SVSZIM, 1995, 3). 7EY: 4IRXVY GE
EPFMRIPI W JYVI QMIVI HI PE WXVMRM, GRH WI WGSX TVMQZEVE WXYTMM, HEY HVYQYP
EPFMRIPSV TVMRXV-S TMIPI, WEY TVMRXV-YR KXPER HI PYT, ^MGRH:
'YQ WJVXIG PYTYP SMPI, %#E W GXE'M "M ZSM W WJVXIGE'M 4VI XSEXI
'IPIPEPXI %PFMRI~ (+SVSZIM, 1990, 237).
R QSH WMQMPEV, EGIWX MRWXVYQIRX VIHYXEFMP TYXIE 3 YXMPM^EX #M R GE^YP
SEQIRMPSV ?8A: 7I TYXIE JEGI VY GYMZE RKVSTRH YR KX, S ZR HI PYT WEY
YR VEG PE GSP'YVMPI GEWIPSV; 9R HY#QER TSEXI W-'M JEG JIP HI JIP HI JEVQIGI
GE W TVWI#XM GEWE; HEG WY4M TI FIVIKEXE YRYM PYT R GEWE GYMZE GVYME ZVIM
W-P JEGM VY, W-E HYW GE PYTY XSEX GEWE; -QM RGLMTYM G YR SQ HEG EVI
RIGE^ TI GMRIZE #M WY4 TI S FIVIKEX HI PYT, VQRI GEWE TYWXMI, HE RY #XMY
HEG-P EHIZVEX; HE HEG-P TYRI ZR HI PYT, WMKYV P RGVPMK HI RY WI QEM
EPIKI RMQMG (&YHM#, 64, 281, 282). R QSH WTIGMEP, ZVENE TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP
KXPERYPYM HI PYT IVE RXPRMX #M R QEKME HVEKSWXIM. 4IRXVY E WXVMGE HVEKSWXIE
HMRXVI HSM HVEKM, HSM WS'M WEY HSM TVMIXIRM #M W-P RZVNFIEWG, WY4 RXVI IM
TVMRXV-YR KXPIN HI PYT (4EQ3PI, 1998, 166). *EVQIGYP IVE GY EXX QEM KVIY HI
HITMWXEX HEG IVE RKVSTEX PE XIQIPME GEWIM; GE #M R GE^YVMPI HI QEM WYW,
WMRKYVE MI#MVI HMR EGIEWX WMXYE'MI IVE GLIQEVIE YRIM ZVNMXSEVI, TIRXVY
ERMLMPEVIE PYM: (EG ZSMEM W-P JEGM VY HY#QERYPYM, RSETXIE TI PE YRY-HSY M
TYRIEM R JYRHE'ME GEWIM YR KXPIKY HI PYT, P HIWGRXEM #M R GEWE VIWTIGXMZ
EZIEY PSG RYQEM GIVXYVM. 4VSTVMIXEVYP XVIFYME W EHYG S ZVNMXSEVI GEVI W
HIWGRXI GY S KMR RIEKV, W WI HIWXVEQI ZVNMPI (MHIQ, 290).
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YWGEX, %#E W RY TSEX XVM (GYXEVI) RMGM YR GIEW 'E W RY FIE VEGLMY #M ZMR; 7
YQFPI HYT FYXYV; 'YQ RY WX ETE QIVKXSEVI "M SEWXIE GPXSEVI, 'YQ
RY WI TSEXI STVM 4PYQFYP HMR TY#G, %#I RMQI W RY-P TSEX STVM TI (GYXEVI)
(I E RY FIE VEGLMY #M ZMR~ (0YTE#GY, 39.).
)\TPMGE'ME YXMPM^VMM EGIWXYM MRWXVYQIRX QEKMG IWXI JYVRM^EX HI
RYQIVSEWI GVIHMR'I: 'ETYP HI V'SM RY WI QRRG, G XI JEGM FI'MZ (>ERRI,
-<, 284). (MEZSPYP QEM RXM W-E JGYX V'SM #M GE V'SM YQFPE TI ET, GRH W-E
RXPRMX GY (YQRI^IY. (I EGIIE RY WI QRRG GETYP HI VE' (2MGYPM'-
:SVSRGE, 7). 'J. #M: 6E' W RY HEM HI TSQER, GGM RY S QRRG
QSV'MM (+SVSZIM, 1995, 206).
2.2. 4VYP
(IWJ-QM, QRHV, GI-EM JGYX, ' IY WYRX FMEX TMIVHYX! "M-QM HI^PIEK
GI-EM PIKEX, ' IY WYRX FMEX WXVMGEX!
&HM', FHM#SVYP QIY, 2Y 'M-EQ JGYX W-'M HIWJEG, (E 'M-EQ JGYX G-QM
I#XM HVEK. 4V HMR GET IY 'M-EQ PYEX, 4I ET P-EQ EVYRGEX; 'YQ QIVKIE ETE HI
PMR, *V QMR-W R-EM LSHMR; 'YQ QIVKIE ETE HI XEVI, *V QMRI W R-EM
WXEVI.
'RXIG TSTYPEV)
'VIHMR'IPI VIJIVMXSEVI PE TYXIVIE GSRGIRXVEX R 3VYP HI TV, YQER WEY
ERMQEP, WYRX RYQIVSEWI. 0E E^XIGM, R 1I\MG, ZVNMXSVMM IVEY TIHITWM'M TVMR
XMIVIE TVYPYM, TIRXVY E-#M TMIVHI TYXIVIE QEKMG (*VE^IV, 1990, 324). R
MRWYPIPI 'IPIFIW #M R 7YQEXVE GSTMMPSV PM WI PEW TVYP W GVIEWG TIRXVY E RY
VMWGE W TMEVH WY4IXYP GEVI WP#PYMI#XI EGSPS (MHIQ). R QSH EWIQRXSV,
TVYP ERMQEPIPSV XVIFYME TWXVEX MRXEGX TIRXVY E WI EWMKYVE JIVXMPMXEXIE
EGIWXSVE, QERE PETXIPYM. %GIWXI GVIHMR'I WYRX VIPYEXI HI TVEGXMGMPI
ETSXVSTEMGI. 'Y TVMQYP PETXI WI WTEP ZEGE TI XSX GSVTYP HI PE GET WTVI GSEH,
^MGRH: 'RH 'M-E RYQVE GMRIZE XSEXI 3VIPI HI TV, EXYRGM W-'M ME
QERE (4EZIPIWGY, 1944, 42). 4VI^IR'E TVYPYM (R ERXMXI^ GY PMTWE PYM WTRMM
WEY EFYRHIR'E EGIWXYME) 3KYVE, HI EWIQIRIE, GE YR IPIQIRX HI3RMXSV EP
GSRWEGVVMM, R WIRW TS^MXMZ WEY RIKEXMZ. 0E VSQRM WI GVIHI G WYRX RSVSGS#M
GIM GEVI EPFIWG HI XMRIVM WEY EY ZVXINYVM HI TV R GET. (I EWIQIRIE, HEG
TI S EPYRMG HI TI SFVE^ GVI#XI TV, I WIQR HI RSVSG; W RY XEM TVYP EGSPS,
GGM 'M TMIVI RSVSGYP (+SVSZIM, 1995, 8). 4YXIQ QIR'MSRE RG HSY GVIHMR'I
VIJIVMXSEVI PE EGIWXI VITVI^IRXVM: 3QYP GY QMRMPI TVSEWI WI GVIHI G EVI
RSVSG #M ZE PYE RIZEWX FSKEX (.). 7I SFM#RYMI#XI GE PE QSEVXIE YRYM SQ
RSVSGSW W WI XEMI GXIZE 3VI HI TV, GE RSVSGYP W RY TPIGI GY IP HMR
GEW (MHIQ, 234). R ERYQMXI TV'M HMR +IVQERME, RY M WI XME TVYP GSTMPYPYM
REMRXI W 3 QTPMRMX YR ER, GE W RY M WI XEMI RSVSGYP ('LIZEPMIV-+LIIVFVERX,
---, 45; #M PE VSQRM, 7GYVXY, 44). 'RH ZMR^M S ZMX W MIM RM'IP TV HI TI IE, GE
W RY-'M ZMR^M RSVSGYP (>ERRI, -<, 385). (EG XI ZMWI^M GY TVYP PYRK, I WIQR
HI RSVSG; MRZIVW, HEG XI ZI^M XYRW I WIQR HI FSEP WEY HI EPX RIRSVSGMVI
(6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO, 79). (I EGIIE WI MQTYRIE TWXVEVIE TVYPYM, R GE^YP
XMIVMM WEY VYTIVMM PYM EGGMHIRXEPI: 2Y I FMRI W XEM TVYP GSTMPYPYM QMG TR GI
QEM RXM RY-P ME GMRIZE HMR TV; 2Y I FMRI W ME HMR TV GSTMPYPYM QMG XSX RE#YP
GI P-E FSXI^EX, G EVI TEVXI HI JSG; 'RH XI XYR^M W-'M WXVRKM TVYP ?9A #M W-P
TYM RXV-YR KEVH, GE W RY GEPGI PYQIE TI IP, G GETI'M HYVIVI HI GET (>ERRI,
-<, 353).
4VSW IVE HIWGVMW PE VY#M HYLYP GEWIM: 3EQIRMM GVIH G HSQSZSM IWXI
EGSTIVMX HI TV HIW #M QSEPI; GLMEV #M TEPQIPI, GPGMIPI M WYRX TPMRI HI TV,
RYQEM TI JE', R NYVYP REWYPYM #M EP SGLMPSV RY GVI#XI TV. 'PGMIPI PYM TVSEWI
WI GSRXYVIE^ MEVRE TI ^TEH, MEV GY TEPQE M QRKMI RSETXIE TI GIM
EHSVQM'M. (EG IM WMQX QRE QSEPI, GEPH I WIQR HI JIVMGMVI #M FSK'MI, MEV
HEG I VIGI #M TVSEW I WIQR VY ("YQSZ-4VINIR'IZE, RV. 97, 51). R
TSZIWXMVMPI VYWI#XM HIWTVI HYLYP GEWIM, WIQRYP TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP GVYME WI
VIEPM^EY TVIZIWXMVMPI IVE TVYP EGIWXYME: 3HEX P-EQ ZMWEX TI HSQSZSM, WI
JGIE G EZIE RM#XI PEFI QEVM, TVSEWI, Q ETWE RXVYRE. 1EM RXM EQ
RGITYX W Q VSK, HEV QEM ETSM EQ RNYVEX, HI IP RYQEM E#E TS'M W WGETM.
%ZIE S QR PYRK, PYRK, TVSEW. %WXE E JSWX WIQR VY. 4I ZVIQIE EGIIE
W-E WTR^YVEX #M KMRIVIPI QIY ("YQSZ-4VINIR'IZE, RV. 92, 49-50). 3
SFWIVZE'MI MRXIVIWERX: TIRXVY G R TVYP TIVWSRENYPYM HIQSRMG IWXI
GSRGIRXVEX TYXIVIE EGIWXYME, WYRX 3VI#XM EG'MYRMPI PSV GEVI ZM^IE^
QERMTYPEVIE TVYPYM, HIGM IGLMPMFVEVIE WEGVEPMX'MM EGIWXYME. (YLYVMPI ETIM R
MTSWXE^ JIQMRMR WYRX HIWGVMWI EHIWIE TMITXRRHY-#M JVYQSWYP TV PYRK,
EYVMY WEY ZIVHI EGX GI TSEXI 3 MRXIVTVIXEX GE S EYKQIRXEVI E TYXIVMM
WTMVMXYPYM: PE FMIPSVY#M, VYWEPOM TSX VQRI TI TQRX GX XMQT TVYP PI IWXI
YH. 4MITXREXYP TVYPYM PSV R HIGYVW HI S SV WI TSEXI WSPHE GY S GERXMXEXI HI
ET WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E MRYRHE YR WEX (>IPIRMR, 1916, 148, 149). 9RISVM
GSVTYP EGIWXSV HIQSRM I TVSW (MHIQ, 161). 8SX R WTMVMXYP HIQSRMWQYPYM
TMPS^MX'MM EHYGIQ GE I\IQTPY YR EPX IPIQIRX. 3 PIKIRH FVIXSR WTYRI G
TVYP ZVNMXSEVIPSV WI XVERWJSVQ R #IVTM. R EPXI TV'M, HEG WI RKVSET TVYP
WQYPW HI PE S JIQIMI GI WI E4 WYF MR4YIR'E PYRMM, IP WI XVERWJSVQ R #IVTM
()PMEHI-2, 1992, 166). 0E WVFM I\MWX GVIHMR'E G QSVE WI TSEXI XVERWJSVQE R
TV HI GEP; HMRXV-YR EWXJIP HI 3V HI TV G^YX R ET WI RE#XI #EVTIPI
()ZWIIZ-2, 1994, 74). %TSPPS, JVYQSWYP EVGE# GY RJ'M#EVI ZI#RMG XRV,
TSEVX XSXHIEYRE YR TV PYRK GEVI M GEHI TI YQIVM, YR TV TI GEVI 3IVYP RY-P
TSEXI XME. 0YM M EHYG XMRIVMM, HVITX SJVERH TVYP HI PE TVMQE XMIVI, HISEVIGI
VMXYP TVYPYM XYRW QEVGLIE^ MRXVEVIE R VRHYP FVFE'MPSV. 1YPX ZVIQI
FVFE'MM RY #M-EY VEW RMGM FEVFE. 4VMQMM FVFMIVM, ZIRM'M HMR 7MGMPME, EV 3 ENYRW PE
6SQE TI PE ERYP 454, FEVFE V^RHY-WI EXYRGM GY RGITIVI HI PE HSY^IGM #M
YRY HI ERM. 1IQFVMM YRYM GPER QEWEM, HIWTVI GEVI WI GVIHI G TSWIH EVXE HI
E EHYGI TPSEME, RY-#M XYRH FEVFE GE W RY-#M TMEVH EGIEWX TYXIVI (*VE^IV,
1980, --, 204). 0E JIP WI WTYRI #M HIWTVI ZVNMXSVM. *SV'E QEPI3G E EGIWXSVE
IVE GSRGIRXVEX R TVYP PSV #M IM RY TYXIEY 3 ERMLMPE'M HEG TVYP IVE MRXEGX. R
EGIEWX WMXYE'MI, GIM GEVI IVEY FRYM'M HI ZVNMXSVMI IVEY XSVXYVE'M TVMR
WQYPKIVIE TVYPYM, TIRXVY E I\TYP^E XSEX TYXIVIE QEPI3G (*VE^IV, 1990,
323). R EGIWX WIRW R'IPIKIQ #M GVIHMR'IPI VSQRI#XM: 7 RY PE#M TI GMRIZE
W-'M XEMI S #YZM' HI TV HMR GET SVM S FYGEX HI QFVGQMRXI #M RMGM W-'M
QWSEVI YQFVE SVM W-'M ME TQRX HMR YVQE TMGMSVYPYM. (%ZVEQ, 178). R
)KMTX, TIRXVY E EVXE G VIKIPI E RZMRW YR EHZIVWEV, IVE VITVI^IRXEX
ETYGRHY-#M EHZIVWEVYP HI TV. 7YTSVX EP JSV'IM 3^MGI, TVYP ETYGEX GY QRE I
YR WIQR HI ZMGXSVMI EWYTVE SVMGVIM TIVWSERI GEVI I 'MRYX EWXJIP. 7I GVIHI
G, EMHSQE YRKLMMPSV WEY QIQFVIPSV, TVYP SQYPYM TWXVIE^ VIPE'MM MRXMQI GY
EGIWXE GLMEV HYT WITEVEVIE PSV HI XVYT. )PI M WMQFSPM^IE^ TVSTVMIX'MPI,
GSRGIRXVRHY-P WTMVMXYEP ZMVXY'MPI: WYRX YRMXI HI EGIWXE TVMR PIKXYVM HI
WMQTEXMI. %WXJIP, TVYP XMEX WEY WQYPW GY TMITXIRYP RY IWXI EVYRGEX, GGM
TSEXI WIVZM PE MR4YIR'EVIE TVMR ZVNM E WSV'MM TVSTVMIXEVYPYM EGIWXYME. *VIGZIRX,
GVIHMR'IPI WTYR HIWTVI GSTMPYP RWGYX GY TV TI XVYT WEY TI WTEXI G IWXI
HISWIFMX HI RSVSGSW. %PXISVM, R ZMVXYXIE EGIPIME#M EQFMZEPIR'I E WEGVYPYM,
TVYP I\GIWMZ EP GSTMPYPYM IWXI YR WIQR EP RGPGVMM YRYM XEFY WEY GIP TY'MR EP
YRYM GSQTSVXEQIRX RI3VIWG: *IQIME RWVGMREX, HEG H GY TMGMSVYP R
Q', GMRI WEY EPX ERMQEP EWIQIRIE, JEGI GSTMPYP TVSW. (I EGIIE XVIFYMI W
TYMI R WGPHXSEVIE GSTMPYPYM TV HI PE ERMQEPYP R GEVI #M-E EQMRXMX G E HEX
GY TMGMSVYP (>ERRI, -<, 353)?10A.
1ERMTYPEVIE 3VIPSV HI TV TYXIE 3 JGYX EXX HI TSWIWSV, GX #M HI S
TIVWSER WXVMR (#M, R EGIWX YPXMQ GE^, IWXI ZSVFE HI YR GSQTSVXEQIRX
RIJEWX): (I-'M GYVKI QIVIY WRKI HMR REW, W 'M WI RRSEHI R GET XVIM 3VI HI
TV GVYGM# #M RY-'M ZE QEM GYVKI (MHIQ). 4MIVHIVIE GSRXVSPYPYM EWYTVE TVYPYM
G^YX RWIQRE, HI 3IGEVI HEX, S TSXIR'MEP EKVIWMYRI TIRXVY TSWIWSV:
(EG E EVYRGEX GMRIZE EJEV TVYP GI M-E MI#MX PE TMITXREX HMR GET, ETSM
ZVFMMPI P EHYR #M-#M JEG HMR IP GYMF, MEV TI VIWTIGXMZYP ETSM P HSEVI GETYP;
4VYP GETYPYM RY IWXI FMRI E-P HE GYMZE, GGM IP WI TSEXI RXVIFYMR'E PE HMJIVMXI
JEVQIGI, GY GEVI WI TSEXI JEGI QYPX VY GIPYME HI PE GEVI W-E PYEX TVYP, HI
EGIIE TMITXRRHY-WI GMRIZE, WEY XYR^RHY-#M TVYP, IWXI FMRI E-#M EVYRGE
TVYP R JSG (+SVSZIM, 1995, 187). R EGIWX WIRW XVIFYMI R'IPIEW MRXIVHMG'ME
HIWGSTIVMVMM TVYPYM, GY HISWIFMVI RXV-YR QSQIRX GVMXMG, R GEVI EGIWXE TYXIE
EZIE HI WYJIVMX: 7 RY ZMM HI PE QSVX GY TVYP HIWTPIXMX, G-'M ZE GHIE
TVYP (MHIQ, 188). 4VYP PWEX W GVIEWG JV E 3 RKVMNMX HYT RE#XIVIE YRSV
KIQIRM WEY RXV-S TIVMSEH HI ZHYZMI MRHMG YR GSRXEGX RISFM#RYMX GY PYQIE
MRXIVQIHMEV (RXVI PYQIE ZMI'MM HI TI TQRX #M PYQIE HI SVMKMRI). R TVEGXMGM
ETSXVSTEMGI, TVYP GSRWXMXYME YR JIP HI GEVXI HI ZM^MX TVI^IRXEX EKVIWSVYPYM,
GEVI #M RGIXE HMPMKIR'IPI QEPI3GI: 'RH WI E#IE^ QSVXYP TI QEW, M WI XEMI
HMR GET HI GXVI S JIQIMI GXIZE 3VI HI TV GEVI WI TWXVIE^, TIRXVY GE QEM
XV^MY, HEG QSVXYP WI ZE TVIJEGI R QSVSM #M ZE ZIRM EGEW, W M WI ETVMRH HMR
TVYP PYM #M EWXJIP W WI HYG (4EQ3PI, 1997, 127). R %JVMGE (8SKS), HYT YR
HIGIW RSVQEP, TVYP #M YRKLMMPI HI GEVI E JSWX HIFEVEWEX GEHEZVYP WYRX
RKVSTEXI WITEVEX, TIRXVY E JEGMPMXE MRXVEVIE R PYQIE HI HMRGSPS E WTMVMXYPYM,
GEVI XMRHI W PI VQR EXE#EX. R GE^ HI HIGIW WYVZIRMX R WXVMRXEXI, S
VIPMGZ JSVQEX HMR TV, TIVMM HI TI GSVT #M YRKLMM EPI HIJYRGXYPYM, GSRWMHIVEX
VITVI^IRXEVIE WTMVMXYPYM WY ZMXEP, IWXI EHYW R WEX TIRXVY E WI TVSGIHE PE YR
WMQYPEGVY HI RQSVQRXEVI (4SRX-,YQFIVX, 251).
)ZMHIRX, HEXSVMX TYXIVMM WEPI HISWIFMXI, QEVG E TSWIWSVYPYM, TVYP IVE
YXMPM^EX R RYQIVSEWI TVEGXMGM QEKMGI GY ZEPSEVI SVEGYPEV, R ZVNM. 0E FSXI^
WI VIEPM^E YVQXSEVIE TVEGXMG: SFWIVZEY HEG WI WGYJYRHE WEY RY TVYP
GSTMPYPYM, XMEX #M EQIWXIGEX GY TY'MR GIEV. (EG TVYP WI WGYJYRHE, EXYRGM
GSTMPYP ZE QYVM; HEG RY ZE XVM QYPX (6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO, 79). 4VYP IVE
JSPSWMX #M R XIVETMI: PE KIVQERM, FSPREZMPSV PM WI XEMI TY'MR TV #M YRKLMMPI, GEVI
WYRX ETSM HYWI PE VWTRXMI. 'IP GEVI PI EXMRKI ZE TVMQM #M FSEPE. 3 #YZM' HI
TV, FYG'M HI YRKLMM WEY TY'MR WRKI GSRWXMXYMI IPIQIRXIPI GEVI TIVQMX
GVIEVIE HYFPYVMM YRIM TIVWSERI ZM^EXI #M JSPSWIWG PE SVMIRXEVIE GSVIGX E
IRIVKMIM R QSQIRXYP EGXYPYM QEKMG. 4VMRXVI VMXYVMPI HI QEKMI EPI IZVIMPSV, S
ZVEN HI QSEVXI GSRWX R E PYE TV HI PE TIVWSERE ZM^EX, ETSM E-P XME R
FYG'M QMGM #M E TYRI GXI TY'MR HMR EGIWX TV R GYFYVM HI GIEV GYVEX (4SRX-
,YQFIVX, 250). R TVEGXMGMPI EYKYVEPI HI TIWXI ER, TVYP ERMQEPIPSV MHIRXM3GEX
R XMQTYP ZVNMM IVE YR WMQFSP TIRXVY RSVSGYP TVEGXMGERXYPYM: -R &EVE
6SQRIEWG #M ERYQI TVMR NYH. &VMPE, IWXI HEXMR GE VSQRMM W-#M JEG WTVI
7Q^RMM, HI GY RSETXI, S GYRYR HI WYP3R, TI GEVI S EVYRG ETSM TI GEW R
FXEME PYRMM. R ^SVM HI ^M, REMRXI HI E VWVM WSEVIPI, QIVK W-#M E4I GYRYRE #M
W-#M ZEH JIPYP HI ZMXI PE GEVI ZSV EZIE RSVSG TIWXI ER. (EG ZSV KWM TI
GYRYR 3VI HI TV HI FSY, ZSV 3 RSVSGS#M PE FSM; HI ZE 3 HI GEP, ZSV EZIE
RSVSG PE GEM; XSX EWXJIP #M GY TVMZMVI PE EPXI WSMYVM HI ERMQEPI. n%Q GIVGEX #M IY,
^MGI YR TSZIWXMXSV, HEV RY QM W-E EVXEX RMQMGE; WI ZIHI XVIEFE G R-EQ #XMYX
HIWGRXIGYP~ (4EQ3PI, 1997, 66).
4IRXVY PIKEVIE TSWMFMPIPSV GYTPYVM WI JSPSWIE, HI EWIQIRIE, R ZVNM HI
HVEKSWXI, YR EWIQIRIE 3V HI TV GSRWEGVEX: *IXIPI HEY PE S TEVXI HMR ZEXVE
JSGYPYM GVFYRMM #M GIRY#E, E#E GE ZEXVE W VQMI GYVEX. (YT EGIEWXE,
3IGEVI JEX ME TI VRH GXI HSM TIVM HI TSVG #M, QIRMRHY-P, H YRYME RYQIPI
YRYM JIGMSV TI GEVI #M-E TYW IE HI QEM REMRXI SGLMYP, EHIG TI GEVI #M-P
HSVI#XI HI WS', MEV EPXYME RYQIPI WY. 4I EGIM TIVM, EWXJIP FSXI^E'M, M TYR R
ZEXVE JSGYPYM, ^MGRH: n'YQ RY WXEY TIVMM HI TSVG TI JSG, /%#E W RY WXIMI
YVWMXYP QIY R PSG!~ (EG TVMR 3IVFMR'IEPE JSGYPYM WI RXPRIWG TIVMM #M WI
QTVIYR, WI GVIHI G RYQM'MM XMRIVM WI ZSV GWXSVM (1EVMER, 1994, -, 54).
%PXISVM IVE RIGIWEV, TIRXVY HIWJ#YVEVIE ZVNMM, TV YQER: 7QYPKM YR 3V HI
TV HMR GET #M WTYM: n- 'YQ EGIWX 3V HI TV Q 'MRI TI QMRI, E#E #M GYXEVI W
Q 'MR TI QMRI, GYXEVI, W RY Q YMXI RMGMIVM. %QMR, EQMR, EQMR~. %GIWX 3V
HI TV XVIFYMI TYW R LEMRIPI PYM #M YR 3V TI GEVI-P WQYPKM HI PE IP, HYT GI-P
HIWGR'M, P TYM PE XMRI (:NEXWOMNJSP OPSV, RV. 256, 49).
4IRXVY E HI^PIKE VIPE'MMPI HMRXVI GYTPYVMPI S3GMEPM^EXI, EGIPE#M 3V HI TV
TYXIE W 3I, HI EGIEWX HEX, YR EKIRX QEPI3G: :VNMXSEVIPI TYXIEY W JEG
EWXJIP RGX W WI HIWXVEQI JEQMPME, GE WS'YP W WI GIVXI GY WS'ME. 4IRXVY
EGIEWXE XVIFYME W ME TV HI PE S TMWMG #M HI PE YR GMRI, W-P JEG GSGSPS# #M
W-P TYR WYF E RSYE KVMRH E GEWIM PSV. 8VIFYME W ^MG: n- 'YQ TMWMGE GY
GMRIPI WI FEX #M WI GIEVX, E#E #M GYXEVI GY GYXEVI W WI FEX, W WI GIVXI, W
WI ^KVMI~ (MHIQ, RV. 272, 52). "M TVEGXMGMPI VSQRI#XM YXMPM^EY 3VYP HI TV R
TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI HI GETXEVI E HVEKSWXIM. 9R JEVQIG GSQTPI\, GI YXMPM^E #M
EGIWX IPIQIRX, IWXI WYVTVMRW RXV-YR GRXIG TSTYPEV:
7YF YR GSVX HI VS^QSPMR, "EHI QRHVY #M FI ZMR #M Q GLIEQ W-P
RGLMR "M W HIWJEG GI-EQ JGYX, ' IP RY XVMI QYPX. ,EM XY, QRHVY'YPI, 'I-
EQ JGYX RY TSX HIWJEGI,
'-EM ^MW G HI QMRI-' TPEGI, 0YX HMR YVQ '-EQ PYEX, 8VIM 3VI HI TV HMR
GET "M-R QV VS#Y P-EQ FKEX #M P-EQ EVYRGEX T ET 'E W RY XI-RWSVM
HIKVEF (0MMGIERY, 74).
2EXYVE ERMQEP E TVYPYM SJIVIE MRHMGMM ZEPSVSEWI EWYTVE XMTYPYM HI ZVEN
ERXVIREX. %Q Z^YX G R GEHVYP TVEGXMGMPSV SVEGYPEVI, TVYP ERMQEPIPSV
HSQIWXMGI IVE YR WIQR HI RSVSG, HI FSK'MI TIRXVY GIP GEVI-#M KLMGIE. )VE
3VIWG, HIGM, GE TVYP ERMQEPIPSV HI TVEH W 3I GSRSXEX RIKEXMZ. 1EM QYPX,
GEVEGXIVYP QEPI3G EP GEVREWMIVYPYM XIQYX, EP PYTYPYM, IVE HEX #M IP HI TVI^IR'E
YRSV 3VI HI TV WXVMRI, HIQSRMGI: 0YTYP EVI XVIM TIVM HI HVEG R JVYRXI, HI
EGIIE 'M WI VMHMG TVYP QGMYG GRH P ZI^M (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 511). 4IRXVY
E WI ETVE HI ERMQEPIPI VIWTIGXMZI WEY TIRXVY E-P EPYRKE GYMZE XIEQE JE' HI
IPI, WI VIGSQERHE QERMTYPEVIE YRSV 3VI HI TV GI ETEV'MRYWIV EGIWXSVE, E#E
GYQ WI TVSGIHE #M TIRXVY M^KSRMVIE WXVMKSMPSV: (EG 'M-P JVMG HI GIZE, ME TV
HI PE YVW #M XI EJYQ, G-'M ZMRI FMRI; YM'M JVMGE; 'RH I#XM WTVMIX HI YR
GMRI, W XI EJYQM GY TV HI EP PYM (+SVSZIM, 1995, 189). (EXSVMX REXYVMM WEPI
QEPI3GI, 3VYP HI TV ERMQEP IVE YXMPM^EX QEM EPIW R ZVNM, TIRXVY E PI HYRE
3MR'IPSV ZM^EXI: (EG M WI H GYMZE TV HI GETV WPFEXMG R QRGEVI, ETSM
GETX S TRXIGVEMI GEVI-P GEY^IE^ QSEVXIE (MHIQ). -RXV-YR GSPMRH EP
GIVFYPYM, HISGLMYP ERMQEPYPYM #M, HIGM, WXEVIE HI HMWJYRG'MSREPMXEXI MRWXEPEX, W-
E HEXSVEX XSGQEM QERMTYPVMM YRSV JEVQIGI EPGXYMXI #M HMR EGIWXI 3VI HI TV
HIQSRMGI: . -EV TI QMRI Q-EY PYEX "M Q-EY HYW PE JRXRE PYM -SVHER "M PE VYP
PYM %HEQ #M QM-EY PYEX HI TI GET 4V HI 'ET;
(MR GSTMXI 4V HI ZMXI, (I TI XVYT 4V HI PYT. (%HWGPM'IM, 430).
2.3. 3EWI QEKMGI
8EXE S QYVMX HMR JEVQIGI. 2I-EQ JGYX GEW #M QEQE S TYW QE^VI TR
'E 1EVXE. "M KMRMPI 1EVXIM EY WXVMGEX QE^VIE. 1EQE S TYW #XIVIKSEMI #M SV #M
QYVMX KMRMPI. 1EVXE S JGYX GY HVEGY #M QEQE S RXSVW QMXYVMPI #M S G^YX
FVFEXYP 1EVXIM QSVX. 1EVXE S JGYX EXYRGM FSWGSERI HI EPI IM GY SEWI HI
QSVX #M GY TV HI P-S ZVNMX W nGPSGIEWG~ #ETXI ERM. "M GRH W-SV QTPMRMX
#ETXI ERM, QEVLPI RSEWXVI SV RGITYX W ^FMIVI R TSMEX, R XMQTYP RST'MM.
8EXE W-S RMQIVMX EXYRGM W MIWI EJEV. )Y HMQMRIE'E PI HEY QRGEVI PE ZEGM; YR
ZM'IP P-EQKWMX QSVX. :MY MYXI PE XEXE #M M WTYM. n7-SV 3 GYPGEX ZEGMPI TI IP#!~
n'YQ W WI GYPGI, G W-S GYPGEX HMRGSEGI!~ 0-EQ XMEX. 8EXE R HYT-EQME^E
EGIIE R-S QEM QRGEX RMQMG, M-S MRXVEX nEIVY~ (HYLYP) GRH S MI#MX R TYXIVIE
RST'MM EJEV. (YT EQME^ S PYEX YR nGMSG~ HI nXIRGLMY~ ?#XMYPIXI HI TSVYQFA
#M S RGITYX E-P XVIQYVE QRE. 1EQE Q GLIEQ HI EJEV #M-P RXVIF: n(I GI-
P WXVRW HI XIRGLMY WXE#~ n)Y RY #XMY!~ (YT GXIZE ^MPI S QYVMX.
4EZIPIWGY, 1945, 59-60
%WIQIRM TVYPYM, SWYP HIWIQRIE^ IWIR'E YRIM TIVWSERI, HISEVIGI
IZSG MRXIVMSVYP YRIM 3MR'I, TEVXIE HYV E YRYM SVKERMWQ, GIIE GI I HYVEFMP R
GSVT (4SRX-,YQFIVX, 67). (MR'MM, S MTSWXE^ E QEXIVMIM HYVI E GSVTYPYM, WYRX
TVMR I\GIPIR' YR WIQR EP GSRWEGVVMM. 9R SQ TSEXI HIZIRM ZVNMXSV HEG WI
RE#XI GY HMR'M #M HEG RY WTYRI RMQRYM, XMQT HI #ETXI ERM, EGIWX PYGVY. 7I
GVIHIE G ZVNMXSVMM #M ZVEGMM TSWIH TYXIVM WYTVEREXYVEPI GX XMQT EY HMR'M.
