Titration of Vinegar

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENTS:
To be assigned by your lab instructor.
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Learn how to use the stoichiometry of a reaction to relate moles of one thing to moles of
something else.
Learn how to perform an acid-base titration.
Be able to work stoichiometry problems involving molarity.
EXPERIMENTAL GOALS:
In this procedure, the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar and the percentage of acetic acid in
vinegar will be determined by a reaction with a solution of sodium hydroxide.
INTRODUCTION:
This lab is another procedure designed to introduce the concept of reaction stoichiometry.
In this procedure, the molarity of acetic acid in a solution of vinegar will be determined by
titration with an aueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
! titration is a procedure that is often used for determining the concentration of a
solution. "ost commonly, a standard solution of known concentration is reacted with a solution
of unknown concentration. By measuring the volume of standard solution that reacts with a
known volume of the unknown solution, the concentration can be calculated from the reaction
stoichiometry.
! common example of this process is an aci-!a"e titration, in which an acid or base of
unknown concentration reacts with a base or acid of known concentration in a neutrali#ation
reaction$
%&l'a( ) *a+%'a( *a&l'a( ) %
,
+'l(
In the example in -igure ., base '+%
-
( of known concentration from the buret is added to the
acid '%
)
( of unknown concentration in the flask until the e#$i%a&ence 'oint is reached, when the
number of moles of +%
-
added euals the number of moles of %
)
from the acid originally
present.
/.
/,
%
,
+
+%
-
+%
-
%
,
+
+%
-
%
)
%
)
%
)
%
)
+%
-
+%
-
Base of known
concentration
+%
-
+%
-
+%
-
+%
-
+%
-
+%
-
e#$i%a&ence 'oint
all %
)
has become %
,
+
some +%
-
added0
some %
)
has become %
,
+
%
,
+
%
,
+
+%
-
beginning of titration
no +%
-
added
%
,
+
Acid of unknown
concentration
+%
-
+%
-
%
,
+
%
)
%
)
%
)
%
)
%
,
+
(ig$re )* ! typical acid-base titration.
!t the euivalence point, moles %&l 1 moles *a+%, so the concentration of the unknown %&l
solution can be calculated from the reaction stoichiometry$
%&l mol
*a+% mol .
%&l mol .

L
*a+% mol
*a+% L =
%&l "
soln. %&l L
%&l mol
=
/2
Burets are usually marked in increments of 3.. mL, starting with 3.3 mL at the top and
43.3 mL at the bottom. The volume of the liuid in the buret can be measured very precisely to
the nearest 3.3. mL, which is enough to achieve a reasonable accuracy in most volumetric
analyses.
The en 'oint of the titration, where we experimentally estimate the euivalence point to
be, is usually signaled by the color change of an acid-base inicator. The indicator is chosen in
such a way that the end point occurs as closely as possible to the euivalence point of the
titration. In many strong acid-strong base or weak acid-strong base titrations, phenolphthalein is
a good indicator. 5henolphthalein is an organic dye which is colorless in an acidic environment,
but pink in a basic environment 'more precisely, it changes from colorless to pink over a p%
range of /.3 to 6.7(. !s the sodium hydroxide titrant is added to the unknown acid solution, faint
swirls of pink may be observed, which disappear uickly as the base is neutrali#ed. !s the
titration nears the end point, the pink swirls take longer and longer to disappear. The end point is
reach when one excess drop of the titrant reacts with the phenolphthalein, producing a permanent
pink color which does not disappear when the solution is swirled.
8hen performing a titration, it is necessary to first determine the concentration of the
known solution as accurately as possible. This process is referred to as standardization. In this
experiment, the sodium hydroxide solution has already been standardi#ed, and you will be
provided with the solution9s concentration.
In this titration, the concentration of acetic acid, %&
,
%
2
+
,
, in commercial vinegar will be
determined by titration against a standard solution of *a+%. The euation for this neutrali#ation
reaction is$
%&
,
%
2
+
,
'a( ) *a+%'a( *a&
,
%
2
+
,
'a( ) %
,
+'l(
-rom the known concentration of the sodium hydroxide, and the volume of the solution that
emerges from the buret, the number of moles of *a+% can be determined, which allows the
number of moles of %&
,
%
2
+
,
originally present and the concentration and weight percent of the
acid to be determined.
PROCEDURE:
.. 5our approximately :4 mL of the *a+% solution into a .33 mL beaker.
,. ;inse the buret well with tap water, then rinse twice with 4 mL portions of deioni#ed water
and twice more with 4 mL portions of the *a+% solution.
2. !ttach a buret clamp to a ring stand and place the buret in the clamp. -ill the buret with the
*a+% solution. It is important to ensure that the buret tip does not contain an air bubble, so
open the valve to allow some of the solution to run out of the buret until there are no more
bubbles of air running out of the buret tip.
