CBSE Class XII Physics Delhi Set-III

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CBSE Physics XII SET 3 (Delhi)
CBSE Physics XII SET 3 (Delhi)
Physics (Theory) Set 3 (Delhi)
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[Time allowed: 3 hours] [Maximum marks:70] !eneral Instr"ctions
%. #ll (!estio)s are comp!lsory.
%. There are 3$ (!estio)s i) total. *!estio)s % to & carry one mar+ each. *!estio)s ' to %&
carry two mar+s each. *!estio) %' to () carry three mar+s each. *!estio) (& to 3$ carry
*ive mar+s each.
#. There is )o oerall choice. ,o-eer. a) i)ter)al choice has bee) proi&e& i) one
(!estio) o' two mar+s/ one (!estio) o' three mar+s a)& all three (!estio)s o' *ive mar+s
each. 0o! hae to attempt o)ly o)e o' the choices i) s!ch (!estio)s.
#. 1se o' calc!lators is not permitte&.
%. 0o! may !se the 'ollo-i)2 al!es o' physical co)sta)ts -hereer )ecessary: C 3 3 4 %$5
ms
"%

, 3 6.6#6 4 %$
"37
8s e3 %.6$# 4 %$9
%:
C ;i$ 3 7<T 4 %$9
<
Tm =
"%

>?> 3 :4l$
:
@m
#
CT
#

+)tS$
Aass o' electro) me 3 :.% 4 %$9
3%
+2 Aass o' )e!tro) m) 3 %.6<B 4 %$9
#<
+2 BoltCma))Ds
co)sta)t +3 %.35% 4 %$9
#3
8E"% =o2a&roDs )!mber @= 3 6.$## 4 %$
#3
/mol"% Fa&i!s o'
earth 3 67$$ +m
3.
7.
B. Sol"tion The )et electric 'l!4 thro!2h the s!r'ace GSD is >. -here s
0
is the permittiity o' 'ree
space.
6. I) -hich orie)tatio). a &ipole place& i) a !)i'orm electric 'iel& is i) (i) stable. (ii) !)stable
e(!ilibri!mH
(%)
Sol"tion = &ipole place& i) a !)i'orm electric 'ile& is i)
<. Stable e(!ilibri!m -he) the electric 'iel& is &irecte& alo)2 the &ipole a4is i.e.. -he) E is parallel
top .
%. 1)stable e(!ilibri!m -he) the electric 'ile& is &irecte& at a) a)2le -ith the &ipole a4is
i.e.. -he) E is )ot parallel to p .
5. Ihich part o' electroma2)etic spectr!m is !se& i) ra&ar systemsH (%) Sol"tion
The micro-ae ra)2e o' electroma2)etic spectr!m is !se& i) ra&ar systems.
B. Calc!late the spee& o' li2ht i) a me&i!m -hose critical a)2le is 3$J. (%) Sol"tion
.. Spee& o' li2ht i) air
Spee& or li2ht i) the me&i!m "
Fe'ractie i)&e4 o' the me&i!m -ith respect to air
34l$
5
m/s ( % G
Ksi)3$
34l$
5
m/s G #
:%.BL%$
s
m/s
6. = 2lass le)s o' re'ractie i)&e4 %.7B &isappears -he) immerse& i) a li(!i&. Ihat is the al!e
o' re'ractie i)&e4 o' the li(!i&H (%)
Sol"tion The re'ractie i)&e4 o' the li(!i& is %.7B.
<. Irite the e4pressio) 'or BohrDs ra&i!s i) hy&ro2e) atom. (%) Sol"tion
h
2
s
n