(MR'M TYXIVRMGM XVIFYME W EMF #M ZEQTMVYP. 4STYPE'ME OSQM GVIHI G, TIRXVY E
GTXE TYXIVM HISWIFMXI, XVIFYMI W WGS'M HMRXIPI YRYM QSVX GY TVSTVMMM XM HMR'M
(6E^YQSZE, 46). 0E FYPKEVM, ZEQTMVYP GEVI E XVMX HYT QSEVXI TIWXI #EWI
PYRM, GETX SEWI #M HIZMRI HMR RSY SQ; EFME EXYRGM WI TSEXI XVERWJSVQE R
GMRI WEY R PYT #M R EGIWX GLMT #M TSEXI EXEGE WS'MMPI. R EGIWX WIRW XVIFYMI
R'IPIWI #M TVEGXMGMPI ETSXVSTEMGI GEVI JSPSWIEY GE SFMIGXI VMXYEPI SEWIPI: PE
YGVEMRIRM, HI 7J. -SER EVHIEY R JSG SEWI HI ERMQEPI HSQIWXMGI, WTYRRHY-WI
G PM WI H JSG ZVNMXSEVIPSV.
'VERMMPI HI GEM WI JSPSWIEY QEM EPIW TIRXVY XVEXEQIRXYP JVMKYVMPSV
(&EMFYVMR, 1983, 65). 7YRX WMXYE'MM R GEVI S GT'R HI GEP EWGYRW R GEW
TSEXI TVSHYGI RIGE^YVM: SEQIRMM #M ERMQEPIPI HMR KSWTSHVMI QSV, GEWE
WVGI#XI (Z. #M OMOMQSVE TTY#E HIQSRMG TYW R WSF HI GSRWXVYGXSVMM
VY#M). &YPKEVMM GVIH G YR GET EP YRIM SM WEY EP YRYM EPX ERMQEP SQSVX R GEW
RZMI TIWXI TEXVY^IGM HI ^MPI #M HIZMRI YR HYL VY; GMRI-P EYHI FILMXYP WI
QFSPRZI#XI WEY QSEVI. 6Q#M'IPI SWSEWI EPI YRYM ERMQEP WEY EPI YRIM
TWVM TYXIEY EZIE RW #M ZEPIR'I JEWXI: (EG WXVRKM XSEXI SEWIPI HI PE S
KMR XMEX R ^MYE HI 4E#XM #M PI EVYRGM TIWXI GEW ^MGRH: n9PMYPI! -EG-'M
TEVXIE XE!~, ETSM YPMYP RY WI QEM EXMRKI R ERYP EGIPE HI KMRMPI #M TYMM EGIPIM
GEWI (1EVMER, 1994, --, 187).
R KIRIVEP, XVERWQMXIVIE ZVNMPSV TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP SEWIPSV (GEVI EZIEY S
EG'MYRI TVSJYRH QEPI3G, HEX 3MRH QEM EPIW SVMKMRIE EGIWXSVE, TVIGYQ #M
TVSGIHIYP HI SF'MRIVI E PSV) WI FE^IE^ TI TVMRGMTMMPI GI EG'MSRIE^ #M R
GEHVYP PIKIRHIPSV XSXIQMGI: SWYP IWXI YR WYGGIHERIY EP 3MR'IM HI PE GEVI
TVSZIRIE; HEG REXYVE HIQSRMG E EGIWXIME IVE IZMHIRX, XVERWQMXIVIE TVMR
MRXIVQIHMYP EGIWXYM MRWXVYQIRX E YRSV JSV'I QEPI3GI IVE YR GSVSPEV JSEVXI
WMQTPY. %WXJIP, WI WTYRIE: 'RH S JIQIMI ZVIE W-#M V^FYRI QTSXVMZE EPXIME,
IE GEYX YR SW HI GSTMP QSVX, HEV RIFSXI^EX #M-P TYRI R QRGEVI. (VEGYP WI
FEK R EGIP GEVI KYWX HMR EGIEWX QRGEVI #M-P GLMRYMI#XI RI-
RGIXEX (>ERRI, :-, 556). 3 ZEVMERX E EGIWXIM GVIHMR'I IWXI QEM I\TPMGMX R
GIIE GI TVMZI#XI MHIIE HI XVERWJIV: 'MRI KYWX HMRXV-S QRGEVI R GEVI W-E
TYW SW HI GSTMP, QSVX RIFSXI^EX, TVMQI#XI TI HVEGYP RXV-RWE (MHIQ, :--, 333).
3 VIQMRMWGIR' E GVIHMR'IM RXV-YR SW QEPI3G, HISWIFMX HI TIVMGYPSW, IWXI
RXPRMX R GVIHMR'IPI WPEZMPSV. )M WTYR G RZRM OSWX, REZ NE OSWX IWXI YR SW
QEPI3G, EHIZVEXE TVMGMR E QSV'MM: IP TSEXI 3 VIKWMX GLMEV #M RXV-YR GEHEZVY
HIWGSQTYW (8SOEVIZ, 199P-P992, --, 195; E WI ZIHIE, R GSRXMRYEVI, YXMPM^EVIE
SWYPYM RITIVIGLI R JEVQIGIPI HI YVX). *V GE XSEXI TSZIWXMVMPI W 3I PE JIP
HI I\TPMGMXI, IPI IZMHIR'ME^ VSPYP RIJEWX EP SWYPYM, R GEPMXEXIE PYM HI IPIQIRX
MRHMWTIRWEFMP EP JEVQIGIPSV GIPSV QEM KVIPI: 3HEX S ZVNMXSEVI QM-E TYW TI
GQTYP EVEX SEWI HI QSVX #M GVERMYP YRIM GETVI #M RY QM W-EY QEM JGYX GEVXS3M
R KVHMR. "M 8EXMERE PI-E PYEX GY JYVGE #M PI-E HYW R GYVXIE PSV. 0E IM GLMEV RY
GVI#XIE RMQMG ('IVITERSZE, 1996, RV. 313, 82).
(EV HMRGSPS HI EGIWXI RIENYRWYVM KIRIVEPM^EXI, SWYP QEPI3G IVE YXMPM^EX
GY TVIGHIVI R JEVQIGIPI HI HVEKSWXI, TIRXVY EXVEKIVIE WEY VIWTMRKIVIE
TIVWSERIM ZM^EXI. (EG JEXE ZIHI G E VQEW RIGWXSVMX, #M RGLMTYMI G M-E
JGYX GYXEVI WEY GYXEVI W RY WI QVMXI. 4IRXVY ERMLMPEVIE WXVMM HI ZVEN,
GRH ZVIM W JEGM PE YR JIGMSV W XI ME, W MIM 'VR HI PE QSVQRX. "M GRH
WET KVSETE W MIM YR SW HI PE QSVXYP GEVI-P WGSEXI #M W-P HEM PE S TVMIXIR
FYR W-P EVYRGI R GYVXI PE PE ('VMWXIWGY-+SPSTIR'ME, 41). 4VEGXMGMPI
VIEPM^EXI R EGIWX WGST WYRX RYQIVSEWI, GE #M IPIQIRXIPI TVMQEVI HMR GEVI
TYXIE 3 SF'MRYX EKIRXYP QEKMG, HEV VI^YPXEXYP IWXI EGIPE#M TVIXYXMRHIRM.
*EVQIGIPI HI HVEKSWXI, TIRXVY E EZIE VI^YPXEXYP WGSRXEX, MQTYR GE RIGIWEVI
NIVXJI WRKIVSEWI EHYWI HMZMRMX'MPSV MRJIVREPI (RIRYQMXI, RW): 'YGYP #M
PIEK RYQIPI RXV-S QEVI QWYV HI HVEKSWXI #M RHVKSWXM'M. 'MRI ZE QTY#GE
YR GYG REMRXI HI 7R^MIRI #M-P ZE QRGE JVMTX JV TMRI #M WEVI, MEV GETYP P ZE
TYVXE GY WMRI, ZE 3 ZSVFMX HI FMRI HI XS'M SEQIRMM, ZE 3 EWGYPXEX HI XS'M; ZSGIE
PYM ZE 3 TPGYX XYXYVSV, GE ZSGIE GYGYPYM. 4VMR YRIPI TV'M, GMRI EYHI GRXRH
GYGYP RXM, ME WEVI R QR #M GVEGE HI TI GEVI E GRXEX, 3MRH FYRI HI
HVEKSWXI. R RSETXIE WTVI 1RMGXSEVI WI JEGI HI HVEKSWXI: GY YPGMSVYP TI GS#
(GS#YP WSFIM), GY XSMEK HI EPYR #M GY PMQFM HI GYG #M GY VEQYVE TI GEVI E GRXEX
GYGY-RXM (4EQ3PI, 1998, 28-29).
%#E GYQ EQ Z^YX R TVMQE TEVXI E EGIWXYM GETMXSP, RYQIVSEWI JEVQIGI
WI FE^EY TI PYEVIE HVEKSWXIM (GY TVIGHIVI QEXIVRI) HI PE 3MR'IPI PIKEXI
RXVI IPI TVMR EWIQIRIE WIRXMQIRXI. *YVXYP HVEKSWXIM WI VIEPM^E RY RYQEM
WMQFSPMG, R TPER PI\MGEP. %RYQMXI ZVNM, TIRXVY E HE S QEM QEVI GSRWMWXIR'
GYZMRXIPSV VSWXMXI, GSRW3R'IEY WMQFSPMG XVERWJIVYP HVEKSWXIM EWYTVE YRSV
SFMIGXI GI IVEY QEM ETSM TYVXEXI HI HSVMXSVM. 1EM QYPX, GE #M R GE^YP HI QEM
WYW, PIKSQIRYP QIR'MSRIE^ I\MWXIR'E YRSV NIVXJI GSRGVIXI EPI ERMQEPIPSV E
GVSV HVEKSWXI XVIFYME PYEX: (VEKSWXIPI W-EY GYPIW HMR GETIXIPI YRYM RXVIK
#MV HI ERMQEPI #M W-EY FKEX R WEVIE R GEVI WI HIWGRX TI ZEXV GY S WIGIV.
7EVIE WI TSEVX HI GIP GVYME M W-E ZVNMX:
%Y TSVRMX 44 HI FSMIVM W ZRI^I GSHVM #M QYR'M #M R-EY ZREX GSHVM #M
QYR'M, 'M EY ZREX 44 HI MITI GY QRNM: 'ETIXIPI PI-EY XMEX, -RMQMPI PI-EY
PYEX, R MEWX WEVI PI-EY FKEX. %Y TSVRMX 44 HI FSMIVM W ZRI^I GSHVM #M QYR'M
#M R-EY ZREX GSHVM #M QYR'M, 'M EY ZREX 44 HI ZEGM GY ZM'IM: 'ETIXIPI PI-EY
XMEX, -RMQMPI PI-EY PYEX, R MEWX WEVI PI-EY FKEX.~ (MHIQ, 29-30)
R GSRXMRYEVIE ZVNMM, WIVME ZMGXMQIPSV WI HSZIHI#XI E 3 RYQIVSEW: SM GY
QMIM, WGVSEJI GY TYVGIM, G'IPI GY G'IM, GPS#XM GY TYM IXG. 4IRXVY E GSRW3R'M
XVERWJIVYP SJVERH-HSVMR'E QTPMRMX, RGLIMIVIE IWXI XVER#ERX: 'Y 4YMIVYP
EQ 4YMIVEX, /(VEKSWXIPI PI-EQ EHYREX! %WIQIRIE NIVXJI IVEY GYRSWGYXI #M R
EPXI QMXSPSKMM: XRVYP XVIFYMI W SQSEVI YR TSVYQFIP, W ME KVWMQI HMR
EGIWXE #M W-S TYR R EPYEX, W JEG YR GSPGIP; W M-P HIE W-P QRRGI JEXE
MYFMX, ^MGRH: 'YQ XVMIWG QTVIYR TSVYQFIMM, E#E W Q MYFIEWG #M TI
QMRI GYXEVI (8EVEWSZE, 27). 3 ZVEN VSQRIEWG HISWIFMX HI GSQTPI\
YXMPM^IE^ R GEPMXEXI HI NIVXJ TVMKSVYP: -RHEX GI GETX FEFIPI TVMKSVYP ZMY,
EVH RYQEMHIGX ZEXVE #M 'IWXYP WYF GEVI GSG QPEMYP, EVYRG TEWVIE ZMI
RYRXVY #M, TI GRH TEWVIE WI ^FEXI #M WJVMI WYF 'IWX, FEFE RZVXI#XI YR
JYW HIEWYTVE 'IWXYPYM, FSWGSVSHMRH HMR KYV YVQXSVYP HIWGRXIG:
'YQ WI ^ZVGSPI#XI HI ZMY %WX TVMKSV R JSG, %#E W WI ^ZVGSPIEWG, 7
RY-#M KWIEWG PSG 8S'M #M XSEXI 4IRXVY GEVI-SM HE "M ZSM HIWGRXE (MR IE. 'YQ
WI GLMRYMI
'X E XVMX 4R-E QYVMX *V ET *V LSHMR, %#E W WI GERSRIEWG 8S'M
#M XSEXI 'YM SM WSVSGM, 'YM SM ZVNM, )Y, FEFE (GYXEVI)~.
'RH GVIHI FEFE G-P JVMTX TVMKSVYP, VMHMG 'IWXYP #M R PSG HI TVMKSV H GY
QRE HI YR GMYGYPIXI HI WGVYQ. -E TEWVIE JGYX GVFYRI, S HIWTMG, M
WGSEXI GVIMIVYP, MRMQE, TMITXYP, JYVGE TMITXYPYM #M XVIM TIRI EVWI HI PE GSEH #M
XSEXI EWXIE PI RKVSET FEFE R TYXIVIE RST'MM, REMRXI HI GRXEXYP GSGS#MPSV,
PE Y#E YRIM FMWIVMGM #M, HYT RSY ^MPI, WI HYGI XSX RSETXIE HI PI HI^KVSET,
TWXVRHY-PI GE TI S GSQSEV (0ISR, 8-9). 3 EPX ZMGXMQ VMXYEP IVE, E#E
GYQ EQ QEM Z^YX, GYGYP: GMRI ZE QTY#GE YR GYG REMRXI HI 7R^MIRI #M-P ZE
QRGE JVMTX JV TMRI #M WEVI, MEV GETYP P ZE TYVXE GY WMRI, ZE 3 ZSVFMX HI FMRI
HI XS'M SEQIRMM, ZE 3 EWGYPXEX HI XSX (.); TYVXEVIE GETYPYM HI GYG WI JEGI HI
JIXI, QEM EPIW GRH QIVK PE NSG, GE W 3I #M IPI E#XITXEXI #M MYFMXI, HYT GYQ
#M GYGYP IWXI E#XITXEX #M MYFMX QEM QYPX HIGX EPXI TEWIVM (4EQ3PI, 1998, 28).
1EM GY WIEQ R ENYRYP 'VGMYRYPYM, ZVNMXSEVIPI GEYX W TVMRH PMPMIGM,
TI GEVI ETSM M RKVSET RXV-YR JYVRMGEV #M-P PEW EGSPS TR TYXVI^IWG. (MR
WGLIPIXYP PMPMEGYPYM QSVX RY VQRI HIGX YR SW R JSVQ HI GVPMKIP #M YRYP R
JSVQ HI PST'MG; GY GIP HMRXM WI WIVZIWG R HIWGRXIGI HI HVEKSWXI (HI-E
EXVEKI TI GMRIZE) #M GY GIP HI-EP HSMPIE PE HIWGRXEX HI YV #M HY#QRMI (GRH
ZSMI#XM E HITVXE TI GMRI 'M-I YVX; +LISVKLMY, 134). -EX S EPX HIWGVMIVI E
TVEGXMGMM YGMHIVMM VMXYEPI, R GEVI IWXI WYFPMRMEX QEM TVIKRERX GEVEGXIVYP WEGVY
EP ZMGXMQIM #M EP EGXYPYM R WMRI: 0MPMEGYP I FYR HI HVEKSWXI. 7-P TVMR^M #M W-P
TYM RXV-S SEP RSY W-P JEGM FSVX R JYRH #M W-P TYM RXV-YR QS#MRSM HI
JYVRMGM, TI LSXEV, EP'MM ^MG G TI EP RSYPIE LSXEV, HEV W JYKM GX TS'M, GGM GRH
RGITI IP E 'MTE, HI HYVIVI, HEG P-EM EY^M, EM VQRI WYVH. 0E RSY ^MPI W
QIVKM #M W GEY'M #M KWI#XM R SEP YR 'ITSMI# #M-S KVIFPY'. 'Y KVIFPY'E, TI
GMRI 'M-P HVEK, W-P XVEKM JV GE W XI ZEH #M RY QEM TS'M WGTE HI EGIPE, MEV GY
'ITSMYP, TI GMRI RY-P TS'M WYJIVM, W-P QTYRKM #M PEW HEG-E QEM ZIRM (2MGYPM'-
:SVSRGE, 334). 2Y IWXI HIPSG RXQTPXSEVI, R PSKMGE KRHMVMM TSTYPEVI,
TVI^IR'E PMPMEGYPYM ?11A R GEHVYP JEVQIGIPSV HI HVEKSWXI, EHMG EXYRGM GRH WI
HSVIE GY QEVI EWMHYMXEXI MR4YIR'EVIE HIWXMRYPYM. 4I 'SEWXE HI %YV WI WTYRI
G WXSPYVMPI HI PMPMIGM GEVI TVWIWG R 3IGEVI WIEV MRWYPE HYGRHY-WI GXVI
KYVMPI VYPYM WYRX WY4IXI EPI QSV'MPSV GEVI ZMI'YMIWG TI MRWYPE WJRX #M R
3IGEVI WIEV2 XVIFYMI W ZM^MXI^I PSGYMR'E JIXM#YPYM 8ERS, GEVI PSGYMI#XI R VYP
GY EGIPE#M RYQI (3MRH ZSVFE, HIGM, HI YR JIP HI HMZMRE'MI VIEPM^EX TVMR
MRXIVQIHMYP WY4IXIPSV QSV'MPSV). 4I HI EPX TEVXI, R %YWXVEPME WI GVIHI G ZME'E
PMPMEGYPYM IWXI PIKEX HI ZME'E SQYPYM; HEG SQSVM YR PMPMEG, WI WGYVXIE^ #M
ZME'E SQYPYM (6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO, 227-228). 7EY: 4STSVYP WI JIVI#XI HI
EXMRKIVIE PMPMIGMPSV, GVI^RH G HEG W-EV E#I^E TI GETYP GYMZE #M M-EV VYTI YR
3V HI TV HI TI GET, EGIP SQ EV XVIFYM W QSEV R GYVRH (+SVSZIM, 1995,
121). R JIPYP EGIWXE WYRX Y#SV HI R'IPIW IJIGXIPI TI GEVI PI TSEXI EZIE
QERMTYPEVIE SEWIPSV HI PMPMEG EWYTVE TIVWSERIM ZM^EXI.
'E #M R GE^YP SF'MRIVMM SWYPYM MRZM^MFMP, TMWMGE IVE YR ERMQEP TVIJIVEX HI
ZVNMXSEVI R SF'MRIVIE MRWXVYQIRXIPSV QEKMGI. 6Y#MM GSRWMHIVEY HVITX GIP QEM
FYR QMNPSG QTSXVMZE JEVQIGIPSV HI HVEKSWXI YR XEPMWQER XEMRMG, GEVI WI
SF'MRI HI PE S TMWMG RIEKV WEY HI PE FVSE#XI. )WXI JSEVXI Y#SV W SF'MM EGIWXI
SEWI ENYXXSEVI: IWXI WY3GMIRX W 3IVFM RXV-YR GE^ER S TMWMG RIEKV #M SF'MM
YR GVPMK #M S JYVGYPM', WEY IWXI WY3GMIRX W TYM RXV-YR JYVRMGEV HSY
FVSE#XI, TIRXVY E SF'MRI GVPMKYP #M JYVGYPM'E. 'Y GVPMKYP I JIVQIGEX
JIQIME TI GEVI HSVIWG W-S EXVEK (GVIME, TI RISFWIVZEXI, M-P EKE' HI VSGLMI).
'Y JYVGYPM'E WEY GY PST'MGE JIQIME TSEXI 3 RHITVXEX, EXYRGM GRH TVI^IR'E
IM RY QEM IWXI HSVMX. %#E GYQ EQ Z^YX, EGXYP QEKMG EP SF'MRIVMM
MRKVIHMIRXIPSV RIGIWEVI ZVNMM IVE TIVMGYPSW TIRXVY TIVJSVQERX. (I PE JYVRMGEV,
WI WTYRIE, XVIFYMI W XI VIXVEKM GY WTEXIPI, TIRXVY GE HYLYP THYVMM W RY HIE
HI XMRI, GRH 'M ZE PYE YVQIPI; QIVKRH GY WTEXIPI, EQFIPI YVQI ZSV HYGI
GXVI THYVI, MEV EJEV HMR THYVI RMGM YRE. R EPXI GE^YVM, HSVMXSVMM WYRX
WJXYM'M W QIEVK HSYWTVI^IGI RST'M PE VRH PE JYVRMGEV, W-P RGSRNSEVI R
XGIVI HI XVIM SVM #M RYQEM R E XVIMWTVI^IGIE RSETXI WSPMGMXERXYP ZE TYXIE MRXVE
R TSWIWME GSQSVMM RITVI'YMXI (1EOWMQSZ, 144-P45). R QSH EWIQRXSV WI
HIWJ#SEV #M ZVNMPI GI YXMPM^IE^ FVSE#XIPI. -RHVKSWXMXYP, HSVMRH W EMF
TYXIVI EWYTVE 3MR'IM MYFMXI, ETIPIE^ PE JIVQIGXSV TIRXVY WJEXYVM R HVEKSWXI.
*IVQIGXSVYP M WTYRI EGIWXYME W WI HYG HMQMRIE'E HIZVIQI PE PEG #M W
TVMRH GXIZE TIVIGLM HI FVSE#XI. (EG VIY#I#XI W TVMRH S TIVIGLI, W PI
TYR RXV-YR YPGMSV KYVMX #M W JYK, JV W WI YMXI R YVQ, TR PE TVMQYP
QY#YVSM #M W PI RKVSETI EGSPS. (YT EGIIE XVIFYMI W JYK HMR RSY, XSX JV
W WI YMXI R YVQ, TR EGEW. (EG RW WI ZE RXSEVGI WEY ZE XVEKI GY
YVIGLIE PE ^KSQSXYP, 'MTXYP, #YMIVEXYP GI WI EYHI.
*SV'IPI RIGYVEXI P TSX HMWXVYKI, IP RWY#M RIVIY#MRH W QEM MRXVI R
TSWIWME SEWIPSV HSVMXI. -RHVKSWXMXYP ZE QIVKI E XVIME ^M PE QY#YVSM, ZE WTE #M
ZE KWM EGSPS S JYVGY' #M YR GVPMK. %GIWXI MRWXVYQIRXI, WI WTYRI, JEG
EHIZVEXI QMRYRM R HVEKSWXI. (EG ZVIM W JSV'I^M TI GMRIZE W XI MYFIEWG,
IWXI WY3GMIRX W S EK'M TI JEX GY EGIWX GVPMK #M HSVMR'E 'M-I RHITPMRMX.
(EG RW JEXE HIZMRI S TSZEV, EXYRGM I WY3GMIRX W-S QTMRKM TY'MR GY JYVGY'E
#M IE TIRXVY XSEX ZME'E ZE VQRI MRHMJIVIRX R JE'E GIPIM QEM R4GVEXI
MYFMVM (7ELEVSZ, 64).
%GIWXIE EY JSWX HEXIPI TVI^IRXEXI HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP
GYPIKXSVYPYM, JV E MRWMWXE TVIE QYPX EWYTVE TWMLMGYPYM TIVWSERIPSV ERKENEXI
R HIWJ#YVEVIE ZVNMM. -EX YR JVEKQIRX WYKIWXMZ HMRXV-S RYZIP E PYM :EWMPI
:SMGYPIWGY, R GEVI IWXI HIWGVMW GLMEV IJIGXYP YRYM JEVQIG EWIQRXSV VIEPM^EX
TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRYM SW ZVNMX: . &XVRE Q PW HMR HIWGRXIG #M WI WGYP.
6GM RXV-YR GSP' EP GSGMSEFIM TQRXYP #M WGSEWI S SEP HMRPYRXVYP GVIME
EPIWI S FYG'MG HI SW GX YR WSP^ HI GVET. *GY YR WIQR GY HIKIXIPI EWYTVE
PYM #M-P WGVMNIPM GY S WXIE GE #M GIE HMR MRMQE QIE, RYQEM G R GMRGM GSP'YVM, HMR
GEVI YRYP GYXRH R NSW. n- &MRI, QM WTYWI RGIX. (Y-XI GY JEVQIGYP EGEW.
(EV WMRKYV. "M W RY XI RXPRI#XM GY RMQIRM. 7Y4EVI HI SQ W RY XI #XMI. (EG-
'M MIWI GMRIZE R GEPI, EFEXI-XI SVM SGSPI#XI-P! (I RY TS'M, PEW ZVENE NSW TI
TQRX #M HITVXIE^-XI. 2YQEM HYT GI W-E HITVXEX SQYP, XI RXSVGM #M MIM
SWGMSVYP. 3 HEX ENYRW EGEW, EWGYRHI-XI. 2YQEM GRH S 3 IE WMRKYV, KWI#XI
GLMT W XI ETVSTMM JV W XI ZEH. %XYRGM W-P WXVIGSVM ZVENE SVMYRHI-P TYXIE, R
TV, R WR, R FIXIPMI. 7 R-EM RMGM S XIEQ. 2YQEM W XI KRHI#XM R GPMTE EME
GY TYXIVI PE QMRI #M W WXVMKM XEVI: nQYQ, WEM!~ %Q WQYPW XEPMWQERYP HMR
QRE 7MFMPIM #M EQ EPIVKEX XSX HVYQYP GY ^ZGRIPM HI MRMQ (.). %Q WSWMX EGEW
GRH IVE RG HMQMRIE'. &XXYVE, TYWXMI. -YFMXE, TI TVMWT, ETPIGEX
HIEWYTVE YRYM KLMZIGM, VWHIE S 4SEVI. "M HVEKSWXIE, HVEKSWXIE QEM
TYWXMMXSEVI GE SVMGRH, Q TVZPM GXVI IE. )E Q-E WMQ'MX. (EV TR W WI
RXSEVG #M W WI ETIVI, M-EQ WXVIGYVEX, R FIXIPI GY GEVI IVE RGMRW, WSP^YP
ZVNMX. "M EQ WXVMKEX TVIGYQ Q RZ'EWI FXVRE. n- 'I JEGM#~ WI VWYGM WTVI
QMRI, G-YR 'MTX EWGY'MX, GE YR NYRKLM. R HVYQ WTVI GEW GYPIWIWIQ YR
GVFY#, TI GEVI TPRYMWIQ W M-P ERMR HI MI #M EWXJIP W QSXMZI^ KIWXYP GY GEVI
W-P WXVIGSV ZVENE. 0E 'MTXYP IM M EVXEM KRKERME, TVIXI\XRH G WI YVGE TI IE
W-S GMYTIEWG. (EV R GPMTE EGIIE WI TIXVIGY GIZE GYQTPMX. R JE'E QIE WXE S
WXVMKSEMG, GY SGLMM HI EPFY# HI SY VWGSTX, TPIWRMX HI HSKSEVI; REWYP QRGEX
HI YPGIV; SFVENMM WGSJPGM'M WI WYKIEY EHRG RXVI KMRKMMPI #XMVFI #M
TYVYMEXI. (:SMGYPIWGY-P, 23).
*V RHSMEP, R VRHYVMPI HI QEM WYW IWXI ZSVFE HI QEM QYPX HIGX YR
WMQTPY JEVQIG HI RXSEVGIVI E TVMZMVMM HI PE JIQIME MYFMX; WI JEG WMQ'MXI
IGSYVM EPI YRSV VMXYEPYVM HI I\SVGM^EVI E YRSV 3MR'I HIQSRMGI, RXV-S EHIZVEX
GSQTIXM'MI E TYXIVMPSV QEPI3GI.
2.3.1. 6-89%096- () )<36'->%6). .)68*% ()132-'
%Q Z^YX G SEWIPI IVEY JSPSWMXI R TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI R RYQIVSEWI
WMXYE'MM R GEVI IVE RIZSMI HI WTVMNMR I\XIVMSV TIRXVY FYRYP QIVW EP PYGVYVMPSV
WSGMIX'MM. (EG EQ RGITYX EREPM^E GVIHMR'IPSV PIKEXI HI SEWIPI QEKMGI GY
MTSWXE^E PSV XEREXMG, ZSQ RGLIME GIVGYP HIWGLMW TVMR EFSVHEVIE GE^YVMPSV HI
YGMHIVI VMXYEP, HI XVMQMXIVI R QSEVXI (HYT TVMRGMTMYP QSEVXI TIRXVY
QSEVXI), RW GY ZEPSEVI I\TMEXSVMI, R GE^YP I\SVGMWQIPSV. -R GSQYRE
%JYQE'M, WEXYP %Q^YPI#XM, R NSWYP NYHI'YPYM (SPN, EGYQ ZVIS G'MZE ^IGM HI ERM
QYVMRH PSGYMXSVYP 1VMR 1MVIE 3GMSGMSG, W-E Z^YX G TMIVIEY QIVIY HMR
RIEQYVMPI PYM ZMM. 0-E HI^KVSTEX YRYP, &EHIE :VNMXSVYP, EGYQ QSVX #M IP, RXV-S
RSETXI, IVE S MEVR KIVSEW #M P-E HYW XSGQEM PE 1KYVE &V^HEX, GI IWXI
LSXEV, YRHI P-EY #M QRGEX PYTMM. % HSYE ^M M-EY WXVRW SEWIPI, M PI-EY WXVSTMX GY
ZMR, JGRHY-P WPYNFE GYZIRMX #M ETSM PI-EY TYW MEV#M R QSVQRX. (I-EXYRGM
RGSEGI E RGIXEX E QEM QYVM HMR EGIP RIEQ ((YQMXVE#GY, 6). "M TSZIWXMVMPI
HIWTVI WXVMKSM GSRXMRY R EGIPE#M QSH; WMRKYVE QSHEPMXEXI HI ERMLMPEVI E
IJIGXIPSV HIZEWXEXSEVI EPI EG'MYRMM HIQSRYPYM 3MRH XVMQMXIVIE PYM R EHIZVEXE
QSEVXI, WMQFSPM^EX EMGM HI JVEKQIRXEVIE XVYTYPYM #M HI QTV#XMIVIE SEWIPSV:
-R GSQYRE 'Y#QMV, R TEVXIE HI WYH E NYHI'YPYM 1ILIHMR'M (.) RGITYV W
QSEV HMR EPX RIEQ. %Y HSZIHMX G GYXEVI SQ FXVR, QSVX HI RY #XMY GRH,
IVE TVMGMRE. 'RH P-EY HI^KVSTEX, P-EY KWMX #I^RH XYVGI#XI #M VS#Y-VS#Y, TEVE
JSGYPYM, G QRGEWI ETVSETI YR RIEQ RXVIK #M ZSMRMG #M GRH EY ZVYX W-P
WGSEX, W-E RGSRXVEX GY IM! :I^M, RIGYVEXYP! --EY HEX GXIZE FIVHI, P-EY WGSW
EJEV #M GY GY'MXYP R-EY TYXYX W-P XEMI. %Y PYEX S GSEW #M GY FEVHE P-EY
HIWTMRXIGEX, EY XMEX HMR 3GEX #M MRMQ GXI-S FYGEX, PI-EY EVW #M ETSM P-EY
RQSVQRXEX. 'IRY#E HMR MRMQ #M 3GEX EY HEX-S PE FSPREZM HI-EY FYX-S #M. 7-
EY RWRXS#MX (MHIQ, 7)?12A.
%GIPE#M QSXMZ EP NIVXJIM YQERI, VIEPM^EX HI HEXE EGIEWXE TIRXVY
HYVEFMPMXEXIE GSRWXVYG'MIM, GSRWXMXYMI YR WIKQIRX MQTSVXERX HI REVE'MYRM
QMXSPSKMGI EZRHY-PI GE TIVWSRENI TI HYLYVMPI GEWIM (WXE3M, WXVMKSM, ZEQTMVM
IXG.). R XMQT W-E VIEPM^EX XVITXEX WYFWXMXY'ME 3MR'IM YQERI ZMM GY YQFVE IM. R
+VIGME, TVMQYP SQ GEVI XVIGI TI PRK S RSY GSRWXVYG'MI, HYT GI W-E TYW
TVMQE TMEXV, ZE QYVM R GYVWYP ERYPYM. (I EGIIE WI EHYG NIVXJI ERMQEPI YR
QMIP WEY YR GSGS# RIKVY. R +IVQERME, R 1843, WI QEM EHYGIEY GE NIVXJ GSTMM
HMR 4SVM (8]PSV, 86, 87). 0E FYPKEVM, GE #M PE VSQRM, WI VIEPM^EY JVIGZIRX TVEGXMGM
HI PYEVIE YQFVIM (EWIQRXSEVI PSV WYRX #M TVEGXMGMPI VSQRI#XM HI PYEVI E
RSVSGYPYM GIPYM QSVX): QI#XIVYP, PE GSRWXVYMVIE YRIM GEWI HI TMEXV, ME S RYME
HI XVIWXMI #M QWSEV GY IE YQFVE YRYM XVIGXSV WEY E YRYM YGIRMG. 2YMEYE
IWXI RKVSTEX R JYRHE'MI. 'IP QEM TSXVMZMX QSQIRX TIRXVY EGIWX VMXYEP IWXI
EQME^E, GRH WYRX #M GIPI QEM WGYVXI YQFVI. 3QYP E GVYM YQFV E JSWX
QWYVEX RGITI W WI YWYGI, QSEVI, IWXI RKVSTEX, HEV WY4IXYP PYM VQRI
YR XMQT (#ETXI-XVIM^IGM HI ERM) TI TQRX, PRK GPHMVI. (EG RSETXIE, GRH
MIWI PE PYQMR, TI PRK GPHMVI XVIGI YR SQ, YQFVE WI XVERWJSVQ R ERMQEP
#M XFEV EWYTVE SQYPYM, RGIVGRH W-P SQSEVI, GVI^RH G IWXI QI#XIVYP.