/<
<. ;ecord the volume reading on your sodium hydroxide buret at the starting point for the
titration ',(. The buret is calibrated in milliliters to the nearest 3.. mL, so the volume
readings should be estimated to the nearest 3.3. mL. The 3.3-mL mark is at the top of the
buret and the 43.3-mL mark is near the bottom. To measure the volume delivered from a
buret, take the difference between the volume reading at the starting point of the titration, and
the final volume reading after the titration. It is not necessary that the starting point be
exactly #ero, as long as it is accurately known.
4. &lean two ,43 mL =rlenmeyer flasks, and rinse them thoroughly with deioni#ed water. >ry
the outside of the flasks, and weigh each flask '.3(. 'It is not necessary for the inside of the
flask to be dry.(
7. ?elect one of the available vinegar solutions, and record its identity on the report sheet.
;ecord the initial vinegar buret reading '7(, deliver .3-., mL of the vinegar into one of the
=rlenmeyer flasks, and record the final vinegar buret reading '4(. ;eweigh the flask and
record the mass '6(. ;epeat the process with the second =rlenmeyer flask0 making sure to
use a different volume of the same vinegar solution as was used in the first flask.
:. !dd , drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each of the samples of vinegar.
/. 5osition one of the =rlenmeyer flasks containing a vinegar sample under the buret. "ake
sure the buret tip is inside the flask, so no drops of sodium hydroxide solution are lost. 5lace
a sheet of white paper underneath the flask to make the color changes more obvious.
6. +pen the valve on the buret and begin to add sodium hydroxide solution to the vinegar
sample, while constantly swirling the flask. The addition may be rapid at first, but as soon as
you start to see swirls of pink color in the vinegar solution, slow the rate of addition down to
a fast dropwise rate. ?wirl the solution continuously, and observe the color which develops
as each drop is added to the vinegar solution. !s the titration gets closer and closer to the
end point, the swirls of pink color will take longer and longer to disappear @ as long as the
color disappears between drops, however, you have not yet reached the end point. 8hen the
pink color is no longer cleared by swirling, stop the fast drip. "ake sure the pink color still
disappears,
.
and continue the titration one drop at a time, swirling the solution after each
drop, until one drops turns the vinegar solution to a solid pink color which does not disappear
on swirling. This is the end point of the titration. ;ecord the volume on the buret '.( and
rinse the contents of the flask out in the sink.
.3. ;epeat the titration with the other vinegar sample.
... >ispose of the sodium hydroxide solution in the beaker and buret in the sink. ;inse the buret
well with tap water, and then rinse it again a couple of times with deioni#ed water 'making
sure to run some water through the buret tip( before returning it to the stockroom. ;inse the
beakers and flasks with tap water and deioni#ed water.
.
If the pink color persists at this point, you have overshot the end point, and need to repeat the titration with a fresh
sample of vinegar.
/4
CALCULATIONS:
.. &alculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution used in mL '2( and L '<(. -rom the
concentration of sodium hydroxide you have been given, determine the number of moles of
sodium hydroxide used '.,(, and from the stoichiometry of the reaction, determine the moles
of %&
,
%
2
+
,
present in the vinegar sample '.2(.
,. &alculate the volume of the vinegar solution used in mL ':( and L '/(. -rom the number of
moles of %&
,
%
2
+
,
present in the vinegar sample and the volume of the vinegar sample,
calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar '.<(. ;ecord the average molarity of the two
experiments '.4(.
2. >etermine the mass of the vinegar sample '..(. -rom the number of moles of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in
the solution '.2(, determine the mass of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in the vinegar sample '.7(. -rom the mass
of %&
,
%
2
+
,
and the mass of the vinegar '.<(, determine the mass A of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in the
vinegar sample '.:(. ;ecord the average mass A of the two experiments './(.
/7
/:
LAB REPORT
Titration of Vinegar
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Dinegar sample used$ BBBBBB
&oncentration of sodium hydroxide solution$ BBBBBBBBBBBB
First
Determination
Second
Determination
)* -inal reading of *a+% BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
+* Initial reading of *a+% BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
,* Dolume of *a+% used 'mL( BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
-* Dolume of *a+% used 'L( BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
.* -inal reading of vinegar BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
/* Initial reading of vinegar BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
0* Dolume of vinegar used 'mL( BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
1* Dolume of vinegar used 'L( BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
2* 8eight of flask ) vinegar BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
)3
*
8eight of empty flask BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
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*
8eight of vinegar BBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBB
//
/6
First
Determination
Second
Determination
)+
*
"oles of *a+% used 'show calculations( BBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBB
B
),
*
"oles of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in vinegar 'show calculations( BBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBB
B
)-
*
"olarity of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in vinegar 'show calculations( BBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBB
B
).
*
!verage molarity of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in vinegar BBBBBBBBBBBB
)/
*
"ass of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in vinegar 'show calculations( BBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBB
B
63
)0
*
"ass A %&
,
%
2
+
,
in vinegar 'show calculations( BBBBBBBBBBB
B
BBBBBBBBBBB
B
)1
*
!verage "ass A of %&
,
%
2
+
,
in vinegar BBBBBBBBBBBB
6.