The e4pressio) 'or BohrDs ra&i!s i) hy&ro2e) atom is a. M
Time
1

5. = -ire o' resista)ce 5F is be)t i) the 'orm o' a circle. Ihat is the e''ectie resista)ce
bet-ee) the e)&s o' a &iameter =BH (%)
Sol"tion
The e''ectie resista)ce bet-ee) the e)&s o' &iameter =B is>N>N> 3 "N> 3 #F .
7F
O
7F #F :. E4plai) the
'!)ctio) o' a repeater i) a
comm!)icatio) system.
(#) Sol"tion
= repeater is !se& 'or e4te)&i)2 the ra)2e o' a comm!)icatio) system. It co)sists o' a receier a)&
a tra)smitter. The receier o' a repeater collects the si2)al 'rom the tra)smitter o' a)other repeater
a)& a'ter ampli'yi)2. it retra)smits the si2)al. Sometimes. it also cha)2es the carrier 're(!e)cy o'
the pic+"!p si2)al be'ore tra)smitti)2 it to the receier.
%$. (i) Irite t-o characteristics o' a material !se& 'or ma+i)2 perma)e)t ma2)ets. (#) (ii)
Ihy is the core o' a) electroma2)et ma&e o' 'erroma2)etic materialsH
,-
Dra- ma2)etic 'iel& li)e -he) a (i) &iama2)etic. (ii) parama2)etic s!bsta)ce is place& i) a)
e4ter)al ma2)etic 'iel&. Ihich ma2)etic property &isti)2!ishes this behaio!r o' the 'iel& li)e
&!e to the s!bsta)cesH
Sol"tion
:. The material !se& 'or ma+i)2 perma)e)t ma2)ets sho!l& hae the 'ollo-i)2 characteristics:
%. ,i2h rete)tiity: It e)s!res that the ma2)et remai)s stro)2 ee) a'ter remoal o' the
ma2)etisi)2
'iel&.
#. ,i2h coerciity: It e)s!res that the ma2)etism o' the material &oes )ot 2et easily lost.
=part 'rom these t-o criteria. the material sho!l& hae hi2h permeability.
3. The core o' a) electroma2)et sho!l& hae hi2h permeability a)& lo- rete)tiity. The hi2h
permeability o' the core o' a) electroma2)et e)s!res that the electroma2)et is stro)2. P)
the other ha)&. lo- rete)tiity o' the core e)s!res that the ma2)etism o' the core material
2ets lost as soo) as the c!rre)t is s-itche& o''. Qerroma2)etic materials hae both hi2h
permeability a)& lo- rete)tiity. ,e)ce. 'erroma2)etic materials are the most s!itable 'or
ma+i)2 the core o' a) electroma2)et.
,-
(ii) The ma2)etic 'iel& li)es. -he) a parama2)etic material is place& i) a) e4ter)al ma2)etic
'iel&. ca) be &ia2rammatically represe)te& as
(i) The ma2)etic 'iel& li)es. -he) a &iama2)etic material is place& i) a) e4ter)al ma2)etic
'iel&. ca) be &ia2rammatically represe)te& as
Diama2)etic a)& parama2)etic materials are &isti)2!ishe& by the ma2)etic property calle&
ma2)etic s!sceptibility. Qor &iama2)etic materials. ma2)etic s!sceptibility is )e2atie.
-hereas 'or parama2)etic materials. ma2)etic s!sceptibility is sli2htly positie.
%%. Ihat is the ra)2e o' 're(!e)cies !se& i) satellite comm!)icatio)H Ihat is commo)
bet-ee) these -aes a)& li2ht -aesH (#)
Sol"tion The -aes !se& 'or satellite comm!)icatio) lie i) the 'ollo-i)2 t-o 're(!e)cy ra)2es.
%$. 3.<"7.# R,C 'or &o-)li)+
%%. B.:"6.7 R,C 'or !pli)+
The -aes !se& 'or satellite comm!)icatio) a)& li2ht -aes are both electroma2)etic -aes. Both
o' them trael i) a strai2ht li)e.
%#. = coil * is co))ecte& to lo- olta2e b!lb B a)& place& )ear a)other coil P as sho-) i) the
'i2!re. Rie reaso)s to e4plai) the 'ollo-i)2 obseratio)s: (#)
%. The b!lb GBD li2hts
#. B!lb 2ets &immer i' the coil * is moe& to-ar&s le't.
Sol"tion
3. The =.C. so!rce creates a aryi)2 ma2)etic 'iel& i) coil P. This aryi)2 ma2)etic 'iel& o'
P is li)+e& to coil *. ,e)ce. a) i)&!ce& c!rre)t is pro&!ce& i) *. -hich li2hts b!lb B.
7. =s coil * moes a-ay 'rom P. the rate o' ariatio) o' ma2)etic 'l!4 cha)2es. There'ore.
the i)&!ce& e.m.'. i)si&e coil * &ecreases a)& b!lb B 2ets &immer.
%3. Qi)& the ra&i!s o' c!rat!re o' the co)e4 s!r'ace o' a pla)o"co)e4 le)s. -hose 'ocal le)2th
is $.3 m a)& the re'ractie i)&e4 o' the material o' the le)s is %.B. (#)
The 'ocal le)2th o' a combi)e& le)s ca) be &etermi)e& by the 'orm!la
f
CM"i)
%
,ere. R1
r
!" a)&/ 3 $.3 m
> 3 (//"l)4 > $.3 R
R
: $.3(//"l) $.3(%.B"%) $.3L$.B $.%B m %B cm
%7. =) electro) is accelerate& thro!2h a pote)tial &i''ere)ce o' 67 olts. Ihat is the &!e"
Bro2lie -aele)2th associate& -ith itH To -hich part o' the electroma2)etic spectr!m &oes
this al!e o' -aele)2th correspo)&H (#)
&e"Bro2lie -aele)2th. X
Sol"tion
h
#2me$ Ihere.
m " Aass o' electro) 3 :.% 4l$9
3%
k%
6.6#6 4l$9
37