-RXV-S WIGZIR' MRXIVQIHMEV W-E VIRYR'EX PE RKVSTEXYP YQFVIM. 0E XIQIPME
RSMPSV GSRWXVYG'MM WI RKVSTEY EGYQ SEWI #M GVERMM SQIRI#XM. 3 TSWMFMP
TVEGXMG SVEGYPEV, HI E4EVI E ZMGXMQIM TVMR XVEKIVI PE WSV'M IVE ZSVFE 3I HI
S TSWMFMP NIVXJ E ^MHMVMM, 3I HI YR SFSP EHYW QSV'MM R ERYP VIWTIGXMZ IVE #M IE
FE^EX TI QEKME WMQMPMXYHMRMM: 3WYP HI PE TMITXYP KMRMM (MIHI#YP), XVEW HI HSM,
PE GEVI VQRI LVPI'YP, EVI W-P RKVSETI TI GIPPEPX (+SVSZIM, 1995, 200).
%GIPE#M XMT HI SW TYXIE SJIVM #M EPXI MRJSVQE'MM: HEG SWYP TMITXYPYM HI PE ZVIS
TEWVI HSQIWXMG, XMEX PE RYRX, IWXI HVITX, EGIWXE I WIQR G EQFMM WS'M
WYRX 3HIPM YRYP EPXYME #M G JIVMGMVIE JEQMPMIM IWXI EWMKYVEX. (EG GIRXVYP YRYM
SW I HI S GYPSEVI VS#MI, I WIQR G TEYTIVXEXIE I HITEVXI HI EGIE TIVIGLI HI
WS'M, MEV HEG GYPSEVIE I EPF WEY TY'MR VS#MI, RWIQRIE^ G EZY'ME RY-P TVIE
MYFI#XI (1EVMER-2, 1995, 123-P24).
%PXI VITVI^IRXVM EPI SWYPYM WEGVY :SQ RGITI TVI^IRXEVIE TVMRGMTEPIPSV
XMTYVM HI VITVI^IRXVM EPI SEWIPSV WEGVI, R EGGIT'ME PSV JEWX WEY RIJEWX, GY
IZMHIR'MIVIE YRYM JSEVXI MRXIVIWERX EGIWX WIRW #M FEWQYP VSQRIWG 3QYP HI
TMEXV, TYFPMGEX HI 4. -WTMVIWGY, EZRHY-P GE TIVWSRENI TI %3R #M (E3R: .
-QTVEXYP WTYWI G E ZMWEX S JIQIMI QFVGEX R LEMRI EPFI, GEVI M-E ^MW, G
HEG ZSMI#XI W RZMI^I TI JVEXIPI WY GIP QTMIXVMX, W XEMI GSTMPYP PSV #M W
YRK TMEXVE GY WRKIPI PYM. -QTVXIEWE WTYWI G #M IE E ZMWEX XSX YR EWXJIP
HI ZMW; ETSM YRMRHY-WI EQRHSM, XMEV GSTMPYP #M, WXVSTMRH TMEXVE GY WRKI,
RGITY W WI QM#XI, ETSM RZMI. 'RH %3R EY^M HI NIVXJE JGYX, WI GVIWX PE YR
HIKIX GY GY'MXYP #M PW W-P GYVK WRKIPI WY TIWXI GSTMP, GEVI RZMI RYQEM
RXV-S GPMT. ("MRIERY, 391).
1MX VSQRIWG HI SVMKMRI, GEVI TWXVIE^ RYQIVSEWI IGSYVM R FEWQI:
'YQ W-S JGYX PYQIE: (YQRI^S S WGSTXMX SR WGSTXMX QEVI, R NSW #M W-S JGYX
S ET QEVI-QEVI. R WGSTXMXY EPE IVE HSY GMSRXY' HI TI#XI, GYQ S QRGEX
(YQRI^S, R ^MYE EME, TI#XI. (MR GMSRXIPI EPIE W-S JGYX HSM TI#XM QEVM. 9RY W-
S TYW E#I #M GIPPEPX E#I. 1PY HMR ETI W-S TYW T WXMREVIE PSV #M XX W-S EHYREX
#M XX W-S TYW TR W-S JGYX TQRXY. %QY, GRH TI#XMM W GPXIWG YVM HEY
HMR GSH, XVIQYV TQRXY. (EG W WGYJYRH, GXI SR TXMG, XVEKI HI TQRX
R NSW #M ZMR ETIPI QEVM. (EG W-QTMRK R WYW, WGEH ETIPI ('LMXE-4ST, 242).
4MGMSV HI SW ! QSEVXI 4SWIWSVYP TMGMSVYPYM HI SW IWXI I\TSRIRX EP PYQMM
GIPIMPEPXI 'IP QEM GEVEGXIVMWXMG VITVI^IRXERX EP TSWIWSVMPSV TMGMSEVIPSV HI SW
IWXI ZVNMXSEVIE EVLIXMTEP E FEWQIPSV VYWI, &EFE-PEKE OSWXMEREME RSKE
TMGMSV-HI-SW. 1YP'M GIVGIXXSVM EY Z^YX R &EFE-PEKE YR GEHEZVY. 1EM
TPEY^MFMP RW TEVI MTSXI^E HYT GEVI ETEVM'ME R QMX WEY PIKIRH E YRYM IVSY
GPEYHMGERX (GYQ I #M GE^YP TIVWSRENYPYM &EFE-PEKE) WIQREPIE^ TVI^IR'E YRIM
HMZMRMX'M E QSV'MM, E PYQMM HI HMRGSPS, GEVI, MRM'MEP, EZIE TSEXI GLMEV RJ'M#EVIE
YRYM #EVTI (GJ. 0EY#OMR, 18P-201). %P'M GIVGIXXSVM EY GSRWMHIVEX G S
VITVI^IRXEVI 3KYVEX E WGLIPIXYPYM S GSRWXMXYMEY E#E-^MWIPI TMGMSEVI HI
ERMQEPI EPI HIQSRMPSV (GSTMXI, PEFI HI KWG IXG.): 3 GMYHEX VITVI^IRXEVI
IWXI TVI^IRX R WYTIVWXM'ME GSRJSVQ GVIME TMXMGMM, IP3M #M HIQSRMM EY TMGMSEVI
HI ERMQEP, QEM GY WIEQ HI KWG WEY HI VE'. )WXI 3VIWG W WI TPIGI QEM
RXM HI XSEXI HI PE XVERWJSVQEVIE R ERMQEPI TIRXVY E WI I\TPMGE EGIEWX
WXVERMI XVWXYV E QYPXSV PIKIRHI, HEV IY RY GVIH G EHIZVEXE TVMGMR W WI
E4I XSGQEM EMGM. "XMQ G HIQSRMM WYRX GSRGITY'M GE WGLIPIXI R HIWGSQTYRIVI
#M, GE YVQEVI, EWTIGXYP MRJSVQ EP TMGMSEVIPSV TSEXI 3 VIHYW PE YVQXSEVIPI:
YVQE PWEX HI TMGMSVYP YRYM WGLIPIX IVE GSRWMHIVEX GE YVQ E YRIM PEFI HI
KWG WEY HI VE' #M, EXYRGM GRH EGIEWX PIKXYV E RGIXEX W QEM 3I
TIVGITYX GE EXEVI, W-E HI^ZSPXEX PIKIRHE TMGMSVYPYM HI HIQSR (+YRXIVX,
ETYH 4VSTT, 74). (EV I\TPMGE'ME RY IWXI RXSXHIEYRE JSEVXI WMQTP. 4VI^IR'E
TMGMSVYPYM HI SW EP TIVWSRENYPYM &EFE-PEKE IWXI PIKEX HI JETXYP G IE RY
YQFP RMGMSHEX: 3I G ^FSEV, 3I G WX GYPGEX, EVI XSX XMQTYP ETEVIR'E YRYM
QSVX. 1EM QYPX, EWIV'MYRIE G TMGMSVYP HI SW IWXI TVMQEV, MEV GIP HI ERMQEP
WIGYRHEV RY I GSR3VQEX HI QEXIVMEPI HEG PI PYQ R SVHMRIE IZSPY'MIM PSV
WXEHMEPI: MQEKMRIE ^SSQSVJ E QSV'MM IWXI QEM ZIGLI HIGX MQEKMRIE FE^EX
TI SEWIPI WGLIPIXYPYM (4VSTT, 74).
1ERMTYPEVIE SEWIPSV R ZIHIVIE EWMKYVVMM YRIM GM HI EGGIW R PYQIE
GIEPEPX
R FEWQYP TYFPMGEX HI 4. -WTMVIWGY, 4SVGYP GIP JIVQIGEX, RXPRMQ S WGIR
R GEVI QERMTYPEVIE SEWIPSV ENYXSEVIPSV QEKMGI IWXI WY3GMIRX TIRXVY
EWMKYVEVIE YRIM GM HI EGGIW R PYQIE GIEPEPX: . )E #M JGY S WGEV HMR
SWGMSEVIPI GIPSV XVIM KMRM #M QEM PMTWMRH S XVIETX (TMIVHYWI YR SWGMSV), #M XMI
HIKIXYP GIP QMG, P PMTM HI WGEV #M MRXV. (ETYH "MRIERY, 174; VITVI^IRXVM
EWIQRXSEVI WYRX RXPRMXI R FEWQIPI GI MRGPYH R GEXIKSVME EXVMFYXIPSV
WEGVI TMIM HI ERMQEPI WEY EPXI TV'M GSQTSRIRXI EPI EGIWXSVE). (EV S GEPI HI
EGGIW GXVI PYQIE GIEPEPX RY WI VIEPM^IE^ RIETVEX TI ZIVXMGEP. 0E
YGVEMRIRM, ZVNMXSVYP TSEXI 3 VIGYRSWGYX HEG WYF TVEKYP FMWIVMGMM WYRX
RKVSTEXI SEWIPI TMGMSEVIPSV YRYM QMIP: GIM GI WYRX ZVNMXSVM RY TSX MRXVE R
FMWIVMG. R QSH EWIQRXSV, WVFMM WTYR G TS'M ZIHIE S ZMP (HIQSR ISPMER)
R TVMQE ZMRIVM GY PYR RSY, HEG 3IVFM YR SW HMRXV-YR QSVQRX RXV-YR GIVG
HI FYXSM #M ETSM P EVYRGM EJEV HMR GIVG (:MRSKVEHSZE-8SPWXEME-2, 1994, 36).
1ERMTYPEVIE SEWIPSV GE TVSGIHIY HI VIKIRIVEVI, HI VIZIRMVI PE ZME'
*IQIME RWVGMREX HEG QRRG GEVRI HI ZREX, XVIFYMI W WXVRK YR SW
HMR EGIP ERMQEP #M W-P TYMI R WGPHXSEVIE GSTMPYPYM; EPXJIP GSTMPYP JEGI RMWGEM
VRM GE EGIPI HI ZREX (>ERRI, -<, 332). 4SVRMRH HI PE EGIEWX GVIHMR'
TSTYPEV VSQRIEWG ZSQ RGIVGE W WMWXIQEXM^Q, R GIPI GI YVQIE^,
QYPXMXYHMRIE MRXIVHMG'MMPSV WEY E TVIGIT'MMPSV PIKEXI HI TVI^IR'E SEWIPSV R
WSGMIX'M HMJIVMXI (R GEVI ZRXSEVIE RY WI E4E RXSXHIEYRE TI TVMQYP PSG).
0IKIRHI XSXIQMGI: VIEHYGIVIE PE ZME' E ERMQEPYPYM YGMW (VMXYEP WEY RY)
HI ZRXSV
0E TSTSEVIPI HI ZRXSVM, SEWIPI VITVI^MRX M^ZSVYP YPXMQ EP ZMI'MM, EXX EP
ZMI'MM SQYPYM, GX #M EP ZMI'MM ERMQEPYPYM, HMR GEVI WTIGME TSEXI VIRE#XI PE
RIWJV#MX. (MR EGIWX QSXMZ, SEWIPI ERMQEPYPYM RY WYRX WJVQEXI, GM EHYREXI GY
KVMN #M TWXVEXI HYT SFMGIM, EHMG RKVSTEXI, TYWI TI TPEXJSVQI WEY R
GSTEGM, EVYRGEXI R QEVI IXG. ()PMEHI-P, 1997, 158). 3 PIKIRH KKY^ WTYRI
G %HEQ, TIRXVY E SF'MRI WS'MM TIRXVY 3MM WM, E EHYREX SEWIPI HMJIVMXIPSV
ERMQEPI #M P-E VYKEX TI (YQRI^IY W PI HIE ZME'. -RXV-YR FEWQ EVQIER, YR
ZRXSV ME TEVXI PE S RYRX E HYLYVMPSV THYVMM. )WXI TSJXMX PE SWT', RY
QRRG, HEV TWXVIE^ ERXVMGSXYP HI ZMX GEVI M JYWIWI SJIVMX. %TSM, EHYRRH
XSEXI SEWIPI ERMQEPYPYM, TIRXVY E-P RZME, HYLYVMPI WYRX RIZSMXI W TYR R
PSGYP GSEWXIM GEVI PMTWI#XI S GVIERK HI RYG (MHIQ, 160). )GSYVM EPI YRSV
EWXJIP HI TVEGXMGM WYRX WYVTVMRWI #M R FEWQIPI VSQRI#XM. -EX, HI I\IQTPY,
FEWQYP TYFPMGEX HI -. 4ST-6IXIKERYP, *MY'YP SMM: 9R FMEX GY S SM' P RXPRM TI
(YQRI^IY R GLMT HI QS#RIEK, GEVI-P GIVY GEVRIE IM. )P M HIXI QMIPYP SMM #M,
HYT GI QRG, (YQRI^IY ^MWI FMEXYPYM: n7IEQR XY SEWIPI QMIPYPYM, GX
I PYRGE EWXE HI QEVI #M LEM HYT RSM!~ &MEXYP JGY E#E #M HMR SEWI WI JGYV
XSX SM, S XYVQ RXVIEK. (ETYH "MRIERY, 382). 'SGS#YP, QEM HIQYPX, HEG-P
QRGEM, IP HMR SWM#SEVI MEV RZME. >FYVE PE MGSERI #M WXVMKE: n'YGYVMKY! 9MXI,
Q-EY QRGEX #M MEV EQ RZMEX!~ (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 432).
7I TSX RXPRM #M WMXYE'MM R GEVI, TVMR IZMHIR'MIVIE TVIKRERX E RGPGVMM
XEFYYVMPSV, IWXI I\TPMGEX S ERSQEPMI (R EGIWX GE^, GPEYHMGE'ME) ERMQEPYPYM
VIEHYW PE ZME'. %#E WI RXQTP #M R )HHE RSVHMG: TSVRMX R GPXSVMI GY
GVY'E #M 'ETMM WM, 8LSVV W-E STVMX PE GEWE YRYM 'VER. -R WIEVE EGIIE, 8LSVV E
PYEX 'ETMM #M M-E XMEX. %RMQEPIPI EY JSWX ETSM NYTYMXI #M TYWI PE 3IVX RXV-YR
GE^ER. 'RH GEVRIE IVE KEXE, 8LSVV #M XSZEV#MM WM W-EY E#I^EX W QRRGI.
8LSVV P-E TSJXMX PE QEW #M TI 'VER, QTVIYR GY RIZEWXE #M GSTMMM. %TSM 8LSVV
E TYW TMIMPI HI 'ET PRK WSF #M PI-E WTYW 'VERYPYM #M JEQMPMIM PYM W EVYRGI
SEWIPI TI TMIM. 8LNEP3, 3YP 'VERYPYM, EZIE R QR SWYP HI PE #SPH EP YRYM 'ET,
TI GEVI P-E WTMRXIGEX GY GY'MXYP GE W ENYRK PE QHYZ. 8LSVV E RRSTXEX R
GEWE 'VERYPYM. % HSYE ^M W-E XVI^MX REMRXI HI VWVMXYP WSEVIPYM, W-E QFVGEX,
E PYEX GMSGERYP 1MSPPRMV #M E FMRIGYZRXEX VQ#M'IPI 'ETMPSV. &ETMM W-EY VMHMGEX,
HEV YRYP #GLMSTXE HI TMGMSVYP HMR WTEXI (+]PJEKMRRMRK, GET. 26, ETYH )PMEHI-P,
1997, 160). R GE^YP R GEVI WI RXQTPEY EGGMHIRXI #M QIQFVIPI ERMQEPYPYM
RY TYXIEY 3 VIGYTIVEXI MRXIKVEP, WI KWIEY HMZIVWI GM HI MI#MVI HMR
HM3GYPXEXI. )ZMHIRX, RYQEM HMZMRMXEXIE VIWTSRWEFMP GY VIKIRIVEVIE ERMQEPIPSV
TYXIE W HMWTYR HI EGIWXI TVSGIHII. %FLE^MM HMR 'EYGE^ WTYR G %HEK[E,
^IYP THYVMM, HEG SFWIVZ G E RKLM'MX HMR KVI#IEP YR SW R XMQT GI QRRG
ZREXYP, P RPSGYMI#XI GY S FYG'MG HI PIQR. 0STEVMM WMFIVMIRM RPSGYMIWG
SEWIPI PMTW EPI ZREXYPYM YGMW GY GIPI EPI GMRIPYM GEVI PI-E QRGEX (+MR^FYVK,
253). R QMXSPSKMMPI R GEVI ZRXSEVIE RY GSRWXMXYME SGYTE'ME TVMRGMTEP E
TSTYPE'MIM, VIKIRIVEVIE, VIZIRMVIE PE ZME' WI TYXIE VIEPM^E, R ERYQMXI
WMXYE'MM, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP SFMIGXIPSV/IPIQIRXIPSV QEKMGI, R TSWIWME GVSVE
IVSYP JEZSVMX TYXIE MRXVE GY WTVMNMRYP ENYXSEVIPSV. 9R EWXJIP HI PMERX P GSRWXMXYME
ETE ZMI/ETE QSEVX: %TE RZMIXSEVI WI EHYGI HI PE QYR'MM GEVI WI FEX R
GETIXI, TVMRXVI GEVI GYVK HSY JRXRM: YRE GY ET ZMI #M YRE GY ET QSEVX,
E HSYE WIVZMRH E RGLIKE FYG'MPI #M SEWIPI QSVXYPYM, MEV GIEPEPX E PI RWY4I'M.
%GI#XM QYR'M QM#GXSVM WI SHMLRIWG RYQEM S NYQXEXI HI GIEW, PE EQME^ #M
EXYRGM I QSQIRXYP E WI PYE ETE, HEV GYQ TVMRH HI ZIWXI, MEV RGIT E WI FEXI
#M HI EGIIE RYQEM GY QEVI TVMQINHMI WI TSEXI GTXE ("MRIERY, 41).
*YRG'MI JIVXMPM^EXSEVI. 9VQE#M QMVEGYPS#M R WXVRW PIKXYV GY TVMQE
JYRG'MI E SEWIPSV, EGIIE HI TYVXXSEVI R WMRI E IPIQIRXIPSV ZMXEPI EPI 3MR'IM
HMR EPGXYMVIE GVIME EY JGYX GRHZE TEVXI, WI GSRXYVIE^ #M JYRG'ME HI
WXMQYPIRX EP JIVXMPMX'MM. 3QYP GEVI MRXV R TSWIWME YRSV EWIQIRIE SEWI
QEKMGI RY ZE HE RE#XIVI YRIM 3MR'I EWIQRXSEVI GIPIM GVIME M-E ETEV'MRYX
SWYP, GM YRIM 3MR'I YQERI, QEM TVIGMW, YRSV HIWGIRHIR'M (YQERM, ERMQEPM IXG.
R JYRG'MI HI ZMIXEXIE GEVI E MRXVEX R GSRXEGX GY IPIQIRXYP)
QMVEGYPS#M. R FEWQYP PYM -WTMVIWGY, 0YGIEJVYP HI ^MY #M PYGIEJVYP HI RSETXI,
QTVEXYP QIVKI, R YVQE YRYM ZMW, PE TIWGYMX, GY YRHM'E PE KVP #M TVMRHI YR
TI#XI HI EYV. -QTVXIEWE QRRG HMR TI#XI, KXMRHY-P WMRKYV, VSEFE WYKI
#M IE YR SW. 2EWG YRE, ^MYE, TI &YWYMSG, MEV EPXE, RSETXIE, TI 7MQMRSG (ETYH
'PMRIWGY, 188).
0IKIRHIPI MRM'MIVMM: VIEHYGIVIE PE ZME'E GIE RSY, RXV-YR RSY WXEHMY, E
MRM'MEXYPYM
(YT S XVEHM'MI E TETYE#MPSV OM[EM, RXV-S RSETXI, YR SQ E JSWX YGMW HI
YR SFSVS (WTMVMXYP YRYM QSVX); EGIWXE M-E WGSW HMR XVYT XSEXI SEWIPI #M M PI-E
RPSGYMX GY SEWI HI SFSVS. 'RH WTMVMXYP P-E VIRZMEX, SQYP IVE EWIQIRIE
WTMVMXIPSV, EHMG HIZIRMWI #EQER. 3FSVS M-E HEX YR SW GY GEVI TYXIE GLIQE
WTMVMXIPI ()PMEHI-P, 1997, 67). R QSH EWIQRXSV, S TVSF MRM'MEXMG E
RIS3XYPYM IWGLMQSW GIVI YR RHIPYRKEX IJSVX HI EWGI^ 3^MG #M HI
GSRXIQTPE'MI EZRH GE WGST HSFRHMVIE JEGYPX'MM HI E WI ZIHIE TI WMRI GE
WGLIPIX (MHIQ, 72).
4EVXI GSQTSRIRX E YRYM VMXYEP QEKMG HI XIVETMI (VIEHYGIVI PE ZME' GE
ZMRHIGEVI)
'RH WZV#I#XI S STIVE'MI QEKMG, WI GVIHI G WTMVMXYP 1YROERMRNM WX
PRK ZVNMXSV GE W-P WYTVEZIKLI^I JV W 3I Z^YX HI TVSJERM. 'RH I\XVEKI
YR SW STIVE'MI WZV#MX HI SFMGIM R XEMRE RST'MM ZVNMXSVYP WYKI QEM RXM S
ERYQMX GERXMXEXI HI WRKI HMR TRXIGIPI FSPREZYPYM. %TSM, IP JEGI TEWI HI-E
PYRKYP XVYTYPYM EGIWXYME, M ETPMG PSZMXYVM GY TYQRYP RGLMW, P JVQRX QVYRX
#M P WYKI R EJEV TR GRH SWYP IWXI WGSW ()PMEHI-P, 1997, 60).
2.3.2. 3790 1%0)*-': )<432)28 8)6-*-%28 %0 091-- 136&-036
4)()%47 '9 13%68)% 2(6)48%8 14386-:% 463*%2%836-036
-RXV-YR I\IQTPYQ HMR WIGSPYP EP <P---PIE, YR FI'MZ, WXVFXRH RSETXIE
YR GMQMXMV, WI TSXMGRI#XI HI YR GVERMY, RJYVMMRHY-WI: 'I GEY'M EMGM, LVG
RIRSVSGMX# :MRS PE QMRI EGEW, ZSQ QTV'M QRGEVIE. 'VERMYP M VWTYRHI
G M EGGITX MRZMXE'ME #M P YVQIE^; RKVS^MX, SQYP WI RGLMHI R GEW #M, GRH
QSVXYP FEXI ZMSPIRX PE Y#, TYRI W WI VWTYRH G WXTRYP PMTWI#XI. "XMY
FMRI G IWXI EMGM, MRWMWX QSVXYP #M ZSM MRXVE, HI ZSMI WEY HI RIZSMI. &I'MZYP
HIWGLMHI Y#E #M ZIHI MRXVRH 3KYVE QM^IVEFMP E YRYM FVFEX QSVX, GI SJIVIE
WTIGXEGSPYP KVSE^RMG EP SEWIPSV #M GVRMM TYXVIHI (7GLQMXX, 170).
1ERMTYPEVI QEPI3G R ZVNM. 4VSHYGIVI E QSV'MM 1SEVXI/WSQR: QRE
ZVNMX &EWQYP TYFPMGEX HI 'SWQIWGY, (VEGYP #M QRE ZSVFMXSEVI, RI SJIV YR
TVMQ I\IQTPY HI MRWXVYQIRX VIHYXEFMP R QRE VYJGXSVMPSV. 1RE HI QSVX,
S QR ZVNMX, GSRWXMXYMI S MTSWXE^ E KEVHMERYPYM RISFSWMX: 3 JIQIMI EZIE
XVIM JIXI. 3HEX WI RXSVGIE GY PIQRI HMR THYVI #M SJX HMR EHRGYP MRMQMM.
(VEGYP M MI#M R HVYQ #M-P ^MWI: n- 'I, Q ZVIM#
2Y XI ZVIEY TI XMRI, VWTYRWI JIQIME, HEV EQ SJXEX, GGM EQ XVIM JIXI #M
R-EQ GY GI PI QVMXE.
(-QM YRE QMI, G #M IY WYRX 4GY HI RWYVEX~. (VEGYP PY HI WS'MI TI
JEXE GIE QEM QEVI. 'YQ S HYWI EGEW PE HRWYP, M HIXI W QRRGI S QR
HI SQ, MEV IP TPIG PE ZRXSEVI, ^MGRHY-P G PE WSWMVIE PYM QRE W 3I
QRGEX, GGM EWXE ZE 3 YR WIQR HI GVIHMR' #M HI HVEKSWXI TIRXVY HRWYP.
(ETYH "MRIERY, 237). -QEKMRIE QMRMM HIQSRMGI, T^MXSV EP GIPYM GEVI S
TSWIH, IWXI RXPRMX #M R TSZIWXMVMPI WYTIVWXM'MSEWI. %#E GYQ EQ Z^YX R
EPX TEVXI, ZIKLIE VMXYEP E QSV'MPSV TVIWYTYRIE #M TWXVEVIE MRXIKVMX'MM
GEHEZVYPYM, R WIRWYP QTMIHMGVMM HITSWIHVMM EGIWXYME HI TV'M GSQTSRIRXI
WEY HI IPIQIRXI I\XIVMSEVI GI TYXIEY 3 JSPSWMXI R HMJIVMXI ZVNM. 8PLEVMM
QIVK PE JYVEX GY QR HI SQ QSVX, EP'MM ^MG G GY HIKIXYP GIP QMG HI PE QSVX,
HI RGSRNYV GEWE YRHI EY W TVEHI #M XS'M HSVQ GE QSV'M. 'Y GMSPER HI SQ
QSVX RGSRNYV XPLEVMM GEWE #M HEY #M PE GMRI R QQPMK, S #XIVK TI GMSPER #M
HEY HI HSVQ XS'M #M GMRM #M SEQIRM, GE QSV'M. 'Y PYQREVI HI PE QSVX, GI E
'MRYX-S QSVXYP R QR, ?XPLEVMMA RGSRNYV GEWE #M XS'M HSVQ QSV'M (2MGYPM'-
:SVSRGE, 532). (EG QSEVI GMRIZE, ZVNMXSEVIPI P XEMI: M XEMI QMRMPI;
SEQIRMM T^IEY, W ZEH GI JEGI IE; HEV IM R-S ZIHIEY, IE ZIRIE #M XME
QRE, TI GEVI S PYE. "M GY QRE EGIIE ETSM JGIE JEVQIGI. "M HEG IE
QIVKIE YRHIZE PE JYVEX WEY W JEG GIZE, M EVXE SQYPYM QRE EGIIE HI QSVX
#M XSXYP IVE R SVHMRI, RY QEM EY^IE RMQMG, HSVQIE, RY EY^IE RMQMG, IVEY GE
QSV'M, HI PE QRE EGIIE HI QSVX. 7I WTYRI G PE RSM, PE 7EVMGLMSM, WI QEM
KWI#XI RG S QR HI-EWXE, HI QSVX (MRJ. HI XIVIR, 7EVMGLMSM, NYH. 8YPGIE,
%PI\ERHVE 'MYFSXEVY). 0E WPEZMM HI WYH, LS'YP EVYRG YR SW HI QSVX TIWXI GEW
WTYRRH: 'YQ WI ZE XVI^M SWYP, E#E W WI XVI^IEWG #M SEQIRMM
EGI#XME (*VE^IV, 1980, -, 68). 9GVEMRIRMM WGSX QHYZE HMRXV-S XMFMI HI SQ, S
YQTPY GY WIY #M, ETVMR^RH WIYP, RGSRNYV HI XVIM SVM GEWE GY EGIEWX JGPMI,
GIIE GI-P JEGI TI PSGEXEVM W GEH RXV-YR WSQR EHRG. 7EY: JEG YR 4YMIV HMRXV-
S XMFMI HI SQ #M GRX; GMRI EYHI ZE 3 GYTVMRW HI QSPI#IEP (MHIQ). )WXI
MRXIVIWERX RW G YRIPI HMR TVEGXMGMPI ETSXVSTEMGI VIEPM^EXI QTSXVMZE YRIM
EWIQIRIE EKVIWMYRM WI HIWJ#SEV TVMR EGXMZM^EVIE EGIPYME#M TVMRGMTMY EP
EHSVQMVMM LS'MPSV #M XVMQMXIVMM PSV RXV-S WXEVI EWIQRXSEVI GY QSEVXIE:
-EV#M TIRXVY XPLEVM, W QIVKM RSETXIE PE QSVQRX #M W MIM 'VR HI XVIM SVM
HI PE YR QSVQRX HI FVFEX, W ^MGM: n1SVXYP RY WI QM#G, QSVXYP RY ZIHI,
QSVXYP QRE RY RXMRHI, QSVXYP RY YQFP; E#E W RY ZEH XPLEVMM GEWE QIE,
E#E QRE W RY RXMRH, E#E W RY ZMI, E#E W RY WI QM#XI~. -RGSRNYVM GEWE HI
XVIM SVM GY 'VR HI EGIIE #M RY WI ETVSTMI RMQIRM (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 529).
3WYP GEVI XI JEGI MRZM^MFMP (YT GVIHMR'IPI TSTYPEVI, MRZM^MFMPMXEXIE TYXIE
3 SF'MRYX R RYQIVSEWI QSHYVM, GEVI WI TSX VIHYGI PE MRXVEVIE R TSWIWMI E
YRYM SW QEKMG HI SVMKMRI ERMQEP, GEVI-P GSRJIVIE TSWIWSVYPYM QYPX-HSVMXYP
ERSRMQEX: 3WYP RITVIGLI HI TMWMG RIEKV P TSEVX LS'MM PIKEX PE HIKIXYP
GIP QMG HI PE QRE WXRK, GY GVIHMR'E G TSX JYVE JV E 3 Z^Y'M. )M TVMRH PE
QMI^YP RST'MM, REMRXI HI GRXEXYP GSGS#MPSV, S TMWMG RIEKV, JEG YR JSG PE
VWTRXME YRYM HVYQ QEVI, SQSEV TMWMGE WYGMRHY-P KXYP JV E GYVKI WRKI
#M S 3IVF RXV-S SEP RIEKV. (YT GI E 3IVX FMRI, HI W-EY HIWJGYX XSEXI
SWGMSEVIPI, WI HYGI GY IPI RXV-YR GMQMXMV, PI #XIVKI #M PI EPIKI SW GY SW PE
PYQMRE YRIM GERHIPI. 8SEXI SEWIPI TVIGLI PI EVYRG #M #M STVIWG YR WMRKYV
SW, GEVI GVIHI G I RITVIGLI; EGIWXE IWXI SWYP JIVQIGEX (0ISR, 8). "M TIRXVY
VY#M, SWYP MRZM^MFMP, HYT TSZIWXMVMPI ZVNMXSVMPSV, WI E4 XSX RXV-S TMWMG RIEKV.
'YXXSVMM PYM JYV TMWMGM HMR WEXIPI ZIGMRI #M EY KVMN GE EGIWXIE W RY EMF RMGM
QGEV YR 3V HI TV EPF. 4MWMGE IWXI 3EVX RXV-YR GIEYR HI XYGM PE QMI^YP RST'MM
TR GRH WI XSTIWG XSEXI SEWIPI, GY I\GIT'ME YRYME WMRKYV. 3WYP GEVI E
VQEW IWXI SWYP RIZ^YX (7ELEVSZ, 83). R EPXI GE^YVM, TSZIWXMVMPI WTYR G
TVSGIHYVE RY IWXI GLMEV E#E HI WMQTP, HSVMXSVYPYM XVIFYMRHY-P RXV-EHIZV QYPX
GYVEN, WRKI VIGI TIRXVY E TYXIE MRXVE TR PE YVQ R TSWIWME SWYPYM QEKMG.
3 REVE'MYRI VSQRIEWG VIPEXIE^ EGIWX PYGVY: 'YQ XI JEGM RIZ^YX: -' XVIFI:
S Q' XX RIEKV, S SKPMRH, S SEP RSY HI GMYEMI, #ITXI JIPYVM HI KXINI GY
GEVI W-E'' JSGY #M ET. 8I HYGM RSETXIE, GX HSYWTV^IGI, RY TXMEV, RXV-SR
PSG TYWXMY. *EGM JSGY #M TYM SEPE PE JSG GY ET. 'RH GPSGSXI#XI M QYWEM W 3I
RSTXIE PE HSYWTV^IGI. %XYRGM MEM Q'E #M S FEKM R ETE GPSGSXMX #M 'M JIHIY
T MI. 'X E QMIYRE #-E WVM W RY MIM JIHIY. (EG W PMRM#XI#XI, S #IVHM TR W
MI GMSRX GY GMSRX. %WXE M GEQ T HIQMRIE'E. %XYRGM WGS' SKPMRHE #M MIM SR
GMSRXY' HI Q', P 'M RXVI HMR' #M XI YM' R SKPMRH. (EG XI ZI^, RY-P FYR
GMSRXY. 0E GMSRXY GEVI RY XM ZIHI R SKPMRH, PE EGIPE XI STVI#XM G-P FYR. -P PIKM
GY S E' #M-P TSV' PE KVYQE^. 'RH ZVIM W RY XI ZEH RMQI 'M GMSRXY RXVI HMR'
#-ETSM RY XI ZIHI RMQI-RMQI-RMQI ('LMXE-4ST, 241).