X :
S#4:.%4l$T
3%
4l.64l$T
%:
467
"B$ "37
6.6#6 4lPD
37
Sl563.63.4l$ 6.6#6L%$
Sl $63.56L%$ 73.%<
$.%B4l$T
:
m %.B4l$T
%$
m
"#B
%B. (i) P!t o' bl!e a)& re& li2ht -hich is &eiate& more by a prismH Rie reaso).
(ii) Rie the 'orm!la that ca) be !se& to &etermi)e re'ractie i)&e4 o' materials o' a
prism i) mi)im!m &eiatio) co)&itio). (#)
B. Bet-ee) bl!e a)& re& li2ht. bl!e li2ht is &eiate& more by a prism. This is beca!se the
-aele)2th o' bl!e li2ht is smaller tha) that o' re& li2ht. There'ore. the spee& o' bl!e
li2ht is lo-er tha) that o' re& li2ht i) a me&i!m.
%. The 'orm!la !se& 'or &etermi)i)2 the re'ractie i)&e4 o' materials o' a prism i)
mi)im!m &eiatio) co)&itio).
si) &' ( )*+2
si)
' 2
Ihere. n2 " Fe'ractie i)&e4 o' prism material -ith respect to the s!rro!)&i)2 me&i!m
= U =)2le o' the prism
=)"
=)2le o' mi)im!m &eiatio)
%6. Plot a 2raph sho-i)2 the ariatio) o' stoppi)2 pote)tial -ith the 're(!e)cy o'
i)ci&e)t ra&iatio) 'or t-o &i''ere)t photose)sitie materials hai)2 -or+ '!)ctio)s Ii a)& I#
(Ii U I#). P) -hat 'actors &oes the (i) slope a)& (ii) i)tercept o' the li)es &epe)&H (#)
fh,
(i) The slope o' the 2raph is co)te)t a)& e(!als to > . There'ore. the slope &oes )ot &epe)& o) a)y
'actor.
(ii) The i)tercept o' the li)es &epe)&s o) the -or+ '!)ctio) G -#"G o' the metals.
%<. Dra- the circ!it &ia2ram o' a) ill!mi)ate& photo&io&e i) reerse bias. ,o- is photo&io&e
!se& to meas!re li2ht i)te)sityH (#)
Sol"tion
The circ!it &ia2ram o' a) ill!mi)ate& photo&io&e i) reerse bias ca) be represe)te& as
The 2reater the i)te)sity o' li2ht. the 2reater is the )!mber o' photo)s 'alli)2 per seco)& per !)it
area. Th!s. the 2reater the i)te)sity o' li2ht. the 2reater is the )!mber o' electro)"hole pairs
pro&!ce& at the N!)ctio). The photoc!rre)t is. th!s. &irectly proportio)al to the i)te)sity o' li2ht.
This ca) be !se& 'or meas!ri)2 the i)te)sity o' i)ci&e)t li2ht. %5. = heay )!cle!s X o' mass
)!mber #7$ a)& bi)&i)2 e)er2y per )!cleo) <.6 AeS is split i)to t-o
'ra2me)ts 0 a)& V o' mass )!mbers %%$ a)& %3$. The bi)&i)2 e)er2y o' )!cleo)s i) 0 a)& V
is 5.B AeS per )!cleo). Calc!late the e)er2y * release& pr 'issio) i) AeS. (#)
Sol"tion Total e)er2y o' )!cle!s X 3 #7$ 4 <.6 3 %5#7 AeS Total e)er2y o' )!cle!s 0 3 %%$ 4
5.B 3 :3B AeS Total e)er2y o' )!cle!s V 3 %3$L5.B 3 %%$B AeS
There'ore. e)er2y release& 'rom 'issio). * 3 :3B O %%$B %5#7 3 #%6 AeS
%:. (a) Depict the e(!ipote)tial s!r'aces 'or a system o' t-o i&e)tical positie poi)t
char2es place& a &ista)ce G&D apart.
(b) De&!ce the e4pressio) 'or the pote)tial e)er2y o' a system o' t-o poi)t char2es (i
a)& (# bro!2ht 'rom i)'i)ity to the poi)ts rx a)& r2 respectiely i) the prese)ce o' e4ter)al
electric 'iel& E. (3)
Sol"tion (.)
The -or+ &o)e i) bri)2i)2 char2e . 'rom i)'i)ity to r is .$&r,.
(a)
Ior+ &o)e o) .2 a2ai)st e4ter)al 'iel& 3 .2 V(r2)
ci ci.
Ior+ &o)e o) .2 a2ai)st the 'iel& &!e to . /
1

:

0
1o
r
n
Ihere. r%# is the &ista)ce bet-ee) .i a)& .2.
2
#
Q(r
#
) O K
#

By the s!perpositio) pri)ciple 'or 'iel&s.
r W W a
Ior+ &o)e i) bri)2i)2 .2 to ri is Th!s.
Pote)tial e)er2y o' system 3 The total -or+ &o)e i) assembli)2 the co)'i2!ratio)
22.3(ri) ( .2V&r2, (
m2
4%sorl2
#$. I) a meter bri&2e. the )!ll poi)t is 'o!)& at a &ista)ce o' = cm 'rom =. I' )o- a resista)ce o'
X is
co))ecte& i) parallel -ith S. the )!ll poi)t occ!rs at /# cm. Pbtai) a 'orm!la 'or X i) terms o' /%. /#
a)& S.
(3)
%
%% ()
%

Sol"tion I)itially. -he) 4 is )ot co))ecte& R 5 > 3 > Co)&itio) 'or bala)ce (/D) 6 %$$"/N
The e(!iale)t resista)ce (iHe() o' the combi)atio) o' 4 a)& 6 is WX"WX I
e.
x(s R W h Re. ioo"/
#

R&4 ( 6,7 l2 64 9(%$$"/#)
P) &ii&i)2 (i) by (ii). -e obtai)
R 64 7lx (%$$ 8l 2, R&4 ( 6,
4
949T2 (%$$"VN)
X W /. (%$$"<#) X O S (lPP"VN)
X/# (%$$ <N) 3 (X O (%$$ "12,
X/# (%$ $ lx, 45x (%$ $ "12, ( 65: (%$ $ "12,
4W K(%$$"/#)
/.(lPP"V8"VKlPP"/?)
This is the e4pressio) 'or 4 i) terms o' S. /% a)& /#.
#%. Ihat is space -ae propa2atio)H Rie t-o e4amples o' comm!)icatio) system -hich !se
space -ae mo&e.
= TS to-er is 5$ m tall. Calc!late the ma4im!m &ista)ce !pto -hich the si2)al tra)smitte&
'rom the to-er ca) be receie&. (3)
Sol"tion
Space -ae propa2atio) is the propa2atio) o' -aes -hose 're(!e)cies lie aboe 7$ A,C.
E4amples o' comm!)icatio) systems -hich !se space -ae mo&e are
6. Teleisio) broa&cast
<. Aicro-ae li)+s
%#. Satellite comm!)icatio) (=)y t-o e4amples ca) be ta+e))
The ma4im!m &ista)ce !p to -hich si2)als ca) be receie&. d 3*lR%h#: 3 <#467$$$$$45$ 3
3#$$$ m 3 3# +m
,e)ce. the ma4im!m &ista)ce !p to -hich the tra)smitte& si2)al ca) be receie& is 3# +m.
##. (i) De'i)e GactiityD o' a ra&ioactie material a)& -rite its S.I. !)its.
%. Plot a 2raph sho-i)2 ariatio) o' actiity o' a 2ie) ra&ioactie sample -ith time.
#. The se(!e)ce o' step-ise &ecay o' a ra&ioactie )!cle!s is
I' the atomic )!mber a)& mass )!mber o' D# are <% a)& %<6 respectiely. -hat are their
correspo)&i)2
al!es o' DH (3)
Sol"tion
(i) The actiity o' a ra&ioactie material is &e'i)e& as the &ecay rate o' a sample co)tai)i)2 o)e
or more ra&io )!cli&es.
The SI !)it o' ra&ioactiity is Bec(!erel (B).
(ii)
(iii)
There'ore.
p
$%
U
%<6
p KWU.
%<6
&
There'ore.
72L> > <#"K% K <%
i8
#
%5$
<#
D
The correspo)&i)2 al!es o' atomic )!mber a)& mass )!mber are <# a)& i5$ respectiely.
#3. Ihat is a) !)polariCe& li2htH E4plai) -ith the help o' s!itable ray &ia2ram ho- a)
!)polariCe& li2ht ca) be polariCe& by re'lectio) 'rom a tra)spare)t me&i!m. Irite the
e4pressio) 'or Bre-ster a)2le i) terms o' the re'ractie i)&e4 o' &e)ser me&i!m. (3)
Sol"tion
=) !)polarise& li2ht is o)e i) -hich the ibratio) o' electric 'iel& ector is )ot restricte& i) o)e
partic!lar pla)e. Ihe) a) !)polarise& li2ht 'alls o) the s!r'ace. the re'lecte& li2ht is s!ch that the
ibratio) o' its electric 'iel& ector is co)'i)e& to o)e partic!lar pla)e. The &irectio) o' this pla)e
is parallel to the s!r'ace o' re'lectio). = compo)e)t o' electric 'iel& ector is abse)t 'rom the
re'racte& li2ht. There'ore. the re'racte& li2ht is partially polarise&. The e4pressio) 'or Bre-ster
a)2le i) terms o' the re'ractie i)&e4 o' &e)ser me&i!m is ta)/B #u Ihere. +# is the re'ractie
i)&e4 o' the &e)ser me&i!m -ith respect to the rarer me&i!m.
#7. Irite the pri)ciple o' -or+i)2 o' a pote)tiometer. Describe brie'ly. -ith the help o' a circ!it
&ia2ram. ho- a pote)tiometer is !se& to &etermi)e the i)ter)al resista)ce o' a 2ie) cell. (3)
Sol"tion The -or+i)2 pri)ciple o' a pote)tiometer is base& o) Eirchho''s olta2e la-. =ccor&i)2
to this r!le. ;he al%e<rai= sum of =han%es in >ol;a%e around an3 =losed loop in>ol>in% resis;ors
and =ells in ;he loop is ?ero.
Xet Y be the pote)tial &rop per !)it le)2th i) the pote)tiometer -ire. Ihe) o)ly a cell is
co))ecte&. the bala)ce poi)t is @i. =ppli)2 Eirchho''s olta2e la-. e@l [h