2.4. 0IKXYVM, RSHYVM 2.4.1. *-6)0) :-)&--
R )\XVIQYP 3VMIRX GYRYRME IWXI WMQFSPM^EX TVMR VWYGMVIE RXVI
HIKIXIPI YRYM KIRMY GIVIWG E HSY 3VI HI QXEWI VS#MI: GIPI HSY 3VI EPI
HIWXMRYPYM GIPSV HSM WS'M HIZMR YR 3V YRMG. R EPXI 'VM HMR WYH-IWXYP EWMEXMG PM WI
PIEK GIPSV HSM WS'M PE RGLIMIXYVE QMRMM YR 3V HI FYQFEG EPF: 3VYP HIWXMRYPYM
PSV GSQYR ('LIZEPMIV-+LIIVFVERX, --, 52). 0E MRHMIRMM EYWXVEPMIRM, HIQSRMM
RJ#YVEY RSETXIE WY4IXIPI SEQIRMPSV, TI GEVI PI VTYRIEY WXVRKRH
TYXIVRMG HI JYRME GEVI M GYTVMRHIE. 0E EPXI TSTSEVI, ^IYP QSV'MM IWXI GIP GEVI M
PIEK TI HIJYRG'M GY JYRMM #M-P XV#XI EWXJIP TR TI XVQYP QSV'MPSV ()PMEHI,
1994, 134). 1MXYP WGVMM WEY EP JVRKLMIM GEVI PIKE GIVYP HI TQRX IVE HIWXYP
HI GYRSWGYX #M R -RHME #M R 8MFIX. >IMM GSFSVEY TI GIV HI-E PYRKYP EGIWXIM
JVRKLMM GE W-P RXPRIEWG TI SEQIRM. (EV HYT GHIVIE R TGEX E SQYPYM
#M HYT ETEVM'ME QSV'MM, PIKXYVE RXVI GIV #M TQRX E JSWX RXVIVYTX. (I GRH
E JSWX XMEX, RYQEM WY4IXIPI TSX YVGE PE GIV, R QSQIRXYP QSV'MM ()PMEHI,
1995, 158-P59). R MQEKMRMPI HMR PYQIE WYFTQRXIER #M R XI\XIPI HIWTVI
EGIEWX PYQI, JYRME TSEXI EZIE #M WIQRM3GE'ME HI WMQFSP EP WSV'MM. -R#M#M ^IMM #M
HIQSRMM WYRX XVE#M GY S JYRMI, WEY FEVGE PSV IWXI XVEW PE IHIG. *MMR'IPI GEVI
HIXIVQMR WSEVXE EY EHIWIE HIRYQMVIE HI QWYVXSVYP GQTYPYM #M TSEVX
S JVRKLMI VYPEX R WTMVEP. (MR WSEVX JEGI TEVXI #M XMQTYP. R 'EVXIE TSV'MM
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0E QSVX, RSHYP PE E' GRH GS#M WI JEGI GY QRE WXRK, MEV HI QSEVI 4GY
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PI WYRX PIKEXI GYRYRMMPI. 4IRXVY PIKXYVE GYMZE, WI ME S E' HI GRIT #M WI
RRSEH RSY RSHYVM, ^MGRHY-WI:
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T#M RETSM TIWXI HRWE #M E WI HI^PIKE. (EG E'E WI TWXVIE^, JEVQIGYP EVI
PIEG; HEG I RW HEX TI KVP WEY EVYRGEX R JSG, RY QEM I ZMRHIGEVI.
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GIP PIKEX W XVIEG TIWXI HRWE JV W #XMI #M WI ME HI EGSPS, GE W R-S
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EGIIE GEVI P-E PIKEX, EXYRGM WI MEY RSY PEGXI, WI TYR R ET RIRGITYX #M
PWEX PE WXIPI #M HIWGRXXSEVIE, HIWGYMRH 3IGEVI PEGX, VSWXI#XI GYZMRXIPI:
n('YXEVI) PIKEX "M RGPI#XEX 7 3I HIWGPI#XEX, (I PE (GYXEVI) HI^PIKEX,
'YQ WI HIWGYMI, 7I HIWGPI#XIE^ "M WI HI^PIEK 0EGXYP.~
R 3RI, ETE WI XSEVR TI GIP HIWGRXEX, GEVI #EHI TI S E' HI GRIT,
EPI GVIM RSY RSHYVM EY JSWX HI^PIKEXI RSETXIE PE WXIPI (8ISHSVIWGY, --,
66-67). (IWJ#YVEVIE ZVNMM HI QEM WYW TVIWYTYRI YR EGX XVMTPY. )WXI ZSVFE, R
TVMQYP VRH, HI PIKEVIE YRIM TIVWSERI HI GXVI JIVQIGXSV; ETSM IWXI
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EVI RVSG SQYP, WEY ZSV GYXE HI ZSV WSGSXM ^MYE R GEVI W-EY RWGYX FYR
MEWXI EY VI, EGIME W WI GERSRIEWG ERM GMRGM. (4VEZMPE PYM 1EXIM &EWEVEF,
1652, ETYH ,EWHIY, --, 236).
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3VI. n- )Y, GYXEVI #M IP. 'YQ WYRX 3VIPI EGIWXIE WXVRW VWYGMXI, E#E #M RSM W
XVMQ QTVIYR~. 4I 3V WI JEGI YR RSH, ETSM WI TYRI TI TVEK: ZE XVIGI FMEXYP
TIWXI IP, HEV RY XVIFYMI W-P GEPGI. n- %#E GYQ RSHYP EGIWXE RY WI ZE HI^PIKE
ZVISHEX, E#E RMGM IP W RY WI HIWTEVX HI QMRI~. 4SEVX EGIWXI #RYVYPI'I
PIKEXI TI TMIPI RSY RST'M. R 3IGEVI HMQMRIE' J YR RSY RSH #M WTYRI EGIWXI
GYZMRXI (:NEXWOMN JSPOPSV, RV. 262, 50).
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RJ#YVEX R NYVYP FVE'IPSV #M TMGMSEVIPSV XI ETV HI JVMKYVM #M HI JIFV #M WI
TVIWYTYRI G RSY KLIQI RJ#YVEXI HI KXYP YRYM GSTMP P ETV HI
WGEVPEXMR (*VE^IV, 1980, --, 223). *IQIME GEVI ZVIE W RY WI EXMRK PYTYP HI
ZMXIPI WEPI PIEK YR EG GY E' HI QRY#E HSRM'IM #M-P TSEVX EXVREX R HSRM'
GX ZVIE (,EWHIY, --, 161/162). R 7GS'ME, GE ETSXVSTIY, JIQIME #M PIKE HI
HIKIXI QXEWI VS#MI; TVMQZEVE, GRH IVEY WGSEWI ZMXIPI PE TWGYX, GS^MPI
ZEGMPSV IVEY PIKEXI GY E' VS#MI (7YQ'SZ, 1890, 56). 0E 1 QEVXMI WEY
QV'M#SV, SEQIRMM PIEK GSTMMPSV PE KX E'I VS#MM GY EPF #M GY FERM; GSTMMM PI
TWXVIE^ TR ZMR FEV^IPI #M EXYRGM ^MG: n2E-'M RIKVI'IPI #M H-QM
EPFI'IPI~ (,EWHIY, --, 267).
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QTPIXMXYVM HI PR GSPSVEX GYWYXI GY EQRHSY GETIXIPI HI TEVXIE HIWGLMW
E WXVM'IM WTVI E S TYXIE ERMRE HYT KVYQE^. &EMIVI WI RYQIWG #M RM#XI
QTPIXMXYVM QEM WYF'MVM HI PR, HIWGRXEXI HI ZVIS QYMIVI #XMYXSEVI, GEVI WI
TYR PE KVYQE^YP GSTMMPSV FSPREZM WTVI E VIHSFRHM WRXEXIE (,EWHIY, --,
233). 'RH HIWJEGM HI YVWMX, JEGM QXRMM R GVYGM# GXI TEXVY R 3IGEVI
TEVXI; MIM E' VWYGMX (WTEGLME) #M ^MGM: nRRSHRH-S RY RRSH WTEGLME, GM RRSH
NYRKLMYVMPI; EQ PYEX S WKIEX #M MEV RY RRSH WTEGLME, GM RRSH HYVIVMPI #M
GY'MXIPI HMR GVMIVMM GETYPYM, HMR SGLM, HMR REW, HMR YVIGLM, HMR QMRM, HMR TMGMSEVI,
HMR TRXIGI, HMR XSEXI RGLIMIXYVMPI, HMR XSEXI GMSPERIPI~ #M XSX E#E PE 3IGEVI
KRH XSX RRS^M E'E #M E#E TR R ^IGI SVM ^MGRH: n%Q RRSHEX YVIPI #M QRMPI
ZVNMXSEVIPSV #M JIVQIGXSVMPSV GE W RY QEM TSEX WXVMGE RMQMG GYXVYME. %Q
PIKEX TYXIVIE HMEZSPMPSV #M TYXIVIE WXVMKSMPSV #M TYXIVIE TSXGIPSV #M E
JIVQIGXSVMPSV #M E WXVMKSEMGIPSV #M E JIVQIGXSEVIPSV #M E ZVNMXSEVIPSV #M E
^FYVXSVMPSV #M E ^FYVXSEVIPSV #M E ZRXYVMPSV #M E ZRXSEWIPSV #M XSEXI PI-EQ
PIKEX #M PI-EQ JIVMGEX GE W RY TSEX JEGI VY GYXVYME~ #M PE XSX KXMXYP HEM GY
E'E TIWXI GET #M ^MGM: nW VQMI GYXEVI GYVEX, PYQMREX~ #M GY E'E GI PIKM
FSPREZYP R GVYGM#, G HI-P FVFEX SVM M JIQIMI M XSXYRE #M E#E TR R HI XVIM
SVM HI-E VRHYP MEV TI YVQ HEM E'E GIE TI ET; G HI-S PE#M E#E EVYRGEX #M H
TIWXI HRWE YR GVI#XMR E PYM (YQRI^IY, E#E WI TVMRHI JETXYP HI EGIPE GYQ WI
TVMRHI WGEMYP HI SEMI (7IZEWXSW, 1990, --, 164). 'E W RY-'M JYVI XPLEVMM #M W
RY-'M ZMI R GEW, W MIM R RSETXIE ENYRYPYM, PE HSYWTVI^IGI GIEWYVM HI
RSETXI, GRIT HI ZEV #M W RRS^M RSY RSHYVM GY QMRMPI PE WTEXI, W ^MGM:
n)Y RY RRSH GRITE, HE RRSH SGLMM, RRSH QMRMPI, RRSH TMGMSEVIPI, RRSH
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QEVI GEVI RMGMSHEX RY WI YVRI#XI #M ^MGM: n'RH W-SV HI^PIKE RSHYVMPI MIWXI #M
GRH W-S QM#GE TMEXVE EWXE EXYRGM W WI QM#XI #M XPLEVYP #M W ZMI PE GEWE
QIE~ (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 529).
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FVFEXYP YRIM JIQIM PE EPXIPI, W JEG JIQIME RSY RSHYVM TI S E' #M W PI
GSEW R GMRKXSEVIE FVFEXYPYM, GRH WI QVMX. 'MSXYVMPI EGIWXIE WI JEG #M
WTVI 7J. %RHVIM (MHIQ, 1073): 'YQ #M-E YMXEX QSVXYP EGIWXE/(I XSEXI TSJXIPI
#M FYRX'MPI PYQMM, /%#E W YMXI (GYXEVI)/(I TSJXIPI PYQI#XM #M HI
JIQIM (+SVSZIM, 1990, 278). 7I HIWGRX GY GRIT HI ZEV, JGRHY-WI
TEXVY RSHYVM PE WTEXI #M PIKRH-S PE S TVSTXIE HI KEVH. %GSPS WI ^MGI G
VQRI PIKEX HI FVFEXYP GYM M WI JEGI HI YVX:
4IPMR XEVI #M QEM XEVI, 7-QM EHYGM TI PYGVY ZVNQ#IWG R GEPI. 'I PIK #M
GY SGLMM RY ZH# +RHYP (GYXVYME) P PIKEM; -P PIKEM, -P JIVIGEM, -P EQY'MM, -P
QTMIXVMM, -P RGVIQIRMM, 7 RY EMF KRH EWYTVE (GYXVYME) #M KYV GWGEX
"M PMQF VMHMGEX, 7 WI TSXSPIEWG "M W QY'IEWG. 'YQ WI TSXSPI#XI
WXIEYE-R GIV, 3EME-R WXEYP, 4SVGMM-R WXVEX, :MXIPI-R WEX "M IP W VQMI R WIEQ
RIFKEX 'E YR WEG ZVKEX 4I YR KEVH EVYRGEX #M IP PE KEVH W 3I
PIKEX~ (+SVSZIM, 1990, 238).
(I^PIKEVI-IPMFIVEVI (MR RPR'YMVIE JEVQIGYPYM: %WGYRHIEY ZMXIPI. 0I
EWGYRH ZVNMXSVMM #M RMQIRM RY PI TSEXI ZIHIE, GX PI-EM GYXE. %Y EWGYRW HSY
ZEGM, HSYWTVI^IGI RST'M EY JSWX HYT IPI, PI-EY GYXEX. 7-EY HYW PE YR
ZVNMXSV #M PI-E WTYW W QIEVK HYT IPI RYQEM HSY TIVWSERI, RY-P RIZSMI HI
QEM QYPXI. n:EGMPI ZSEWXVI WYRX WRXSEWI.~ "M PI EWGYRH E#E HI FMRI, G RMGM
RY PI HEY W QRRGI, W FIE. )P E JGYX GIZE JEVQIGI EWYTVE YRYM RSH.
n0YE'M-S, QIVKI'M PE S VWTRXMI, XME'M R HSY YR TMR #M XVIGI'M TVMR IP.~ 2I-EQ
HYW RSM, EQ XVIGYX: ZEGMPI IVEY EGSPS, WI WGVTMREY ('IVITERSZE, 1996, RV.
298, 79).
1IHMGMR: ?HI RGYMEXA %HYGIQ TMGXYVM HI ET HI TI VSEXE QSVMM #M
PYQ S E' HI PR RIEKV, XSEVW R ^MYE EGIIE, GRH HIWGRXQ #M JEGIQ TI
IE RSY RSHYVM, HYT EGIIE S FKQ R ETE GEVI EQ EHYW-S HI TI VSEXE QSVMM
#M RGITIQ E HI^RSHE RSHYVMPI HI TI E' ^MGRH PE 3IGEVI HI^RSHQRX HI
XVIM SVM ZSVFIPI: n8VIM JIXI HI NMH RGYMI, XVIM JIXI HI NMH HIWGYMI~. (MR ETE
EGIIE HQ FSPREZYPYM HI RSY SVM, HYT GEVI WI ZE HIWGYME #M ZE EZIE
WGEYR (&VPIE, -., 368).
*EVQIGI HI HVEKSWXI
2YGMPI HMR RYG GYVEX GYVE, 2SHYVMPI HI PE TR^ PI HI^PIKE; 4MIHMGMPI HI
PE GEM W-EY WJVQEX, ('YXEVI) W-E HI^PIKEX. 2SY RMGM EY E WI 3IVFIE, %TE GY
TY#GE E WI QTY#GE,
8SEXI ZMRIPI (GYXVYME) E WI HI^PIKE, ' M-EQ HI^PIKEX QMNPSGYP #M ZMRIPI
(I PE XSEXI WXVIMRMPI, +RHYP #M TSJXE, TIRXVY E WI RHVITXE %#E GYQ #M REMRXI
IVE (+SVSZIM, 1990, 262).
(SEQRI (SEQRI ENYX GI-SM GSXE 0E 8SHSV HI PIKXYVM. 7-S PYEX TI GEPI,
TI GVEVI, 'RH E JSWX PE GEPIE QEVI 7-S-RXPRMX GY GIEW VY "M GY HYL RIGYVEX
"M GY PIKXYVMPI-R GEPI 0-S PIKEX #M P-S JIVQIGEX "M TYXIVIE M-S PYEX 'Y GMRGM
HI#XI VIPI
'GEXI, WTYVGEXI, 0-S PIKEX #M P-S JIVQIGEX 'Y QR HI GSTMP RIFSXI^EX,
'Y JYRMI HI SQ WTR^YVEX. -S-P HI^PIK TI 8SHSV 'Y ^GI HINIXI EYVMXI, (
EVKMR'XI, (I (YQRI^IY VRHYMXI. (4EZIPIWGY, 1945, 173).
'ETMXSPYP 15
*%61)') () 967-8. %092+%6)% 6-:%0)- 2 13%68)
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XI-QTYRK, GY WIGIVE XI XEM, GY JSEVJIGIPI XI JSEVJIG, GY JYWIPI XI WXVTYRK, GY
GSGI#IVMY XI JVIG, GY GY'MXY XI XEM #M GY WYGMXSVY' XI WYGIWG~. "M 'E GYZMRXIPI
EGIWXI RGITIQ, GY WYGMXSVY' E WYGM GQE#E TI NSW, HI 'E YR GSVR EP GLMPMIM
TR 'E GIPPEPX GSVR, EWXJIP TI PE XYWTEXVY GSVRYVM E GWMM, EWIQIRIE JEGIQ #M
GY XSGMPXSVMY. %TE TI GEVI EQ JSPSWMX-S PE HIWGRXEX S HQ W-S HYG PE
FIXIEK, HEV E#E GE EGIPE GEVI S HYGI W RY WI YMXI RETSM, TR GI RY
WSWI#XI PE FIXIEK. 4EXYP FSPREZIM W WI RXSEVG, E#E G YRHI M-S JSWX GETYP
W-P 3I TMGMSEVIPI. 7YF GTXMYP TEXYPYM, EHMG WYF TIVR, W WI TYMI RSY
KVYR'I HI EM-HI-ZVJ. 0E TMGMSEVI RSY KVYR'I HI TMTIV, MEV R
QMNPSGYPTEXYPYM, WYF E#XIVRYX, TI WGRHYVMPI KSEPI, W WI TYRS WIGIV
TVWMX #M YR GY'MX TVWMX. RXMRH, EWYTVE Y#MM HI MRXVEVI, R Y#SVYP Y#MM, W WI
QTYRK S WIGIV, HSY EGI #M YR GY'MX. -EV R TSHYP GEWIM PETEXVY GSVRYVM HI-
E GWMM, WWITYRTEXVY SEPI VWXYVREXI GY KYVE-R NSW, MEV R GEW, EHMG R
GLMPME EGIIE YRHI ^EGI FIXIEKE, W WI EKE'I RSY FPMHI, RXSEVWI GYKYVE GXVI
TIVIXI. R YVQ, GQE#E #M TSEPIPI GY GEVI W-S JGYX HIWGRXXYVE, W WI
RXSEVG TI HSW #M W WI HIMI W PI MIMI FIXIEKE TI IE #M W S HYG R QMNPSGYP
GWMM WYF QI#XIV-KVMRH #M ETE GY GEVI W-S HIWGRXEX W-S XSEVRI TI ZVJYP
GETYPYM, E#E GE W WI WGYVK NSW TI TMGMSEVI. &IXIEKE ZE ZMWE ETSM RSETXIE
GEVI JIQIMI S JGYX JGXYV TI HRWE.
&VPIE, -., 337-338
*ETX, JGXYV
1EXIVMEPM^EVI E TYXIVMM QEPI3GI HI GEVI TSEXI HMWTYRI YR EGXERX
WTIGMEPMWX WEY SGE^MSREP, JETXYP WEY JGXYVE VITVI^MRX YRE HMR GIPI QEM
TIVMGYPSEWI TVEGXMGM QEKMGI, EP GVIM VI^YPXEX IWXI HI GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM
MVIZIVWMFMP. 'SRWYPXEVIE ZMMXSVYPYM TIRXVY E4EVIE HIWXMRYPYM VI^IVZEX
WSPMGMXERXYPYM R ERYP VIWTIGXMZ WEY TI XIVQIR PYRK (GYQ IWXI GE^YP ZVNMPSV HI
YVWMX) WI FYGYV, JV RHSMEP, HI S RKHYMR' QEM QEVI HMR TEVXIE
GSQYRMX'MM, HI#M JVIGZIRX WI TSX HIT#M PMQMXI MRXIV^MWI HI IXMGE XVEHM'MSREP.
*MI G IWXI ZSVFE HI VIWXEFMPMVIE YRSV HVITXYVM GYZIRMXI WSPMGMXERXYPYM, 3I G
IWXI ZSVFE HI YR JYVX SVHMREV, TVEGXMGMPI TI YVWMX EY GE WGST RHITVXEVIE
VMZEPIM R HVEKSWXI TIRXVY E WI VIEPM^E TIVIGLIE YVWMX E WSPMGMXERXIM GY
FVFEXYP ZM^EX. % JEGI GYMZE TI YVWMX S TPEWIE^ TI ZVNMXSEVI RXV-YR VIKMWXVY
WYTIVMSV HI TYXIVI: HI HEXE EGIEWXE RY EVYRG S WMQTP TVMZMVI R PYQIE
GIEPEPX, TIRXVY E GSQYRMGE GIPSV MRXIVIWE'M IZSPY'ME ZMMXSEVI E ZMI'MM PSV; EGYQ
IE RW#M IWXI GIE GEVI TSEXI WGLMQFE HIWXMRIPI HI QERMIV HI3RMXMZ,
TYXRH VYTI GLMEV 3VYP ZMI'MM YRYM WIEQR. -REMRXI HI E TVI^IRXE GXIZE HMR
TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI HMR EGIEWX YPXMQ GEXIKSVMI, HSVMQ W TVIGM^Q
WIQRM3GE'MMPI TI GEVI EGIWX EGX PI EVI R QIRXEPMXEXIE TSTYPEV. *ETXYP IWXI
S FSEP GEVI RY ZMRI HI PE (YQRI^IY WEY HMR EPXI TVMGMRM RXQTPXSEVI, GM
IWXI, GYQ WI GVIHI R TSTSV, VI^YPXEXYP YRSV JIVQIGXSVM WEY ZVNM JIQIMI#XM.
(EG GMRIZE #M QEM EPIW ZVIS JIQIMI, EVI GMYH TI EPXE, GE W-#M V^FYRI,
EPIEVK #M PE EGIWX QMNPSG, EHMG M JEGI TI JETX. "M MEX GYQ. *IQIME GI ZVIE W
HIE EGIEWX FSEP GYMZE, R #ETXI HYQMRMGM, TI GRH TVISXYP I R WPYNF #M QEM
EPIW GRH XSEG, WXVRKI HMR #ETXI JIPYVM HI WIQMR'I HI SVMGEVI TPERXI, GXI
#ETXI FSEFI HI 3IGEVI JIP #M TYRRHY-PI RXV-YR WGYPI', PI HIWGRX, EHMG,
GLMEV GRH PI WXVRKI, PI QIRI#XI TI SQYP GYM ZVIE W-P JEG VY. (YT GI E
QTPMRMX EWX PYGVEVI, XSEXI EGIWXI WIQMR'YVM PI 3IVFI RXV-S SEP RSY JYVEX,
GY ET WXVRW XSX R EGIPI #ETXI HYQMRMGM, WEY RYQEM GY ET RIRGITYX,
HMRXV-S HYQMRMG HMQMRIE'E. 3 HEX 3IVXI, WI HYGI WEY XVMQMXI TI EPXGMRIZE HI
PI HYGI #M PI XSEVR R GEPIE SQYPYM QIRMX, FYRSEV TI TVEKYP Y#MM, PE TSEVX
WEY TSVXM', R GVEVIE TI YRHI #XMI G XVIGI QEM EHIW IXG. 'MRI GEPG RXM,
EGIPE RYQEMHIGX WI YQTPI HI FSEP #M HEG GYQZE E GPGEX GIP QIRMX, GY
EXXE FSEPE, EHMG JETXYP, I QEM KVIY #M QEM JYVMSW, MEV SQYP R QEM KVIY TIVMGSP
HI E 3 WGTEX. ('ERHVIE, 1944, 177).
7TVI HISWIFMVI HI EPXI XMTYVM HI QMNPSEGI QEKMGI ?13A, JETXYP (JGXYVE)
TYRI EGGIRXYP TI PEXYVE TVEGXMG: GYZRXYP HI SVHMRI IWXI EGXMZMXEXIE IP IWXI
EGXMZ, IWXI TVSHYW, TIRXVY E TYRI PE VRHYP PYM R QM#GEVI, HYT QSHIPYP
PIKMPSV GSRXEKMYRMM #M E WMQMPMXYHMRMM, TYXIVIE RIJEWX E ZVNMXSVYPYM. *ETXYP
VITVI^MRX GEY^E, TI GRH EHYWXYVE, EVYRGXYVE GSRWXMXYMI IJIGXI EPI EGXYPYM
QEKMG RXVITVMRW HI GIP GEVI-P TIVJSVQIE^. 8SGQEM HI EGIIE GVIHMR'IPI
TSTYPEVI MRWMWX EWYTVE HIWGVMIVMM VMXYPYM TVMR GEVI EGIWXE GETX QEXIVMEPM^EVI:
7I QEM WTYRI G YRIPI JIQIM ZVNMXSEVI GPSGIWG YR SY HI TVWMXYV, PE
WYF'MSEV, RSY ^MPI #M ETSM, GRH GMSGRI#XI (!), EXYRGM IE P QIRI#XI GI W WI
JEG: TYM, ZVEFMI, QYWG, KRHEG WEY EPXGIZE; MEV GRH ZE 3 4QRH, W WI
TSEX TVIJEGI R TYM HI KMR, GE W-P TSEX LVRM. 7I WTYRI G EGIWXE IWXI
nPYGVYP VY~ WEY nHVEGY~ #M EVI TYXIVI QEVI R VIPI. 4I EGIWXE P XVMQMX YRIPI
JIQIM, GEVI P EY, W HYG JEVQIGIPI TIRXVY JETX R GEPIE GIPYM QIRMX. (EG
GMRIZE GEPG R JETXYP HYW HI EGIWX PYGVY VY, R-EVI PIEG #M QSEVI TIWXI XVIM
^MPI. 3QYP GEVI E GPGEX R JETX, RHEX RGITI W-P QRRGI TMIPIE GYQTPMX
TIWXI XSX XVYTYP #M-P ZMRI HYVIVI PE GET. (MHIQ, 178). )\TPMGE'ME HI QEM WYW
GYTVMRHI, TI PRK HIWGVMIVIE EGXYPYM QEKMG EP JEGIVMM #M GSRXMRYEVIE VMXYPYM
QEKMG: JETXYP EV VQRI R WXEVI TEWMZ, S PEXIR' QEPI3G, HEG RY EV 3
XVMQMW WEY TVIPYEX. 0E JIP: *ETXYP, GVIHI TSTSVYP G RY WI GETX GE EPXI
FSEPI, GM G M WI EVYRG SQYPYM R GEPI HI GXVI HY#QERM GY S SEP WTEVX WEY
LVFYMX WEY GY RM#XI FYPIRHVI TPMRI HI XSX JIPYP HI RIGYV'IRMM. 'MRI GEPG TI
EGIWXIE RHEX WI YQTPI HI JETX #M WI GLMRYMI#XI JSEVXI XEVI (1EVMER, 1996,
149). 4I PRK WMXYE'MMPI R GEVI JETXYP ETEVI GE YR VI^YPXEX EP RIQYP'YQMVMPSV
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FSEP GI S GETX JIQIMPI GRH WYRX RKVIYREXI WEY GRH WYRX PILY^I. 7I ^MGI
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HEG WI RXQTP GE YVWMXSVYP IM (GIP HIWXMREX W HIZMI FVFEX) IWXI FVFEXYP
JIQIMM PILY^I WEY RKVIYREXI, S JEGI TVMR HIWGRXIGI GE GIE PILY^ WEY
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XSX GSVTYP #M HEG RY M WI HIWJEGI RHEX, ETSM QSEVI (0ISR, 151).
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(I#M JYRG'ME PYM, TVMR I\GIPIR', IWXI EGIIE HI E HYRE, 3MRH TVMRGMTMYP
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GE W-P ETIVI TI SQ HI VY. 9RISVM, EXVRRH FEMIVYP HI KX, WI ^MGI: n'YQ
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246). R GEHVYP JEVQIGIPSV, EVKMRXYP-ZMY IWXI EXX YR QMNPSG HI XVERWTSVX EP
ZVNMM TVSTVMY-^MWI, GX #M S I\TVIWMI WMQFSPMG TI GEVI S GETX TYXIVIE
RIJEWX E JIVQIGXSEVIM: :VNMXSEVIE HIWGRX EVKMRXYP-ZMY #M-P XVMQMXI GYM M WI
TSVYRGI#XI. %VKMRXYP-ZMY TPIEG WMRKYV HI PE ZVNMXSEVI #M, ENYRKRH PE GEWE
YRHI I LSXVX, WI VMWMTI#XI R GSJI, R WXVGLMRM, R E#XIVRYXYVM #M R XSEXI
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HITVXI^I. (MR XS'M GIM HMR GEW RY WI QFSPRZI#XI HIGX EGIPE GEVI I YVWMX
HI ZVNMXSEVI. &SPREZYP WMQXI YR JIP HI GVGIM R XSX XVYTYP #M WI YQTPI HI
WTY^IEP, HRH HMR IE YR JIP HI ET. %GIEWXE RY WI TSEXI ZMRHIGE HIGX
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GEVI RWS'I#XI TVEGXMGE HIWGRXEXYPYM EVKMRXYPYM-ZMY, E GSRWEGVVMM, IWXI
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PYTXI GY GIP XVMQMW HI ZVNMXSEVI. -RXPRMQ #M EMGM QSXMZYP RGPI#XVMM HMRXVI
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R WTMVMXY WEY R VIEPMXEXI). -RWXVYQIRXYP HIWGRXXSEVIM WYJIV QIXEQSVJS^I
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ZMXEPMX'MM, EP WRX'MM TI GEVI IP XVIFYMI W-S VIWXEFMPIEWG:
8Y, EVKMRXYPI, 'Y EVKMRX HMR SEWIPI (GYXVYME) W XI FE'M, 6GSVSWYPI, 7
XI FE'M W-P FMVYMI#XM, *MSVSWYPI, (I PE RSY ^MPI TR-PE RSY W-P WGS'M.
6YKMRMXYPI, 8Y EVKMRX GY HXXYV, 'SGPMXYPI, 8Y EVKMRX GY PIKXYV, )Y XI
WSVSGIWG (I PE WYVEXI #M XI VRHYMIWG (I PE GYQREXI, 7 YQFPM HI PE XVIM TR-
PE RSY, (I PE TVMIXIRI. 4VMR XSEXI ZMRIPI, 7 RY-R'ITM GE GY'MXIPI, 4VMR XSEXI
RGLIMIXYVMPI, 7 RY XEM GE GSEWIPI, 7 WGS'M EVKMRXY, 7 RY WIGIVM GE WIGIVMPI,
*ETXY #M HEXY, 'E TMEXVE HI QSEV 'Y XSEXI GY'MXIPI, 7 RY XI-RKVIYRI^M, 'Y
XSEXI NYRKLMYVMPI, -RXVI WTEXI W RY XI E#I^M, -EV HEG R-M MI#M #M R-M TPIGE, 'YM
XI-E HEX GY RSY, 'Y QXYVE XI-SM QXYVE, )Y XI-RXSVG GY STX; (MR XSEXI SEWIPI
(GYXVYME) XI-SM WGYXYVE, )Y XI-RXSVG GY #ETXI. 'EP VS#Y W XI JEGM, (+SVSZIM,
1990, 24P-242).
2.2. 1ERMTYPEVIE YVQIM
7QFX WIEVE GRH W-E RWIVEX, R TEX HI EYV Q-EQ GYPGEX. (YQMRMG
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:EWMPMY, % P., 16
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RWXTRMVMM, EP PYVMM R TSWIWMI, E#E GYQ WI ZIHI GLMEV R VMXYVMPI RXIQIMIVMM,
RYQMXI PE RSM HIWGPIGEX, HEV #M R GIVIQSRMEPYP HI XVIGIVI I\TVIWME E
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QMVIPYM WEY QMVIWIM R GIVIQSRMEPYP HI RYRX ()ZWIIZ-P, 1994, 141). R
PIKIRHIPI GSWQSKSRMGI VSQRI#XM, (YQRI^IY GVIIE^ ZMI'YMXSEVIPI PSZMRH GY
TMGMSVYP R TQRX (1Y#PIE-&VPIE, 540). 0IKIRHIPI VSQRI#XM I\TPMG R
EGIPE#M JIP ETEVM'ME ZIKIXE'MIM: (EV YRHI GPGE 1VMXYP 7XTR GVI#XIE RYQEM
MEVF #M 4SVM, MEV TI YRHI GPGE 7GEVES'GLM, RYQEM TPQMH, GYGYX, YV^MGM,
GMYQJEMI, QWPEVM', WTMRM, QXVKYR ((VEKSWPEZ-P, 15). 0E GLMRI^M,
QTVEXYP QMXMG *Y-7M ZE ETVIE TI PYQI HYT GI QEQE PYM GPGEWI TI YVQIPI
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140-P41). 4YXIVIE HISWIFMX TI GEVI S GSRGIRXVE R IE YVQE IWXI WYVTVMRW #M
R TVEGXMGMPI VSQRI#XM HI MR4YIR'EVI E YVWMXIM. 'RH S JIQIMI RWVGMREX
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ET GEVI W-E WXVRW RXV-S YVQ HI ERMQEP S GSTMX HI FSY (ERMQEP JEWX
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(I XVIGI GMRIZE TI PSGYP YRHI JEG LSV WEY TI YRHI EY NYGEX -IPIPI, P TSGIWG
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-RHMKIRMM HMR WYH-IWXYP %YWXVEPMIM GVIH G TSX SPSKM TI GMRIZE TYRRH TI
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OPSV, RV. 246, 48). 3 EPX ZVEN HI PIKEVI E WS'YPYM HI WS'MI HSVIE W ETVMRH S
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0E RSM, WYVMSEV, W-S XVMQI'M, 7 YHM, WYVMSEV, TQRXYP. WEY:
*EXE QEQMM GPXSEVI 7-S HYW TI-S ET QEVI
"M WI ZE RXSEVGI G-S TPSEMI QEVI! (MHIQ, 122).
'VIHMR'I VIJIVMXSEVI PE MR4YIR'E RIJEWX E QSV'MPSV RIGYVE'M WYRX FSKEX
VITVI^IRXEXI: 7I GVIHI G HEG GMRIZE E QYVMX JV PYQREVI, XVIFYMI YHEX,
TIRXVY G EPXJIP EV EHYGI WIGIXE: n0E RSM S EHYW TI YRYP GEVI E QYVMX R WTMXEP
PE (EVEFERM #M, GRH P-S XVIGYX LSXEVYP, S YMXEX W-P YHI GY ET #M HI EWXE-P
WIGIX~; (EG QSEVI GMRIZE HI QSEVXI RTVEWRMG R THYVM, PE
RQSVQRXEVIE PYM ZSV 3 TPSM QEVM (MFMHIQ). R XMQT, NIVXJIPI YQERI, XVIGRH
TVMR JE^E WMQYPEGVYPYM (E#E GYQ EQ Z^YX HMR I\IQTPYP HI QEM WYW), EY JSWX
MRXIKVEP WYFWXMXYMXI GY I3KMM EPI 3MR'IPSV SQIRI#XM WEY WEGVI, TYWI EPXHEX R
PIKXYV GY JIRSQIRYP VIWTIGXMZ. %#E EY ETVYX WXEXYIXIPI HMR PYX (WEY GLMEV
HMR GVTI, GIEV 1), VITVI^IRXRH 'EPSMERYP, 1YQE 4PSMM, 8EXE 7SEVIPYM IXG.
4IVWSRENIPI GIRXVEPI EPI YRSV VMXYEPYVM HI QERMTYPEVI E TVIGMTMXE'MMPSV.
R GEPMXEXI HI QIWEKIVM RXVI PYQIE HMZMRYPYM #M GIE E YQERYPYM,
TTY#MPI/WXEXYIXI TYXIEY WXVFEXI HVYQYP R EQFIPI WIRWYVM. 2Y RYQEM
SEQIRMM #M XVMQMXIEY RPSGYMXSVMM R PYQIE GIEPEPX; I\MWXEY WMXYE'MM R GEVI
TTY#E ERXMGMTE TVI^IR'E TI TQRX E SQYPYM, 3MRH YR I\IQTPY XMTMG HI
MTSWXE^MIVI E WY4IXYPYM, I\MWXIRX R PYQIE GIEPEPX GY QYPX REMRXI HI ETEVM'ME
TIVWSERIM TI TQRX, R PYQIE SEQIRMPSV. %TE IVE, GE HI SFMGIM (E WI ZIHIE
#M VITVI^IRXVMPI PIKEXI HI %TE 7QFIXIM), YRE HMR GMPI 3VI#XM HI GSQYRMGEVI
RXVI GIPI HSY PYQM. %WIQIRM FMFPMGYPYM 1SMWI, QIWEKIVYP HMZMRMX'MM ZMRI R
PYQIE SEQIRMPSV. 9R TYWXRMG, HSVMRH W EMF YR GSTMP, WI LSXV E WI HYGI PE
YR VY #M GI-E KWM, EP PYM W 3I. %4 YR GS# R GEVI IVE YR GSTMP HI PIQR. )P WI
VYK PYM (YQRI^IY XVIM ^MPI #M XVIM RST'M W JEG 0 QMRYRI W RWY4I'IEWG
PIQRYP. (4. -WTMVIWGY, (YRVI ZSMRMGYP, ETYH "MRIERY, 379). "M EPXI RE#XIVM
QMVEGYPSEWI WYRX TVSZSGEXI TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRIM WXEXYIXI QEKMGI: 3 FEF,
RIEZRH GSTMP, TYWI HI HSV R PIEKR YR PIQR HI XIM RJ#EX GE YR FMEX #M XSX
PIKRRHY-P, RYQEM GI EY^M TPRW HI GSTMP #M Z^Y R PSGYP PIQRYPYM YR FMEX
JVYQSW. (1. 0YTIWGY, 8IM-0IKREX, ETYH "MRIERY, 378). R ZEVMERXE TYFPMGEX
HI +V. 7MQE, YR QS#RIEK, E GVYM RIZEWX R-EZIE GSTMM, #M JGY YRYP HMR PIQR
HI XIM, TI GEVI-P PIKRE ^M #M RSETXI, TR WI JGY ZMY IXG.
2.3. ?16A. '9 :%03%6) %438634%-', WI VIEPM^EY EWXJIP HI WXEXYIXI/
TTY#M GI RXVYGLMTEY TIVWSERE R GEY^, TIRXVY E XVERWQMXI EWYTVE PSV FSEPE,
JEVQIGIPI IXG. 'EVI-P MQSFMPM^EWIV TI FSPREZ. -RXV-YR ZIGLM HIWGRXIG
FEFMPSRMER, WTPEVIE GY ET TSEXI RHITVXE EG'MYRIE QEKMG, XVMQMW EWXJIP
EWYTVE YRYM RPSGYMXSV: 7TPEXY-QM-EQ QMRMPI, PMQTI^MXY-QM-EQ XVYTYP R ETE
HI M^ZSV GYVEX GI GSFSEV HI PE )VMHY. *MI GE XSX VYP #M SVMGI RVYVMVI
EHYGXSEVI HI VY GI WI E4 R XVYTYP QIY, R GEVRIE QIE, R ZMRIPI QIPI,
VYP TVI^MW HI ZMWIPI YVXI, HI VIPIPI TVIZIWXMVM, HI WIQRIPI VIPI. 6YP TVI^MW
HI TVISXYP GEVI GIVGIXIE^ QVYRXEMIPI QMIMPSV NIVX3'M, ?XSX VYP RWGYXA HMR
GIPI GI-EQ Z^YX R ^MPIPI QIPI, HMR GI EQ GPGEX QIVKRH TI YPM', SVM HMR GI
EQ ^VMX TVMR QTVINYVMQMPI GIX'MM #M HYLYP GIP VY, WXVMKSMYP GIP VY, FSEPE,
QSPMQE, RIWSQRYP, YVXYP, ^FYGMYQYP, XYPFYVEVIE, HYVIVIE HI FYVX, 3SVYP,
XIEQE, WRKIVEVIE, SWXIRIEPE, TPRWYP, #SETXE VYKGMYRMPSV QIPI, TPRWYP, ?#M
YVQVMPIA NYVYMR'IM, EPI VYKMM, EPI ZVNMXSVMIM, JEVQIGIPI, WGYMTEXYP EHYGXSV HI
VYA, JYRMRKMRIE ?JGXSEVI HI VYA #M SVMGI HIWGRXIG JGYX QTSXVMZ-QM HI
SEQIRM, ?3I HIGM GE XSEXIA W XVIEG, TVMR ETE R GEVI Q-EQ WTPEX, TVMR ETE
R GEVI QM-EQ PMQTI^MX QMRMPI, EWYTVE TTY#MM GEVI-QM 'MRI PSGYP. (6IMRIV,
88).
0E VSQRM, TIRXVY E HIWGRXE HI WTIVMIXYV, WI JEGI S TTY# HMR XVIM
TIXMGI, GYPIWI TI EWGYRW HMR KYRSEMI, MEV RSETXIE, HYT GI W-E GYPGEX GSTMPYP,
WI ETVMRHI #M-P EJYQ GY IE. 0YGVYP EGIWXE WI JEGI R XVIM WIVM, HI GXI XVIM SVM.
%TSM TTY#E WI RKVSET R VWGVYGMPI HVYQYPYM, ^MGRH HI XVIM SVM: n2Y RKVST
TTY#E, GM FSEPE PYM (GYXEVI) #M IP W VQMI GYVEX, IXG.~ ('ERHVIE, 1944,
391). R 3PXIRME WI HIWGRX HI NYRKLM RXV-S SEP GY ET, R GEVI WI XEMI KXYP
YRIM TTY#M WI XEMI NYRKLMYP #M ETE S FIE FSPREZYP (MHIQ, 308). -R 3PXIRME
QMVIEWE XVIFYMI W TSEVXI R ^MYE GYRYRMIM S TTY# #M YR GY'MXE#; GY EGIWX
GY'MX WI TSX ZVNM JIXIPI TIRXVY E WI QVMXE GYVRH, MEV TTY#E I FMRI W-S
TSEVXI, GGM EXYRGM RMGM S ZVEN HI YVWMX, GEVI WI JEG TIRXVY E SQSV
RIZIWXIPI, RY WI ZE TVMRHI HI IE (7IZEWXSW-P, 290). 1EM QYPX, GE W WGETM HI
IJIGXIPI ZVNMPSV, WI JEGI S TTY# R GLMT HI SQ, HMR LYQ #M S HIWGRX
FMRI #M PI-S H HI S RKVSET R TVEKYP TSV'MM, GE SVM#MGI FPIWXIQ WEY HXXYVM
W WI TYMI TI TTY#E EGIIE (1Y#PIE-&VPIE, 471). 7I QEM SFM#RYMI#XI W WI
EVYRGI R WMGVMY TTY#M QMGM, TIRXVY 3IGEVI QIQFVY EP JEQMPMIM GXI YRE, GE W
PI QSEV QSEVXIE (&SHIERY, 192). 0E WVFMM HMR /SWSZS IWXI SFMGIMYP GE, R
GE^YP E HSY QSV'M RXV-S GEW R XMQT HI YR ER, W RKVSETI GY GIP HI-EP
HSMPIE QSVX S TTY# HI GVT, GI RPSGYMI#XI E XVIME TSWMFMP NIVXJ YQER
(8SPWXEME-2, 1994). 4IRXVY IZMXEVIE TSWMFMPIM QSV'M TVSHYWI HI S FSEP
VIHYXEFMP, TVSGIHIYP TGPMVMM VMXYEPI E HYLYPYM FSPMM IVE JVIGZIRX JSPSWMX. (I
I\IQTPY, R 'IPIFIW, FSPREZYP IWXI XVERWTSVXEX YRISVM R EPX GEW, PWRHY-WI
R PSGYP PYM, R TEX, S QSQMI JGYX HMRXV-S TIVR #M LEMRI. 7I GVIHI G
HIQSRYP S ME HVITX FSPREZYP VIWTIGXMZ, MEV EGIWXE WI RWRXS#I#XI (*VE^IV,
1980, -, 59). 0E TSTYPE'ME FEXEO, HIQSRYP FSPMM IWXI GSRNYVEX W MEW HMR GSVTYP
FSPREZYPYM #M W MRXVI RXV-YR GLMT JGYX HMR PIQR HI FERERMIV, GEVI EHYGI GY
JE'E YRYM SQ #M IWXI RZIPMX R MIVFYVM QEKMGI; ETSM GLMTYP IWXI EVYRGEX WEY
RKVSTEX PE LSXEV. 'XISHEX MQEKMRIE, QFVGEX FVFXI#XI, WI TYRI PE S
VWGVYGI HI HVYQYVM WEY RXV-YR EPX PSG HI XVIGIVI, R WTIVER'E G ZVIYR
XVIGXSV, Z^RH-S, ZE XVIWVM HI WTEMQ #M ZE WXVMKE: %L! 'YXEVI E QYVMX!,
HISEVIGI WI GVIHI G I\GPEQE'ME P ZE TGPM TI HYLYP FSPMM #M EGIWXE ZE TPIGE
(MHIQ, 60).
3 WIVMI HI TVEGXMGM ETSXVSTEMGI PI ZM^EY GLMEV TI ZVNMXSEVI, GEVI R
TYRGXIPI HI QE\MQ EGXMZM^EVI E QEPI3GYPYM, TYXIEY W-P EKVIWI^I TI SEQIRM.
0E VY#M, HI 7J. -SER (24 MYRMI), WI JGIE S TTY# HMR TEMI, QFVGEX GY LEMRI
HI JIQIMI, GI S RJ'M#E TI ZVNMXSEVI. 4TY#E IVE TYW TI S TVNMR, ETSM IVE
TYVXEX TVMR WEX #M EVYRGEX R JSG, R ET WEY IVE VYTX R FYG'M (+YVE-
8IVRSZWOEME-8SPWXEME, 29). 0E +VE^, R %YWXVME, R ENYRYP 7J. -SER, SEQIRMM JEG S
TTY# RYQMX 8EXIVQERR, TI GEVI S XVWG TR PE PSGYP YRHI WI WTEP VYJIPI
#M S M^FIWG GY QXYVM ETVMRWI, TR ME JSG (*VE^IV, 1980, :, 12). 8SX R WGST
ETSXVSTEMG IVEY JGYXI, PE VY#M, WMQYPEGVI EPI TWVMPSV. % HSYE ^M HI
&SFSXIE^ WI JEG HMR EPYEX 3KYVMRI HI ERMQEPI HSQIWXMGI #M GVYGM #M WI HEY
EGIWXSVE R QRGEVI, QTSXVMZE HISGLMYPYM (7XVELSZ, 28); GS'SJIRI HMR WIGEV
(TMRM#SEVI R JSVQ HI TEWVI) IVEY JGYXI TI 9 QEVXMI; WI HHIEY PE ZEGM,
TIRXVY GE ZVNMXSEVIPI W RY ZMR, WYF JSVQE YRSV GS'SJIRI #M W ME PETXIPI
ZEGMPSV (MHIQ, 107).
2.3.2. 2 '%(690 :6.-036
:VNMPI HI HVEKSWXI IVEY GIPI R GEVI YXMPM^EVIE TTY#MPSV #M E WXEXYIXIPSV
RPSGYMXSEVI EZIE YR VSP HISWIFMX HI MQTSVXERX. &MRRH PSGYP TIVWSERIPSV
ZM^EXI, TTY#MPI TYXIEY SJIVM MRJSVQE'MM VIPIZERXI VIJIVMXSV PE HIWXMRYP
TVEGXMGER'MPSV, E#E GYQ WI RXQTPE R GE^YP TVEGXMGMPSV SVEGYPEVI: 'E W
XIWXI^I MYFMVIE YRYME WEY E EPXYME, JIGMSVMM PYEY JYMSV HMR GEMIVYP JIXIPSV, JGIEY
HSY TTY#M, PI E#I^EY JE' R JE'. 3 TTY# VITVI^IRXE JEXE #M TVMQIE
RYQIPI YRIM JIXI TVI^IRXI, MEV GIEPEPX TVMQIE RYQIPI FMEXYPYM GY GEVI JEXE
VIWTIGXMZ nIVE R ZSVF~. %TVMR^RHY-PI, YRE HMR TTY#M WI ETPIGE RWTVI
GIEPEPX, EGIEWXE RWIQRE G JIGMSVYP WEY JEXE E GVIM TTY# W-E QFYVHEX~
MYFI#XI QEM QYPX (&MP', 26). 3 EPX MTSWXE^ E TTY#MM-HYFPYVM IWXI VIEPM^EX GY
ENYXSVYP YRYM PIQR VMXYEP (GJ. GETMXSPYPYM GSRWEGVEX ZVNMPSV HI EHYGIVI E
YVWMXYPYM): 0E QMI^YP RST'MM MIWI ZVNMXSEVIE PE GVYGM# HI LSXEVI, YRHI R3KI YR
F' TI GEVI-P QFVEG GY WXVEMIPI JIXIM GEVI ZVIE W-#M ZEH YVWMXYP GI EVI W-S
MIMI; EGSPS IE M HIWGRX GY ET RI-RGITYX, TI GEVI JEXE XVIFYMI W M-S EHYG
PE QMI^ HI RSETXI GY KYVE HMR WGSGYP E XVIM QSVM, JV E 3 Z^YX SVM E ZSVFM GY
GMRIZE (+LISVKLMY, 33).
(EYRIPI TVSHYWI SFMIGXYPYM YXMPM^EX R TVEGXMGMPI QEKMIM RIKVI WI
I\XMRHIEY, TVMR EREPSKMI, GSRJSVQ TVMRGMTMMPSV QEKMIM WMQTEXIXMGI, EWYTVE
TIVWSERIM RXVYGLMTEXI HI VIWTIGXMZYP SFMIGX. :XQEVIE WI TYXIE WSPHE GY S
PIKEVI TIVQERIRX WEY TYXIE HYGI GLMEV PE QSEVXI. 3 ZVNMXSEVI HMR WIGSPYP
EP <:---PIE HIWGVME EQRYR'MX EGIEWX TVEGXMG: 'IP QEM VETMH QMNPSG HI E PYE
ZME'E SQYPYM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP JEVQIGIPSV IWXI HI E JEGI S 3KYVMR HMR PYX, GX
QEM ETVSETI HI GLMTYP SQYPYM TI GEVI ZVIQ W-P YGMHIQ #M W-S YWGQ GY KVMN.
"M HEG ZVI'M GE S ERYQMX TEVXI E PYM W 3I QEM WPEF HIGX GIPIPEPXI, PYE'M YR
GVPMK WEY YR EG #M R3KI'M-P R EGIE TEVXI GVIME HSVM'M W-P TVSZSGE'M
WPFMGMYRIE. 'RH RW HSVM'M GE S TEVXI E XVYTYPYM W WI YWYGI, EXYRGM PYE'M
EGIEWX TEVXI E TTY#MM #M EVHI'M-S. %WXJIP TSEXI 3 HMWXVYW XSX
XVYTYP (;SRHIVJYPP (MWGSZIV] SJ ;MXGLIW R XLI 'SYRXV] SJ 0ERGEWXIV, 1613,
ETYH 6SFFMRW, 91). 4IRXVY E WGTE HI YR HY#QER, WI JGIE S TTY# HMR PYX,
IVE R'ITEX GY EGI, GYMI #M WXMGP TMWEX, MEV QEM ETSM IVE HEX TI ET, GY
GETYP R NSW (6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO, 461). 'MRI HSVIE W-P TVSZSEGI HY#QERYPYM S
HYVIVI GLMRYMXSEVI, XVIFYME W R'ITI TTY#E R VIKMYRIE HSVMX. (EG TTY#E
IVE R'ITEX QYPX XMQT R MRMQ, HY#QERYP ZE QYVM. 9RISVM TTY#E IVE EVW TI
JSG, XMQT R GEVI ZMGXMQE YQER WI GLMRYME R EKSRMI EGEW (MHIQ). R EPXI
GE^YVM RY WI YVQVIE YGMHIVIE TIVWSERIM ZM^EXI, GM TVSHYGIVIE HI RIGE^YVM,
HEYRI R KSWTSHVMI: (MR HY#QRMI WI EVYRGEY TTY#M HMR GVTI R LSPHE
GYMZE, ^MGRH: nGRH ZSV VSHM TTY#MPI, EXYRGM W-'M VSHIEWG KVYP~. (EV HEG
EGIWXIE IVEY KWMXI R LSPH, WI R3KIE GXI S 'IET R 3IGEVI TTY#,
VSWXMRH YVQXSEVIPI GYZMRXI: nGYQ WI R3KI 'IETE R TTY#, E#E W WI R3K
VYP R GEWE GIPYM GEVI PI-E TYW~ (8EPS#, 265). 4TY#MPI-WMQYPEGVI TYXIEY 3
JSPSWMXI HIGM #M R VMXYEPYVMPI QEKMGI HI RXSEVGIVI E ZVNMM. R EJEV HI I\IQTPYP
HI QEM WYW, R GEVI IVE YXMPM^EX EGIIE#M TTY#, ZVENE HI RXSEVGIVI EZRH
EWXJIP S TVSFEFMPMXEXI QEM QEVI HI EXMRKIVI E VI^YPXEXYPYM WGSRXEX, IVE RIZSMI
HI GSRJIG'MSREVIE YRIM RSM WXEXYIXI, GSRWEGVEXI I\GPYWMZ GSRXVE-ZVNMM: 3
'ERHYV GE HI-S TEPQ S QFVEGM #M JEGM HMRXV-RWE TTY# RGLMTYMRH #M
QIRMRH TI JIQIME GI S HY#QRI#XM; S RKVSTM R TVMWT, R HSWYP GEWIM E#E
ZVNMX GYQ M GE W RY WI QEM EPIEK RMQMG HMR GEW GIE #M HI IWXI GMRI W-S
QTY#XI TVMR HVITXYP MRMQIM EXYRGM WGETM HI JETX (7IZEWXSW, 1990, --, 164).
%PXISVM, GSRXVE-ZVENE WI VIEPM^E GY QEVI KVIYXEXI, TVIWYTYRRH YR VMXYEP
GSQTPI\. R GE^YP R GEVI ZMGXMQE RY TYXIE VIEPM^E WMRKYV STIVE'MYRMPI
RIGIWEVI, PSGYP IM IVE PYEX, R EJEVE TTY#MM HI I\SVGM^EVI, HI YR WYFWXMXYX
YQER. %WXJIP, WI JEGI S TTY#, S JIQIMI, JSPSWMRH JVEKQIRXI HMR
ZIWXMQIRXE'ME FSPREZIM: HMR GQI# MIM S GVT HMR FEXMG, HMR TR^XYV, HMR
WYGR, MIY HMR GLMITXEVM, HMR PXVMG, MIY HMR FPYH^, MIY HI PE GLMGMSV #M JEG S
TTY#, S 3QIMI, #-S QFVEG E#E, W-S TYRIQ R QINH, EHMG R FVE^HE HI
TQRX JGYX GY LVPI'Y. (EG TIVWSERE GEVI M GIVI ZVNMXSEVIM W MRXIVZMR
R ZIHIVIE VIMRWXEPVMM FMRIPYM RY IWXI R WXEVI W VMHMGI TQRXYP EXXE GX
ZVNMXSEVIE W TSEX TIXVIGI HI RSY SVM TVMR QINH S GQE# ZIGLI HI-E
FSPREZIM, S EPX JIQIMI IWXI TPXMX TIRXVY E-P 'MRI PSGYP. )E XVIFYMI W 3I
HIWTPIXMX #M QFVGEX RYQEM R GQE# (0MMGIERY, 91).
4TY#MPI HI GIEV -RXV-S QVXYVMI HMR WIGSPYP EP <:-PIE, E4Q HIWTVI
YXMPM^EVIE TTY#MPSV HI GIEV R GEHVYP ZVNMPSV. 'MRIZE E RGIVGEX W-#M
VRIEWG HY#QERYP R3KRH EGI RXV-S TTY# HI GIEV, WYJSGRH-S R XQMI
#M WQMVR #M ETSM RKVSTRH-S, HYT MRWGVMT'MSREVIE YRIM EPXI MQEKMRM, R PSGYP
TI YRHI EZIE W XVIEG ZMGXMQE. 6MXYEPYP IVE RWS'MX HI HIWGRXIGI GEVI
I\TPMGEY WIQRM3GE'ME VMXYEPYPYM: 'YQ WI XSTI#XI GIEVE, E#E W WI XSTIEWG 2.
HI TI JE'E TQRXYPYM (/MIGOLIJIV, 24). R TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI VSQRI#XM,
WXEXYIXE HI GIEV, EPXYVM HI QEXIVMEPYP ?17A HMR GEVI IWXI VIEPM^EX, WYRX
YXMPM^EXI GY HISWIFMVI R JEVQIGI HI HVEKSWXI #M TVEGXMGM HMZMREXSVMM: *EG YR
SQY#SV HI GIEV, TI GEVI-P QIRIWG GY RYQIPI SQYPYM GI PM IWXI HVEK; P TYR
PRK JSG PWRHY-P W WI RGP^IEWG #M W WI XSTIEWG TI RGIXYP, ^MGRH:
n'YQ WI XSTI#XI SQY#SVYP EGIWXE HI GIEV R JE'E JSGYPYM, E#E W WI XSTIEWG
#M MRMQE PYM (GYXEVI) HYT QMRI~ (+LISVKLMY, 29-30). %GIIE#M WXEXYIX HI
GIEV TYXIE WIVZM #M PE TEVEPM^EVIE PIKXYVMM HMRXVI HSY TIVWSERI: HEG WI
PIEK GYRYRME RXVI HSM MR#M, EHMG HEG WI JEGI JETXYP GE HSM MR#M W RY WI
TSEX GWXSVM, SVMGX HI QYPX #M-EV 3 HVEKM, WI TSEXI ENYRKI PE S YV RXVI
HR#MM. 1MNPSGYP IWXI YVQXSVYP: W WI JEG HSY GLMTYVM HI GIEV, YRYP EP IM #M
YRYP EP PYM #M W WI RKVSETI R TQRX, R GMQMXMV, PE YQFV, YRHI RY ENYRKI
WSEVIPI. (EG RMQIRM, 3I GY ZSMI, 3I JV ZSMI, RY PI HI^KVSET, GIM QIRM'M GY
EGIPI TTY#M VQR PIKE'M TI ZIGM; HI^KVSTRH GMRIZE TTY#MPI, GIM HSM WYRX
HI^PIKE'M #M WI TSX GWXSVM (4EQ3PI, 1998, 166).
'RH WI WTEVMI YR GSTMP, WI HYGI GSTMPYP PE WJV#MXYP PYRIM PE
HIWGRXXSEVI, R ^M HI TSWX, W-P WPIMEWG GIEV TI GET. %HYGI ET
RIRGITYX R WXVEGLMR #M-S TYRI TI GETYP GSTMPYPYM; XSTI#XI GIEVE R ZEXV #M-
S XSEVR R WXVEGLMR #M R GIEVE EGIIE WI EVEX 3MR'E HI GEVI W-E WTIVMEX;
TSEXI W-E WTIVMEX HI Q', SV #SEVIG, MIWI HIEWYTVE TI ET. 'IEVE S JEGI
PYQREVI #M-S H PE FMWIVMG #M GSTMPYP WGET (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 1171).
R QSH EWIQRXSV, R TVEGXMGMPI SVEGYPEVI HIWJ#YVEXI R ENYRYP 7J.
:EWMPI, GIEVE IVE YR IPIQIRX HI FE^ E VMXYEPYPYM: -RXV-S WXVEGLMR GY ET RI-
RGITYX, TMGYVM HMRXV-S PYQREVI HI GIEV HI PE 4E#XM HSY TMGXYVM, QIRMRH,
YRE TIRXVY XMRI, MEV GIEPEPX TIRXVY GIPE GI 'M-I HVEK; HI TMGXYVMPI WI YRIWG,
GIP QIRMX XI ZE PYE, MEV HI TMGXYVMPI WI RHITVXIE^ XSX QIVIY, TS'M W RY
QEM XVEKM RHINHI (7IZEWXSW, 1990, -, 136). *IXIPI EHYREXI TYR ET VIGI RI-
RGITYX RXV-S WXVEGLMR, RW QEM EPIW RXV-YR TELEV. (EG HMR TPYQFYP XYVREX
R ET WI JSVQIE^ GIZE GE YR GLMT HI SQ, EXYRGM WI GVIHI HIWTVI JEXE TIRXVY
GEVI WI JEGI EGIEWXE G WI ZE QVMXE; MEV HEG RY WI JSVQIE^ RMQMG, HIGX
RYQEM RM#XI KVQI^M HI TPYQF, HMR GEVI RY WI TSEXI HIHYGI RMQMG, EXYRGM WI
GVIHI G RY WI ZE QVMXE. 9RIPI JIXI RXVIFYMR'IE^ R PSG HI TPYQF GIEV
(1EVMER, 1994, -, 53). %4EVIE HIWXMRYPYM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP TMGXYVMPSV HI GIEV
IVE RXPRMX #M PE EPXI TSTSEVI. R 4SVXYKEPME WI KLMGIE R QSH EWIQRXSV:
RXV-YR ZEW XYVREY GIEV XSTMX, ETSM EVYRGEY RM#XI FMPI'IPI QTXYVMXI, GI
GSR'MRIEY RYQI HI FVFE'M; TI TVMQE LVXMY' GEVI WI HIWJGIE R ET IVE
WGVMW RYQIPI YVWMXYPYM (7IVSZ-8SOEVIZ, 51). -EY YR FPMH, RW QEM EPIW YR TELEV
GY ET VIGI RIRGITYX, ETSM WTEVK YR SY HI KMR #M PEW W-P GYVK XSX
EPFY#YP R ET. (EG HMR EPFY#YP EGIWXE WI JSVQIE^ R GXZE YR GLMT HI SQ,
EXYRGM JEXE WI ZE QVMXE R ERYP GI YVQIE^ (1EVMER, 1994, -, 54). %PXISVM,
GIEVE GSRWXMXYME RY EXX IPIQIRXYP TVMQSVHMEP EP EGXYPYM QEKMG, GM YR QEXIVMEP
HMR GEVI IVEY EPGXYMXI SFMIGXIPI GSRWEGVEXI: *EXE JEGI GVYGMM, ETSM I WIQR HI
QSEVXI; HEG ME S EPX JSVQ, ETSM WI ^MGI G VIWTIGXMZE ZE XVM (+SVSZIM,
1995, 145). 7EY: *IXIPI EHYR ET VIGI RI-RGITYX RXV-S WXVEGLMR, RW QEM
EPIW RXV-YR TELEV. (YT EGIEWXE XSTIWG RXV-S PMRKYV WEY R EPXGIZE TPYQF #M
ETSM P XSEVR R ET. (EG HMR TPYQFYP XYVREX R ET WI JSVQIE^ GIZE GE YR
GLMT HI SQ, EXYRGM WI GVIHI HIWTVI JEXE TIRXVY GEVI WI JEGI EGIEWXE, G WI ZE
QVMXE; MEV HEG RY WI JSVQIE^ RMQMG, HIGX RYQEM RM#XI KVQI^M HI TPYQF,
EXYRGM WI GVIHI G RY WI ZE QVMXE. (I GYQZE RW WI JSVQIE^ YR GLMT HI
SQ #M TI PRK IP QEM QYPXI TYRGXI, EXYRGM GVIHI JEXE GEVI E XSTMX TPYQFYP, G
ZMMXSVYP IM FVFEX, YVWMXYP IM, ZE 3 SQ FSKEX, SQ GY WXEVI; MEV HI GYQZE WI
JSVQIE^ RYQEM GLMT HI SQ JV TYRGXI, EXYRGM GVIHI G ZMMXSVYP IM FVFEX ZE
3 SQ WVQER. (I WI JSVQIE^ HMR TPYQFYP XSTMX #M XYVREX R ET S FMWIVMG,
ZMMXSVYP WS' EP JIXIM ZE 3 TVISX; HI WI JSVQIE^ THYVI, FVFEXYP IM ZE 3
THYVEV; HI WI JSVQIE^ S GVYGI, GVYGIE I YVWMXYP IM, ZEW^MG R-EVI GI W QEM
E#XITXI PE QVMXEX, GGM RG REMRXI HI EGIEWXE EVI W QSEV (1EVMER, 1994,
-, 53-54).
(SY WXVGLMRY'M HI GIEV, R QMNPSGYP PSV TYRI GXI S PYQMRM' #M TYRI
EGIWXI WXVGLMRY'M R HSY QEVKMRM STYWI TI S WXVEGLMR GY ET; ETVMRHI
PYQMRMPI, TI GEVI PI-E QIRMX, YRE IE #M EPXE 4GYP HSVMX #M HEG EGIWXI
WXVGLMRY'M TPYXMRH TI ET WI RXPRIWG, WI GVIHI G GIM HSM WI ZSV PYE, MEV HEG
RY WI RXPRIWG, RY WI ZSV PYE (+SVSZIM, 1995, 259).
9XMPM^EVIE YRIM ERYQMXI PYQRVM R GE^YP R GEVI WI HSVIE W WI
WXEFMPIEWG YR GSRXEGX GY HIQSRYP IWXI YR PEMXQSXMZ R QMXSPSKME VYW: GRH
XI RXSVGM HI PE WPYNFE HI -RZMIVI W XI YVGM R GIVHEG GY PYQREVIE EHYW #M ZIM
ZIHIE YR GMRI QEVI EGIWXE IWXI HYLYP GEWIM (+YVE-2, 1984, 135). (I
EWIQIRIE, WI WTYRIE, GIEVE GEVI TMGYVE HMR PYQRVMPI HI PE -RZMIVI WI
TWXVE; WI TYVXE R FY^YREV QTSXVMZE HIQSRMPSV, E ZVNMXSVMPSV (PE MXEPMIRM,
/VEWRSZWOEME, 1977, 24). (I 7J. %RHVIM WI HYGI JEXE PE JRXR, 'MRRH R
QR S PYQREVI HI GIEV HI PE 4E#XM, WI ETPIEG TI KLM^HIPI #M YMXRHY-WI R
JE'E ETIM ^MGI: 73RXI %RHVIM, WGSEXI-P GLMTY-R JE'E ETIM, GE-R ZMW W-P ZMWI^, GE
EMIZIE W-P ZH. %TE HMR JRXR WI XYPFYV, ETSM WI PMRM#XI#XI #M ZIHI GLMTYP
GIPYM GI EVI W-S ME (7IZEWXSW-P, 135). 8SX HMR GIEV WI VIEPM^EY PYQRVM
WTIGMEPI, GEVI EZIEY I\GPYWMZ EGIEWX JYRG'MI EYKYVEP. 3F'MRIVIE PYQRVMPSV
TVIWYTYRIE VIEPM^EVIE YRYM RXVIK VMXYEP, GI WI HIWJ#YVE R ENYRYP &SFSXI^IM.