Xe)2th at -hich
the bala)ce poi)t is achiee&Z
Ihe) some c!rre)t is &ra-) !si)2 the resista)ce bo4. the bala)ce poi)t is achiee& at @#.
>32 This 2ies.
si:
V 5
e 3 5 &r O F) $ 3 5R This 2ies. s r ( R
[R 3 Fesista)ce o' the resista)ce bo4Z
V R
R
%
The i)ter)al resista)ce o' the cell ca) be &etermi)e& by pl!22i)2"i) the meas!re& al!es o' l% a)&
l#.
#B. Irite the e4pressio) 'or the ma2)etic mome)t m &!e to a pla)ar s(!are loop o' si&e <[
carryi)2 a stea&y c!rre)t I i) a ector 'orm. (3)
I) the 2ie) 'i2!re this loop is place& i) a horiCo)tal pla)e )ear a lo)2 strai2ht co)&!ctor
carryi)2 a stea&y c!rre)t I% at a &ista)ce l as sho-). Rie reaso) to e4plai) that the loop -ill
e4perie)ce a )et 'orce b!t )o tor(!e. Irite the e4pressio) 'or this 'orce acti)2 o) the loop.
Sol"tion
The e4pressio) 'or the ma2)etic mome)t (m) &!e to a pla)ar s(!are loop o' si&e <[ carryi)2 a
stea&y c!rre)t
I i) a ector 'orm is 2ie) as m 5' There'ore. m 5&lfh Ihere. n is the !)it ector alo)2 the
)ormal to the s!r'ace o' the loop. The attractie 'orce per !)it le)2th o) the loop is 5 2A 5
2A
The rep!lsie 'orce per !)it le)2th o) the loop is Si)ce the attractie 'orce is
2reater tha) the rep!lsie 'orce. a )et 'orce acts o) the loop. The tor(!e o) the loop is 2ie) as r
mxB
mB si) C
5'B si) C
C $J (\.\ =rea ector is parallel to the ma2)etic 'iel&) T5'B si)$J r3$
The tor(!e acti)2 o) the loop is Cero.
#6. = lo)2 strai2ht -ire o' a circ!lar cross"sectio) o' ra&i!s GaD carries a stea&y c!rre)t GID.
The c!rre)t is !)i'ormly &istrib!te& across the cross"sectio). =pply =mpereDs circ!ital la- to
calc!late the ma2)etic 'iel& at a poi)t GrD i) the re2io) 'or (i) r ] a a)& (ii) r U a. (3)
,-
State the !)&erlyi)2 pri)ciple o' -or+i)2 o' a moi)2 coil 2ala)ometer. Irite t-o reaso)s -hy a
2ala)ometer ca) )ot be !se& as s!ch to meas!re c!rre)t i) a 2ie) circ!it. @ame a)y t-o 'actors
o) -hich the c!rre)t se)sitiity o' a 2ala)ometer &epe)&s. Sol"tion (i) /or r < a
$ e)close&
@B8dl #u05;
^Ke)close& K
na
1
Tcr
1

r
1

5 1 D e)colse& 7
a
B8dl Bdl cos$ 3 l
r r &;Bdl +#05 D
a
1

Ba" dl #u05
a
1
r
1

B&2w, ;i05 D a
B ^r 2A a
1

Qrom =mpereDs circ!ital la-.
K\K 3 //
$
/
e)close&
B8dl Bdl cos (: _ 3 $J B8dl Bdl
Ke)close& K
@Bdl #u05 B@dl #u05 B&2nr, +#05 Mo 5
B
OR
2A r
The !)&erlyi)2 pri)ciple 'or the -or+i)2 o' a moi)2 coil 2ala)ometer is that -he) a c!rre)t"
carryi)2 co)&!ctor is place& i)si&e a ma2)etic 'iel&. it e4perie)ces a ma2)etic 'orce. The t-o
reaso)s -hy a 2ala)ometer ca))ot be !se& 'or meas!ri)2 c!rre)t are
The hi2h resista)ce o' 2ala)ometer ca) &ist!rb the ori2i)al c!rre)t 'lo-i)2 thro!2h the circ!it
The hi2h c!rre)t prese)t i) the circ!it ca) &estroy the coil -i)&i)2s prese)t i) the 2ala)ometer
The 'actors o) -hich the c!rre)t se)sitiity o' a 2ala)ometer &epe)&s are
@!mber o' t!r)s i) the coil
Torsio)al spri)2 co)sta)t
=rea o' the coil
Stre)2th o' the ma2)etic 'iel& (=)y t-o ca) be ta+e) as the a)s-er)
#<. = parallel"plate capacitor is char2e& to a pote)tial &i''ere)ce S by a &c so!rce. The
capacitor is the) &isco))ecte& 'rom the so!rce. I' the &ista)ce bet-ee) the plates is &o!ble&.
state -ith reaso) ho- the 'ollo-i)2 cha)2e:
%. electric 'iel& bet-ee) the plates
#. capacita)ce. a)&
3. e)er2y store& i) the capacitor (3)
Sol"tion (i) E F$
E e0'E :.EE8
There'ore. the electric 'iel& bet-ee) the parallel plates &epe)&s o)ly o) the char2e a)& the plate area. It
&oes )ot &epe)& o) the &ista)ce bet-ee) the plates.
Si)ce the char2e as -ell as the area o' the plates &oes )ot cha)2e. the electric 'iel& bet-ee) the plates also
&oes )ot cha)2e. (ii) Xet the i)itial capacita)ce be F a)& the 'i)al capacita)ce be F. =ccor&i)2ly.
d
9 2d
!82 F
=
FG 82
,e)ce. the capacita)ce o' the capacitor 2ets hale& -he) the &ista)ce bet-ee) the plates is &o!ble&. (iii)
% H
2