%WXJIP, WI WTYRIE: -E XSVX HI RZ'XYV WEY HMR JYMSVYP HI PE GVYGI, TYRI-P R
XVIM TIRXVY JI#XMP #M RXMRHI TI IE S PYQRVMG HI GIEV; RY QRGE XSEX
^MYE, WIEVE REMRXI HI GYPGEVI ETVMRHI-'M PYQRVMGE, RGLMR-XI, FEXI QXRMM,
FYG'MGE HI PYQREVI GI 'M-E VQEW TYRI-S WYF GET #M R WSQR 'M ZIM ZIHIE
YVWMXYP (MHIQ, 137). (I 7J. %RHVIM WI VIEPM^E S TVEGXMG EWIQRXSEVI: (I GY
ZVIQI W JEG S PYQRVMG HI GIEV GX HIKIXYP GIP QMG R PYRKMQI #M
KVSWMQI; GRH ZMRI ZVIQIE HI GYPGEVI W WI VSEKI PE 1EMGE (SQRYPYM W-#M
ETVMRH PYQRVMGE #M XVIFYMI W FEX EXXIE QXRMM TR WI ZE XVIGI #M-R
WSQR HI FYR WIEQ ZE ZIHIE TEVXIE IM GI M-S ZE XVMQMXI 1EMGE
(SQRYPYM (MFMHIQ, 135). :MRIVM WIEVE ?:MRIVIE 1EVIA, GRH WI SGSPI#XI
FMWIVMGE GY ITMXEJYP, JIQIMPI PMTIWG HI GVYGM PE QSVQMRXI PYQRVM HI GIEV
GYVEX. 0YQRVMPI EGIPIE WI PEW EGSPS TR WI XVIG HI XSX. *IQIMPI XMRIVI SVM
JIXIPI QEVM SFM#RYMIWG W JYVI EWIQIRIE PYQRVM. 7YRX HSY GVIHMR'I: YRE
G GY GIEVE EGIPSV PYQRVM #M TSX JEGI HI HVEKSWXI, W WI PMTIEWG HI IPI
EGIPE TI GEVI P MYFIWG GYQ WI PMTI#XI GIEVE; MEV EPX GVIHMR' IWXI G HEG WI
TYRI EWIQIRIE GIEV R YPIMIPI GY EPFMRI, WI JEGI GIEV QYPX R ERYP
EGIPE (1EVMER, 1994, --, 117). 'MXMXYP R 4EGVE PYQRVMPSV GSRWXMXYMI #M IP S
TVEGXMG HMZMREXSVMI. 4IRXVY E SF'MRI ZMRHIGEVIE YRYM FSPREZ WI ETVMRH XVIM
PYQRVM R EGIPE#M XMQT; SVHMRIE R GEVI WI ZSV WXMRKI 4GVMPI GSRWXMXYMI YR
WIQR. (EG QEM RXM WI WXMRKI TVMQE, ZMRHIGEVIE I KEVERXEX; HEG WI WXMRKI
E HSYE, FSEPE ZE 3 PYRK, HEG E XVIME WI WXMRKI QEM RXM, EXYRGM I WIQR HI
QSEVXI (4SRX-,YQFIVX, 175). 4IRXVY QYPXI TSTSEVI, XVIM PYQRVM TI S QEW
TVIZIWXIWG RIGE^ WEY QSEVXI (PE VY#M, YGVEMRIRM, JVERGI^M; 7YQ'SZ, 1890, 86).
8SX EMGM XVIFYMI RGEHVEX SFWIVZEVIE VMXYEP E PYQRVMPSV HI PE FSXI^ WEY HI
PE GWXSVMI, GEVI TSX SJIVM #M IPI MRJSVQE'MM RWIQREXI HIWTVI ZME'E
TSWIWSVYPYM PSV; QEM QYPX, QERMTYPVMPI EGIWXSVE EZIEY GY WMKYVER'
VITIVGYWMYRM WIRWMFMPI: (YT GI W-E RXSVW EGEW, PYQMRMPI HI FSXI^ ?RY IWXI
HEXMR W WI RXSEVG GY HRWIPI ETVMRWIA WI TYR TI QEW, GE W EVH. "M HEG
GIP FSXI^EX IWXI JEX, XVIFYMI PYQMRMPI W EVH R XVIM WIVM HYTSPEPX, GE W WI
QVMXI (1EVMER-P, 1995, 12P-P22). 0YQRVMPI HI RYRX WI JEG TI RP'MQIE
QMVMPSV; QEM WYRX RG GY QEVI FKEVI HI WIEQ GE RY GYQZE W PI VYT,
WSGSXMRHY-WI TVIZIWXMVIE QSV'MM YRYME HMRXVI WS'M WEY ZVIS EPX RIRSVSGMVI.
0YQREVIE KVSEW HSZIHI#XI ZME' ERIZSMSEW. 8SX XMQTYP GX RYRE KXI#XI
PYQRVMPI RMQIRM W RY WTYMI GYZRX VY WEY W WI WJHIEWG, GGM EXYRGM #M
RWYV'IMM WI ZSV GMSRHRM (7IZEWXSW-P, 287). % GYM PYQREVI W-E XVIGYX QEM
VITIHI, ZME'E EGIPYME WI ZE XVIGI QEM GYVRH (MHIQ, 337). 1EM QYPX,
PYQRVMPI HI PE FSXI^ WI T^IWG GE SGLMM HMR GET, RY GYQZE YR HY#QER, S
ZVNMXSEVI WEY S JIVQIGXSEVI W TYMI QRE TI S FYG'MG HI GIEV HMRXV-S
PYQREVI HI FSXI^, GE EQIWXIGRH JVQMXYVE EGIIE R EPX FYGEX HI GIEV,
JEG HMR IE HVEGM GY GLMT SQIRIWG #M ZVNIWG HI VY #M HI TMIMVI TI HY#QERMM
PSV, TI E EPXSVE TIRXVY TPEX (7IZEWXSW-2, 196). %PXISVM VMXYEPYP QEKMIM
HMZMREXSVMM TVIWYTYRIE GXI S PYQREVI TIRXVY 3IGEVI TIVWSER MQTPMGEX R
KLMGMX (MTSWXE^MIVI E TIVWSERIM MQTPMGEXI R EGXYP QEKMG; GJ., R EGIWX WIRW #M
PIKIRHIPI GI TSZIWXIWG HIWTVI I\MWXIR'E, TI GIEPEPX PYQI, E GXI YRIM
GERHIPI TIRXVY 3IGEVI 3MR' ZMI): *EG EHIG HSY PYQRVIPI QMGM #M
WYF'MVIPI HI GIEV (.). 0YQRVIPIPI EGIWXIE WI JEG PE YR GETX XYVXMXI, WEY PI
TYR TI RM#XI GSNM HI RYG. %TSM PI ETVMRH, PI HEY HVYQYP TI ETE HMR WXVEGLMR,
JGRH TVMRXVI IPI WIQRYP GVYGMM #M QIRMRHY-PI, EHMG HRH YRIME RYQIPI YRYM
JIGMSV, MEV GIPIMPEPXI RYQIPI YRIM JIXI. (EG EGIWXI HSY PYQRVIPI, TPYXMRH
TI ET, WI QTVIYR, GVIH XS'M G EGIM HSM XMRIVM, EPI GVSV RYQI PI TSEVX
PYQRVIPIPI, WI ZSV GWXSVM GX HI GYVRH; MEV HI RY WI QTVIYR, RY-P
WTIVER' HI RYRX. 7EY HEG R YVQ YRE WEY EPXE HMR PYQRVIPI
WGTXIE^, EHMG WI GYJYRH R ET, I WIQR G EGIPE TIRXVY GEVI E JSWX
QIRMX ZE QYVM (1EVMER, 1994, -, 55).
(IVMZRH HMVIGX HMR EGIEWX MTSWXE^ E PYQRVMM-TIVWSRM3GEVI E
HIWXMRYPYM, TVEGXMGMPI QEKMIM RIKVI GYRSWG QEM EPIW S PYQREVI RIJEWX ?18A,
MRWXVYQIRX MRHMWTIRWEFMP EP ZVNMPSV HI HVEKSWXI. 0E VY#M, HI I\IQTPY, TI S
PYQREVI GYQTVEX HI PE FMWIVMG IVE ^KVMEX RYQIPI TIVWSERIM HSVMXI, HYT
GEVI PYQREVIE IVE E#I^EX R FMWIVMG, EPXYVM HI GIPIPEPXI PYQRVM. 'IP
TIRXVY GEVI E JSWX ETVMRW EGIEWX PYQREVI ZE RGITI W HYG HSVYP
TIVWSERIM VIWTIGXMZI #M W RGIVGI W WI RXPRIEWG GY IE (6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO,
402). (REGMM #M JIXIPI, REMRXI HI E TPIGE PE LSV, ETVMRH VQ#M'IPI HI
PYQRVM GI VQR HI PE 4E#XM #M XVIG TVMRXVI IPI, GE W WI YMXI PYQIE PE HR#MM
GE PE (SQRYP -WYW ,VMWXSW (4EQ3PI, 1998, 43). R %RKPME WI VIEPM^E S TVEGXMG
EWIQRXSEVI: TIRXVY E-P EHYGI GX QEM VITIHI TI MYFMX, PYQREVIE ETVMRW
XVIFYMI WXVTYRW GY HSY EGI. 'RH 4EGVE ZE ENYRKI PE EGI, YVWMXYP ZE
ETVIE MQIHMEX. 'RH EGIPI WXVTYRKIEY PYQREVIE, WI GRXE: 2Y
PYQREVIE EQ WXVTYRW-S IY EWX^M, GY EGIPI, /)Y EQ WXVTYRW GY EGIPI MRMQE
(PYM GYXEVI). /%GYQ R-S W-QM QEM 3I KVIY QMI, WMRKYV, /)P ZE ZIRM #M ZE WXE GY
QMRI (MHIQ, 403). R ZVNM HI RXSEVGIVI, ETVIE E#E-RYQMXE PYQREVI
VWXYVREX, EHMG EVW PE GIPPEPX GETX: TIRXVY E-P TVMRHI TI LS' XVIFYMI W MIM
S PYQREVI HI GIEV HI PE FMWIVMG, GEVI W 3I PMTMX PE MGSER GY WYWYP R NSW,
TIRXVY GE, EWIQIRM PYQRVMM, (YQRI^IY W RXSEVG WY4IXYP HY#QERYPYM, W-
P TVSHYG LS'YPYM S EWIQIRIE ETWEVI, RGX W WI GMEWG #M W-#M VIGYRSEWG
ZMRE (MFMHIQ, 402). "M PE VSQRM RXPRMQ IGSYVM EPI YRSV EWIQIRIE TVEGXMGM:
9RE W-E HYW PE FMWIVMG GY RSY PYQRVIPI HI GIEV #M PI-E PMTMX HI YR
WJI#RMG PE 1EMGE (SQRYPYM, GY PYQMRE R NSW. "M FXIE QXRMM FPIWXIQRH:
GYQ WI XSTIWG PYQRVMPI HI GIEV, E#E W WI XSTIEWG
ZVNQE#E! (7EHSZIERY, 294). 4IRXVY HY#QERM, WI JEGI S PYQREVI QEVI #M WI
TYRI R FMWIVMG, W EVH GY PYQMRE R NSW, W GYVK TI TSHIPI; EGIEWXE WI JEGI
R HYQMRMGE RXME PE PYR RSY #M GYQ RY WI EPIKI RMQMG HMR GIEVE EGIIE, E#E
RY WI EPIKI HMR EGIPE TI GETYP GVYME JEGM. 7EY: MEY TMGXYVM HI TI NSW, GI EY
GYVW HI PE PYQREVIE HMR FMWIVMG #M WGEQ GI GEHI HI PE TR^ GRH 'IWI, HI
JEG QYG #M JEG S PYQREVI #-S TYR W EVH R FMWIVMG TI GETYP GIPYM GI M-E
JGYX VY (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 1170). 4I PRK EGIWXI JYRG'MM HMWXVYGXMZI,
PYQRVMPI, GE #M WXEXYIXIPI HI GIEV, IVEY YXMPM^EXI #M GY ZEPSEVI HI TVSTM'MIVI
WEY XIVETIYXMG1: -R ^MYE HI ERYP RSY MIW HI RSETXI JIQIMPI #M JIXIPI #M WGSX
ET HMR JRXR GY PYQREVIE ETVMRW PE XSEVXE GSJIM XYQRHY-#M ET TI
TMITX, EPXIPI WI WTEP GY XSXYP PE JRXR WTYRRH: n2Y WGSX ET, HEV WGSX NSGYP
#M RSVSGYP, GMRWXIE #M ZSME GIE FYR~ IXG. "M WI WTEP XSX HRWYP #M TIRXVY GE W
QIEVK GYVEX TI GIEPEPX PYQI (1EVMER-3, 1995, 24). 0E WXEXMZI WI TYRI
SPIEG HI GIEV, GGM RIGYVEXYPYM XEVI-P TPEGI W WI ETVSTMI; HEV HEG TYM
GIEV RY ZMRI (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 1064). 1 4IRXVY E XVEXE FSPREZYP HI ERKLMR
TIGXSVEP, XVIFYMI W XI HYGM R FMWIVMG PE QMI^YP RST'MM #M W MIM TY'MR TPYQF
HMR VEQE JIVIWXVIM. 7I JEGI HMR EGIWX TPYQF S MRMQ TI GEVI FSPREZYP S TSEVX
EWYTVE PYM (%RKPME; 6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO, 403).
*EVQIGYP GI PI-E JSWX HEX TIWXI ER1 (MHIQ, 128). 7I TSEXI SFWIVZE, HI
TEVXIE GIEPEPX, S MR4YIR' E QEKMIM EWYTVE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. R XMQTYP YRSV
I\SVGM^VM, TVISXYP JGIE S MQEKMRI HMR GIEV E GIPYM TSWIHEX HI HMEZSP,
VSWXMRH, HEG IVE #XMYX, YR RYQI EP HMEZSPYPYM WEY YR EPX ITMXIX TSXVMZMX,
EVYRGRH QEM ETSM TTY#E R JSG (7XEQTE, *YKE 7EXEREI, 1597, ETYH
6SFFMRW, 93).
2.4. 9GMHIVI TVMR R'ITEVI/RNYRKLMIVI 2.4. ?19A. %'90
3 HEX VIEPM^EX, JETXYP IVE XVMQMW TIVWSERIM ZM^EXI. 8VMQMXIVIE WI TYXIE
JEGI, GIP QEM WMQTPY, TVMR EVYRGEVIE R HVYQYP VMZEPYPYM E YRSV SFMIGXI WYTYWI
EG'MYRMM ZVNMM: HI EGIIE SQYP XVIFYMI W WI T^IEWG HI E GPGE R EVYRGXYVM
#M QEM EPIW W WI JIVIEWG HI E VMHMGE ERYQMXI PYGVYVM TI GEVM PI ZIHI TI
HVYQ ('ERHVIE, 1944, 177). 'SRGVIXM^EVIE JEVQIGYPYM IWXI MPYWXVEX HI SVMGI
SFMIGX KWMX, RXPRMX R HVYQ WEY R PSGYVM EXMTMGI: %GI HI ZIM E4E R3TXI R
TQRX WEY R KEVH RY IWXI FMRI E PI PYE, GGM WI GVIHI G IPI EV 3 TPMRI HI
FSEPI #M EGIP GI PI ME WI TSEXI ETSM KVIY FSPRZM, FE GLMEV TSEXI
QYVM (+SVSZIM, 1995, 5). )ZMHIRX, ZVNMPI RY IVEY JGYXI RYQEM TIRXVY E ENYXE,
TIRXVY E JEZSVM^E2 TI GMRIZE. )VE JSEVXI VWTRHMX GVIHMR'E GEVI WTYRIE:
%GI HI ZMWI^M, WYRX NYRKLMYVM, WYRX JEVQIGI (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 579). %#E G,
R
: HEY EVQIPI XYVGYPYM "M EPI RIEQ'YPYM #M EPI QYWGEPYPYM, 7 RY Z
TSEX WXVMGE %PXI EPFMRI 7XVMRI. (E RMGM ZSM W RY GXE'M 4I EPXIPI W WXVMGE'M!
(I TQRX W Z TVMRHI'M, +VQKMSEV W #IHI'M, 'YQ WX TSTSVYP R
^MYE HI &SFSXIE^ 4I PRK TVISXYP 'EVI WX #M GIXI#XI "M ETE S
W3R'I#XI~ (+SVSZIM, 1990, 237).
%JEVE TYXIVMM HISWIFMXI, HI MR4YIR'EVI E YVWMXIM, HI KVFMVI E QTPMRMVMM
EGIWXIME, TI GEVI S EZIEY SFMIGXIPI HI QIXEP, R GE^YP RSWXVY, EGIPI, EGIWXIE
IVEY JSPSWMXI HI EWIQIRIE #M R WGSTYVM MRXIR'MSREP QEPI3GI, R JEVQIGI HI
HVEKSWXI TVMR GEVI WI VYTIEY PIKXYVM, GWXSVMM IXG.: 'Y EG WEY FSPH WI TSEXI
PIKE YR FVFEX. (EG EVI S JIQIMI GMYH G E TVWMX-S #M WI RWSEV GY EPXE,
GRH WX IP PE GYRYRMI, RHSEMI YR FSPH #M RG HI-P EVYRG RXV-S ET GE W RY-
P QEM KWIEWG, I RIRSVSGMX TIRXVY XSEX ZME'E HEV HI-P WXVRKI #M ETSM P
RHVIETX WI RWRXS#IE^ (MHIQ). 3 EPX TVEGXMG HI PIKEVI YXMPM^E YR EG
JV YVIGLM, ETIPRH, R EGIPE#M XMQT, PE JSVQYPE MQTSWMFMPYPYM: 7I ME YR EG
JV YVIGLM #M WI R3KI HIEWYTVE Y#MM, ^MGRH: n'RH M ZSV GVI#XI YVIGLM EGYPYM,
EXYRGM W WI QVMXI GYXEVI~ (:NEXWOMN JSP OPSV, RV. 299, 55). R QSH
EWIQRXSV, VYTIVIE YVIGLMM EGYPYM IVE YR TVMPIN HI VIEPM^EVI E IGLMPMFVYPYM
HSVMX: (EG RXQTPXSV R XMQT GI GSWIE WI VYTIE YVIGLIE EGYPYM, XVIFYMI W
MIM EGYP #M W ^MGM: n'YQ RY TSEXI XVM RMQIRM JV EG, E#E #M JV GYXEVI W RY
TSEX XVM~ (MHIQ, RV. 265, 51). %WIQIRM TIRIPSV WEY GYMIPSV, EGIPI IVEY
JSPSWMXI #M R GE^YP R GEVI WI HSVIE ZXQEVIE MRXVYWYPYM, E TMIHMGMM R GEPIE
QTPMRMVMM EQSVSEWI E TIXIR'MPSV. 9R EWIQIRIE VMXYEP QEPI3G IVE EHIWIE
RWS'MX HI ZVENE EJIVIRX: 7I HYG R KVHMR PE YR TV, GY YR EG, TRI #M WEVI
#M, QTYRKRH GY EGYP PE VHGMRE TVYPYM, VSWXIWG HI XVIM SVM HYT SPEPX
YVQXSEVIE ZVEN:
1 PYEM HMR GEW 3EWIPI RY M PI WJVQE'M, (M PE QEW #M Z HYGI'M, ZSM, 99
YGIRMGM, 'Y SGLMM SGLMRH, 9RHI ZSM ZIRM #M IY, 'Y WTVRGIRIPI EQKMRH, :
HYGI'M PE 2. 2. 8S'M JIGMSVMM PE QMRI W WI KRHIEWG, 'Y 99 HI EGI
QTYRKXSEVI 0E QMRI W TSVRIEWG. -QTYRKI'M-P 1 YMXEM R WYW, 7XVTYRKI'M-
P; 2Y Z^YM RIQMG; 'Y 99 WYPM'M RWYPM'XSEVI 1 YMXEM PE VWVMX, -RWYPM'E'M-P,
:^YM YR TV QRHVY R4SVMX 0E QMRI QRE'M-P #M WY TV IVE YR FSY WYV, QEVI,
' TR GI ZI'M HYGI #M TI FSY 99 HI YGIRMGM ?HVEGMA RIKVM, : JKHYMIWG
7RKIPI M-P FIEY #M Z ZSM #M HE 3EWIPI M PI WJVQEY, 4MX #M WEVI R WXVEX HI
QSEVXI P PWEY. "M 25 QXERI. )Y HMR KYV E#E EQ KVMX: (I Z HYGI'M 0WE'M
ZSM 99 YGIRMGM "M QM P-EHYGI'M, &SYP WX FXVR, 2Y-P HE'M WXEVI E WXE, 2Y-P
GLMRYM'M, 1RGEVI E QRGE, 2Y-P XVYHM'M, 4STEW E TSTWM, 7RKIPI RY M-P FI'M,
:SVFI E ZSVFM,
2MGM GY QEQ, RMGM GY XEX, *V GY QMRI-RXME#M HEX; 2MGM GY 3RM, 2MGM
GY ZIGMRM,
'Y HVKY'IPI PYM HI-E WI-RXPRM, 2IQMG W RY TSEX TSZIWXM 4R PE QMRI
E ZIRM!~
(YT GI EY VSWXMX GYZMRXIPI GXI HI XVIM SVM HYT SPEPX, RKVSET PE
VHGMRE TVYPYM TMRIE #M WEVIE #M ETSM JEG HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI QXRMM,
TIRXVY GE R GEVRIZEPYP GI ZMRI W WI QVMXI (1EVMER, 1994, -, 97-98). 4I
PRK ZVNMPI GSRGVIXI TVMR GEVI WI TYXIE JSV'E QRE HIWXMRYPYM, JIXIPI TYXIEY
YXMPM^E EGIWX MRWXVYQIRX GSRWEGVEX #M R TVEGXMGM HMZMREXSVMM. 6Y#MM GYRSWG R
EGIWX WIRW SFMGIMYP KLMGMXYPYM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP EGIPSV. *IXIPI HI PE 'EV, GRH
WI LSXVWG W KLMGIEWG, PI VSEK TI JIVQIGXSEVI WEY TI QSE#I W JEG
EGIWX VMXYEP, IPI WMRKYVI RY XVIFYMI W KLMGIEWG, HISEVIGI R EGIWX GE^ YVWMXE
RY WI ZE RHITPMRM. *IVQIGXSEVIPI MEY HSY EGI, PI #XIVK GY YRXYV, PI HEY
HVYQYP RXV-YR TELEV GY ET. (EG EGIPI WI WGYJYRH, I WIQR VY; HEG WI
RXPRIWG, I WIQR HI ETVSTMEX RXPRMVI #M GWXSVMI; HEG WI HIWTEVX YRYP HI
GIPPEPX, RWIEQR G WYRX SFWXEGSPI R GEPIE GWXSVMIM, HMR TEVXIE SEQIRMPSV
VM; HEG W-EY HYW R HMVIG'MM HMJIVMXI, I WIQR G GIE GVIME M WI KLMGI#XI ZE
VQRI JEX FXVR (7ELEVSZ, 93). R ZME'E GSXMHMER, EGYP IVE GSRWMHIVEX YR
WIQR, YR QIWEN XVMQMW HMR GIEPEPX VIEPMXEXI, HI E GVYM WIQRM3GE'MI XVIFYME W
WI 'MR WIEQ: (EG-'M WGET YR EG, YR GY'MX IXG. (MR QR #M WI R3KI, GY
ZVJYP, ZMRI YR QYWE3V (>ERRI, -<, 265); %G HEG KWI#XM, I WIQR HI WJEH;
'RH KRHI#XM EG GY YVIGLM, I WIQR G-'M ZE JEGI JIQIME S JEX; JV YVIGLM,
'M ZE JEGI YR FMEX (MHIQ).
%GYP IWXI YR MRWXVYQIRX QEKMG HIWXYP HI HIW YXMPM^EX R TVEGXMGMPI HI
EPYRKEVI E IPIQIRXIPSV QEPI3GI, QEM EPIW TIRXVY G IVE PE RHIQRE XYXYVSV
#M, HI EWIQIRIE, TIRXVY G WPYNIE GIP QEM FMRI SFMIGXMZIPSV QEKMIM
GSRXVESJIRWMZI (WTVI HISWIFMVI HI GY'MX, XSTSV, HI I\IQTPY, GEVI WIQRM3GEY
GIP QEM FMRI PEXYVE RIJEWX E QEKMIM, 3MRH I\XVIQ HI YXMPM^EXI QEM EPIW R
ZVNM). )WXI JSEVXI VWTRHMX SFMGIMYP HI E TYRI R LEMRIPI GSTMPYPYM YR SFMIGX
HMR 3IV; GE WYGGIHERIY EP 3IVYPYM, EGYP RHITPMRIE PE JIP HI FMRI VSPYP HI
ETSXVSTIY: -R PIEKRYP GSTMPYPYM TYR YR EG, QEM EPIW WYF TIVR, YR JSEVJIGI.
6SQRGE RY PEW RMGMSHEX GSTMPYP WMRKYV R GEW, JV W RY TYMI PRK IP R
PIEKR 3IV, SVM GY'MXYP, JSEVJIGIPI (.), SVMGI EVI PE RHIQR HI 3IV, WJVIHIP,
HEPX, JVMKEVI, SVM, HI RY, GIP TY'MR YR EG ('MEY#ERY, 285). (I EWIQIRIE, IP
ETVIE JVIGZIRX R TVEGXMGMPI HI TVSXIG'MI E ERMQEPIPSV HMR KSWTSHVMI, EXYRGM
GRH I\MWXE TIVMGSPYP PYVMM PETXIPYM, E QERIM EGIWXYME: -R &EWEVEFME WI ME S
GSEN HI SY, WI TYRI R IE XSX JIPYP HI WIQMR'I, ^MGRH: n'RH WI ZE PYE QERE
GQTYPYM, EXYRGM W S ME TI E ZEGMM~. 3YP WI RKVSET R SGSP, R3KRHY-WI R IP
YR F' HI EPYR, R MRMQE GVYME W-E R3TX YR EG, ^MGRH: n'RH ZE XVIGI
JVRKLME GSVFMIM TVMR YVIGLMPI EGYPYM, EXYRGM W ME QERE~ (4EZIPIWGY, 1944,
41). 4IRXVY E TVIZIRM GE^YVMPI HI GSRXEQMREVI GY HMZIVWI IPIQIRXI RIJEWXI,
WI SFM#RYME W WI TSEVXI R TIVQERIR' EGI, TIRXVY E HE PE XMQT VITPMGE
EKVIWSVYPYM: 0E RSM RXPRMVIE GY TSTE IWXI TVMZMX HI TSTSV GE TME^-VIE;
JIQIMPI EVYRG EGI GY KQPMM TI NSW, GE W WGETI HI TME^ (,EWHIY, -, 68).
1EM QYPX, JIQIMPI PILY^I WI JIVIWG E WI RXPRM YRE GY EPXE, 3MRHG RY IWXI E
FMRI. (EG GYQZE WI RXPRIWG, #M XVMQMXI YRE EPXIME GXI YR EG. 'IIE GEVI EVI
FMEX XVMQMXI YR EG GY KQPMI, MEV GIIE GI EVI JEX XVMQMXI YR EG GY
YVIGLM (MHIQ). "M PE VY#M, GIP QEM VWTRHMX QMNPSG HI TVSXIG'MI QTSXVMZE
JEVQIGIPSV IWXI EGYP. 4IRXVY E ERMLMPE TYXIVIE YRYM ZVNMXSV, IWXI WY3GMIRX W-P
EK'M YR EG R LEMR; QEM QYPX, HEG, HYT GI EM WXVTYRW QFVGQMRXIE
WYWTIGXYPYM, WGS'M EGYP #M-P R3KM GY YVIGLIE R WYW R Y#E GEWIM VIWTIGXMZI,
ZVNMXSVYP RY QEM TSEXI MI#M HMR GEW EXX XMQT GX EGYP WI E4 R3TX R Y#
(2SZMGMOSZE, 269). -EX GYQ IVE HIWGVMW, RXV-S TSZIWXMVI XVEHM'MSREP, S EWXJIP
HI TVEGXMG: :VNMXSEVIE IWXI JSEVXI #MVIEX. )WXI KVIY W-S E4M, RMGM TVMR GET
RY-'M XVIGI GEVI JIQIMI IWXI ZVNMXSEVI. )E RY ZE VIGYRSE#XI EGIWX PYGVY RMGM R
VYTXYP GETYPYM, RY-P TPEGI HIPSG W-S #XMI PYQIE. "M GLMEV HEG SEQIRMM #XMY GYQ
TS'M E4E HEG S JIQIMI I ZVNMXSEVI, JSEVXI VEV GMRIZE RGIEVG W JEG
EGIEWXE, TIRXVY G IE WI ZE V^FYRE RIETVEX, IPI WYRX JSEVXI VIPI. )Y IVEQ
QMG, QEQE QM TSZIWXIE EWXE. R WEXYP PSV S JIQIMI WTYWIWI SHEX GYQ TS'M
W E4M HEG S JIQIMI I ZVNMXSEVI. "M MEX, RM#XI GSTMM QEM QEVM P-EY GSRZMRW TI
YRYP QMG GE, EXYRGM GRH ZVNMXSEVIE ZE MRXVE R GEWE PSV, W R3K VITIHI YR
EG R QEW, HI NSW R WYW ?R GVTXYVMPI QIWIMA. "M R EGIWXI GVTXYVM, RXVI
WGRHYVM, XVIFYME W R3KM EGYP #M IE, ^MGIE, GRH ZE HSVM W TPIGI, RY WI ZE
QEM QM#GE HMR PSG. "M MEX, GRH ZVSME W TPIGI, R3KIEY EGYP R QEW, IE WI
RXSVGIE. -EV WGSXIEY EGYP, MEV ZVSME JIQIME W TPIGI. %#E EY RXSVW-S HMR HVYQ
XSEX ^MYE, XSEX ^MYE E WXEX EGSPS PE IM. ('IVITERSZE, 1996, RV. 304, 80). 3
TVEGXMG EWIQRXSEVI IVE YXMPM^EX #M PE VSQRM: 'RH 'M ZMRI YR WXVMKSM R
GEW #M HEG ZVIM W-P GIVGM, HI-P WXVMKSM, TYRI YR EG JV YVIGLI R Y#SVYP Y#MM
HMR EJEV, G XSX ZE QIVKI TR-PE TVEK #M W-E RXYVRE; #M TR-GI RY-P ZIM PYE, RY
WI ZE TYXIE HYGI, WI XIQI (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 579). R QSH EWIQRXSV
TYXIEY 3 Z^YXI #M HYLYVMPI EIVYPYM, TIVWSRM3GVM EPI YRSV JIRSQIRI
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WEY RY FEPEYV R RSV. 'E W RI GSRZMRKIQ HIWTVI EGIEWXE, W WXQ GY JE'E
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GSEHE R XSEXI TV'MPI, G FEPEYVYP WMQ'I#XI R'ITXYVE EGYPYM (+LIVQER,
138).
2.4.2. '9&-890
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HI TVMQ VERK R VIGY^MXE HIWGRXXSEVIPSV. 'Y'MXYP GYRYREX (GEVI E WXEX R
FVYP QMVIPYM WEY R WRYP QMVIWIM GRH W-EY GYRYREX PE FMWIVMG) EVI S
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GY'MXYP WYRX EGXMZEXI GMVGYQWXER'IPI GSRWEGVVMM MRWXVYQIRXYPYM QEKMG:
'Y'MX EPQMX, (I RSY 'MKERM EPQEX, (I RSY TSTM GYRYREX,
(I RSY SEQIRM XMEX, 'YQTVEX HMR &EVMKVEH. (+SVSZIM, 1990, 144).
R EPXI GE^YVM, GY'MXYP JYVEX WEY KWMX IVE ZEPSVM^EX TS^MXMZ: (I YVWMX WI
JEGI GY GSEW HI JYVEX, GY WIGIVI HI JYVEX, GY GY'MX HI JYVEX, GY EGI HI JYVEX,
G EXYRGM I XEVI HI PIEG (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 531). 7EY: 'E W WGETI HI JVMKYVM,
FSPREZYP WI HYGI HYQMRMG HMQMRIE' PE JRXR, GY S SEP RSY #M GY YR GY'MX
HI KWMX, RY ZSVFI#XI RMGM PE HYW, RMGM PE RXSVW #M RMGM R YVQ RY WI YMX, YQTPI
SEPE GY ET, TYRI GY'MXYP R GVYGM# TI SEP, JEGI XVIM GVYGM #M ^MGI R KRH:
n'RH TKYFE#YP S QEM TYRI QRE TI GY'MXYP WXE, EXYRGM W Q TVMRH
JVMKYVMPI TI QMRI~ (+SVSZIM, 1990, 132). 'Y ZEPSEVI HI SQIR, GY'MXYP TYXIE
SJIVM MRJSVQE'MM VIJIVMXSV PE RWRXS#MVIE FSPREZYPYM. R EGIWX WGST, GY'MXYP GEVI
WI JSPSWI#XI R HIWGRXIG WI R3KI R TQRX HYT Y# WEY R EPX TEVXI.