E)er2y o' a capacitor. I 9 ! Si)ce E remai)s the same b!t the capacita)ce &ecreases. % H
2
IG / J
0
('
5K8K IG9 2 IG 2I The e)er2y store& i) the capacitor 2ets &o!ble& -he) the &ista)ce bet-ee) the plates
is &o!ble&. #5. (a) E4plai) the 'ormatio) o' &epletio) layer a)& pote)tial barrier i) a p") N!)ctio).
(b) I) the 'i2!re 2ie) belo- the i)p!t -ae'orm is co)erte& i)to the o!tp!t -ae'orm by a
&eice GXD. @ame the &eice a)& &ra- its circ!it &ia2ram.
o n p
Device L4G
" "
Inp"t D1tp"l
(c) I&e)ti'y the lo2ic 2ate represe)te& by the circ!it as sho-) a)& -rite its tr!th table. (B)
,-
%. Iith the help o' circ!it &ia2ram e4plai) the -or+i)2 pri)ciple o' a tra)sistor ampli'ier as a)
oscillator.
#. Disti)2!ish bet-ee) a co)&!ctor. a semico)&!ctor a)& a) i)s!lator o) the basis o' e)er2y ba)&
&ia2rams.
Sol"tion
%. I) a p8n N!)ctio). a p"type a)& a) )"type material are Noi)e& to2ether. The co)ce)tratio) o' holes is
hi2her i) p"type material as compare& to that i) )"type material. There'ore. there is a co)ce)tratio)
2ra&ie)t bet-ee) the p"type a)& )"type materials. =s a res!lt o' this co)ce)tratio) 2ra&ie)t. holes
moe 'rom p"si&e to )"si&e &p D )) by the process o' &i''!sio). Similarly. electro)s moe 'rom )"
si&e to p"si&e () >
p,.
=s the holes &i''!se 'rom p"si&e. they leae io)ise& spaces ()e2atiely char2e&) o) p"si&e )ear the
N!)ctio). These io)ise& spaces are immobile. ,e)ce. a )e2atie space"char2e re2io) is 'orme& o) the p8
si&e )ear the N!)ctio). Similarly. a positie space"char2e re2io) is 'orme& o) the )"si&e. These t-o
space"char2e re2io)s o) either si&es o' the N!)ctio) co)stit!te -hat is calle& a &epletio) layer. Si)ce the
n"si&e loses electro)s a)& p"si&e 2ai)s electro)s. a pote)tial &i''ere)ce is &eelope& across the N!)ctio)
o' the t-o re2io)s. This pote)tial &i''ere)ce te)&s to oppose '!rther motio)s o' electro) 'rom the )"
re2io) i)to the p"re2io). The same happe)s 'or holes too. The reerse polarity o' this pote)tial opposes
'!rther 'lo- o' carriers a)& is th!s calle& the barrier pote)tial.
%. The &eice is a '!ll"-ae recti'ier.
(c) The lo2ic 2ate represe)te& by the circ!it is a) =@D 2ate. The tr!th table o' the =@D 2ate is
represe)te& as
# B
#2B
$ $
$
% %
%
% $
$
$ %
$
,-
(a)
The circ!it &ia2ram 'or a tra)sistor ampli'ier as a) oscillator is represe)te& as
The circ!it &ia2ram o' a '!ll"-ae recti'ier is represe)te& as
I) a) oscillator. a s!stai)e& =.C. o!tp!t is obtai)e& -itho!t a)y i)p!t oscillatio). Qor this to
happe). the o!tp!t o' a tra)sistor ampli'ier is 'e& bac+ i)to its i)p!t. This is achiee& by co!pli)2
the -i)&i)2 T% to -i)&i)2 T#. Ihe) +ey S% is close&. the collector c!rre)t be2i)s to i)crease.
-hich s!pports the 'or-ar& bias o' the emitter"base circ!it. Collector c!rre)t i)creases !)til it
reaches sat!ratio). Ihe) the sat!ratio) is reache&. the ma2)etic 'l!4 li)+e& to -i)&i)2 T%
becomes stea&y. ,e)ce. the 'or-ar& bias o' the emitter"base circ!it is )o lo)2er s!pporte&. The
tra)sistor is )o- &rie) i)to c!t"o''. This cycle repeats itsel' a)& a) oscillati)2 o!tp!t is obtai)e&.
The e)er2y"ba)& &ia2ram o' a semico)&!ctor is represe)te& as
The e)er2y"ba)& &ia2ram o' a) i)s!lator is represe)te& as
(.) The e)er2y"ba)& &ia2ram o' a co)&!ctor is represe)te& as
#:. Describe brie'ly. -ith the help o' a labelle& &ia2ram. the basic eleme)ts o' a) =.C.
2e)erator. State its !)&erlyi)2 pri)ciple. Sho- &ia2rammatically ho- a) alter)ati)2 em' is
2e)erate& by a loop o' -ire rotati)2 i) a ma2)etic 'iel&. Irite the e4pressio) 'or the
i)sta)ta)eo!s al!e o' the em' i)&!ce& i) the rotati)2 loop. (B)
,-
= series XCF circ!it is co))ecte& to a so!rce hai)2 olta2e 3 m si) cot. Derie the
e4pressio) 'or the i)sta)ta)eo!s c!rre)t I a)& its phase relatio)ship to the applie& olta2e.
Pbtai) the co)&itio) 'or reso)a)ce to occ!r. De'i)e Gpo-er 'actorD. State the co)&itio)s !)&er
-hich it is (i) ma4im!m a)& (ii) mi)im!m.
=) =.C. 2e)erator co)sists o' a rotor sha't o) -hich a coil is mo!)te&. = ma2)etic
'iel& is create& aro!)& a) armat!re coil -ith the help o' perma)e)t ma2)ets.
The termi)als o' the coil are co))ecte& to t-o slip ri)2s. Carbo) br!shes are attache& to slip ri)2s
so as to ma+e co))ectio) -ith a) e4ter)al circ!it. 3nderlyin4 principle o* an #2C2 4enerator
The !)&erlyi)2 pri)ciple respo)sible 'or the -or+i)2 o' a) =.C. 2e)erator is electroma2)etic
i)&!ctio). =ccor&i)2 to this pri)ciple. i' a co)&!ctor is place& i) a aryi)2 ma2)etic 'iel&. the)
c!rre)t is i)&!ce& i) the co)&!ctor.
!eneration o* an alternatin4 e252*2 .y a loop o* wire rotatin4 in a 5a4netic *ield
E6pression o* the instantaneo"s val"e o* the ind"ced e252* in a rotatin4 loop
s MB'=o si)`t' Ihere M 3 )!mber o' t!r)s i) armat!re coil B 3 Aa2)etic 'iel& ector ' 3=rea
ector o' the coil =o =)2!lar spee&
,-
> >m si) =o;
Xet the c!rre)t i) the circ!it be lea& the applie& olta2e by a) a)2le-#". i im sm&a"; ( -+",
The Eirchho'' s olta2e la- 2iesK ( Ri(D >.
N

N
d; C
It is 2ie) that 3 m si) =o; (applie& olta2e) T d
2
. !d. .
KDO ( R8
K
( 8
K
>msm=d; P %
d;
2
d; F
m

P) soli)2 the e(!atio). -e obtai) . .m sm&a"; ( C, d.
D .mC, =os&=o; ( 0, d;
d
2
. 9dT
8.m=o
2
sm&a"; ( C,
P) s!bstit!ti)2 these al!es i) e(!atio) (%). -e obtai) .#o R=os&a"; ( C, ( &4=84K,sm&a"; ( C,
>m sin =o;
4= 4= =oK
=oF
Q !R
2
(& 4=8 4l,
2