(YT GI WI HIWGRX HI NYRKLM, HI I\IQTPY, GY'MXYP WI R3KI R TQRX,
YRHI IWXI PWEX XVIM ^MPI; HEG IWXI VYKMRMX GRH IWXI WGSW, IWXI WIQR G
FSPREZYP RY WI ZE ZMRHIGE. (EG-P TMG GYMZE, R XMQTYP SWT'YPYM ?FSXI^A
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G GSTMPYP ZE QYVM HI S QSEVXI RIREXYVEP (1EVMER-P, 1995, 124). 'IM GEVI WI
XIQ G TSX 3 ZMGXMQIPI YRSV ZVNM TYR RSETXIE WYF GET YR GY'MX GY ZVJYP R
EJEV. 3FMIGXIPI YXMPM^EXI R EGIWX GE^ TSX 3 QEM QYPXI (ZXVEM, XSTSV, GY'MX #M
QXYV), TIRXVY GE, TVMR TSXIR'EVIE ZEPSVMM 3IGVYM SFMIGX, W WI SF'MR
TVSXIG'ME WMKYV. 7I WTYRI G QXYVE #M ZXVEMYP EPYRK, MEV XSTSVYP #M GY'MXYP
XEMI JEVQIGIPI. 'Y'MX HEG TYM RSETXIE WYF GET, GY ZVJYP EJEV, RY WI TSX
ETVSTME JEVQIGIPI, ZMR TR ETVSETI #M JYK (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 578). -P
LSXV#XI TI GIP QSVX GY YR GY'MX WXVMGEX, GP'M, XQMI, TVEJ HI TY#G #M
RGSRNYVRH QSVQRXYP GY ZVJYP GY'MXYPYM XVEW HI TQRX ^MGI: n%Q YQFPEX,
PSGYP 'M-EQ GYXEX, LSXEV 'M JEG, W RY QEM MI#M HMR EGIWX PSG~ (1EVMER-3, 1995,
314); -R KVSET, GRH WYRX KEXE W XSEVRI TQRX TIWXI QSVX, TYR PE
TMGMSEVI YR JYW, MEV PE GET YR GY'MX, WEY HMQTSXVMZ #M ^MG: nHI-S ZIRM WXVMKSMYP
HI PE VWVMX, W WI R'ITI R GY'MX; MEV HI-S ZIRM HI PE ETYW, W WI R'ITI-R
JYW~ ('ERHVIE, 1944, 150). R TVEGXMGMPI SVEGYPEVI, GRH JIXIPI QIVKIEY W
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NYVYP PSV, ^MGRH: (VEGMPSV, ZIRM'M, JEGI'M KPKMI, HEV R GIVGYP RSWXVY RY
MRXVE'M (-SRKSZEXSZE-4E#MRE, 51). %PXISVM, GY'MXYP RY IWXI QIR'MSREX I\TVIW R
GEHVYP VMXYEPYPYM IWIR'MEP IVE XVEKIVIE GIVGYPYM QEKMG: JIXIPI ETVMRH S
PYQREVI #M QIVK TI GQT, YRHI JEG YR GIVG, ^MGRH: n(VEGMPSV, ZIRM'M PE RSM,
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WI HYG PE HVEGY~, HYT GEVI EWGYPXEY: HEG EY^IEY GPSTS'IM, WI ZSV GWXSVM;
HEG M WI TVIE GYMZE G WI XMEY WGRHYVM, IVE WIQR G ZE QYVM. (YT EGIIE
MI#IEY HMR GIVG EWXJIP: n(VEGMPSV, TPIGE'M XS'M HI PE RSM, JIXIPI TPIEG HI PE HVEG
#M HVEGYP HI PE JIXI~ (4SQIVER'IZE, 1985, 205). 'Y'MXYP #M HI^ZPYME
ZEPIR'IPI FIRI3GI #M HEG #M RGITIE EG'MYRIE HI TYVM3GEVI HYT GI VYP
RGITYWI W WI QERMJIWXI: TVMR WMQTPE R3KIVI R TQRX IP TYXIE STVM
KVMRHMRE GEVI WI EFXYWI EWYTVE WEXYPYM.
9XMPM^EX GE SFMIGX WTIGMEPM^EX EP EVWIREPYPYM JEVQIGIPSV HI HVEKSWXI, R
ZMVXYXIE JYRG'MIM WEPI HI FE^, GY'MXYP #M TYRIE R IZMHIR' GEPMX'MPI WEPI
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YRSV EXVMFYXI WTIGM3GI), TSXVMZMX TIRXVY QFSPHMVIE TIVWSERIPSV ZM^EXI,
GSRWMHIVEXI E 3 RXV^MEX R EGLMXEVIE HI YRIPI WEVGMRM JE' HI GIP GI TIVJSVQE
EGXYP QEKMG. *EVQIGIPI HI HVEKSWXI P EZIEY R ZIHIVI TI YVWMX, GEVI RXV^ME
RITIVQMW HI QYPX RHITPMRMVIE HIWXMRYPYM GSQYR TI GEVI P EZIE GY JEXE GEVI
ETIPE PE EWIQIRIE EKIR'M:
'Y'MX EPQEX. )Y XI-R3K, 8Y W XI-R3KM: R QMRMPI, R TMGMSEVIPI, R
QE'IPI,
R KIRIPI, R WTVRGIRIPI, R YVIGLMPI PYM. "M W RY XEG HMR KYV 4R RY
Q-S ZIHIE TI FXXYV (-SRE#GY-1RHVIERY, 88).
R GEHVYP JEVQIGIPSV HI HVEKSWXI, GY'MXYP IVE YXMPM^EX #M R GEPMXEXI HI
QEVGEXSV WEGVY EP HIWXMRYPYM: YVWMXYP IVE EWXJIP 3\EX, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP PYM,
EPXYVM HI JEXE GEVI TIVJSVQE VMXYP. *EVQIGYP R HMWGY'MI HSVI#XI W WXVRIEWG
TEWMYRIE R MRMQE ZMMXSVYPYM WS' TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP ENYXSVYPYM WYTVEREXYVEP,
TENYVE RJSGEX; TIRXVY VIEPM^EVIE ZVNMM IVE RW RIZSMI HI EWMKYVEVIE YRYM
WYTSVX QEXIVMEP, R3KIVIE GY'MXYPYM R TQRX 3MRH YR KIWX WMQFSPMG, GEVI RI
XVMQMXI GY KRHYP PE WXVTYRKIVIE VMXYEP E YRIM WXEXYIXI (HI PYX WEY HI
GIEV):
)Y RY-R3K EGIWX GY'MX 2MGM R PYX, RMGM R TQRX, 'M-P R3K R MRMQE 'IPYM
GI QM-P QTV'MX. 7QFX WIEV %Q MI#MX EJEV
"M Q-EQ YMXEX PE HIEP "M R-EQ Z^YX RMQMG #M Q-EQ YMXEX PE ZEPI "M MEV R-
EQ Z^YX RMQMG, 1-EQ YMXEX PE EW3R'MX 2MGM EXXE R-EQ Z^YX,
1-EQ RXSVW WTVI VWVMX "M-RXV-EGSPS EQ Z^YX 4ENYV QTNYVEX 'Y JSG
QFVGEX, 'Y JSG RGMRW, 'Y JSG GYTVMRW. "M GYQ EQ Z^YX-S %Q #M RXVIFEX-
S:
9RHI QIVKM XY, TENYV, %#E HI-QTNYVEX "M-E#E HI-RJSGEX, 'Y JSG
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1 HYG GSHVMM W-P TVPIWG, 'QTMM GE W-P ZIWXINIWG, :MPI GE W PI WIG "M
TMIXVIPI W PI GVT!
0EW GSHVMM W-RJVYR^IEWG, 'QTMMPI W-R4SVIEWG. :MPI GE W-
RJVYR^IEWG, 4MIXVIPI W WI QVIEWG! (E XI HY PE SQYP QIY 'IP EPIW HI
(YQRI^IY "M QMI HEX, (I SEQIRM FYRM RHVITXEX #M GY JSG P QFVEG #M GY JSG
P RJSEG #M GY JSG P RGMRKI #M GY JSG P WXVRKI #M GY JSG P GYTVMRHI #M GY JSG P
ETVMRHI. *SG TI KYVE GQ#MM M FEK "M PE MRMQ M-P E#E^ (1EVMER, 1996, 18).
(IWGVMIVIE TVEGXMGMM QEKMGI EJIVIRXI EGIWXIM ZVNM IWXI EGIEWXE: HEG S
JEX #M-E TYW SGLMM TI YR JIGMSV, HEV WI XIQI G EGIPE RY S ZE PYE HI WS'MI, GE
W 3I QEM WMKYV G JIGMSVYP VIWTIGXMZ M ZE 3 FVFEX, IE M JEGI TI YVWMX. -IWI
RXV-S WQFX WIEVE R GSVRYP WEY GLMIXSEVIE GEWIM G-YR GY'MX R QR #M,
R3KRHY-P R TQRX, VSWXI#XI HI PE RGITYX #M TR PE WJV#MX ZIVWYVMPI ZVNMM
EGIWXIME (MHIQ). (YT GYQ EQ Z^YX, JEVQIGIPI HI HVEKSWXI RY
TVIWYTYRIEY RYQEM EHYGIVIE TIVWSERIM HSVMXI, GM, R GE^YP YRSV VMZEPM,
ERMLMPEVIE EGIWXSVE. (EG GMRIZE WMQXI QTYRWXYVM HI GY'MX (NYRKLMYVM) R
RXVIK XVYTYP, PE MRMQ WEY PE GET, EGIPYME M W-E TYW GY'MXYP. 'Y'MXYP IWXI ZVNMX
GY S MRGERXE'MI QEKMG, 3MRH QIRMX (YVWMX WEY WSVSGMX) YRIM TIVWSERI WEY YRIM
STIVE'MM. %TSM IWXI R3TX R TQRX, HYT Y#, R KVMRH, RXV-YR PIQR HI EPYR,
RXV-YR TYM HI KMR ZMY, RXV-S FVSEWG WEY RXV-YR SQ JGYX HMR TQRX IXG.
'MSFERMM #M R3K GY'MXYP R TVSTVMYP PSV GMSQEK. 'Y'MXYP IWXI 'MRYX R3TX EXXE
XMQT GX WI HSVI#XI GLMRYMVIE HY#QERYPYM. (EG WI HSVI#XI QSEVXIE EGIWXYME,
RY WI QEM WGSEXI. -EX R EGIWX WIRW #M S QVXYVMI HMR WIGSPYP EP <:-PIE: -R
HSWYP GEWIM EQ S KVHMR; I PMTMX HI KVHMRE ZIGMRIM. -RXV-S ^M EQ Z^YX G
GMRIZE GVSMWI, RY JV WXVMGGMYRM, S XVIGIVI TVMR KVHMRE IM #M E QIE. 1-EQ
TPRW ZIGMRIM, WYTVRHY-Q YR TMG, HVITX W WTYR QEM QYPX HI TEKYF HIGX
HI XVIGIVIE EGIIE. :IGMRE, JYVMSEW, E TPIGEX FSHSKRMRH GIZE. (YT GXIZE
^MPI, RYQEM GI WMQX RM#XI HYVIVM HI FYVX GYQTPMXI #M RM#XI NYRKLMYVM HMRWTVI
WXRKE WTVI HVIETXE, HI TEVG QM-EV 3 WXVTYRW GMRIZE TMITXYP GY HSY WFMM
WEY GY'MXI. :IGMRE TYWIWI WYF TVEKYP HY#QERGIM WEPI S TTY# HI GIEV
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WTIPGM GLMEV TI PSGYP HMRWTVI HVIETXE WTVI WXRKE #M HMQTSXVMZ WMQ'IEQ
NYRKLMIXYVMPI EGIPIE. 1EM IVEY EGSPS #M RM#XI WGYPI'I GY JIP HI JIP HI KVYR'I,
WIQMR'I #M SWGMSEVI ((IPYQIEY, -, 86). )ZMHIRX, R WTMVMXYP EQFMZEPIR'IM
EGXYPYM QEKMG, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP GY'MXYPYM WI TYXIE RXSEVGI #M EG'MYRIE
QEPI3G E YQERYPYM: 0E TSZIWXMXSEVI WI QRGEY XEVI GMRMM, EY JSWX GPGEX R
RM#XI JETXYVM, EVYRGEXI W GEPGI GIM HMR GEW, GE W WI JEG LYMX, XVEM VY R
GEW #M W-EY RGITYX IM E WI QRGE. 9R SQ WXVMR E Z^YX, E WGSW MYXI GY'MXYP #M
P-E TYW R TQRX #M TI PSG GMRMM W-EY PMRM#XMX (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 577, 578).
%PXISVM, EGXYP QEKMG EP RXSEVGIVMM TVIWYTYRI EXX ERMLMPEVIE MRWXVYQIRXYPYM,
GX #M E I\TIHMXSVYPYM: 9R SQ HMR ,SVSHRMG E QIVW PE S JEX GEVI IVE FSPREZ
HI NYRKLMYVM, M JGIE EPXE TI YVWMX. 3QYP E GIVYX YR GY'MX #M YR 3V HI YWXYVSM #M
E ZVX ZVJYP GY'MXYPYM TVMR YWXYVSM, R3KRHY-P R WGRHYVE TEXYPYM. 4I PSG E
RGITYX E GYVKI WRKI HMR TEX, MEV HY#QERGE GI-P JGYWI R GIEWYP EGIPE E
QYVMX (MHIQ, 581).
-RW TYRIVIE GY'MXYPYM IWXI EQFMZEPIRX: GRH, 3I HMR GEY^E YRIM
GIVXI WEY HMR EPXGIZE, YR WS' #M GY S WS'MI WI HY#QRIWG #M GRH SVMGI
WXVYMR' HI QTGEVI E JSWX ^EHEVRMG, EXYRGM WI ETIPIE^ PE HIWGRXIGYP HI
TYW GY'MXYP. 4VEGXMGE WI HIWJ#SEV R JIPYP YVQXSV: WI ME YR GY'MX TI GEVI P-E
TYVXEX YR 4GY R ^MYE HI GYRYRMI #M GEVI R-E QEM JSWX RXVIFYMR'EX TR
EXYRGM PE XMIVI. 7I R3KI R TVEKYP GEWIM TIWXI GEVI ZE XVIGI GIP GEVI IWXI
QIRMX W WI RHVKSWXIEWG #M WI ^MGI HI XVIM SVM:
'Y'MX EVKMRXEX, (I 99 HI 'MKERM PYGVEX, (I 99 HI TSTM GYRYREX, (I 99 HI
SEQIRM XMEX, (MR &EVMKVEH GYQTVEX,
9RHI XI-SM XVMQMXI, W XI HYGM, 9RHI XI-SM R3KI, W XI R3KM, 'E (2.) W
RY QEM TSEX WXE, 'E G RY QEM TSEX FIE.~ (4EQ3PI, 1998, 132).
2.4.3. *6-+%6)%
*MMRH JGYX HMR 3IV, IVE 3VIWG W JEG TEVXI HMR EVWIREPYP HI TVSXIG'MI
QTSXVMZE QEPI3GMMPSV. 4VMR YVQEVI, RY IWXI WYVTVMR^XSV W-S RXPRMQ, R
GEPMXEXI HI SFMIGX GY ZEPSEVI ETSXVSTEMG, R HMJIVMXI HIWGRXIGI. 4IRXVY
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HIWJGYX WI XSEVR ET HMR GEW TI JIVIEWXV, ET TI JYRHYP GSJIM, TI S GSEW
R3IVFRXEX. n'YQ XEMI GSEWE XSEXI MIVFYVMPI #M FYVYMIRMPI, E#E W XEMI XSX
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ETSM S EVYRG R HVYQ. *IQIME GI E JGYX ZMRI W GIEV GIZE, HEV W RY M WI
HIE RMQMG, G RY ENYX HIWJGXYVE (2MGYPM'ZSVSRGE, 580). R GE^YP R GEVI
EKVIWMYRIE WI JGYWI EWYTVE YRIM JIQIM RWVGMREXI, R ZIHIVIE TMIVHIVMM
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%PXI ZVNMXSEVI MEY YR WEG TPMR GY TEMI, XVIM JYWI, XVIM WYPI, XVIM TMPI, S JEVJYVMI GY
XV'I, WEVI #M YR FER HI EVEQ. 0YRH TI VRH JYWIPI #M GIPIPEPXI SFMIGXI,
QTYRK WEGYP GY TEMI, ^MGRH: )Y RY QTYRK TEMIPI HMR WEG, GM QTYRK R
MRMQE GYM E HYW PETXIPI HI PE .SMERE. %#E W RY MEW VYP HMR IP, GYQ RY ZE MI#M
JYWYP HI FYR ZSMI HMR TEMI. -P QTYRK TVMR JE'E SFVE^YPYM #M TVMR GVIMIVYP
GETYPYM, TVMR FVRGM #M TMGMSEVI, TVMR XSEXI ZMRIPI, TVMR XSEXI SEWIPI, W RY
TSEX HSVQM, W RY TSEX QRGE, W RY WI TSEX GYPGE, W RY WI TSEX EPMRE,
TR PETXIPI PE .SMER RETSM P-E HE. 4R EXYRGM W R-EMF WXEVI #M EPMREVI GYQ
RY EVI ETE TI QEVI. (IWGRXIGYP WI VITIX HI RSY SVM (4EZIPIWGY, 1945,
70).
4IVWSRENIPI QMXSPSKMGI TYXIEY WXTRM QI#XI#YKYP XSVWYPYM WEY EP
'IWYXYPYM, HEV R EGIPE#M XMQT, TIVJSVQEVIE PSV WEY YXMPM^EVIE YRSV SFMIGXI
JSPSWMXI R EGIWX TVSGIW TYXIE W PI 'MR PE HMWXER', W PI GSRXVEGEVI^I
IJIGXIPI QEPI3GI. &YPKEVMM TYRIEY R PIEKRYP GSTMPYPYM YR JYW, TIRXVY E-P JIVM
HI HISGLM WEY HI EG'MYRIE RIJEWX E JSV'IPSV RIGYVEXI (4EZPSZE-8SPWXSM, 13). 0E
JIP, R TIVMSEHIPI GVMXMGI, R GEVI WTMVMXIPI TYRMXMZI HI XMTYP 7YRXSEHIVMPSV #M
TYXIEY JEGI ETEVM'ME PE #I^XSVM, ZIKLMRH PE VIWTIGXEVIE MRXIVHMG'MMPSV PIKEXI HI
XSVW, JEXE TYXIE W E4I HEG IVE R TVIENQE HIQSRMPSV RIRHYVXSVM RXSVGRH
JYWYP R WYW. R EGIPE#M XMQT, PE WPSZIRM, HI I\IQTPY, 4IVIGLXE, R TIVMSEHE
'VGMYRYPYM, GSRXVSPE 3IGEVI GEW, TIRXVY E ZIHIE HEG XSVGXSEVIPI EY
RGLIMEX QYRGMPI #M HEG TSWXYP IWXI VIWTIGXEX. 2IEWGYPXXSEVIPI IVEY
TIHITWMXI R3KRHY-PM-WI YR JYW R TRXIGI (MHIQ, 14-P5). 0E WVFM ZVNMXSEVIE
JSPSWIE, TIRXVY E ^FYVE PE WEFEX, WYPYP HI YV^IEP WEY YR JYW (7PE#GMSZ, 83).
%GIPE#M TIVWSREN TYXIE HYRE XYXYVSV ZEGMPSV HMR WEX, HEG RGSRNYVE SGSPYP
ZMXIPSV GY S WJSEV HI GRIT, EXYRGM GRH ERMQEPIPI TPIGEY PE T#YRI
(7YQ'SZ, 1889, 600). 8SX PE WVFM, MQIHMEX HYT RE#XIVI WI EK'E PE LSVR YR
JYW, HI GEVI WI TVMRHIE YR G'IP HI YWXYVSM, TIRXVY GE RSY-RWGYXYP W 3I JIVMX
HI JEVQIGIPI ZVNMXSEVIPSV (4EZPSZE-8SPWXSM, 14). (YEPMWQYP EGXYPYM VMXYEP, EP
WMQFSPMGMM SFMIGXYPYM, WI I\TPMG, TI HI S TEVXI, TVMR ETEVXIRIR'E TIVWSRENYPYM
PE GEXIKSVME SVMKMREVYPYM, IP 3MRH GIP GEVI M-E RZ'EX TI SEQIRM QI#XI#YKYP.
%GI#XME, PE VRHYP PSV, HSFRHMRH GYRSE#XIVIE, HIZIRMRH FYRM 'IWXSVM,
XSVGXSVM IXG., #XMMRH XSX, WI TSX JSPSWM HI MRZIRXEVYP VIWTIGXMZ TIRXVY E M^KSRM
QEPI3GYP, GVYME M WI EQMRXI#XI EWXJIP G VIWTIGXMZE TIVWSER IWXI PE GYVIRX
GY QEVMPI XEMRI, G IWXI MRM'MEX. (I QYPXI SVM, TIRXVY E QFYRE (#M RY E KSRM)
S EWXJIP HI 3MR', M WI EHYGIEY ZEVMEXI SJVERHI, GEVI WYKIVEY ETEVXIRIR'E
EGIWXSVE PE GEXIKSVMMPI WYW-QIR'MSREXI. 6Y#MM, WVFMM PWEY TIRXVY VYWEPOM,
WEQSZMPI, R ETVSTMIVIE M^ZSEVIPSV, FYG'M HI TR^, GEMIVI IXG. (:MRSKVEHSZE-
8SPWXEME-2, 1994, 35). 0E GILM WI GSGIEY TPGMRXI VMXYEPI TIRXVY EPYRKEVIE
JVMKYVMPSV. *IXIPI FSPREZI HI JVMKYVM XVIFYMEY W RGSRNSEVI R JYK YR ME^,
EVYRGRH R IP WYGGIWMZ S FYG'MG HI TMRI, YR JYW, S QR HI MR, SFMIGXI
GEVI XVIFYMEY W VI'MR HYLYP FSPMM R PSGYMR'E PYM WYFEGZEXMG (4EZPSZE-8SPWXSM,
13). 7XVZIGLIE ^IM' EOOEHMER 0EQEIXY, TIVWSRM3GEVI E FSPMPSV GSTMMPSV, IVE
EHIWIE VITVI^IRXEX EPXYVM HI EXVMFYXIPI IM 3VI#XM, TMITXIRIPI #M JYWYP
(1MJSPSKM[IWOMN WPSZEV, 305).
'E #M EPXI SFMIGXI HMR MRWXVYQIRXEVYP GEWRMG, JYWYP IVE YXMPM^EX
EQFMZEPIRX, EXX TIRXVY XVMQMXIVIE JEVQIGIPSV, GX #M TIRXVY RXSEVGIVIE
EGIWXSVE. 7VFMM GVIHIEY G GSTMPYP RY XVIFYMI W 3I PSZMX GY QXYVE WEY GY
JYWYP, TIRXVY G RY ZE QEM GVI#XI. (EG EGIWX PYGVY WI RXQTPE, XVIFYME W
PSZI#XM GY JYWYP R TSHIE #M W WTYM: 7 GVI#XM TR-R KVMRH! WEY W WGYMTM HI
XVIM SVM JYWYP (4EZPSZE-8SPWXSM, 19). )VE HIGM 3VIWG W RXPRMQ EGIWX SFMIGX
RGVGEX GY WEGVEPMXEXI #M R TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI HI QERMTYPEVI E HVEKSWXIM. R
&YPKEVME, HI 7GLMQFEVIE PE *E', JIQIMPI GEVI FRYMEY G WS'MM PI R#EP, PYEY
S 4SEVI E WSEVIPYM, JGIEY PE QMNPSGYP IM S KEYV GY JYWYP #M WI YMXEY TVMR IE, TI
EWGYRW, PE FVFE'M. %GIEWX TVEGXMG XVIFYME W RXSEVG MYFMVIE EGIWXSVE,
E#E GYQ WI RXSEVGI HYT WSEVI #M 4SEVIE (MHIQ, 13-P4). %PXYVM HI YPGMG,
QIPIWXIY IXG., JYWYP TYXIE 3 YXMPM^EX TIRXVY E KVFM WSWMVIE YVWMXYPYM WEY, TVMR
I\XIRWMI, TIRXVY R-XSEVGIVIE EXIR'MIM TIVWSERIPSV ZM^EXI GXVI JIXIPI GI
VIEPM^EY EGIWX EGX QEKMG: 3 QIXSH HI E EHYGI 4GMM PE #I^XSEVI IVE EGIIE
HI nE RXYVRE JYWYP~ GY WYWYP R NSW #M HI E XSEVGI HMR ZVJYP GEMIVYPYM. 'RH W-
E XSVW WY3GMIRX XSVX GE W WI TSEX JEGI KLIQ, WI E#I^EY GXI HSY JIXI GY
WTEXIPI YRE GXVI GIEPEPX #M EVYRGEY KLIQYP HI PE YRE PE EPXE WTYRRH: n:MRI
(RYQIPI JIGMSVYPYM HSVMX)~; M WI VWTYRHIE: n:MRI XEVI GE ZRXY, /(I WI WGYXYV
TQRXY, /'Y WXVST#IPI R SFHIPI, /'Y JYVRMGM R STXMRGM, /7XVST#M-P, (SEQRI,
TR-EMGM!~ %TSM XSVXYP IVE HYW PE GEWE GIE QEM ETVSTMEX, GEVI K^HYME S EPX
#I^XSEVI #M JIXIPI PIKEY GY IP TSEVXE GEWIM VIWTIGXMZI, HYT GEVI WI
VIRXSVGIEY PE GEWE PSV (&MP', 25-26). (EXSVMX MRXIRWMYRMM WEPI QEKMGI, JYWYP
MQTYRIE VIWTIGXEVIE YRSV VIKYPM HI GSQTSVXEQIRX QEKMG: EWXJIP, WI WTYRIE
G JYWYP QTVYQYXEX RY WI ME RETSM, G TSEXI E JGYX GMRIZE HI YVWMX TI IP
WEY I JIVQIGEX #M WI PIEK HI JIQIME GEVI-P GEPG. 'LMEV HEG JIQIME GEVI P-E
GIVYX GY QTVYQYX RY #XMI JEVQIGI, IP 'M TSEXI EHYGI NYRKLMYVM #M YV R
GEW (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 1069-P070). (I EGIIE JYWYP IVE JSPSWMX #M R GEHVYP
TVEGXMGMPSV HI YVWMX, GRH JIQIME MRZMHMSEW S TYXIE TIHITWM TI VMZEPE IM R
EPI MYFMVMM. 4IRXVY E RXSEVGI ZVENE, ZVM JYWYP R GLMSXSEVIE GEWIM. 3 JIQIMI RY
TYXIE RE#XI, W-E RIGNMX S WTXQR; HIWGRXXSEVIE E ZIRMX #M E ZVX JYWYP
RYQEM TR PE NYQXEXI R GSP'YP GEWIM, HMRYRXVY #M JIQIME E RWGYX (MHIQ,
580). %PXISVM IVE RIZSMI HI YR JYW GSRWEGVEX: *YW TVWMX W FE'M R TQRX,
PE GETYP FSPREZIM: n'YQ W-E TVWMX JYWYP #M R-EVI 3V W XSEVG, E#E W R-EMF
HVYQ EGIPIE GEVI JEG~. -P FE'M R XVYTYP EGIPIME #M S HIWGR'M HI YVWMX, W WI
RXSEVG TI IE (MFMHIQ, 581).
3 EG'MYRI EWIQRXSEVI GY GIE E JYWYPYM S EVI ZVXIPRM'E. -RZVXMVIE,
RXSEVGIVIE VS'MM HIWXMRYPYM WI TYXIE VIEPM^E GY WYGGIW R YVQE ZVNMPSV HI
HVEKSWXI: %HYGIQ ET HI TI VSEXE QSVMM #M S TYRIQ RXV-YR YPGMSV #M-P TYRIQ
PE JSG GE W 3EVF, HI W GPSGSXIEWG. (YT EGIIE PYQ S ZVXIPRM' HI TI
GEVI WI HIETR XSVXYVMPI HI GRIT #M-S HYGIQ R TSHYP GEWIM #M S E#I^Q R
EGIP PSG, YRHI MIWI QEM KVSW JYQYP HMR LSVR. :VXIPRM'E S RZIPMQ RXV-S LEMR
HI-E YVWMXYPYM #M RGITIQ E RZVXM ZVXIPRM'E RHVX, ^MGRH GYZMRXIPI GI
YVQIE^. ) HI RSXEX G JIQIME GEVI-#M E#XIETX YVWMXYP XVIFYMI W 3I R TMIPIE
KSEP:
2Y RZVXIWG ZVXIPRM'E, 'M RZVXIWG QMRXIE PYM 2. "M KRHYP PYM. 7 R-
EMF WXEVI, 2MGM EPMREVI, 4R PE QMRI R-E ZIRM, 4R GY QMRI W-E-RXPRM, 4R
GY QMRI R-E KVM. 2-EMF WXEVI, RMGM EPMREVI, %XXE RXV-YR PSG, 2.4.5. 4)2), '9-)
'X EVHI YR 3V HI TV R JSG; 2-EMZ JEX JVYQSEW, 2-EMZ ZHYZ
VQEW, 2-EMZ QEQ, 2-EMZ XEX, 2-EMZ GY RMQI E 3, 2-EMZ GY RMQI-E KVM,
4R PE QMRI R-E ZIRM "M GY QMRI R-E KVM~ (&VPIE, -., 336).
%PXE E ZVYX W TYMI TI YRKYVSEMG W JEG TI YVWMX. 7 WI HYG
ZVNMXSEVIE R THYVI, R TMIPIE KSEP, PE YR GSTEG KVSW, XMEX, W
FEXRSYTIRI R MRMQE PIQRYPYM #M W HIWGRXI, 3I IM EGSPS. "M GYQ SV MRXVE
TIRIPI R MRMQE GSTEGYPYM.
%#E MRXV #M QSEVXIE R XVYTYP YVXIM. (EV EWXE-P ZVEN GY TVMQINHMI:
TSEXI W-'M QSEV S WSV, SVM S VYH, GEVI EVI XSX YR RYQI GY HY#QERGE.
7EHSZIERY, 294
%Q Z^YX G TVEGXMGMPI HI YVWMX EZIEY GE SFMIGXMZ TVMRGMTEP TIHITWMVIE
VMZEPIM R HVEKSWXI WEY E MYFMXYPYM XVHXSV. (EG RW, HI GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM,
TIHIETWE GSRWXE R RHVITXEVIE JSV'EX E EXIR'MIM GXVI TIXIRX WEY R
HIXYVREVIE EXIR'MIM HI PE JEPWE YVWMX, QERMTYPEVIE YRSV SFMIGXI QEKMGI R
HMVIG'ME EKVIWVMM 3^MGI E HIWXMREXEVYPYM ZVNMM IWXI, TVMR I\GIPIR', HI
GSQTIXIR'E JEVQIGIPSV GY ENYXSVYP TIRIPSV #M EP GYMIPSV. *MI G EZIEY GE
WYTSVX S VITVI^IRXEVI GSRGVIX E HIWXMREXEVYPYM (GE R GE^YP WXEXYIXIPSV, EP
TTY#MPSV, GSRWMHIVEXI E 3 YR HYFPY EP EGIWXYME), TIRIPI TYXIEY 3 ETPMGEXI
QYPX QEM WMQTPY: 3I TVMR GSRXYVEVIE WMQFSPMG E WMPYIXIM ZMGXMQIM, 3I TVMR
R3KIVIE RXV-YR WYGGIHERIY VYHMQIRXEV, GEVI EVI TVIE TY'MRI XVWXYVM R
GSQYR GY HIWXMREXEVYP. %GIEWX WMQTPMXEXI E EGXYPYM JGIE TSWMFMPI #M GSRJY^MM:
QEPI3GMMPI RY QEM ENYRKIEY PE HIWXMREXEV, GM PE GIP GEVI MRXVE TVMQE HEX R
GSRXEGX GY IPI (I KWI#XI GMRIZE PE S PEXYVI HI HVYQ, TVMR PYRG, TVMR
THYVI, R TSMIRM', TIRI FXYXI R TQRX RXV-S GMSEX WEY RXV-YR GSTEG
EWIQRYMRH GLMTYP HI SQ, HI EVI GYRYRMI, JIVIEWG (YQRI^IY, W RY WI
EXMRK W PI WGSEX, G-P TEGI HI GYRYRME PYM (7IZEWXSW-2, 162). R EGIWX GE^,
ZVENE VSWXMX R XMQTYP R3KIVMM GSVTYVMPSV EWGY'MXI IWXI GIE GEVI TVIGM^IE^
EXX REXYVE HEYRIPSV, GX #M TIVWSERE GVIME M IWXI HIWXMREX. )E IWXI GY EXX
QEM TIVMGYPSEW GY GX, TI HI S TEVXI, GYQ WI ZIHI HMR XI\XYP HI QEM WYW,
I\MWXE TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E HYRE YRIM EPXI TIVWSERI GEVI TYVXE EGIPE#M RYQI GY
ZMGXMQE (RIEZRH PE HMWTS^M'MI, GE R GE^YP GIPSVPEPXI ZVNM, SFMIGXI ETEV'MRRH
ZMGXMQIM, TIRXVY GE JEVQIGYP W-P TSEX MHIRXM3GE JV KVI#) #M, TI HI EPX
TEVXI, RXSEVGIVIE ZVNMM IVE QYPX QEM HM3GMP, HEX 3MRH TVIGM^EVIE PSGYPYM GI
XVIFYME EXEGEX (HI GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM IVE ZM^EX GLMEV MRMQE), JETX GI JGIE
MRYXMPI GIPI QEM QYPXI HMR TVEGXMGMPI GSRXVE-JEVQIGIPSV. -EX GYQ HIWGVMY
TSZIWXMVMPI TSTYPEVI EGIWXI TVEGXMGM: (EG ZVIS JIQIMI EVI QRMI RIHYQIVMX
EWYTVE EPXIM JIQIM WEY EWYTVE EPXIM JIXI, EXYRGM RY S HEX WI RXQTP G-P
JEGI TI YVWMX GE W QSEV (.). 7I HYG R THYVI, GEYX S XI#MXYV WEY S XYPTMR
QEM KVSEW #M QEM REPX, S QFVEG PE JIP GE TI S JEX WEY S RIZEWX, ETSM
RGIT E FEXI RXV-RWE GYMI WEY TIRI HI PIQR SVM JYWI, HI VIKYP #ETXI PE
RYQV, ^MGRH PE 3IGEVI FEXIVI:
'YQ MRXV JYWIPI R ZVJYP XYPTMRIM, %#E W MRXVI NYRKLMYVMPI
"M EGYP QSV'MM R 2. GIE YVX, 'VIME-P JEG TI YVWMX!~
&EXIVIE GYMIPSV, E TIRIPSV WEY E JYWIPSV R XI#MXYVE #M GIVGYMVIE FYXYGYPYM
GY GIVGYVM RWIEQR G E#E W-S R'ITIRIEWG NYRKLMYVMPI TI EGIE GEVI E JSWX
WSVSGMX W QSEV. *GRHY-WI EGIWXIE, WI ^MGI #M WI GVIHI G EGIIE WEY EGIPE
GVYME M W-E JGYX TI YVWMX, RHEX GEHI PE ^GEVI #M RY QYPX HYT EGIIE TSEXI
GLMEV W #M QSEV R GIPI QEM GVRGIRI HYVIVM, HEG RY WI E4 GMRIZE GEVI W-
P HIWJEG, WEY HEG RY WI RMQIVI#XI GMRIZE GEVI GIP TY'MR W XEMI GIVGYVMPI HI
TI FYXYG #M W VYT GYMIPI R3TXI R XI#MXYV WEY R XYPTMR (1EVMER, 1996,
55-56).