R &4 D 4 !
.m=oQ D =os&=o; ( R, (
c
!7D sGm&=o; ( R,!
Xet cos d" D a)& >>3 si) d" 2 Q
This 2ies
;and" DDD R
P) s!bstit!ti)2 this i) e(!atio) (#). -e obtai)
.m=oQ =os&=o; ( C / -f", m si) =o; P) compari)2 the t-o si&es. -e obtai)
si)K
#
> . =oQ i Q
a)& &08-S",22
#
or C / D ( C #
T d. . C 3 > 3 .#o =os&=o; ( 0, d;
3 Cm =os&=o; ( U,
Pr i im sm&=;"; ( C,
Ihere. im!
=)& 0R
2
(V4F84*
]/) 3 ta)
R
The condition *or resonance to occ"r
i
>
m
Qor reso)a)ce to occ!r. the al!e o' im has to be the ma4im!m. The al!e o' im -ill be the
ma4im!m -he)
! coL
co!
!O
W % 8i6
%
!O
27T"
%
f
%
()i-s/XC
0r
2
#(x
=
8x*
(i) Co)&itio)s 'or ma4im!m po-er 'actor (i.e.. cos <$) T x
=
x
l

Pr
r 3 $
(ii) Co)&itio)s 'or mi)im!m po-er 'actor
Ihe) the circ!it is p!rely i)&!ctie Ihe) the circ!it is p!rely capacitie
3$. State ,!y2e)sDs pri)ciple. Sho-. -ith the help o' a s!itable &ia2ram. ho- this pri)ciple is !se& to
obtai) the &i''ractio) patter) by a si)2le slit.
Dra- a plot o' i)te)sity &istrib!tio) a)& e4plai) clearly -hy the seco)&ary ma4ima becomes -ea+er
-ith
i)creasi)2 or&er ()) o' the seco)&ary ma4ima.
,-
Dra- a ray &ia2ram to sho- the -or+i)2 o' a compo!)& microscope. De&!ce a) e4pressio) 'or the
total ma2)i'icatio) -he) the 'i)al ima2e is 'orme& at the )ear poi)t.
I) a compo!)& microscope. a) obNect is place& at a &ista)ce o' %.B cm 'rom the obNectie o' 'ocal
le)2th %.#B cm. I' the eye piece has a 'ocal le)2th o' B cm a)& the 'i)al ima2e is 'orme& at the )ear
poi)t. estimate the ma2)i'yi)2 po-er o' the microscope.
Sol"tion ,!y2e)Ds pri)ciple states that
Each poi)t o) a -ae 'ro)t behaes as a so!rce o' seco)&ary -aelets
The seco)&ary -aelets trael -ith the spee& o' li2ht i) that me&i!m
o The positio) o' )e- -ae 'ro)t at a later time ca) be 'o!)& o!t by &ra-i)2 a commo)
ta)2e)t to all these seco)&ary -aelets
Intensity distri."tion o* sin4le slit distri."tion
Qor the 'irst seco)&ary ma4ima () 3 %). o)ly o)e"thir& o' the slit co)trib!tes to its i)te)sity.
Seco)&ly. 'or n 3 #. o)ly o)e"'i'th o' the slit co)trib!tes to the i)te)sity. There'ore. -ith
i)creasi)2 n: the i)te)sity &ecreases.
,-
-ay dia4ra5 *or a co5po"nd 5icroscope
P 7a =)2le s!bte)&e& by the ima2e a >a =)2le s!bte)&e& by the obNect Si)ce a a)& ;3 are
small. ta)aba a)& ta) B 9 B
ta) B
m
D
=T8
''
D
;ma =B
ta)a: =)& ta) B
ta) /H =
''
BM D
m 3 4
ta)or D =B
m
=T3[4=B
@o-. ma2)i'icatio) pro&!ce& by obNectie. m
0

P) m!ltiplyi)2 the )!merator a)& the &e)omi)ator -ith =DBc. -e obtai) =MBM4=DBD
=DBD
=B
Aa2)i'icatio) pro&!ce& by eyepiece. m
e
There'ore.
Total ma2)i'icatio). &m, 3 m$ me
=
''
B
''
=B

(Ima2e &ista)ce 'or ima2e pro&!ce& by obNectie le)s )
u
$
(PbNect &ista)ce 'or the obNectie le)s)
/e %
"s Qocal le)2th o' eyepiece
m m0me

$
% O
D
e %
>
$
G X (Separatio) bet-ee) the le)ses)
&
o ' "o
:.m > %h
/o S fe3
u0 "%.B cm "( 3O%.B cm
"o
)
o
&
o WX"WX 8W %.#B 9$ %.B 8WW WX %W $9%.#B %.B
W ioo Wio
9 %#B %B W %B$$"%#B$ 9 %5<B
% W #B$
$
9 %5<B