%PXISVM RYQVYP TIRIPSV RY EVI TVIE QEVI MQTSVXER': WYRX FXYXI TIRI
R XSX EXXIE TYRGXI EZYXI R ZIHIVI HI XVMQM'XSV TIRXVY GE ZXQEVIE W 3I
WY3GMIRX HI KVEZ TIRXVY E IPMQMRE TIVMGSPYP TI GEVI-P MPYWXVIE^ HIWXMREXEVYP:
7I FEX QEM QYPXI TIRI HI PIQR WEY HI 3IV, R HMJIVMXI TV'M EPI GSTEGYPYM,
WTYRRHY-WI G WI FEX R QMRMPI, R TMGMSEVIPI, R GETYP WEY R MRMQE
VIWTIGXMZYPYM. R EGIWX XMQT, GIP QIRMX WYJIV HI NYRKLMYVM R QMRM, TMGMSEVI
IXG. 'RH TIRIPI ENYRK R MRMQE GSTEGYPYM, GIP QIRMX QSEVI (1Y#PIE-&VPIE,
475). 9RIPI ZVNMXSEVI FEX TIRIPI R TQRX R GLMT HI SQ HEV RY XSEXI
HISHEX, GM XSX TI VRH, E^M YRE, QMRI EPXE #M JIQIME WI XVYHI#XI GY QSEVXIE
TR GI-R WJV#MX M FEXI TERE HMR HVITXYP MRMQMM, GRH RYQEMHIGX XVIFYMI W-
#M HIMI WY4IXYP (7IZEWXSW-2, 163). 7YRX WMXYE'MM R GEVI ZVENE HI YVWMX RY IWXI
HIPSG S TVEGXMG WMQTP. 4IRXVY E WI EWMKYVE HI VIY#MXE STIVE'MYRMM,
JIVQIGXSVYP VIYRI#XI YR RXVIK GSQTPI\ HI EGXI QEKMGI, 3IGEVI R WMRI 3MRH
WY3GMIRX HI TYXIVRMG TIRXVY E-P ZIRM HI LEG QTVMGMREXYPYM. 'YQYPYP QEPI3G
IWXI VIEPM^EX #M TIRXVY E QTMIHMGE S IZIRXYEP HIWJEGIVI E ZVNMM EXX R
GIIE GI TVMZI#XI RYQVYP QEVI HI TIRI R3TXI R VITVI^IRXEVIE ZMGXMQIM, GX
#M R TVMZMR'E XMTYPYM HI EGXI QEKMGI YXMPM^EXI HI JIVQIGXSV: 1EM JEG HI YVWMX
RXV-S 'IVR TVSTMX, YRHI-P PSGYP GIP QEM RMQIVMX, WI TSEXI #M PE THYVI YRHI WI
VIXIE^ YR GSTEG GE HI YR WXEX HI SQ HI PE TQRX, HIEWYTVE TI VXI^XYV
FEX YR ZVJ HI GSEW PYRK HI YR HIKIX, TI YVQ RSY TIRI HMR SVMGI WSM HI
GSTEG PI FE'M R #MVEK HI-E PYRKYP XYPTMRIM; MIM ETSM XSVX HI JYMSV TIVMIX HI
GRIT HI ZEV #M RKVHI#XM TIRIPI GYQ RKVHI#XI FVFEXYP KEVHYP, MEV PE
TMGMSEVIPI XYPTMRIM FE'M YR JYW TR PE GYRYRMI. 'RH FE'M ZVJYP HI GSEW, ^MGM:
n-'M FEX R GET HYVIVI #M NYRKLMYVM #M RISHMLR HI QSEVXI~, MEV PE 3IGEVI TER
GI-S FE'M HMR NSW R WYW, ^MGM: n-'M FEX HYVIVM #M NYRKLMYVM #M XMXYVM R TMGMSEVI, R
MRMQ, R SGLM, R KYV, R XSEXI RGLIMIXYVMPI, R XSEXI GMSPERIPI~, MEV GRH
RKVHI#XM KEVHYP, ^MGM: n2Y RKVHIWG KEVHYP, HE-'M RKVHIWG KRHYP #M-'M
RKVHIWG GYZRXYP #M-'M RKVHIWG WTSVYP #M-'M RKVHIWG QIVWYP. 'RH XYPTMRE
#M TIRIPI EGIWXIE ZSV QIVKI WMRKYVI, EXYRGM W QIVKM #M XY~. 0IEK VHGMRE
XYPTMRIM GY TMIHMG HI QSVX, ^MGRH: n8I PIK #M XI TIGIXPYMIWG #M XI EJYVMWIWG, G
TVIGYQ RY QIVKI QSVXYP, E#E W RY TS'M QIVKI XY (GYXEVI). 7 XI GLMRYMI#XM,
W XI TVTHI#XM #M W XI WJV#I#XM. 1SEVX HI NYRKLMYVM W GE^M #M PE TQRX W
TYXVI^I#XM. 4VIGLIE XE W VQMI W WI RWSEVI GY RIZEWX SVM GY JEXE GYXEVI,
G TI GX XY EM XVMX #M XY EM TIXVIGYX #M HI XVMX W XVMEWG, HI TIXVIGYX W WI
TIXVIEG. "M IY PIK #M TIGIXPYMIWG #M EJYVMWIWG, GMRI-E HIWJEGI GI-EQ JGYX, TI
EGIPE VYP W 3 G^YX #M FSEPIPI #M NYRKLMYVMPI #M VPIPI #M HYVIVMPI~. -IM HMR
'VR HMR NYVYP JYWYPYM HI PE TMGMSEVIPI XYPTMRIM, HMR WYVGIPI HMR GETIXIPI
XSVXYPYM HI JYMSV #M HI EM #XMMR' HI-S JIQIMI RWVGMREX E GVYM FVFEX EV ZSM
W-P MIMI JEXE TI GEVI S ZVNI#XM, S XVMQM'M W-P HIMI R QRGEVI, SVM R YPGMSVYP HI
ET GRH M TI GQT, SVM XVMQI'M ERYQI S QRGEVI PE S ^M QEVI, MEV GRH PE
JEGIVI, S TVMRH NYRKLMYVM, WKIXXYVM #M QSEVI HI YVWMX. 3VMGI JIQIMI GI QSEVI
R XMQTYP WEVGMRIM WEY TR R TEXVY^IGM HI ^MPI, XSEXI WI TVIWYTYR G QSV HI
YVWMX (7IZEWXSW, 1990, --, 162-P63).
'E #M R GE^YP ZVNMPSV TVI^IRXEXI QEM WYW, HIWJEGIVMPI WI FE^IE^ TI
RXSEVGIVIE EGXYPYM QEKMG QEPI3G: (VITX EGIIE, FVFEXYP WEY JIQIME GEVI WI
GVIHI G M-E JGYX GMRIZE TI YVWMX #M HMR GEY^E EGIEWXE W-E QFSPRZMX E#E HI
XEVI, WI HYGI, HEG QEM TSEXI, PE YR FYXYG WEY YR XYQYXYK TYXVIKMSW #M
TVMRHI E XVEKI GXI YR GIT HMRXV-RWYP, VSWXMRH R EGIPE#M XMQT ZIVWYVMPI
HIWJEGIVMM:
)Y RY XVEK GITYVMPI, 'M IY XVEK NYRKLMYVMPI, %VYRGXYVMPI
"M JGXYVMPI (MR GETYP PYM 2.~
4VMR XVEHM'MI, HIWGRXIGIPI HI YVWMX (HIWJEGIVMPI) WYRX RIZSMXI W JEG
JE' VYPYM KIRIVEPM^EX, GEVI E EJIGXEX R RXVIKMQI GSVTYP TIVWSERIM EKVIWEXI.
(I VIKYP, HIWGRXXSVYP RY TSEXI MRXYM MQIHMEX HIWTVI GI XMT HI JEVQIG IWXI
ZSVFE #M GEVI WYRX TV'MPI EJIGXEXI. 4VMR YVQEVI, VIWXEFMPMVIE WMKYV E WXVMM
TEGMIRXYPYM EVI GE IPIQIRX HI FE^ IRYQIVEVIE XYXYVSV TV'MPSV XVYTYPYM
SQIRIWG, TSXIR'MEPI GIRXVI EKVIWEXI: . (MR KVYQE^, (I WYF KVYQE^, (MR
TMITX, (I WYF TMITX, (MR WTEXI, (I WYF WTEXI, (MR MRMQ, (I WYF MRMQ, (MR
QMRM, (I WYF QMRM, (MR HI#IVX, (I WYF HI#IVX, (MR GSEWXI, (I WYF GSEWXI,
(MR TMGMSEVI, (I WYF TMGMSEVI,
(MR #I^YX, (MR RWGYX. %GY PI-EQ XVEW "M-EJEV PI-EQ WGSW, (MR XSEXI
ZMRIPI "M HMR XSEXI RGLIMIXYVMPI, (MR QMM #M WYXI (I ZRY'I, (MR HSY^IGM (I
HIKIXY'I, (MR QMM #M WYXI (I RGLIMIXYVIPI, (MR HSY^IGM (I HIKI'IPI. (MR
XSEXI PI-EQ XVEW, 4I XSEXI PI-EQ WGSW.
:MRHIGEVIE RY IWXI GSRWMHIVEX E 3 WY3GMIRX R GE^YP TVEGXMGMPSV HI
HIWJEGIVI. )WXI RIZSMI #M HI RXSEVGIVIE JEVQIGYPYM EWYTVE GIPYM GEVI P-E
XVMQMW. %GIWX PYGVY WI JEGI TIRXVY GE RXV-EHIZV W WI VIEPM^I^I ERMLMPEVIE
EGIWXYME, GE TSXIR'MEP XVMQM'XSV RXV-YR EPX QSQIRX HI RIWMKYVER', GX #M
TIRXVY E HI^EQSVWE ZVENE, GEVI RY TSEXI 3 HMWXVYW HIGX R QSQIRXYP R
GEVI IE E WXEFMPMX YR GSRXEGX GY S 3MR' YQER (RY QEM EVI MQTSVXER' JETXYP
G MRM'MEP IVE QIRMX GYMZE): . "M PI-EQ WYGMX #M PI-EQ RZVXMX 4I GETYP GYM PI-E
QREX, 4I GETYP GYM PI-E 'MTEX, 4I XSEXI QHYPEVIPI PYM, 4I XSEX GEVRIE PYM
"M TI XSX XVYTYP PYM. 2. W VQR GYVEX, 0YQMREX, 'YQ (YQRI^IY P-E
PWEX! (1EVMER, 1996, 56-57).
7YRX WMXYE'MM R GEVI EGXYP HIWJEGIVMM VITVI^MRX, HI JETX, S ZVEN RSY,
XVMQMW GIPYM GEVI E MRM'MEX WGLMQFYP HI VITPMGM. R EGIWX GE^, TVEGXMGE JEGI
VIJIVMVI PE YR QSXMZ GIPIFVY EP PIKIRHIPSV QMXSPSKMGI, IWXI ZSVFE HI RXVIGIVIE
ZVNMXSVMPSV. %GXYP HIWJEGIVMM, EP RXSEVGIVMM TVIWYTYRI HSM EGXER'M QEKMGM,
JIVQIGXSVYP #M HIWGRXXSVYP. %GXYP ZMRHIGVMM IWXI, HI JETX, S GSQTIXM'MI GEVI
WI HIGPER#IE^ RXVI EGI#XME, EP GVIM VI^YPXEX 3REP IWXI HEX RYQEM HI
MRXIRWMXEXIE TYXIVMPSV 3IGVYME: HEG ZMRHIGXSVYP EVI TYXIVI QEM QEVI #M-P
TSEXI RZMRKI EWXJIP TI XVMQM'XSV, TVMQYP JEVQIG IWXI ERMLMPEX, GIP GEVI
VQRI EGXMZ IWXI GIP HI RXSEVGIVI: (IWJGYXYP HI YVWMX WI JEGI GY PIQR HI
VGLMX. (I SFMGIM, GIM GI #XMY W HIWJEG, #M EHYG HI PE THYVI YR GVTRE# GI
#M-P VWHIWG EGEW #M GY ZVNM FEX TIRI RXV-RWYP, MEV GY ETE GIE HIWJGYX
WTEP JIQIME #M M H W FIMI. (IWJGYXYP WI QEM JEGI #M GY ET RIRGITYX HMR
XVIM M^ZSEVI, TYWI TI JYRHYP GSJIM R GEVI WI WXMRK JVMKVMPI TR PE RSY SVM, MEV
ETE GIE GY GEVI W-E WTPEX W-S E^ZVPI EWYTVE ZRXYPYM RW RMGMSHEX RWTVI
HVYQ (7IZEWXSW-2, 165). %PXISVM EGIWX HMEPSK RXVI TIVWSRENIPI WEGVI IWXI
WYVTVMRW HI HIWGRXIGIPI HI YVWMX (IWXI EHIZVEX, TIVWSRENIPI GEVI ETEV WYRX
GSQTSRIRXIPI YRIM XVMEHI: ZVNMXSEVI/HIWJGXSEVI/EKIRX QEKMG). R EGIWX GE^,
MR4YIR'EVIE XVMQM'XSVYPYM WI JEGI MRHMVIGX, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP EKIRXYPYM QEPI3G:
%Y TYVGIW YVWMXSEVIPI, JGXSEVIPI HI VIPI GY TIRI HI PIQR #M GY 3EVI #M GY
QEMYVM HI FXYX #M R THYVI W-EY HYW #M GIVGYVM #M VHGMR HI GSTEG HI
GEVTIR EY GIVGYMX #M GLMT HI SQ EY JGYX #M R MRMQ TIRI HI GEVTIR M-EY FXYX
#M P-E WJVIHIPMX #M P-EY QGIPVMX; #M IP GRH W-E XVI^MX PE FEFE (GYXEVI) E EPIVKEX
#M IE M-E ^MW: n2Y XI GMRE, RY XI ZMGVE, RMGM R WIEQ RY FKE~, GSJE GY
KYVE-R NSW ZE RXYVRE #M ET TI JYRH M-E TYRI #M HMR KYV E#E ZE ^MGI: n,S-LS-
LS, GYGSERIPI EPFI, GYGSERIPI RIKVI, GYGSERIPI R XSEXI TSVXYVMPI. ,S-LS-LS,
FSMIVM RIKVM, FSMIVM EPFM, FSMIVM EPFE#XVM #M FSMIVM ZIV^M.
' 3EVIPI R QRE HVIETX PI ZE PYE, R ET PI ZE WXMRKI #M R TQRX
PI-EFEXI, R GEWE (GYXVIM) GYGSERI ZE MRXVE #M GY FSMIVY-R TEX RY ZI'M GYPGE #M
GYGSERE PE XVIEF RY ZI'M QRE #M TI XVIFMPI WEPI WXTR RY Z ZI'M JEGI. ,S-
LS-LS, FSMIVM EPFM #M FSMIVM RIKVM, FSMIVM ZIV^M #M VS#MM, GY QYGLME-R GET ZSM HE,
GRH 3EVIPI R TQRX ZSM FEXI #M R GEWE FSMIVYPYM (GYXEVI) RY-'M MRXVE #M R TEX
GY GYGSERE RY Z ZI'M GYPGE #M WXTR TI XVIFYVMPI WEPI RY Z ZI'M JEGI~. %TE
R GEVI W-EY WXMRW 3EVIPI, HI TI JYRHYP GSJIM, W S FIMI #M W WI WTIPI #M EXYRGM
ZSV WXE XSEXI NYRKLMYVMPI #M HYVIVMPI #M EVWYVMPI HI PE MRMQ (6HYPIWGY-'SHMR,
1MLEPEGLI, 32). -IM RSY TIRI HMR GYGS#YP TPYKYPYM GEVI 'MRI TSXRKYP #M ^MGM:
nHI EY JGYX FVFEX, FVFEX W HIWJEG, G IY M FEX TERE R GVI#XIXYP GETYPYM.
(I M-E JGYX GY GET, GY GET M HIWJEG, HI M-E JGYX GY TVWRIPYP HI PE TPYK, GY
TVWRIPYP HI PE TPYK M HIWJEG, HI M-EY JGYX GY GYM HI 3IV, GY GYM HI 3IV M
HIWJEG, HI M-EY JGYX PE ZEXV HI JSG, PE ZEXV HI JSG M HIWJEG, HI M-E JGYX PE
GEVTR, PE GEVTR M HIWJEG, HI M-E JGYX PE ZEHY PEX, PE ZEHYP PEX M HIWJEG, W WI
HYG TI TYWXMI #M TI GSHVM HMR ZEH R ZEH (7IZEWXSW-2, 162).
'Y ZEPSEVI ETSXVSTEMG IVEY JSPSWMXI GYMIPI RY RYQEM R TVEGXMGMPI HI
RXSEVGIVI E YVWMXIM. -PYWXVRH RWY#MVIE HI E 'MRXYM, HI E 'MRI TI PSG, GYMIPI
IVEY FXYXI R TVEGXMGMPI HI HIWXVMKSMVI: MQIHMEX HYT GI E QYVMX FSPREZYP, WI
FEXI YR GYM HI 3IV R PEZM', PE GETYP QSVXYPYM #M WI WTYRI: n%XYRGM W ZMM, GRH
E MI#M GYMY EMIWXE HMR PEM'~ (7GYVXY, 51). 0E FYPKEVM, WI FEX GYMI TI PSGYP YRHI
EY WXEX GETYP #M TMGMSEVIPI QSVXYPYM TIRXVY GE EGIWXE W RY WI JEG WXVMKSM #M
TIRXVY E RY QEM YVQE #M EP'M QSV'M. 7I WTYRIE YRISVM: 'RH ZE RZME 3IVYP
EGIWXE, EXYRGM W WI VMHMGI #M QSVXYP (#M PE WVFM, YGVEMRIRM, 8SPWXSM-5, 1994,
22). )ZMHIRX, TIRXVY E JEGI VY QIQFVMPSV JEQMPMIM QSVXYPYM, ZVNMXSVMM PYEY YR
GYM HMR WMGVMY, EHYW HI PE GMQMXMV #M JGIEY ZVNM GY IP, TIRXVY GE EM GEWIM W-P
ZEH QIVIY TI QSVX (MHIQ). 8SX R WGST ETSXVSTEMG, WPSZIRMM PYEY YR GYM HMR
GVYGIE HI TI QSVQRX #M-P FXIEY R Y#E KVENHYPYM TIRXVY E RXSEVGI ZVNMPI
RHVITXEXI QTSXVMZE ZMXIPSV (MFMHIQ). 0E JIP, GYMIPI FXYXI PE GETYP TEVYPYM
ETV PILY^IPI #M TVYRGMM PSV QTSXVMZE IP3PSV (*VE^IV, 1980, --, 191).
-RGLIMIQ EMGM TVI^IRXE RSEWXV PYGVEVI.
*V E 3, IZMHIRX, I\LEYWXMZ, EQ RGIVGEX W TXVYRHIQ RXV-YR YRMZIVW
FSKEX R VITVI^IRXVM, GEVI GYRSE#XI ZEVME'MM QMRMQEPI HI-E PYRKYP IZSPY'MIM
WEPI. (MR %RXMGLMXEXI TR R ^MPIPI RSEWXVI, TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI EXVMFYMXI R
KIRIVEP ZVNMXSVMIM #M QEKMIM RIKVI GSRWXMXYMI S MQTSVXERX GSQTSRIRX E
MWXSVMIM QIRXEPMX'MPSV, GI TYRI R IZMHIR' GYXVMPI RISFSWMXI EPI SQYPYM,
RGIVGVMPI WEPI (HI GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM ^EHEVRMGI) HI E-#M HIT#M PMQMXIPI #M HI
E 3 QEM QYPX HIGX YR WMQTPY LSQS WETMIRW, EHMG HI E 3 YR WXTRMXSV.
7*6"-8
1A -REMRXI HI E QIVKI #M E PYE PETXIPI PE ZEGM, WXVMKSEMGIPI WI EHYR R
PSGYVM WMRKYVEXMGI, R GEWI TVWMXI #M RXVI LSXEVI. %GSPS WI ETYG ETSM PE
FXEMI GY PMQFM HI QIPM'I #M QIPM'SEMI #M WI FEX RIGSRXIRMX TR PE QMI^YP
RST'MM. 7SWMRH QMI^YP RST'MM, RGEPIG 3IGEVI TI GXI S QIPM' WEY QIPM'SM #M
EWXJIP WI HYG ETSM TI PE GEWIPI SEQIRMPSV HI MEY PETXIPI HI PE ZEGM. (MR GEY^E
EGIEWXE GIPI QEM QYPXI JIQIM #M QEM EPIW GIPI GI EY ZEGM GY PETXI, EWGYRH R
RSETXIE WTVI 7J. +LISVKLI XSEXI QIPM'IPI #M QIPM'SEMIPI WEY GIP TY'MR PMQFMPI
EGIWXSVE, GE W RY PI TSEX PYE WXVMKSEMGIPI, GRH ZMR HYT HRWIPI. %PXIPI HMR
GSRXV YRK EXX QIPM'IPI #M QIPM'SEMIPI WEY GIP TY'MR PMQFMPI EGIWXSVE GY
YWXYVSM WEY, GRH WJV#IWG HI QIPM'EX, PEW TY^HIVMI R QIPM' GE #M GRH EV
QEM EZIE RG HI QIPM'EX #M EXYRGM WXVMKSEMGIPI RY WI QEM TSX ETVSTME HI
QIPM'I #M E PI PYE PMQFMPI (1EVMER, 1994, --, 258).
2A (I 4E#XM, GSZEXE #M PSTEXE, GRH EM QRXYMX HI JGYX TEWGE, W RY PI
WTIPM, GM RYQEM W PI Y^M GY ET, GGM HI PI WTIPM FEXI TMEXVE, MEV HI RY PI Y^M, XI
YWYGM. 7 RY XVIGM TIWXI PSTEX GRH WI TYRI TMRIE R GYTXSV, GGM RY GVI#XI
TMRIE (2MGYPM'-:SVSRGE, 222) WYRX RYQEM GXIZE HMR XEFYYVMPI GI TVMZIWG
EGIWXI TMIWI HI MRWXVYQIRXEV HSQIWXMG.
3A 3 EPX I\TPS^MI HI PYQMR E WXIPIPSV TIVWSRM3GVM EPI RSVSGYPYM S
VITVI^MRX EVHIVIE GSQSVMPSV: 4GVMPI TI GEVI GSQSVMPI, R'IPIWI GE
MTSWXE^MIVM EPI RSVSGYPYM TIVWSERIM GEVI PI HIWGSTIV, PI EVYRG R RSETXI:
>MGI G R 4SMERE PYM &MGLM# W FXIY FERMM. 7 FEX HMR GMRGM R GMRGM ERM. %XYRGM
ETEV EGSPS HSY TEVI HI JSG: YRE VS#MI, EPXE EPFEWXV. &XEME IVE PE
HSYWTVI^IGI ^YE #M W ZIHI HI HITEVXI. 4EVPI WI GMSGRIY, W FXIY #M GEVI
G#XMKE RY #XMY, G HI PE S ZVIQI HMWTVIY EQRHSY. 4EVPI, ^GI, G ZMR HI
PE GIZE FERM RKVSTE'M EGSPS. &ERMM HI EYV HEY TEV KEPFMR, GIM HI EVKMRX
EPFEWXV ('LMXE-4ST, 246).
4A 1SXMZYP EPYRKVMM HYLYVMPSV QEPI3GI R WTE'MYP QMXMG, GJ. %RXSERIXE
3PXIERY, -TSWXE^I EPI QEPI3GYPYM R QIHMGMRE QEKMG, )HMXYVE 4EMHIME,
&YGYVI#XM, 1998, TT. 272-273. 2 -TSWXE^I EPI QEPI3GYPYM R QIHMGMRE QEKMG,
TT. 294-295.
5A 6IJIVMXSV PE MTSWXE^E PYQMRMWGIRX E HYLYPYM GEWIM-WTMVMHY# GY
RJ'M#EVI S3HMER, GJ. %RXSERIXE 3PXIERY, 1IXEQSVJS^IPI WEGVYPYM. (MG'MSREV
HI QMXSPSKMI TSTYPEV, EVX. "EVTI, )HMXYVE 4EMHIME, &YGYVI#XM, 1998, TT.
314-315.
6A 9R EPX GE^ GIPIFVY HI KIPS^MI RI3VIEWG, WERG'MSREX GYQ WI GYZMRI
HI QIRXEPMXEXIE QMXSPSKMG, IWXI GIP EP HIQSRYPYM FMFPMG 0MPMXL. 'VIEXYV
IWIR'MEPQIRXI RSGXYVR, 0MPMXL IWXI VTMXSEVIE #M HIZSVEXSEVIE WY4IXIPSV RSY-
RWGY'MPSV. (I EGIIE XVIFYMI EPYRKEX HMR GEQIVE RYT'MEP (IE WI WXVHYMI#XI
W ME PSGYP WS'MIM PIKMXMQI), HMR GEQIVE JIQIMM GEVI XSGQEM E RWGYX #M XVIFYMI
RHITVXEX HI RSYP RWGYX. 0IKIRHIPI WTYR G 0MPMXL E JSWX TVMQE WS'MI E PYM
%HEQ, 3MRH GSRWMHIVEX IKEP GY EGIWXE, HISEVIGI MI#MWI GE #M IP HMR TQRX
#M JSVQEY YR GYTPY GSRNYKEP, HEV, R YVQE YRYM GSR4MGX, IE E TVWMX KVHMRE
)HIRYPYM. %XYRGM E JSWX JGYX HMR GSEWXE PYM %HEQ )ZE, JIQIME GEVI M JYWIWI
HIWXMREX. 0MPMXL, TIRXVY G E VIJY^EX W WI RXSEVG EPXYVM HI %HEQ, E JSWX
GSRHEQREX W-#M ZEH QYVMRH GSTMMM. (MWTIVEX, IE W-E VIJYKMEX R JYRHYP
SGIERYPYM #M, HMR GEY^E YVMM WEPI WPFEXMGI QTSXVMZE )ZIM, E NYVEX W HYRI^I
ZI#RMG SEQIRMPSV. *IQIMI RPSGYMX, TVWMX, 0MPMXL IWXI QGMREX HI KIPS^MI
(4SRX-,YQFIVX, 97-98).
7A 4I EGIPE#M TVMRGMTMY WI FE^IE^ #M TVEGXMGMPI QEKMGI HI TVSZSGEVI E
VITYPWMIM, E YVXYPYM JE' HI S RHIPIXRMGMVI RITVMZMX GY SGLM FYRM HI WSPMGMXERX.
%GIWXE IWXI #M GE^YP YRYM HIWGRXIG GE W RY FIE YR SQ FI'MZ. 4VMR XVEHM'MI,
TIRXVY GE TYXIVIE PYM W 3I #M QEM QEVI, HIWGRXIGYP WI ^MGI PE YR QSVQRX:
8A R GE^YP YRSV JEVQIGI TVMR GEVI WI HSVIE GE GMRIZE W 3I FI'MZ, WI YXMPM^E
YR KX HI VE': 7 WI TIXVIEG, HI XVIM SVM, TVMR KX HI VE' #M HI #XMYG,
VEGLMY #M ZMR, ^MGRHY-WI HI XVIM SVM HIWGRXIGYP #M ETSM W WI HIE, JV GE W
#XMI, EGIPYM TI GEVI ZSMI#XI W-P GYTVMRH TEXMQE FI'MIM: 9A 0E FMIPSVY#M, I\MWX
SFMGIMYP HI E WI 'IWI LEMRIPI HI RQSVQRXEVI HMR TVYP TIVWSERIM VIWTIGXMZI
(&EMFYVMR, 1993, 218).
10A R YRIPI VIKMYRM HMR *VER'E, I\MWXE SFMGIMYP W WI XEMI GSVHSRYP
SQFMPMGEP WGYVX TIRXVY JIXI #M PYRK TIRXVY FMI'M, GY VIJIVMVI PE QIQFVYP PSV
ZMVMP. (YT GI WI YWGE #M GHIE HI PE FYVMG, IP IVE TWXVEX #M TVSXINEX. (EG IVE
QRGEX HI YR ERMQEP (GMRI, TMWMG WEY #SFSPER), GSTMPYP HSFRHIE HIJIGXIPI
EGIPYM ERMQEP. 1EM XV^MY, IVE TYW R FY^YREVYP GSTMPYPYM R TVMQE ^M HI #GSEP,
GE W-P KEVERXI^I QIQSVMI #M MRXIPMKIR'. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, GSVHSRYP RY
XVIFYMI EVYRGEX R ET, HI XIEQ GE RY GYQZE GSTMPYP W WI RIGI (4SRX-
,YQFIVX, 222).
11A R 6YWME PMPMEG YWGEX WI 'MRI R WR, TIRXVY WRXEXI #M JIVMGMVI. 7EY
IVE 3IVX #M ETE VIWTIGXMZ IVE HEX FSPREZMPSV HI JVMKYVM. 4VEJYP SF'MRYX TVMR
JVQM'EVI IVE EQIWXIGEX R QRGEVIE ERMQEPIPSV, TIRXVY E TVIZIRM HISGLMYP
WEY EPXI JEVQIGI (6IHJSVH-1MRMSRSO, 228). 2 3 GVIHMR' WGS'MER WTYRI: HEG
PMPMEGYP WI VMHMG R ^FSV #M WI PEW ETSM PE TQRX, I WIQR G E WSWMX SVE
ZVNMXSEVIPSV, GRH EGIWXIE EY TYXIVI EWYTVE XYXYVSV 3MR'IPSV (6IHJSVH-
1MRMSRSO, 227).
12A .IVXJI YQERI GY S WIQRM3GE'MI SFWGYV WYRX QIR'MSREXI R FEWQI:
R TSZIWXIE RETSPMXER 0S 'SVZS WEY 'SVFYP, -IREVMIPPS M TVSGYV JVEXIPYM WY
S PSKSHRMG HSVMX #M-P JIVI#XI HI XSEXI TVMQINHMMPI, JGRH RXSGQEM GI EY^MWI
HI PE HSY TSVYQFM'I (HI-P ZE WTYRI, TMEXV W WI JEG!). 7YVTVMRW GY WEFME
WGSEW, GY GEVI SQSVWI FEPEYVYP HMR GEQIVE JVEXIPYM, -IREVMIPPS JY SWRHMX PE
QSEVXI #M, QVXYVMWMRH EHIZVYP, QTMIXVM. (I PE YR QS#RIEK E4 ETSM VIKIPI
PIEGYP RZMIVMM: W YRK WXEXYME GY WRKIPI GSTMMPSV WM #M E#E RZMI JVEXIPI, MEV
GSTMMM YGM#M JYV VIKWM'M ZMM #M RIEXMR#M ("MRIERY, 390). % WI ZIHIE R 13A % WI
ZIHIE, R EGIWX WIRW, PYGVEVIE RSEWXV, -TSWXE^I EPI QEPI3GYPYM R QIHMGMRE
QEKMG, TT. 80-91.
14A % WI ZIHIE, R EGIWX WIRW #M ZVNMPI GI WI FE^IE^ WXVMGX TI YXMPM^EVIE
3VIPSV HI TV, R GETMXSPYP GSRWEGVEX JEVQIGIPSV HI YVX.
15A 7EY, RXV-S ZEVMERX: TI YVQ EZIEQ LEMRI TVIKXMXI TIRXVY HRWE,
EZIEQ TVIKXMX W-S QFVGQ RETSM. ,EMRIPI EGIPIE HI QMVIEW PI HE ETSM TI
ET; LEMRIPI, 4SVMPI, PI HE TI ET. ('MYFSXEVY-2, 120).
16A 'J. 'MYFSXEVY-2, 117.
17A 'J. %RXSERIXE 3PXIERY, -TSWXE^I EPI QEPI3GYPYM R QIHMGMRE QEKMG,
T. 274. 2 R PSG HI GIEV TYXIE 3 JSPSWMX, R TVEGXMGM HI EGIPE#M XMT, TPYQFYP:
7TVI E E4E SVM HI ZSV XVM WEY QYVM, JIQIMPI XSTIWG GIEV WEY TPYQF. (EG
TPYQFYP WEY GIEVE XSTMX ME JSVQE 18A )ZMHIRX, RY IWXI ZSVFE HI PYQREVIE
GYVEX, ETSXVSTEMG: 7I GVIHI G HI EGIIE WI TYRI PYQMR ETVMRW R QRE
SQYPYM GI QSEVI, GE W RY WI TSEX ETVSTME 2IGYVEXYP HI 19A *IXIPI, EHYREXI
R WIEVE HI 7J. :EWMPI, TYR ET RIRGITYX RXV-YR ZEW, ETSM XSTIWG RXV-S
PMRKYV TPYQF, TI GEVI P XSEVR R ET: HEG HMR TPYQFYP XSTMX WI JSVQIE^
R ET GIZE EWIQRXSV YRYM GLMT HI SQ, WI GVIHI G JEXE TIRXVY GEVI W-E
XYVREX TPYQFYP WI ZE QVMXE, MEV HEG RY WI JEGI RMQMG, RY WI ZE
QVMXE. (4EQ3PI, 1998, 110). RWTVI %RYP 2SY W XSTI#XM TPYQF #M W-P ZIV#M
RXV-YR TELEV GY ET VIGI. (EG WXVSTMXYVMPI TEV E 3 GSTGIM GY JVYR^ #M
4SVMGIPI, EM W EM TIWXI ER QEVI JSPSEWI #M FYGYVMI. (EG TPYQFYP JEGI WIQRYP
GVYGMM, WEY EP YRYM GET HI QSVX, WEY EP XVYRGLMYVMPSV HI GSTEGM YWGE'M, QSEVXI
EVI W 3I R GEW R ERYP ZMMXSV (>ERRI, -<, 267). 2 4IRXVY E JEGI GE EPFMRIPI
W 3I VIPI, FYRI PYTXXSEVI, R ZIHIVIE ETVVMM TVSTVMMPSV TS^M'MM #M E EWMKYVVMM
YRIM FYRI VIGSPXI, 'VERMM VSWXIEY S MRGERXE'MI EWYTVE YRSV EGI: (YT GI EY
WGSW XS'M WXYTMM #M M-EY E#I^EX PE PSGYVMPI PSV WI E#IE^ RSY EGI,
RIRXVIFYMR'EXI, R YVHMRM#YP TVMQYPYM WXYT, ^MGRH: