Lời Giải Bài Tập Cuối Chương 2,3

Hng dn gii bi tp v m phng
-423-
HNG DN GII BI TP V M PHNG
CHNG 2
Bi 1:
Cho mt dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T v thi gian xung T
1
(T
1
<T).
a) Tm nng lng xung
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca xung
Hng dn gii
a) V y l hm tun hon nn
1
T
2
2 2
1
-
E[ ]= s(t) dt A dt A T June
= =
} }

b)
1
T
2
2 2
1
T
- 0
A T 1 1
P[ ]=lim s(t) dt s(t) dt
T T T
= =
} }
w
Bi 2:
Cho hm bc thang
{
0, t 0
s(t)
1, t 0
<
=
>

a) Tm tng nng lng
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh
a) L hm kiu g?
Hng dn gii
a)
2
-
E[ ]= s(t) dt
=
}

b)
2
T
-
1
P[ ]=lim s(t) dt 1
T
=
}
w
c) L hm kiu cng sut
Bi 3:
Cho hm m
{
0, t 0
s(t)
exp(-2t), t 0
<
=
>

a) Tm tng nng lng
a) L hm kiu g?
Hng dn gii
a)
2
- 0
E[ ]= s(t) dt exp(-2t)dt 1/ 2Joule

= =
} }


-424-
b)
2
T T
- 0
T
1 1
P[ ]= lim s(t) dt lim exp(-2t)dt
T T
1
lim 0
2T

=
= =
} }
w

c) L hm kiu nng lng
Bi 4:
Cho hm
1/ 1 t +
a) Tm tng nng lng
a) L hm kiu g?
Hng dn gii
a)
2
e
0
- -
1
E[ ]= s(t) dt dt log (1 t) Joule
1 t

= = + =
+
} }

b)
2
T T
- -
1 1 1
P[ ]=lim s(t) dt lim dt
T T 1 t

=
+
} }

e
T
1
lim log (1 T) 0
T
w
= + =
c) L hm kiu cng sut
Bi 5:
Tm ACF v PSD ca hm cosin di y
s(t)=Acos(2f
1
t+ u)
Tm
a) ACF
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh
Hng dn gii
a) V y l hm tun hon c gi tr thc nn
T T
S
T
0
1 1
R ( ) lim s(t)s(t )dt s(t)s(t )dt
T T
o+
o
t = + t = + t
} }

{ }
2 2
T
1 1 1
0
A A
cos(2 f t+ )cos[2 f (t+ )+ ] dt cos(2 f )
T 2
= t u t t u = t t
}

b) Ta c th biu din
1 1
j2 f j2 f
1
1
cos(2 f ) e e
2
t t t t
t t = +

-425-
V th
| |
2 2
1 1
A A
(f ) F cos(2 f ) (f f ) (f f )
2 4
(
u = t t = o + +o (
(

c) Cng sut trung bnh tnh nh sau:

2
s
A
P( ) R ( 0) (f )df
2
w
= t = = u =
}

Bi 6:
Cho dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T nh hnh v di y
+A
-A
T/2
T
t
0

a)Tm bin i Fourier
b) Tm PSD
c) Tm ACF
d) Tm cng sut trung bnh
Hng dn gii
a) Bin i Fourier c dng sau:
S(f) = ASinc(Tf/2)o
f1
(f) - Ao(f)
trong f
1
=1/T

f 1 1
k
(f ) (f kf ) o = o

b) u(f)=A
2
Sinc
2
(Tf/2)o
f1
(f)- A
2
o(f)
c) T quan h bin i Fourier:
1 2 1 2 1 2
s (z)s (z )dz s ( ) s ( ) S (f ).S (f )
t = t t
}

Ta c
2
s T
R ( ) 2A (2 / T) ( ) t = A t o t =
2
2A (2 / T) A t p
I
(t-kT)-A
2

d) P=R
s
(0)=A
2
Bi 7:
Cho dy xung trong l qu trnh ngu nhin c biu din theo cng thc sau:
K T
k
T
X(t) A p (t kT)
2
=
= +

trong A
k
={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
a) ACF
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh

-426-
Hng dn gii
a)
| |
x
2
2
T
R ( ) E X(t)X(t )
A 1 , T
T
0 ,
A ( )
t = + t
t (
t s
(
=

= A t
nu khc

b)
2 2
X
(f ) A TSinc (fT) u =
c) P=R
x
(0) = A
2
Bi 8:
Mt ng truyn dn bng gc trong mi k hiu truyn c 2 bit c tha s
dc o=1. Nu tc s liu cn truyn l 9600 bps, tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Hng dn gii
a) R
s
=2R
b
=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
B
N
=(1+o)R
s
/2=19200 Hz
Bi 9:
Mt ng truyn dn bng thng c d liu nh bi 8. Tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Hng dn gii
a) R
s
=2R
b
=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
B
N
=(1+o)R
s
=2x19200=38400 Hz
Bi 10:
Mt tn hiu c o ti u ra ca b lc bng thng l lng c bng thng l B
Hz. Khi khng c tn hiu ti u vo b lc, cng sut o c l 1x10
-6
W. Khi c
tn hiu NRZ lng cc cng sut o c l 1,1x10
-5
W. Tp m c dng tp m
trng. Tnh:
a) T s tn hiu trn tp m theo dB
b) Xc sut my thu nhn bit sai xung NRZ
Hng dn gii
a) SNR= (11-1)/1=10 SNR[dB]= 10lg10= 10dB
b) Ta c: A
2
/

o
2
=SNR =10 v tra bng trong ph lc

-427-
ta c P
e
=Q( 10 )=Q(3,16)= 8x10
-4
Bi 11:
Nu bng thng b lc trong bi 10 tng gp i v o mc cng sut tn hiu ti
u ra b lc. Hi:
a) Khi khng c tn hiu th cng sut o c ti u ra ca b lc l bao nhiu ?
v t s tn hiu trn tp m l bao nhiu?
c) Xc sut li xung NRZ l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn gii
a) Trong trng hp ny cng sut tp m tng gp i v bng 2x10
-6
cn cng sut tn
hiu khng i v cng sut o ti u ra ca b lc s bng 1,2x10
-5
, V th t s tn
hiu trn tp m nh sau:
SNR= (12-2)/2=5 SNR[dB]= 10lg5= 6,98970 dB
b) Xc sut li xung nh sau:
P
e
=Q( 5 )=Q(2,24)=0,0125
Bi 12:
Gi s cc mc cng sut tn hiu v tp m ging nh trong bi 11 v tn hiu l
mt tn s duy nht ti tm ca b lc bng thng. Tm bng thng b lc khi t s
tn hiu trn tp m o c l SNR=30dB.
Hng dn gii
Chuyn SNR vo s ln: SNR=10
30/10
=1000 ln
T cng thc SNR ta c th vit: SNR=1000=
5
6
1x10 2B
10
B'
B'
10
2B
=
Vy bng thng ca b lc l: B'=2Bx10
-2
Hz
Bi 13:
Cho mt chui nh phn di v tn c phn b 1 v 0 ngu nhin i qua knh
AWGN. Tm xc sut li xung khi: Cc xung l NRZ n cc {0,A} vi
SNR=10dB.
Hng dn gii
Do NRZ n cc nhn hai mc tn hiu {0,A}. Nn cc hm mt xc sut trong
trng hp ny c dng sau:

-428-
y
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( | 1)
2

=
y
Y
f y e
o
to
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( | 0)
2
y A
Y
f y e
o
to

=
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
(1)
2
=
}
y
e
u
P e dy
o
to
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
(0)
2
u
y A
e
P e dy
o
to

=
}
U=A/2
A(bit0) 0(bit1)

P
e
= P
0
P
e
(0) + P
1
P
e
(1)= (1/2)[ P
e
(0) + P
e
(1)],
trong P
0
= P
1
= 1/2, P
e
(0) = P
e
(1).
V th ta c th vit
2 2
e
U
1
P exp( y / 2 )dy
2
= o
to
}

t y/o=z ta c
2
e
A/ 2
1
P exp( z / 2)dz
2
o
=
t
}
=
A
Q
2
| |
|
o
\ .

Do A
2
/o
2
=SNR=10, nn xc sut li xung bng: P
e
=Q( 10 /2)=Q(1,58)=0,0571
Bi 14:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab di y, lm sng t ph ca tn hiu tun hon
(ph vch) dng kho st tn hiu xung ch nht tun hon bng cch chy chng
trnh, thay i cc tham s u vo chng trnh, biu din nh gi kt qu m
phng.
Hng dn gii:
Ly chui xung ch nht tun hon di y lm v d minh ha:
Cho tn hiu chu k x(t) c chu k T
0
c nh ngha bi.
[
=
=
<
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

, 0
0 t t ,
2
A
t t , A
t 2
t
A ) t ( x
0
0

Vi |t| s T
0
/2, trong t
0
< T
0
/2. Tn hiu xung ch nht [(t) c xc nh l

-429-
( )
[
=
=
<
=

, 0
2
1
t ,
2
1
2
1
t , 1
t
x(t)
1
0.5
0
t
1
-1
T
0
=2
-2
Chu k
rng
T0
2t
0
=
=
=
+ =
2
1
0
0
t
1 A
2 T
vi ) T x(t x(t) xt
0
- 0.5
x(t)
A
t
0
0
t
-t
0
T
0
/2
-T
0
/2
T
0
-T
0
Chu k
rng
T0
2t
0

V x(t) c cho hnh trn. Nu A=1,T
0
=4 v t
0
=1 cho cng gi tr kt qu
a) Tm cc h s chui Fourier di dng lng gic v m.
b) V ph ri rc ca x(t).
a) Tm cc h s chui Fourier di dng lng gic v m
Cc h s chui Fourier.
0
1
T
0
T
j2 t
n
0
1
x x(t).e dt
T
o+
t
o
=
}

Thnh phn DC:
} }

= = =
5 . 0
5 . 0
1
1
0
2
1
dt ). 1 (
2
1
dt ) t ( x
2
1
x
0
0
0
T / 2 1
j2 nt
j2n t
T
2
n
0 T / 2 1
t 0.5
0.5
jn t jn t
0.5 t 0.5
1 1
x x(t).e dt x(t).e dt
T 2
1 1
e dt e
2 j2n
1 n n
jsin jsin
j2n 2 2
n
sin
1 n 1 2
sin
n 2 2

t
t

=
t t
=
= =
= =
t
t t | |
=
|
t
\ .
| |
t
| | | |
\ .
= t =
| |
t
\ . \ .
} }
}
n
2

|
| |
t
|
\ .


-430-
( ) k 1
2
1 n
SinC ,
2 2
0, n 2, 4,...
1
( 1) , 1, 3,...
n

n
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=

=
t

Hm SinC(x) c nh ngha l: ( )
( )
x
x sin
x SinC
t
t
= v hm sinc(x) c dng hnh sau:

Thy r, tt c cc h s ca x
n
l thc (v x(t) l thc chn), v vy
n
n
2 2
n n n
n
n
n
n
a sin c
2
b 0
n
c a b sin c
2
b
arctan 0.
a
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= + =
|
\ .
| |
u = = t
|
\ .

Lu rng, khi n chn, th x
n
= 0 (tr n=0 khi a
0
= c
0
= 1 v x
0
=1/2). V vy, ta c.
( )
( )
n
j2 t
2
n
n 1
0
(n 1)
2
n 1
1 n
x(t) SinC .e
2 2
1 1 n
SinC Cos n t
2 2 2
1 2
cos n t 1 1
2 n 2
n
n n
x 0, khin chn
do b 0, v x khi n chn 0
n l

t
=
=
=
= = =

=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= + t
|
\ .
t | |
(
= + t +
|
(
t
\ .

Nhn xt: T kt qu khai trin chui fourier, cho thy chui xung ch nht tun
hon chu k T
0
cha tng v hn cc hm iu ho (l bi s ca tn s c bn f
0
=1/T
0
).
nu bt quan h gia chui xung ch nht tun hon v cc hm iu ho c phn
tch t n v c bit ng dng trong thc t. Do cc phn t v h thng vin thng iu

-431-
c bng tn hu hn nn khi cho xung vung qua chng, xung ny s b loi b mt s
thnh phn tn s. V th cn phi xt x(t) theo s hm iu ho N.
Nu k hiu N l s hm iu ho cha trong chui xung ch nht X
N
(t), th X(t)
c xc nh bi
( )
< <
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ + =
N
1 n
2
) 1 n (
N
t ,
2
1 1 t n cos
n
2
2
1
) t ( x
l n

t
t
t

Theo nh l ca Fourier, th x
N
(t) hi t v x(t) khi N . Ni cch khc, |x
N
(t)-
x(t)| v khng vi t khi N tng khi N c gi tr cng ln th php ly xp x cng chnh
xc. V kho st xp x chui Fourier cho tn hiu ny trn mt chu k tn hiu vi n =
0,1,3,5,7,9. Chng trnh Matlab c cho File NVD4B_sim1.m v NVD_NC21.m

Tng kt cc cng thc m phng
Chui xung ch nht cha tng v hn
cc hm iu ho
Chui xung ch nht cha tng hu hn cc
hm iu ho
( )
( )
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= = =
=
=
2
1 1 t n cos
n
2
2
1
t n Cos
2
n
SinC
2
1
2
1
e .
2
n
SinC
2
1
) t ( x
2
) 1 n (
1 n
1 n
0
n
t
2
n
2 j
t
t
t
t
t
l n
0 chn n khi x v 0, b do
chn khin 0, x

n n
n

( )
< <
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ + =

=
t
,
2
1 1 t n cos
n
2
2
1
) t ( x
N
1 n
2
) 1 n (
N

l n
t
t
t

( )
n
k 1
2
n
sin
1 n 1 2
x sin
n n 2 2
2
1 n
SinC ,
2 2
0, n 2, 4,...
1
( 1) , 1, 3,...
n

n
| |
t
|
| | | |
\ .
= t =
| |
t | |
\ . \ .
t
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=

=
t

( )
( )
x
x sin
x SinC
t
t
=


-432-

b) V ph ri rc ca x(t).
Ta lu rng, x
n
l thc. V vy, ph thuc vo du ca n, m pha bng 0 hay t.
ln ca
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
n
SinC
2
1
x
n
. Ph ri rc ca x(t) c cho hnh kt qu m phng di y.

Dng sng v ph ri rc ca tn hiu x
N
(t)

-433-
function y = NVD4B_sim1
%file NVD4B_sim1.m
% close all;
clear all;
t = -2:6/1000:2;
N = input('Nhap so hai = ');
c0 = 0.5;
w0 = pi;
xN = c0*ones(1,length(t)); % DC Compoment
for k=1:2:N % Odd function
theta = ((-1)^((k-1)/2)-1)*pi/2;
xN = xN + 2/k/pi*cos(k*w0*t + theta);
end
%==========================================
h1 = figure(1)
set(h1,'color','c','Name','H4B.1.3: NVD');
subplot(2,2,1:2);
plot(1:length(xN),xN,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('thi gian','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12);
ylabel('x_N(t)','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',16);
title(['Dng sng tn hiu x_N(t) khi s hi N = ',...
num2str(N)],'FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on;

n = [-N:1:N];
x_n1 = 0.5*sinc(n/2);
x_n2 = 0.5*abs(sinc(n/2));
subplot(2,2,3);
% stem(n,x_n1,'.k','LineWidth',2);
stem(n,x_n1);
xlabel('n','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
ylabel('x_n','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',16);
axis([min(n) max(n) min(x_n1)-0.1 max(x_n1)+0.2])
title(['Ph vch ca tn hiu x_N(t) khi N = ',...
subplot(2,2,4)
% stem(n,x_n2,'.k','LineWidth',2);
stem(n,x_n2);
xlabel('n','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
ylabel('|x_n|','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',16);
title(['Ph vch ca tn hiu x_N(t) khi N = ',...
axis([min(n) max(n) min(x_n2)-0.1 max(x_n2)+0.2])
grid on;
%===============================================
h2 = figure(2); % Compared figure
set(h2,'color','g','Name','H4B.1.3: NVD');
subplot(211)
plot(1:length(xN),xN,'r','LineWidth',3);
xlabel('Thi gian','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12);
title(['Dng sng tn hiu x_N(t) khi s hi
N=',num2str(N)],'FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on;
subplot(212)
plot(1:length(xN),xN,'LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('Thi gian','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12);
title('So snh dng sng tn hiu x_N(t) khi s hi khc
nhau','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on;
hold on;


-434-
Bi 15:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab di y, hiu phn b Gaus, chy chng
trnh, thay i cc tham s c trng (tr trung bnh v phng sai) ca phn b ny
v phn tch kt qu m t hm.
Hng dn gii:


-435-

Hm phn b xc sut CDF:
x = 0:10;
y = unidcdf(x,10);
stairs(x,y) % Stairstep plot
set(gca,'Xlim',[0 11]);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('CDF');
title('Kho st hm phn b xc sut tch lu CDF phn b u',
'FontName','.VnTime');
grid on;

Hm mt xc sut pdf:
x = 0:10;
y = unidpdf(x,10);
stairs(x,y) % Stairstep plot
set(gca,'Xlim',[0 11]);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('PDF')
grid on;
Hm mfcnormspec: V hm mt xc sut trong khong xc nh.

function [p, h] = mfcnormspec(specs,mu,sigma)
p = mfcnormspec(specs,mu,sigma) thc hin v hm mt xc sut gia cc gi
hn trn v di c xc nh bi tham s specs (l vector hai phn t xc
nh khong gi tr cn kho st), trong mu & sigma l cc tham s ca phn
b cn v. Nu dng [p,h] = mfcnormspec(specs,mu,sigma), th hm tr li gi
tr xc sut P ca mu nm trong khong gii hn trn v gii hn di v h
iu khin cc i tng ng v.

if prod(size(specs)) ~= 2,
error('Yu cu i s th nht l mt vector hai phn t');
end

lb = specs(1);
ub = specs(2);
if lb > ub

-436-
lb = specs(2);
ub = specs(1);
end

if lb == -Inf & ub == Inf
error('Vector xc nh gii hn phi c t nht mt phn t hu hn');
end

if nargin < 2
mu = 0;
sigma = 1;
end

if max(size(mu)) > 1 | max(size(sigma)) > 1,
error('Yu cu cc i s u vo th 2 & 3 v hng ');
end

prob = (0.0002:0.0004:0.9998)';

x = norminv(prob,mu,sigma);
y = normpdf(x,mu,sigma);
if lb == -Inf,
p = normcdf(ub,mu,sigma);
elseif ub == Inf,
p = 1 - normcdf(lb,mu,sigma);
else
p = diff(normcdf([lb ub],mu,sigma));
end
nspecfig = figure;
nspecaxes = axes;
set(nspecaxes, 'Parent', nspecfig);
set(nspecaxes,'Nextplot','add');
hh = plot(x,y,'b-');
xl = get(nspecaxes,'Xlim');
lbinf = isinf(lb);
ubinf = isinf(ub);
if lbinf,
lb = xl(1);
yll = [0; eps];
else
yll = normpdf(lb,mu,sigma);
yll = [0; yll];
end
if ubinf,
ub = xl(2);
yul = [eps; 0];
else
yul = normpdf(ub,mu,sigma);
yul = [yul; 0];
end

ll = [lb; lb];
ul = [ub; ub];

if ubinf
title(['Xc sut ln hn gii hn di =
',num2str(p)],'FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',12);
k = find(x > lb);
hh1 = plot(ll,yll,'b-');
elseif lbinf
title(['Xc sut nh hn gii hn trn =
k = find(x < ub);
hh1 = plot(ul,yul,'b-');

-437-
else
title(['Xc sut nm trong khong gii hn trn & di =
k = find(x > lb & x < ub);
hh1 = plot(ll,yll,'b-',ul,yul,'b-');

end
xfill = x(k);
xfill = [ll; xfill; ul];
yfill = [yll; y(k); yul];
fill(xfill,yfill,'b');

if nargout == 2
h = [hh; hh1];
end

xaxis = refline(0,0);
set(xaxis,'Color','k');
ylabel('Mt xc sut','FontName','.VnTime');
xlabel('Gi tr ti hn','FontName','.VnTime');
Hm chnh

function y=CS22
mx = input('Nhap vector trung binh duoi dang MT cot [0 0] = );
mx=mx';
Cx = input('Nhap ma tran hiep bien Cx [1 1/2;1/2 1] = );

x=multi_gp(mx,Cx);

% Tnh pdf ca (x1,x2)

delta = 0.3;
x1=-5:delta:5;
x2=-5:delta:5;
for i=1:length(x1)
for j=1:length(x2)
f(i,j)=(1/((2*pi)*det(Cx)^1/2))*exp((-1/2)*(([x1(i) x2(j)] -
mx')*inv(Cx)*([x1(i);x2(j)] -mx)));
end
end

% V pdf
mesh(x1,x2,f);
xlabel('x_1');
ylabel('x_2');
zlabel('pdf')

function [x]=multi_gp(m,C)

% MULTI_GP to qu trnh ngu nhin Gaus nhiu bin c trung bnh m (vector
ct) v ma trn hip bin C

N=length(m);
for i=1:N
y(i)=gngauss;
end
y=y.';
x=sqrt(C)*y + m;

%--------------------

function [gsrv1,gsrv2] = gngauss(m,sgma)


-438-
% GNGASS to hai bin ngu nhin c lp c trung bnh m v lch chun
sgma. Nu mt trong hai i s vo khng c th gn trung bnh l '0'. Nu
c trung bnh hoc phng sai th to hai bin ngu nhin Gaus tiu chun

if nargin==0,
m=0;
sgma=1;
elseif nargin==1,
sgma=m;
m=0;
end;
u=rand; % Bin ngu nhin phn phi u trong khong (0,1)
z=sgma*(sqrt(2*log(1/(1-u)))); % Bin ngu nhin phn phi Rayleigh.
u=rand; % Bin ngu nhin phn phi u trong khong (0,1)
khc
gsrv1=m+z*cos(2*pi*u);
gsrv2=m+z*cos(2*pi*u);

Chng trnh chnh:
x = 0:0.1:3;
p = mfcraylpdf(x,1);
plot(x,p);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('pdf');
title('Kho st hm mt xc sut ca phn b Rayleigh',
grid on;

Chng trnh con:
Xy dng hm mt xc sut cho phn b Rayleigh:
function Y = mfcraylpdf(x,b)
Y = mfcraylpdf(X,B) thc hin tnh pdf ca phn b Rayleigh ti mi gi tr
trong X cng vi cc tham s tng ng trong B. Cc u vo Vector or matrix
i vi X & B phi c cng kch thc, cng l kch thc ca Y. Mt u vo v
hng i vi X hoc B c khai trin thnh ma trn hng s vi cc chiu
ging vi cc u vo khc.
Hm c vit gn

if nargin < 1,
error('Yu cu t nht c mt i s u vo');
end
[errorcode x b] = distchck(2,x,b);
if errorcode > 0
error('Yu cu cc i s khng phi l v hng ph hp v kch thc');
end
% Khi to Y =0.
y=zeros(size(x));
% Tr v NaN Nu B khng phi l s dng.
k1 = find(b <= 0);
if any(k1)
tmp = NaN;
y(k1) = tmp(ones(size(k1)));
end
k=find(b > 0 & x >= 0);
if any(k),
xk = x(k);
bk = b(k);
y(k) = (xk./ bk.^ 2).* exp(-xk.^ 2./ (2*bk.^ 2));
end


-439-
Chng trnh chnh:
x = 0:0.1:3;
p = mfcraylcdf(x,1);
plot(x,p);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('CDF');
title('Kho st hm phn b tch lu xc sut ca phn b Rayleigh',

Chng trnh con:
Xy dng hm phn b xc sut tch lu cho phn b Rayleigh:

function p = mfcraylcdf(x,b)

P = mfcraylcdf(X,B) thc hin tnh CDF ca phn b Rayleigh ti mi gi tr
trong X cng vi cc tham s tng ng trong B. Cc u vo Vector or matrix
i vi X & B phi c cng kch thc, cng l kch thc ca P. Mt A u vo
v hng i vi X hoc B c khai trin thnh ma trn hng s vi cc chiu
ging vi cc u vo khc.
Hm c vit gn

if nargin < 1,
error('Yu cu t nht c mt i s u vo');
end
[errorcode x b] = distchck(2,x,b);
if errorcode > 0
error('Yu cu cc i s khng phi l v hng ph hp v kch thc');
end
% Khi to P = 0.
p=zeros(size(x));
% Tr v NaN nu B khng phi l s dng.
k1 = find(b <= 0);
if any(k1)
tmp = NaN;
p(k1) = tmp(ones(size(k1)));
end
k=find(b > 0 & x >= 0);
if any(k),
xk = x(k);
bk = b(k);
p(k) = 1 - exp(-xk.^ 2./ (2*bk.^ 2));
end
Bi 16:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab di y, lm sng t ph cng sut ca qu trnh
ngu nhin bng cch chy chng trnh, thay i cc tham s cho chng trnh,
phn tch, biu din kt qu v phn tch kt qu.
Hng dn gii
Xt cc c tnh ph ca cc tn hiu PAM, tn hiu PAM u vo ca knh truyn
c th hin nh sau:
n
n
v(t) a g(t nT)
=
=
(1)

-440-
trong : {a
n
} l chui bin tng ng ca cc k hiu thng tin; g(t) l dng sng
xung; T l khong thi gian k hiu. Mi phn t ca chui {a
n
} c chn t mt trong
cc gi tr bin c th c, l.
A
m
= (2m- M + 1)d m = 0,1,2....M-1. (2)
trong : d l h s t l n xc nh khng cch Euclic gia mt cp bin tn hiu bt
k no ; 2d l khong cch Euclic gia cc mc bin tn hiu ln cn bt k.
V chui thng tin l chui ngu nhin, nn chui bin {a
n
} tng ng vi cc k
hiu thng tin cng l ngu nhin. Do , tn hiu PAM v(t) l mt hm mu ca qu trnh
ngu nhin V(t). xc nh c tnh ph ca qu trnh ngu nin V(t), ta phi c lng
c ph cng sut.
\ Gi tr trung bnh ca qu trnh ngu nhin V(t) l:
| |
n
n
E V(t) E(a )g(t nT)
=
=
(3)
Bng cch chn bin tn hiu i xng qua im khng nh c cho (2) v
ng xc sut, ta c E(a
n
) = 0, dn n E[V(t)] = 0.
\ Hm t tng quan ca qu trnh ngu nhin V(t) l:
( ) | |
V
R t ; t E V(t)V(t ) +t = +t (4)
Ta bit rng, qu trnh ngu nhin m c gi tr trung bnh tun hon v hm t
tng quan tun hon c gi l dng dng tun hon (hay Cyclostationary). Bin thi
gian t c kh bng cch ly trung bnh R
v
(t+t;t) trn mt chu k, ngha l.
( )
T/ 2
V V
T/ 2
1
R R (t ; t)dt
T

t = + t
}
(5)
i vi tn hiu PAM, n c biu din nh sau:
v
a g
m
1
R ( ) R (m)R ( mT)
T
=
t = t
(6)
trong : R
a
(m) = E(a
n
a
n+m
) l t tng quan ca chui {a
n
}; R
g
(t) c nh ngha l:
g
R ( ) g(t)g(t )dt
t = + t
}
(7)
Ph cng sut ca qu trnh ngu nhin V(t) l bin i Fourier ca hm t tng
quan trung bnh ) (t V R , ngha l.
j2 f
v v
2
a
S (f ) R ( )e dt
1
S (f ) G(f )
T
t t
= t
=
}
(8)
trong : S
a
(f) l ph cng sut ca chui bin {a
n
}; G(f) l bin i Fourier ca xung
g(t) ; S
a
(f) c nh ngha l.
j2 fmT
a a
m
S (f ) R (m)e
t
=
=

(9)

-441-
T biu thc (8)cho thy, ph cng sut ca tn hiu PAM l mt hm ph cng sut
ca cc k hiu thng tin {a
n
} v ph ca xung g(t).
Trong trng hp c bit, khi chui {a
n
} khng tng quan, ngha l.
2
a
a
m 0
R (m)
0 m 0
o =
=
(10)
trong : o
a
2

= E(a
n
2
), theo S
a
(f)= o
a
2
vi mi f v
2
2
a
v
S (f ) G(f )
T
o
= (11)
Trong trng hp ny, ph cng sut V(t) l hon ton ph thuc vo c tnh ph
ca xung g(t).
Trng hp 1: [Ph cng sut PAM]
Cho g(t) l xung ch nht hnh v v {a
n
} l chui khng tng quan. Hy xc nh
ph cng sut ca V(t)
Bin i Fourier ca g(t) l
j2 f
j2 fT
G(f ) g(t)e tdt
sin fT
T e
fT
t
=
t
=
t
}
(12)
V ( )
2
2 2 2
v a a
sin fT
S (f ) sinc fT
fT
t | |
= o = o
|
t
\ .
(13)
) (t g
T
T
1
T
0
t

Hnh 1. Ph cng sut ca tn hiu pht (khi o
2
a
=1)
Chui {a
n
} l chui khng tng quan
Chng trnh m t: [Ph cng sut ca PAM]
T=1;
delta_f=1/(100*T);
f=-5/T:delta_f:5/T;
sgma_a=1;
Sv=sgma_a^2*sinc(f*T).^2;
% Plotting command follows.
plot(f,Sv);

-442-
Trng hp 2: [Ph cng sut PAM].
Gi s hm t tng quan ca chui {a
n
} v g
T
(t) nh sau:
a
1 m 0
1
R (m) m 1, m 1
2
0 otherwise
=
= = =
(14)
v
T
1 T,
g (t)
0,
s s
=

=
0 t T
t

Hy c tnh ph cng sut ca qu trnh ngu nhin V(t).
Ph cng sut ca tn hiu PAM V(t) c xc nh theo (8). Ph cng sut ca
chui {a
n
} c xc nh theo (9).
a
2
S (f ) 1 cos 2 fT
2cos fT
= + t
= t
(15)
Vy.
2
2
V
sin fT
S (f ) 2cos fT
fT
t | |
= t
|
t
\ .
(16)
Chng trnh Matlab thc hin nh sau. Trong trng hp ny ton b ph cng
sut ca tn hiu pht V(t) hp hn ng k so vi ph cng sut trng hp 1:

) (t g
T
T
1
T
0
t

Hnh 2. Ph cng sut ca tn hiu pht (khi o
2
a
=1)
Chui {a
n
} l chui tng quan
Chng trnh m t: [Ph cng sut ca PAM]
T=1;
delta_f=1/(100*T);
f=-5/T:delta_f:5/T;
Sv=2*(cos(pi*f*T).*sinc(f*T)).^2;
% Plotting command follows.
plot(f,Sv);


-443-
Bi 17:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab NVD4B_sim7.m di y, lm sng t qu trnh
iu ch bin hai bng DSB-AM, qu trnh dch ph ca tn hiu bng tn gc
ln vng tn s v tuyn, nh hng ca tp m Gaus trng cng ln tn hiu pht
trong min thi gian v tn s dng kho st tn hiu bn tin, thay i cc tham s
u vo chng trnh, biu din nh v phn tch kt qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
Ta dng tn hiu bn tin m(t) sau y lm tn hiu iu ch
0
0 0
t
1, 0 t
3
t 2t
m(t) 2, t
3 2
0,

nu khc
s s
= < s

Bn tin ny iu ch sng mang c(t)=cos(2tf
c
t) theo phng php iu bin hia bng
DSB-AM, v k hiu u(t) l tn hiu sng mang c iu ch. Nu t
0
= 0,15 v f
c
=
250Hz. Ta s
a) Biu din tn hiu iu ch u(t).
b) Tm ph ca m(t) v u(t).
c) Gi s tn hiu bn tin l tn hiu tun hon c T
0
= t
0
. Ta tm cng sut trong tn
hiu iu ch.
d) Nu cng tp m vo tn hiu iu ch sao cho SNR=10 dB, ta tm cng sut tp
m.
Tn hiu bn tin c vit nh sau
0 0
0 0
t t
t t
6 6
m(t) 2
t t
3 3
| | | |

| |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
[ [

V vy thay t
0
= 0,15 v f
c
= 250Hz vo ta c tn hiu iu ch
( )
t 0, 025 t 0, 075
u(t) 2 cos 500 t
0, 05 0, 05
( | | | |
= t
( | |
\ . \ .

[ [

Dng quan h FT chun (tra bng) (

[
FT (t) = sinc(t) cng vi cc tnh cht dch
v t l ca bin i Fourier, ta c
| |
( )
0 0
0 0
j ft 3 j ft 0 0 0 0
j ft 3 j2 ft 3 0 0
t t f t t f
FT m(t) e sinc 2 e sinc
3 3 3 3
t t f
e sinc 1 e
3 3

t t
t t
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .

thay t
0
= 0,15 vo ta c
| | ( ) ( )
0,05j f 0,1j f
FT m(t) 0, 05e sinc 0, 05f . 1 e
t t
=
Vi tn hiu iu ch u(t), ta c

-444-
| | ( )
| | ( )
c c
c c
j (f f ) 0,1j (f f )
c
0,05j (f f ) 0,1j (f f )
c
U(f ) 0, 025e sinc 0, 05(f f ) . 1 2e
0, 025e sinc 0, 05(f f ) . 1 2e
t t
t + t +
=
+ +

V ph bin ca tn hiu bn tin v ph ca tn hiu iu ch c cho hnh
di y, l kt qu chy chng trnh Matlab. Lu rng, thay i cc tham s ca
chng trnh kho st:
Cng sut trong tn hiu iu ch c cho bi
2
c
U m m
A 1
P P P
2 2
= =
trong P
m
l cng sut trong tn hiu bn tin
0
2t 3
2
m
0 0
0 0
0
1
P m (t)dt
t
t 4t 1 5
1, 666
t 3 3 3

=
| |
= + = =
|
\ .
}

v
m
U
P
P 0,833
2
= =
Cng sut tp m
R
10
n
P
10log 10
P
| |
=
|
\ .

hoc P
R
= P
U
= 10P
n
, P
n
= P
U
/10 = 0,0833
Chng trnh Matlab m phng iu ch DSB-AM c cho bi NVD4B_sim7.m.
Cc kt qu m phng c cho cc hnh 1 v hnh 2. c tng mnh, ta thay i
cc gi tr ca cc tham s khi chy chng trnh nh: tn s sng mang, SNR,...

-445-
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
-2
-1
0
1
Thi gian (s)
B
i

Tn hiu bn tin trong min thi gian
-500 0 500
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Tn s Hz
B
i

Tn hiu bn tin trong min tn s
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-2
-1
0
1
2
Thi gian (s)
B
i

DSB-AM trong min thi gian: f
c
=100Hz
-500 0 500
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Tn s Hz
B
i

DSB-AM trong min tn s: P
Tx
= 0.82781w

Hnh 1. Tn hiu bn tin v tn hiu u ra b iu ch trong cc min thi gian v tn s
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Thi gian
B
i
Sng tp m: SNR = 20 dB
-500 0 500
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Tn s Hz
B
i

Ph tn hiu pht
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Thi gian
B
i

Sng DSB-AM thu
-500 0 500
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Tn s Hz
B
i

Ph tn hiu thu: f
c
=100 Hz; SNR=20dB

Hnh 2. M phng tp m, tn hiu thu trong cc min thi gian v tn s

function NVD4B_sim7
% demonstration for DSB-AM modulation.
%========================
clc;
clear all;

-446-
close all;
%========================
t0 = .15; % signal duration
ts = 0.001; % sampling interval
fc = input(' Nhap tan so song mang = '); % Carrier frequency
snr = input(' Nhap SNR = ');
fs = 1/ts; % Sampling frequency
df = 0.3; % desired frequency resolution
t = [0:ts:t0]; % time vector
snr_lin = 10^(snr/10); % Linear SNR
%========================
% message signal
m = [ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),-2*ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),zeros(1,t0/(3*ts)+1)];
c = cos(2*fc*pi.*t); % Carrier signal
u = m.*c; % modulation signal
[M,m,df1] = fftseq(m,ts,df); % Fourier Transform
M = M/fs; % scaling
[U,u,df1] = fftseq(u,ts,df); % Fourier Transform
U = U/fs; % scaling
[C,c,df1] = fftseq(c,ts,df); % Fourier Transform
C = C/fs; % scaling
f = [0:df1:df1*(length(m)-1)]-fs/2; % frequency vector
signal_power = spower(u(1:length(t))); % power in modulated signal
noise_power = signal_power/snr_lin; % compute noise power
noise_std = sqrt(noise_power); % Compute noise standard
deviation
noise = noise_std*randn(1,length(u)); % Generate noise
r = u + noise; % add noise to the modulated
signal
[R,r,df1] = fftseq(r,ts,df); % spectrum of the signal +
noise
R = R/fs; % scaling
%========================
h1_27 = figure(1)
set(h1_27,'name','H1.27: NVD')
%==========
% the message signal in time domain
subplot(221);
plot(t,m(1:length(t)),'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('Thi gian (s)','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',10);
ylabel('Bin ','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',12);
title('Tn hiu bn tin trong min thi gian',...
'FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',12);
axis([min(t) max(t) min(m)-0.5 max(m)+0.5])
%==========
% the message signal in frequency domain
subplot(223);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(M)),'LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('Tn s Hz','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',10);
title('Tn hiu bn tin trong min tn
s','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',12);

%==========
% the modulated signal in time domain
subplot(222);
plot(t,u(1:length(t)),'LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('Thi gian (s)','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',10);
title(['DSB-AM trong min thi gian: f_c=',num2str(fc),'Hz'],...
%===========
% the modulated signal in the frequency domain
subplot(224);

-447-
plot(f,abs(fftshift(U)),'LineWidth',1.5);
title(['DSB-AM trong min tn s: P_T_x = ',num2str(signal_power),'w'],...
%======================================================
h1_28 = figure(2)
set(h1_28,'name','H1.28: NVD')

subplot(221);
plot(t,noise(1:length(t)),'LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('Thi gian','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',10);
title(['Sng tp m: SNR = ',num2str(snr),' dB'],...

subplot(222);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(U)),'LineWidth',1.5);
title('Ph tn hiu pht',...

subplot(223);
plot(t,r(1:length(t)),'LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('Thi gian','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',10);
title('Sng DSB-AM thu',...

subplot(224);
plot(f,abs(fftshift(R)),'LineWidth',1.5);
title(['Ph tn hiu thu: f_c=',num2str(fc),' Hz; SNR=',num2str(snr),'dB'],...


-448-
CHNG 3
Bi 1:
Cho mt tn hiu bn mc a
i
={-3a/2,-a/2,a/2,3a/2}, i=1,2,3,4 vi thi gian truyn
mi mc l T. Hy biu din tn hiu ny trong khng gian tn hiu.
a) Tm vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
Hng dn gii
a) Vect n v c xc nh nh sau:
3
1
T
2
3
0
a a / 2 1
(t)
E T
(a / 2) dt
| = = =
}

Ta c:
T
i1 i i
0
1
s s (t) dt a T
T
= =
}

b)
3
a T
2
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2
1
(t) |

Bi 2:
Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng l: {00,01,11,10}.
Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
Hng dn gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
P
e
(00) = P(01|00)+ P(10|00) + P(11|00)
Cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin c biu din trn hnh v sau.
1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
3
a T
2
1
y
P(11|00)
e
P (10|00)
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2
e
P (01|00)
a T
0
a T

Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v l xc sut sai c iu kin cp bit 00 l:.

-449-
P
e
(00) =
( )
2
3
1 1 2
0 0 a T
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}

t
z=
( )
3
1 0 2
y a T / N + , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(00)=
0
2
a T
2 N
1 2
exp -z dz
2
(
(

t
}
=
0
1 a T
erfc
2 2 N
| |
|
|
\ .

Hoc
t
z=
( )
3
1 0 2
2 y a T / N + , ta c
P
e
(00)=
0
T
2N
2
a
1
exp -z / 2 dz
2
(
(

t
}
=
0
T
2N
Q a
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 3: (Tip)
Hng dn gii
P
e
(01) = P(00|01)+P(11|01)+ P(10|01)

1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
3
a T
2
1
y
P(11|01)
e
P (10|01)
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2
e
P (00|01)
a T
0
a T

P
e
(01) =
( )
a T
2
1
1 1 2
0 0
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}
+
( )
2
1
1 1 2
0 0 0
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}

= 2
( )
2
1
1 1 2
0 0 0
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}


-450-
t
z=
1 0
1
y a T / N
2
| |
+
|
\ .
, sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(01)=
0
2
a T
2 N
2
exp -z dz
(
(

t
}
=
0
a T
erfc
2 N
| |
|
|
\ .

Hoc
t
Z =
( )
1
1 0 2
2 y a T / N +
P
e
(01) =
0
2
T
a
2N
2
exp -z / 2 dz
2
(
(

t
}
=2
0
T
Q a
2N
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 4: (tip)
Tim xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 11
Hng dn gii
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
P
e
(11) =
( )
0
2
1
1 1 2
0 0
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
t

}
+
( )
2
1
1 1 2
0 0 a T
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
t

}

= 2
( )
2
1
1 1 2
0 0 a T
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
t

}

t
z=
( )
1
1 0 2
y a T / N , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(11)=
0
2
a T
2 N
2
exp -z dz
(
(

t
}
=
0
a T
erfc
2 N
| |
|
|
\ .

Hoc
t
z=
1 0
1
2 y a T / N
2
| |
|
\ .

P
e
(11)=
0
2
T
a
2N
2
exp -z / 2 dz
2
(
(

t
}
=2
0
T
Q a
2N
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 5: (tip)

-451-
Hng dn gii
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
P
e
(10) =
( )
a T
2
3
1 1 2
0 0
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
t

}

=
( )
2
3
1 1 2
0 0 2a T
1 1
exp - y a T dy
N N
(
t

}

t
Z =
( )
3
1 0 2
y a T / N , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(10)=
0
2
a T
2 N
1 2
exp -z dz
2
(
(

t
}
=
0
1 a T
erfc
2 2 N
| |
|
|
\ .

Hoc
Z =
( )
3
1 0 2
2 y a T / N
P
e
(10)=
0
2
T
a
2N
1
exp -z / 2 dz
2
(
(

t
}
=
0
T
Q a
2N
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 6: (tip)
Tm xc sut thu sai k hiu trung bnh vi gi thit xc sut pht cc mc a
i
bng

nhau v bng 1/4.
Hng dn gii
P
e
= P(00)P
e
(00) + P(01)P
e
(01)+ P(11)P
e
(11)+ P(10)P
e
(10)
trong P(xx) v P
e
(xx) l xc sut pht k hiu xx v xc sut c iu kin thu sai k
hiu xx tng ng.
T cc kt qu bi 2,3,4,5 v P(xx) = 1/4 ta c:
P
e
= [P
e
(00)+P
e
(01)+P
e
(11)+P
e
10)]/4
=
0
3 a T
erfc
4 2 N
| |
|
|
\ .

=
0
6 T
Q a
4 2N
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 7:
Cho mt tn hiu iu ch 4-ASK c xc nh nh sau:
s
i
(t) =
T
E 2
a
i
cos(2tf
c
t+u)

-452-
trong : E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = 2E
b
; E
b
l nng lng trn mt bit; T l
thi gian ca mt k hiu =2T
b
; T
b
l thi gian ca mt bit ; i = 1, 2, 3,4; f
c
tn s
sng mang; u l gc pha ban u bt k khng nh hng ln qu trnh phn tch
nn ta s b qua; a
i
={-3,-1,1,3}.
a) Tim vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
Hng dn gii
a)
3 c 3 c
1 c
2
T
3
3 c
0
2E 2E
a cos(2 f t) a cos(2 f t)
2
T T
(t) cos(2 f t)
T E
2E
a cos(2 f t) dt
T
t t
| = = = t
| |
t
|
\ .
}

b) Ta c:
T T
i1 i c i c c
0 0
2 2E 2
s s (t) cos(2 f t)dt a cos(2 f t) cos(2 f t)dt
T T T
= t = t t
} }

S dng bin i lng gic:
i c c
2E 2
a cos(2 f t) cos(2 f t)
T T
t t =
| |
i c
E
a 1 cos(4 f t)
T
+ t
ta c s
i1
=
i
Ea vi biu th trn hnh v nh sau:
1 -1 3 -3 0 E
E E E
1
(t) |

Bi 8: (Tip)
Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 7 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau
{00,01,11,10}. Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
Hng dn gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
P
e
(00) = P(01|00) + P(10|00) + P(11|00)

1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
1
y
P(11|00)
e
P (10|00)
e
P (01|00)
0
3 E 2 E E E 2 E 3 E
:

-453-
P
e
(00)=
( )
2
1 1
0 0 2 E
1 1
exp - y 3 E dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}

t
z=
( ) 1 0
y 3 E / N + , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(00)=
0
2
E
N
1 2
exp -z dz
2
(
(

t
}
=
0
1 E
erfc
2 N
| |
|
|
\ .

Hoc
t
z=
( ) 1 0
2 y 3 E / N + , ta c
P
e
(00)=
0
2E
N
2 1
exp -z / 2 dz
2
(
(

t
}
=
0
2E
N
Q
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 9: (Tip)
Hng dn gii
P
e
(01)= P(00|01)+P(11|01)+ P(10|01)
P
e
(01) =
( )
2 E
2
1 1
0 0
1 1
exp - y E dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}
+
( )
2
1 1
0 0 0
1 1
exp - y E dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}

=2
( )
2
1 1
0 0 0
1 1
exp - y E dy
N N
(
+
(
t

}

t
z=
( ) 1 0
y E / N + , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(01)=
0
2
E
N
2
exp -z dz
(
(

t
}
=
0
E
erfc
N
| |
|
|
\ .


-454-

1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
1
y
P(11|01)
e
P (10|01)
e
P (00|01)
0
3 E 2 E E E
2 E
3 E

Hoc
t
z=
( ) 1 0
2 y E / N +
P
e
(01)=
0
2
2E
N
2
exp -z / 2 dz
2
(
(

t
}
=2
0
2E
Q
N
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 10: (tip)
Tm xc sut li bit trung bnh.
Hng dn gii
V mi k hiu pht ng thi hai bit nn xc sut li bit trung bnh s bng 1/2 xc
sut li k hiu v c tnh nh sau:
P
b
=
1
2
[P(00)P
e
(00)+ P(01)P
e
(01)+P(11)P
e
(11)+P(10)P
e
(10)]
Da trn cc bi 8, 9 ta c th vit:
P
e
(00)=
0
1 E
erfc
2 N
| |
|
|
\ .
=
0
2E
N
Q
| |
|
|
\ .

P
e
(01) =
0
E
erfc
N
| |
|
|
\ .
=2
0
2E
N
Q
| |
|
|
\ .

P
e
(11) =
0
E
erfc
N
| |
|
|
\ .
=2
0
2E
N
Q
| |
|
|
\ .

P
e
(10) =
0
1 E
erfc
2 N
| |
|
|
\ .
=
0
2E
N
Q
| |
|
|
\ .

V th xc sut li trung bnh nh sau:
P
e
=
0
3 E
erfc
8 N
| |
|
|
\ .
=
0
2E
N
3
Q
4
| |
|
|
\ .


-455-
Bi 11:
Tm s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy i vi my thu iu ch BPSK nht qun hot
ng lin tc: R
b
=10.000bps; P=0,1.10
-6
W ; N
0
= 10
-11
W.Hz
-1
. Gi thit rng cng
sut v nng lng bit c chun ha ti in tr ti 1O.
Hng dn gii
E
b
= P/R
b
= 0,1.10
-10
; 2E
b
/N
0
= 2; tra bng ta c P
b
=0,0228
Vy s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy bng:
N
b
= R
b
.(3600. 24).0,0228= 10.000(3600.24).0,0228 ~1970 bit
Bi 12:
Mt h thng BPSK hot ng lin tc mc li trung bnh 50000 bit li trn mt
ngy. R
b
=10000bps, N
0
=10
-10
WHz
-1
.
a) Tm xc sut li bit
b) Tm cng sut thu tng ng c xc sut li bit nh a)
Hng dn gii
a) P
e
=
50000
10000(3600x24)
=5,79.10
-5
b) Tra bng hm Q(x) trong ph lc ta c:
2E
b
/N
0
=2P/(R
b
N
0
)= 3,2.
Vy cng sut thu tng ng s l:
P=3,2xR
b
N
0
/2= 3,2.10000.10
-10
/2=1,6.10
-4
W
Bi 13:
Tn hiu thu ca h thng BPSK nht qun c nh ngha nh sau:
y(t) = k
b
b
T
E 2
sin (2tf
c
t)
2
1 k
b
b
T
E 2
cos(2tf
c
t) +x(t), 0stsT
b

trong : du cng tng ng vi k hiu '0' v du tr tng ng vi '1'; thnh
phn th nht th hin sng mang ng b my thu vi my pht; T
b
l rng
bit; E
b
l nng lng bit; x(t) l tp m Gaus trng cng.
a) Vit cng thc lin h xc sut li bit trung bnh P
e
vi: xc sut pht k hiu 1,
P(1); xc sut pht k hiu 0, P(0); xc sut c iu kin P
e
(0|1) l xc sut pht
k hiu mt nhng quyt nh thu k hiu 0; xc sut c iu kin P
e
(1|0) l xc
sut pht k hiu 0 nhng quyt nh thu k hiu 1
b) Tm cc biu thc xc nh P
e
(0|1) v P
e
(1|0).
Hng dn gii
a) Cng thc lin h xut li P
e
:
P
e
= P(1).P(0|1)+ P(0).P(1|0)= 1/2[P(0|1)+P(1|0) ]
b) Sau tch phn gii iu ch BPSK ta c:

-456-
Y
1
=
T
c
0
2
s(t) cos(2 f t)dt
T
t
}
=
b
E ) k (
2
1 + X
1

trong Y
1
l tn hiu sau mch tch phn, '+" tng ng k hiu '0' c pht, '-' tng
ng k hiu '1' c pht, W
1
l tp m Gauss trng cng trung bnh khng.
V Y
1
l bin ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh
b
E ) k (
2
1 nn:
f
Y1
(y
1
|0)= ( )
|
.
|
\
|

t
2
2
1
0 0
1
1 1
b
E ) k ( y
N
exp
N

f
Y1
(y
1
|1)= ( )
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
2
2
1
0 0
1
1 1
b
E ) k ( y
N
exp
N

Vy xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh 1 khi k hiu 0 c pht l:
0
Y1 1 1
P(1| 0) f (y | 0)dy
=
}
=
2 0
2
1 b
0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N
| |
| |

|
|
|
\ . t
\ .
}

=
2
2
1 b
0 0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N
| |
| |

|
|
|
\ . t
\ .
}

v xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh thu 0 khi k hiu 1 c pht:
Y1 1 1
0
P(0| 1) f (y | 1)dy
=
}
=
2
2
1 b
0 0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\ . t
\ .
}

Do tnh i xng nn: P(1|0)=P(0|1) v v th:
P(1|0)=P(0|1) =
2
2
1 b
0 0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N
| |
| |

|
|
|
\ . t
\ .
}

t
z=
2
1 b 0
2 y (1 k )E / N
(
+
(

ta c
P(1|0) = P(0|1) =
( )
2
b
0
2
2(1 k )E
N
1
exp z / 2 dt
2
t
}
=
2
b
0
2(1 k )E
Q
N
| |
|
|
\ .

Bi 14: (Tip)
i vi h thng BPSK nh cho trong bi 13.
a) Chng minh rng xc sut li trung bnh bng:
2 b
e
0
2E
P (1 k )
N
| |
=
|
|
\ .

trong : N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m Gauss trng.
b) Gi thit 10% cng sut tn hiu pht c phn b cho thnh phn sng mang
chun ng b tm E
b
/N
0
m bo xc sut li bit trung bnh bng
4
3.10
.

-457-
c) So snh gi tr SNR h thng ny i vi h thng BPSK thng thng
Hng dn gii
a) Xc sut li bit trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:
P
b
= P(1).P(0|1) + P(0).P(1|0) = 1/2[P(0|1)+P(1|0)]
= P(0|1) = P(1|0) =
2
b
0
2(1 k )E
Q
N
| |
|
|
\ .

b) Cng sut trung bnh chun ha cho in tr 1m ca thnh phn sng mang ng
b c xc nh nh sau;
b
2
T
b
c c
b b 0
2E 1
P k sin(2 f t) dt
T T
| |
= t
|
|
\ .
}
= k
2
P = 0,1P k
2
= 0,1,
nn cng sut cho tn hiu bn tin s chim 1-k
2
=0,9 tng cng sut. Rt ra:
u=
2
b b
0 0
2E 1,8E
(1 k )
N N
=
2
b
0
E u
N 1, 8
=
Tra bng trong ph lc cho P
b
=3.10
-4
ta c u=3,4, V th:
2
b
0
E 3, 4
6, 42
N 1,8
= =
c) i vi h thng BPSK thng thng m bo xc sut li bit 3.10
-4
, ta cn t s
E
b
/N
0
nh sau:

b
0
2E
3, 4
N
=
2
b
0
E 3, 4
5, 78
N 2
= =
Nh vy h thng BPSK s dng thnh phn ng b sng mang cn c t s SNR
ln hn h thng thng thng l: (6,42)/(5,78) = 1,1 ln
Bi 15:
Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit
rng khi h thng ng b tt, E
b
/N
0
=9,6 dB dn n xc sut li bit bng 10
-5
.
Trong trng hp vng kha pha PLL b mc li pha .
a) Xc sut li bit s gim cp nh th vo nu =25
0

b) Sai pha ln no s dn n xc sut li bit bng 10
-3

Hng dn gii
a) Sau tch phn gii iu ch BPSK ta c:
Y
1
=
T
c
b 0
2
s(t) cos(2 f t)dt
T
t
}
=
T
b
c c
b b 0
2E 2
cos(2 f t) cos(2 f t )dt
T T
t t +
}
+ X
1

=
b
E cos +X
1

V Y
1
l bin ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh
b
E cos nn:

-458-
f
Y1
(y
1
|0)=
( )
2
1 b
0 0
1 1
exp y E cos
N N
| |

|
t
\ .

f
Y1
(y
1
|1)=
( )
2
1 b
0 0
1 1
exp y E cos
N N
| |
+
|
t
\ .

Ta c th biu din cc hm mt xc sut ni trn theo gi tr y
1
nh sau.
y
1
2
1 0
1
( os ) /
1
0
1
( | 1)
2
+
=
b
y E c N
Y
f y e
N

t
2
1 0
1
( os ) /
1
0
1
( | 0)
2

=
b
y E c N
Y
f y e
N

t
2
1 0
( os ) /
1
0 0
1
(1)
2
+
=
}
b
y E c N
e
P e dy
N

t
2
1 0
0
( os ) /
1
0
1
(0)
2

=
}
b
y E c N
e
P e dy
N

t
os
b
E c
os
b
E c
0

Do xc sut pht bit "1" bng xc sut pht bit "0" nn: P(0) =P(1)=1/2 v tnh i
xng ca cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin, nn cc xc sut li bit trong trng hp
ny c tnh nh sau:
P
b
=P(0)P
e
(0)+P(1)P
e
(1) = 1/2[P
e
(0)+P
e
(1)] = P
e
(0)=P
e
(1)
=
( )
2
1 b 1
0 0 0
1 1
exp y E cos dy
N N
| |
+
|
t
\ .
}

t
z=
1 b
0
y E cos
2
N
+

ta c:
P
b
=
( )
b
0
2
1
2E
cos
N
1
exp z / 2 dy
2
t
}
=
b
0
2E
Q cos
N
| |
|
|
\ .

Thay E
b
/N
0
= 10
9,6/10
=9,12; =25
0
cos25
0
=0,8;
b
0
2E
cos 2x9,12x0,8 3, 417
N
= = .

-459-
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c: P
b
=3.10
-4
b) Tra bng trong ph lc cho xc sut li bit 10
-3
ta c:
0
b
0
2E
2x9,12.cos 3,1 cos 0, 726 43, 46
N
= = = =
Bi 16:
Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM v QPSK vi cc tham s
sau: cng sut thu trung bnh P
avr
=10
-5
W ; R
b
=5000bps; N
0
=10
-10
WHz
-1
.
a) Tm xc sut li trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc o=0,2
Hng dn gii
a) Tc k hiu cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
R
s-16QAM
= R
b
log
2
(16) = 20000 bps
R
s-QPSK
= R
b
log
2
(4) = 10000 bps
Nng lng trung bnh cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
E
avr-16QAM
= P/R
s
= 1,6.10
-6
/20000 = 0,8.10
-10

E
avr-QPSK
= P/R
s
= 1,6.10
-6
/10000 = 1,6.10
-10

T s tn hiu trn tp m cho hai h thng nh sau:
2 E
avr-16QAM
/N
0
= 2x0,8.10
-10
/10
-10

= 1,6
2 E
avr-QPSK
/N
0
= 2x1,6,10
-10
/10
-10

= 3,2
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c:
P
b-16QAM
= 5,48.10
-2

P
b
-
QPSK
= 7.10
-4

b) Bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng c xc nh nh sau:
B
N-16QAM
= (1+o)R
s-16QAM
= 1,2x20000bps = 24000bps
B
N-QPSK
= (1+o)R
s-QPSK
= 1,2x10000bps = 12000bps
Bi 17:
h thng 16QAM t c xc sut li ging nh h thng QPSK ta cn tng
cng sut cho h thng 16QAM ln bao nhiu ln.
Hng dn gii
t c xc sut li ging nh QPSK ta cn t c t s tn hiu trn tp m
nh sau:
2E
avr-16QAM
/N
0
= 2P/(R
s-16QAM
N
0
) = 3,2
P=1,6xR
s-16QAM
N
0
=1,6x20000x10
-10

= 3,2x10
-6

Nh vy ta cn pht cng sut cho 16QAM gp hai ln cng sut cho QPSK hai h
thng c cng xc sut li.

-460-
Bi 18:
Mt h thng BPSK nht qun hot ng lin tc c tc li trung bnh l 100
li/ngy. Tc d liu l 1000 bit/s, mt ph cng sut mt pha ca tp m l
10
0
N 10 W/Hz
=
a) Tm xc sut li bit trung bnh nu h thng l ergodic.
b) Nu cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu thu l 10
-6
W th xc sut li bit c ging
nh tm c trong cu a?
Hng dn gii
a). Tng s bt tch sng trong 1 ngy
7
10 . 8,64 s/ngy 86400 bits/s 1000 =

6
B 7
100
P 1,16.10
8, 64.10

= =
b). Ta c
b b
B 10
0
2E 2PT
P Q Q
N 10
| | | |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

trong
6
P 10 W
= v
b
1
T s
1000
=

( )
( )
6
B 10
2 10
P Q Q 20 Q 4, 47
1000 10
| |
= = = |
|
\ .

6
B
P 3, 911 10
=
Bi 19:
Xt h thng BPSK vi 2 sng ( )
1 c
s t cos t = e v ( )
2 c
s t cos t = e . Gi thit rng
b 0
E N 9, 6 dB = , xc sut li bit l 10
-5
v xem nh h thng hon ton c ng
b. Do khi phc sng mang bng vng kha pha (PLL) nn tn hiu nhn c l
c biu din l: ( )
c
cos e +u v ( )
c
cos e +u .
a) Tnh xc sut li khi
0
25 u =
b) Tnh li pha khi xc sut li bit l 10
-3

Hng dn gii
Khi cho tn hiu thu
( ) ( )
b
i c
b
2E
s t cos t
T
= e +u qua b tng quan, u ra ca b tng
quan thi im T
b
l:
( ) ( ) ( )
b i b i b
y T s T n T = + vi ( )
i
n t l tp m.
x ( )
b
T
0
dt -
}
( ) ( )
1 c
b
2
t cos t
T
| = e
( ) ( )
b
i c
b
2E
s t cos t
T
= e + u
( ) ( ) ( )
b i b i b
y T s T n T = +

Ta tnh c:

-461-

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
b
b
T
1 b b c c
b 0
T
b c
b 0
b
2
s (T ) E cos t cos t dt
T
2 1
E cos +cos 2 t dt
T 2
E cos
= e e +u
= u e +u
= u
}
}

Tng t,
( )
2 b b
s T E cos = u
Khi 0 u = cos 1 u =
1 b
s E = v
2 b
s E = . Hm mt xc sut c iu kin:
Bingii
quytnh
Vng2
KhnnggingviS
2
( )
Y 2
f y S
Vng1
KhnnggingviS
1
( )
Y 1
f y S
( )
b
y T
1 b
S E =
2 b
S E =
1 2
0
S S
U 0
2
+
= =

Ta c
2 0
0
N
2
o =
1 2
B
0
s s
p Q
2
| | +
=
|
o
\ .
b
b b b
0 0 0
E E 2 E 2E
Q Q Q
N N N
2 2
2 2
| | | |
| | + | |
= = =
|
| |
|
\ .
| |
\ . \ .

Khi 0 u = , u ra ca b tng quan l:
1 b
s E cos = u v
2 b
s E cos = u.

b
b
0
2E
P Q cos
N
| |
= u
|
|
\ .

a) Vi
b
0
E
9, 6dB
N
= =9,12 v
0
cos cos 25 u = =0,9063

( )
( )
b
P Q 18, 24 0, 9063 Q 3,87 = =
Khi 3 x > , ta c th s dng cng thc tnh xp x:
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
5
3,87
1 x 1
Q x exp Q 3,87 exp 5,8 10
2 2 x 2 3,87 2

| |
| |
= = = |
|
|
t t
\ .
\ .


-462-
b). S dng cng thc tnh xp x trn ta c:
( )
2
3
b
b
0
0
1 x
P Q x exp 10 x 3,11525
2 x 2
2E
cos 3,11525
N
43
| |
= = = =
|
t
\ .
u =
u ~

Bi 20:
Tm ngng quyt nh ti u (xc sut li nh nht)
0
u cho vic tch sng BPSK
hai tn hiu ng xc sut ( )
1 b b c
s t 2E T cos t = e v ( ) ( )
1 b b c
s t E 2T cos t = e +t
trong knh AWGN, s dng my thu tng quan. Gi s rng hm c s l
( )
1 b c
t 2 T cos t | = e .
Hng dn gii
Biu din cc tn hiu ( )
1
s t v ( )
2
s t qua hm c s ( )
1 b c
t 2 T cos t | = e ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 11 1 b 1
2 21 1 b 1
s t s t E t
1
s t s t E t
2
= | = |
= | = |

Biu din cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin

y
b
2
E
s
2
= 1 b
s E =
b
0
E
u
4
=
( )
Y 2
f y | s
( )
Y 1
f y | s

Vy ngng quyt nh ti u l:
1 2
0
1
E E
s s E 2
u
2 2 4
| |
+
|
+
\ .
= = =


-463-
Bi 21
Mt h thng c s dng b lc thch hp tch sng cc tn hiu BPSK c xc
sut bng nhau
( )
1 b b c
s t 2E T cos t = e v
( ) ( )
2 b b c
s t 2E T cos t = e +t trong iu kin
tp m Gauss,
b 0
E N 6,8 dB = . Gi s
( ) { }
b b
E y T E =
a) Tm xc sut li bit nh nht.
b) Tm xc sut li bit khi ngng quyt nh
b
u 0,1 E =
c) Bit ngng
0 b
u 0,1 E = l ti u cho mt tp cc xc sut tin nghim ( )
1
P s
v ( )
2
P s . Tnh cc gi tr xc sut tin nghim ny
Hng dn gii
a) Ta c:
b
b
0
2E
P Q
N
| |
=
|
|
\ .

C
b 0
E N 6,8 dB = =4,786
( )
( )
3
B
P Q 2 4, 786 Q 3, 09 10
= = =
b) Vi ngng quyt nh l
b
u 0,1 E = ta c hnh v sau:
Bingiiquyt
nhtiu
Vng2 Vng1
Khnnggingvi
2
s Khnnggingvi
1
s
0,1
b
E
b
E
b
E
0
( )
2 Y
f y s
( )
1 Y
f y s
( )
b
y T

Do cc xc sut pht cc tn hiu ban u l nh nhau nn xc sut li bit c tnh
nh sau:

-464-
( ) ( )
b
b
b
b
Y Y
b
b
0.1 E
1 2 b
0.1 E
2
0.1 E
0
0
2
0
0 0.1 E
y y
1 1
P f s dy f s dy
2 2
y E
1 1 1
exp dy
2 2
2
y E
1 1 1
exp dy
2 2
2
(
| |
(
|
(
|
\ .
(

(
| |
(
|
(
|
\ .
(

= +
=
o
o t
+
+
o
o t
} }
}
}

t
1 0 1
0
y E
z dy dz
= = o
o

2 0 1
0
y E
z dy dz
+
= = o
o

b
0
b
0
0.9 E
2 2
1 2
b 1 2
1.1 E
z z 1 1 1 1
P exp dz exp dz
2 2 2 2 2 2
o
| | | |
= +
| |
t t
\ . \ .
} }

Vi hm Gauss i xng ta c
x 2 2
x
z z
exp dz exp dz
2 2

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
} }

b b
B
0 0
0, 9 E 1,1 E
1 1
P Q Q
2 2
| | | |
= + | |
| |
o o
\ . \ .

Ta c
2 0
0
N
2
o =
b b
b
0 0
2E 2E 1 1
P Q 0, 9 Q 1,1
2 N 2 N
| | | |
= +
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Ta c
b
0
E
6,8 dB
N
=
( ) ( )
b
1 1
P Q 0, 9 3, 09 Q 1,1 3, 09
2 2
= + ( ) ( )
1 1
Q 2, 78 Q 3, 4
2 2
= +

3
1.4 10
=
c) Gi H
1
v H
1
ln lt l cc s kin quyt nh s
1
v s
2
c pht, ta c

-465-
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
Y
Y
11 21
2
0
b
0
0
0
b
H
1
2
2 1
H
H
2
1
H
H
2
1
H
H
2
1
H
y s s
y 2 E
N 2
N 2
y u
2 E
f y s
P s
f y | s P s
P s
ln
P s
P s
ln
P s
P s
ln
P s
(
(
o
(

(
(
(

(
=
(
(

>
<
>
<
>
<
>
<

Do
0
u 0,1 E =
nn
( )
( )
0
b
b
1
2
N
0,1 E
4 E
P s
ln
P s
(
=
(
(

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
b
0
2 1
2
1
2
2
0, 4E
0, 4 4, 786 1, 914
N
exp 1, 914 6, 782
P s 0, 87 P s 0,13
P s
ln
P s
P s
1 P s
(
= = =
(
(

= =
= =


-466-
Bi 22
Trong hnh v di y, mt ngun nh phn pht tn hiu 0 v 1 vi xc sut bng
nhau iu khin mt chuyn mch v tr hot ng trong mi trng knh AWGN,
tc bit l 1 T . Tp m c mt ph hai pha l
0
N 2 . Tp tn hiu i cc ( )
1
s t
v ( )
2
s t c nng lng E. Xc sut li ca chuyn mch l p v khng ph thuc
thi gian. Gi s ( ) { }
E Y T E =
a) V th hm xc sut c iu kin
( )
1
p y s v
( )
2
p y s
b) H thng no trong hai h thng sau y tt hn?
b
0
E
p 0,1 v
N
= = hay
b
0
E
p 0 v 7dB
N
= =
Ngun nh
phn
ng h
To dng sng
S
1
(t)
My thu
tng quan
( ) n t
( ) r t
( ) y T
0
1
To dng sng
S
2
(t)

Hng dn gii
a) Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1
p y s p.p' y s 1 p .p' y s = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2
p y s p.p' ys 1 p .p' y s = +
trong p l xc sut sai ca chuyn mch, hm p' l phn b xc sut ca y nu ch xt
n nh hng ca tp m. Cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin c dng nh sau:
b) Vi
b
0
E
p 0,1 v
N
= = th 0,1
b
P =
Vi
b
0
E
p 0 v 7dB
N
= = ta c: ( )
4 B
b
0
2E
P Q Q 3,167 8.10
N

| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
tt hn.


-467-
( ) y T
( )
1
p y S
E E
( ) y T
( )
2
p y S
E E

Bi 23:
a) Xt h thng 16-PSK vi xc sut li k hiu
5
e
P 10
= , s dng m Gray. Hi
xc sut li bit xp x bng bao nhiu?
b) Lp li cu (a) khi h thng l 16-PSK trc giao
Hng dn gii
a) Ta c
2 2
k log M log 16 4 = = =
5
6 e
b
P 10
P 2.5 10
k 4
~ = =
b)
k 1 3
5 6
b e k 4
2 2
P P 10 5, 3 10
2 1 2 1

= = =

Bi 24:
H thng c tc d liu l 100 kbps truyn qua knh Gauss s dng iu ch M-
PSK c tch sng nht qun yu cu xc sut li
3
10
b
P

= . Bng thng ca h
thng l 50 kHz. Hm truyn t tn s ca h thng l hm cos tng vi h s dc
1 o = v s dng m Gray.
a) Tnh
0
N E
s

b) Tnh
0
N E
b

Hng dn gii
a). Vi 1 o = v khng c nhiu ISI, ta c:
(1 )
50 2 25 /
N s
s s
B R
kHz R R ksym s
o = +
= =

2
100
log 4 16
25 /
s
R kbps
k M M
R ksym s
= = = = =

-468-
Khi s dng m Gray ta c:
3
2
2
log 4.10
log
e
b e b
P
P P P M
M

~ = =

3
0
2
2 sin 4.10
s
E
E
P Q
N M
t

(
| |
| |
= =
( |
|
|
\ .
(
\ .

3
( ) 2 10 Q x

=
0
2
sin 2,88
s
E
x
N M
t
| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

0
108, 9 20, 4
s
E
hay dB
N
=
b).
0
108, 9 108, 9
27, 2 14.3
4
B
E
hay dB
N k
= = =
Bi 25:
Mt h thng M-PSK nht qun hot ng qua knh AWGN vi
0
10
b
E N dB = .
Tnh xc sut li k hiu vi M = 8 v bit cc k hiu c xc sut bng nhau.
Hng dn gii
Ta c
b 0 b 0
E N 10dB hay E N 10 = =
2 2
k log M log 8 3 = = =
s b
0 0
E E
k 3.10 30 hay 14, 77dB
N N
= = =
Xc sut li k hiu ca h thng l:
( )
s
e
0
2
e
2E
P 2Q sin 2Q 60 sin
N 2M 8 2
2Q 60 0, 2741 2Q 2,123
P 2 0,169 3, 38.10
( | |
( t t | | | |
= =
( |
( | |
|
\ . \ . (
\ .
(
= =

= =

Bi 26:
Mt b gii iu ch/tch sng BPSK c li ng b vi lch thi gian
, 0 1 s s
b
pT p . Nu cc tn hiu ng xc sut v ng b v pha cng nh tn s.
a) Biu din ca xc sut li bit
b
P theo p
b) Nu
0
9, 6 dB
b
E N = v 0, 2 p = , tnh
b
P gy ra do s sai lch thi gian.
c)
0
N E
b
phi c b sung thm bao nhiu (theo dB) c c xc sut li vi
trng hp 0 p = bng vi xc sut li khi
0
9, 6 dB
b
E N = v 0 p = .
Hng dn gii

-469-
a).
text
Thi gian
0
b
T
b
pT
b b
T pT +

x ( )
0
b
T
dt -
}
( ) ( )
1
2
os
c
b
t c t
T
| e =
( ) ( )
2
cos
b
i c
b
E
s t t
T
e u = +
( ) ( ) ( )
b i b i b
y T a T n T = +

( ) ( )
2
1
0
2
os
b
T
b
b c
b
E
a T c t dt
T
e =
}

Theo th t dng sng nhn c, gi s rng sau ( )
1
s t ta thu c
( )
2
0
2
os
b
c
E
s t c t
N
e = . Do b tch sng b tr i mt lng
b
pT nn ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1
2
os os
1 2
b b b
b b
T T pT
b
b c c
b pT T
b
b b b b b b
b
E
a T c t dt c t dt
T
E
T pT T pT T E p
T
e e
+
(
= + (
(

= + = (

} }

Nu ( )
2
s t c pht, sau l ( )
1
s t , tnh tng t ta s c ( ) ( )
2
1 2
b b
a T E p =
Gi s rng trong khong thi gian
b
T , ( )
1
s t pht v sau l ( )
2
s t ; v trong
khong thi gian cn li ( )
1
s t pht v sau cng l ( )
1
s t th xc sut li bt s l:
( )
0 0
2 2 1 1
1 2
2 2
b b
b
E E
P Q Q p
N N
| | | |
= +
| |
| |
\ . \ .

b). Khi 0 p = v
0
9, 6 dB hay 9,12
b
E N = th:
( )
5
0
2
4, 27 10
b
b
E
P Q Q
N

| |
= = =
|
|
\ .

Khi 0, 2 p = th
( )
( )
0 0
5
3
2 2 1 1
1 2
2 2
1 1
10 4, 27 0, 6
2 2
2, 6.10
b b
b
E E
P Q Q p
N N
Q
| | | |
= +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
= +
=

c).
( )
5
0 0
2 2 1 1
1 2 10
2 2
b b
b
E E
P Q Q p
N N

| | | |
= + =
| |
| |
\ . \ .


-470-
Vi 0 p = ta s tnh c
0
23,56 hay 13,7dB
b
E N =
Vy cn tng
0 b
E N thm 4,1dB c c xc sut li bit vi trng hp 0 p = l
5
10
B
P

=
Bi 27:
B gii iu ch/tch sng BPSK c li ng b vi lch thi gian
( ) , 0 1
b
pT p s s . Li c tnh pha l u . Tn hiu c pht vi xc sut bng nhau
v ng b v mt tn s.
a) Biu din ca xc sut li bit
b
P theo p v u
b) Tnh
b
P gy ra bi sai lch thi gian v pha bit
0
9, 6 dB
b
E N = v 0, 2 p = ,
0
25 u = .
c)
0
N E
b
phi c b sung thm bao nhiu (theo dB) c c xc sut li vi
trng hp p= 0 v 0 | = bng vi trng hp
0
9, 6 dB
b
E N = v 0 p = , 0 u =
Hng dn gii
a). Xt trng hp tn hiu vo l ( )
1
s t . Khi c li c lng pha u v lch thi gian
b
pT , u ra l:
( ) ( )
1
2
( ) cos cos
b b
b
T pT
b b c c
b pT
a T E t t dt
T
e e u
+
= +
}

Nu sau tn hiu ang xt cng l ( )
1
s t , th
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
0
2
( ) cos cos
2
cos cos
cos
+
= +
= +
=
}
}
b b
b
b
T pT
b b c c
b pT
T
b c c
b
b
a T E t t dt
T
E t t dt
T
E
e e u
e e u
u

Nu sau tn hiu ang xt l ( )
2
s t , th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
2
( ) cos .cos( )
2 2
cos cos cos .cos
1 2 cos
b b
b
b b b
b b
T pT
b b c c
b pT
T T pT
b c c b c c
b pT T
b
a T E t t dt
T
E t t dt E t t dt
T T
E p
e e u
e e u e e u
u
+
+
= +
= + + + (

=
}
} }

Cho rng xc sut ca mi trng hp trn u l . Tnh tng t cho s
2
ta c:
( )
0 0
2 2 1 1
cos 1 2 cos
2 2
b b
b
E E
P Q Q p
N N
u u
| | | |
= +
| |
| |
\ . \ .

b). Thay
0
9, 6 dB
b
E N = , 0, 2 p = v
0
25 u = vo cng thc trn ta c:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
1 1
4, 27 0, 906 4, 27 0, 906 0, 6
2 2
1 1
3,869 2, 321 5,1 10
2 2
b
P Q Q
Q Q

= +
= + =


-471-
c). Khi p= 0 v 0 u = th
5
10
b
P

= .Theo cng thc hm xc sut li phn (a) ta c:

2
5
0 0
5
2
0 0
2 2 1 1
10 0, 906 0, 544
2 2
2 2 1
2 10 0, 544 0, 544 4,119
2
b b
b
x
b b
E E
P Q Q
N N
E E
Q e x
N N x t
| | | |
= = +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
~ ~ = =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

0
28, 66 14, 6
b
E
dB
N
= = ngha l tng 5dB so vi trng hp (b)
Bi 28:
Cho lung s u vo b iu ch QPSK b(t) c tc R
b
= 1Mb/s. Cc bit ch s l
v chn tng ng l b
1
(t) v b
2
(t). Hy xc nh.
a) Tc k hiu R
S
l bao nhiu ?
b) rng bng thng ca knh truyn B
C
l bao nhiu? nu ch pht i bp chnh
ca ph tn hiu iu ch QPSK.
c) Xc xut li k hiu bng bao nhiu? nu cng sut ca sng mang l 4mW v
9
0
N 10
= W/Hz
Hng dn gii
a) Vi iu ch QPSK, th lung bit b(t) u vo c phn thnh hai lung b
1
(t) tng
ng vi cc bit ch s l ca b(t) v lung b
2
(t) tng ng vi cc bit ch s chn ca
b(t). V vy lu ca k hiu T
S
= 2T
b
(tc k hiu bng mt na tc bit u
vo b(t)). Kt qu tc k hiu
6
S b
S b
1 1 1 1
R R 10 500
T 2 T 2 2
= = = = =
K symbol/s.
b) Ph tn hiu QPSK c rng bng bp chnh l
S
S
2
2 R 2 500 1MHz
T
= = = . Trong
T
S
l lu ca k hiu v R
S
l tc k hiu, khi ny tn hiu QPSK chim
rng bng thng ca knh truyn l 1MHz (phi cp pht rng bng tn l B
C
=
1MHz)
c) Vi iu ch QPSK, xc sut li k hiu c cho bi.
2 S S
e
0 0
2 b b
0 0
E E
P 2Q Q
N N
2E 2E
2Q Q
N N

| | | |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Do
|
|
.
|
\
|
<<
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
2
2 2
N
E
Q
N
E
Q
b b

nn
b S
e
0 0
2E P T
P 2 Q 2 Q
N N
| | | |
~ =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
thay gi tr cc tham s

-472-
( ) ( )
( )
S
S S
0
1
3 3
P T
E P T
S
e 9
0
N
3 3
4 10 W 500 10 s
P T
P 2 Q 2 Q
N 10 W/ Hz
2 Q 8 2 2.37 10 4.74 10

| |

|
|
|
| |
| ~ =
|
|
|
\ .
|
|
|
\ .
= = =

Bi 29:
Cho rng bng thng ca knh truyn B
C
= 4000 Hz. Tm tc d liu u vo
ca cc s iu ch sau: a) QPSK; b) 64-QAM; f) 32-PSK sao cho chim dng
ht rng bng thng ca knh ny.
Hng dn gii
Quan h gia tc v rng bng thng i vi cc s iu ch c cho bi:
C 2
1
R B log M
2
= . V vy, chim dng ht rng bng thng ca knh B
C
= 4000Hz
th tc bt u vo cc b iu ch l:
QPSK C 2 2
1 1
R B log M 4000 log 4 4 Kb/ s
2 2
= = =
64 QAM C 2 2
1 1
2 2

= = =
32 PSK C 2 2
1 1
2 2

= = =
Bi 30:
Tm rng bng tn truyn dn cn thit t c tc bit l 100 Kbit/s i
vi cc s iu ch sau: a) 64 QAM; b) 16-PSK; c) BPSK; h) 256-QAM;
Hng dn gii
Hiu qu s dng rng bng tn i vi cc s iu ch ny l:
2
1
log M
2
. V
vy, rng bng tn truyn dn cn thit t c tc bit 100 Kbit/s i vi cc s
iu ch ny l:
Loi iu ch rng bng tn,
KHz; B
C
=R
b
/
Hiu qu s dng bng tn
M = 64 QAM 33,3
2
1
log M
2

M = 16-PSK 50
2
1
log M
2

BPSK 200
2
1
log M
2

M = 256-QAM 25
2
1
log M
2


-473-
Bi 31:
So snh M-PSK vi M=2,4,8,16,32 v 64 trn c s E
b
/N
0
c yu cu i vi xc
sut li bit l 10
-5
; 10
-6
v 10
-7
.
Hng dn gii
Xc sut li bit i vi BPSK v cc thnh phn vung pha nhau ca QPSK l.
b
b
0
2E
P Q
N
| |
=
|
|
\ .

Xc sut li k hiu i vi M-PSK c ly gii hn trn bi
S
S
0
2E
P 2Q sin
N M
(
t | |
<
(
|
\ . (

Trong gii hn l cht ch khi M>4 v cc t s tn hiu trn tp m tng i ln.
T cc cng thc phn hiu nng xc sut li v ( )
S 2 b
E log M E = . Ta c th lin h bit vi
xc sut li k hiu v bit v nng lng k hiu. Gii hn xc sut li bit i vi M =8
n M=64 tr thnh.
( )
b
b 2
2 0
E 2
P Q 2 log M sin
log M N M
(
| | t | |
( <
| |
\ . (
\ .

Cc phng trnh ny c th c thc hin bng Matlab. Chng hn dng ham fzero,
hay c tnh ton thng qua php xp x.
( )
2
u
exp
2
Q(u) , u 1
u

~
t

So snh cc xc sut li bit i vi cc s iu ch khc nhau.
S iu ch E
b
/N
0
(dB) c yu cu xc sut li bit P
b
=
P
b
= 10
-5
P
b
= 10
-6
P
b
= 10
-7

BPSK; QPSK 9,6 10,5 11.3
8-PSK 13 14 14,8
16-PSK 17,4 18,4 19,3
32-PSK 22,3 23,4 24,2
64-PSK 27,5 28,5 29,4
Bi 32:
Cho rng bng thng knh truyn B
C
= 4 KHz; tc d liu R
b
= 8 Kbit/s. Nu
N
0
= 10
-9
W/Hz. Hy chn s iu ch sao cho cung cp tc d liu ny ti
BER l P
b
= 10
-6
.
Hng dn gii

-474-
T u bi ta c hiu qu s dng bng tn l 8/4 = 2bit/s/Hz. i vi M-PSK, ta c
2
1
log M 2
2
= M=16. S dng kt qu bi tp trn ta c
i vi 16-PSK: t c xc sut li bit P
b
= 10
-6
th E
b
/N
0
= 18,4 dB.
i vi 16-QAM: t c P
b
= 10
-6
cn c E
b
/N
0
= 15 dB.
tnh cng sut sng mang trung bnh, cn phi tnh nng lng k hiu trung bnh.
( )
b
S 0 2
0
E
E N log M
N
Yu cu
| |
=
|
\ .

( ) ( )
b
S 10 0 10 2 10
0
E
E (dB jules) 10 log N 10 log log M 10 log
N
Yu cu
| |
| |
( = + + |
|

|
\ .
\ .

Hoc, i vi 16-QAM, th
9
S 10 10
E (dB jules) 10log 10 10log 4 15
90 6 15
69 dB J

= + +
= + +
=

Quan h gia cng sut trung bnh v nng lng trung bnh ca sng mang
S
C S S
S
E
P E R
T
= =
Tc k hiu R
S
=1/T
S
c cho bi
b
S
2
R 8000
R 2000
log M 4
= = = k hiu/giy
V vy cng sut sng mang trung bnh l.
( )
C 10 S S
4
C
P (dBW) 10log E R dBW
69 10log10(2000) dBW
36 dBW
P (W) 2, 51 10

=
= +
=
= W

Bi 33:
a) Tm tc bit u vo cc s iu ch di y sao cho chim dng ht
rng bng thng ca knh B
C
= 4 KHz: 1) BPSK; 2) 4-PSK; 3) 8-PSK; 4) 16-PSK;
5) 16-QAM;
b) Nu N
0
= 10
-8
W/Hz, tm cng sut sng mang trong mi trng hp xc sut
li bit
6
b
P 10
=
;
Hng dn gii
a) Hiu qu s dng rng bng tn i vi cc s iu ch ny l
2
1
log M
2

(bit/s/Hz) vi iu ch M-PSK v M-QAM ta c.
b C 2
1
R B log M
2
= .
2
0, 5 4000 log M = . Cc tc d liu c php i vi cc k thut iu ch ny l:
Cc s iu ch Tc d liu, K bit/s
1 BPSK; 2
2 4-PSK; 4

-475-
3 8-PSK; 6
4 16-PSK; 8
5 16-QAM; 8

b) Tnh cng sut sng mang
Cng sut sng mang c tnh bi
2
b
C b b
b
E A
P E R
2 T
= = =
t Z
0
l gi tr ca E
b
/N
0
c yu cu m bo
6
b
P 10
=
trong mi trng hp.
Ta c
b
C b b 0 b 0 0 b
0
E
P E R N R Z N R
N
= = =
Hay
c,dBw 0,dB 0,dB j b,dB Hz
0,dB b,dB Hz
P Z N R
Z 80 R

= + +
= +

S dng phng trnh ny v cc kt qu phn a) ta c cc kt qu:
Cc cng sut c yu cu i vi cc s iu ch khc nhau
S iu ch Z
0
dB R
b
dB-s
-1
P
c,dBW
P
c,mW

BPSK; 10,5 33 -36,5 0,229
4-PSK; 10,5 36 -33,5 0,457
8-PSK; 13,6 37,8 -28,6 1,380
16-PSK; 18,5 39 -22,5 5,623
16-QAM; 14,5 39 -26,5 2,239
Bi 34:
a) D liu pht tc R
b
= 5Kb/s. i vi cc s iu ch c xt bi tp 33.
Xc nh rng bng thng ca knh tng ng vi cc s iu ch.
b) Nu N
0
= 10
-8
W/Hz, tm cng sut sng mang thu xc sut li P
b
= 10
-6
.
Hng dn gii
a) T bng trn ta c c cc cng thc sau y xc nh rng bng theo M v tc
d liu.
i vi M-PSK v M-QAM:
C b
2
2
B R
log M
=
i vi M-FSK nht qun:
C b
2
M 3
B R
2 log M
+
=

i vi M-FSK khng nht qun:
C b
2
2 M
B R
log M
=

-476-
S dng cc phng trnh ny, ta c cc rng bng tn knh c cho bng sau.

Cc s iu ch rng bng thng, KHz
BPSK 10
4-PSK 5
8-PSK 3,3
16-PSK 2,5
16-QAM 2,5
BFSK nht qun 12,5
4-FSK nht qun 8,75
8-FSK nht qun 9,17
BFSK khng nht qun 20,0
4-FSK khng nht qun 20,0
8-FSK khng nht qun 26,7

b) S dng phng trnh c khai trin phn b ca bi 33, ta tm c cc kt qu
c cho bng sau.
c,dBW 0,dB b,dB Hz
0,dB
P Z 80 R
Z 43

= +
=

Cc s iu ch P
c,dBW
P
c,mW

BPSK -32,4 0,575
4-PSK -32,4 0,575
8-PSK -29,4 1,148
16-PSK -24,5 3,550
16-QAM -28,5 1,410
BFSK nht qun -29,4 1,148
4-FSK nht qun -32,2 0,603
8-FSK nht qun -34,0 0,398
BFSK khng nht qun -28,8 1,318
4-FSK khng nht qun -31,8 0,661
8-FSK khng nht qun -33,0 0,501


-477-
Bi 35:
Hy c m chng trnh m phng NVD_8PSK_Waveform.m to dng sng
cho tn hiu 8PSK, chy chng trnh m phng, thay i cc tham s u vo ca
chng trnh, phn tch kt qu m phng:
Hng dn gii
Tn hiu iu ch c xc nh bi:
| | u + u + t = ) ( 2 cos
2
) ( t t f
T
E
t s
c i

trong :
b b 2
E nE ; T nT ; n log M = = = ; ( ) t 2 i / M, i 0, 1, 2, , M 1 u = t = ;
0
u l gc pha ban
u.

function y = NVD_8PSK_Waveform
T =1;
M =8;
Es =T/2;
fc =6/T; % carrier frequency
N =100; % number of samples
delta_T=T/(N-1);
t=0:delta_T:T;
u0 =sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
u1 =sqrt(2*Es/T)*cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi/M);
% plotting commands follow
subplot(8,1,1);

-478-
plot(t,u0);
subplot(8,1,2);
plot(t,u1);
subplot(8,1,3);
plot(t,u2);
subplot(8,1,4);
plot(t,u3);
subplot(8,1,5);
plot(t,u4);
subplot(8,1,6);
plot(t,u5);
subplot(8,1,7);
plot(t,u6);
subplot(8,1,8);
plot(t,u7);
Bi 35:
Hy c m chng trnh m phng NVD4_qamsim.m cho QPSK, v m hnh m
phng, chy chng trnh m phng, thay i cc tham s u vo ca chng trnh,
phn tch kt qu m phng:
Hng dn gii
to ra mt tn hiu QPSK, cc k hiu s liu thnh phn ng pha Q v vung
pha Q c to ra bng cch ly 2 k hiu nh phn mi ln. Theo , mi k hiu s liu
bao gm 1 trong cc cp nh phn: 00, 01, 10, 11; s mc trn trc I v trc Q c gn
mt cch c lp, chng u bng 2. B lc nh dng xung c chn l b lc
Butterworth bc su. rng bng ca b lc c dng trong m phng c k hiu l
bw, bng tc k hiu. Nhp cc tham s tng ng theo bng cho chng trnh v chy
kt qu c cho hnh di y.

Cc tham s u vo chng trnh m phng NVD4_qamsim.m cho QPSK
S mc trn
trc I
S mc trn
trc Q
S k hiu
c m
phng
S mu trn k
hiu
rng bng
thng b lc
2 2 100 20 0,1
Lu : Bng cch chn cc gi tr khc cho tp cc tham s ny cho php kho st cc
nh hng ca chng ln kt qu m phng. Kt qu m phng cho trng hp
cc gi tr ny c cho hnh di y

-479-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
I
x
Q
Chm sao tn hiu khng b lc
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
I
x
Q
Chm sao tn hiu b lc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Ch s k hiu
x
I
Dng sng ca thnh phn I b lc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Ch s k hiu
x
Q
Dng sng ca thnh phn Q b lc

% file NVD4_qamsim
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%================================================================
% setup parameter
%================================================================
levelx = input('So muc tren thanh phan I > ');
levely = input('So muc tren thanh phan Q > ');
m = input('So ky hieu > ');
n = input('So mau tren ky hieu > ');
bw = input('Do rong bang thong bo loc, 0<bw<1 > ');
%================================================================
% Main Program
%================================================================
[xd,xq] = qam(levelx,levely,m,n);
[b,a] = butter(6,bw); % determine filter coefficients
yd = filter(b,a,xd); % filter Inphase coefficient
yq = filter(b,a,xq); % filter Quadrature coefficient
%================================================================
%===================================
% Process & Display results
%===================================
h4_5 = figure
set(h4_5,'name','H4.4 & H4.5: NVD');
subplot(2,2,1) % first pane
plot(xd,xq,'o') % unfiltered scatterplot
a = 1.4;
maxd = max(xd);
maxq = max(xq);
mind = min(xd);
minq = min(xq);
axis([a*mind a*maxd a*minq a*maxq])
axis equal
xlabel('x_I','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',14);
ylabel('x_Q','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',14);
title('Chm sao tn hiu khng b lc','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12)

-480-
grid on;
%============
subplot(2,2,2) % second pane
plot(yd,yq) % filtered scatterplot
axis equal;
xlabel('x_I','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',14);
title('Chm sao tn hiu b lc','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
grid on;
%============
sym = 30; % number of symbols in time plot
nsym = (0:sym*n)/n; % x axis vector for time plots
subplot(2,2,3) % third pane
plot(nsym(1:sym*n),yd(1:sym*n)) % filtered direct component
xlabel('Ch s k hiu','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('x_I','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',14);
title('Dng sng ca thnh phn I b lc','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
grid on;
%============
subplot(2,2,4) % fourth pane
plot(nsym(1:sym*n),yq(1:sym*n)) % filtered quadrature component
xlabel('Ch s k hiu','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
title('Dng sng ca thnh phn Q b lc','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
grid on;

Bi 36:
Hy c m chng trnh m phng NVD4_qamsim.m cho 16-QAM, v m hnh m
phng, chy chng trnh m phng, thay i cc tham s u vo chng trnh m
phng v phn tch kt qu m phng
Hng dn gii
Kt qu m phng biu sao tn hiu c minh ho hnh di y cng vi dy
nh phn tng ng cho mi k hiu 16QAM. Cng ging nh trng hp QPSK, vic
sp xp cc k hiu nh phn thnh k hiu 16QAM l ty nhng vic sp xp ny
thng c xc nh sao cho nhn c cc kt qu m Gray, lu rng kt qu m
phng l sp xp m Gray.
i vi 16QAM, cc mc trn trc I v trc Q u l bn mc. B lc nh dng
xung l b lc Butterworth bc 6. Trong , bng thng ca b lc gp 2 ln tc k
hiu. Tham s u vo ca chng trnh Matlab cho trng hp ny theo

Cc tham s u vo chng trnh m phng NVD4_qamsim.m cho 16-QAM
S mc trn
trc I
S mc trn
trc Q
S k hiu c
m phng
S mu trn k
hiu
rng bng
thng b lc
4 4 500 20 0,2
Lu : Chn cc gi tr khc cho tp cc tham s ny cho php kho st cc nh hng
ca chng ln kt qu m phng. Kt qu m phng trong trng hp c th ny
c cho hnh di y

-481-
-5 0 5
-4
-2
0
2
4
x
I
x
Q
Chm sao tn hiu khng b lc
-5 0 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x
I
x
Q
Chm sao tn hiu b lc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-4
-2
0
2
4
Ch s k hiu
x
I
Dng sng ca thnh phn I b lc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-4
-2
0
2
4
Ch s k hiu
x
Q
Dng sng ca thnh phn Q b lc

Bi 37:
Hy c m chng trnh m phng NVD8_pi4sim cho h thng QPSK vi sai 4 / t ,
v m hnh m phng, thc hin m phng, thay i cc tham s m phng v phn
tch kt qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
Khi chy chng trnh file NVD8_pi4sim. Chy chng trnh NVD_pi4sim ti
du nhc ca s lnh Matlab. T menu ny chn mt trong 7 la chn sau:

1. Chm sao tn hiu 4 / t DQPSK khng b lc
2. Biu mt tn hiu 4 / t DQPSK khng b lc
3. Chm sao tn hiu 4 / t DQPSK b lc
4. Biu mt tn hiu 4 / t DQPSK b lc
5. Cc tn hiu vung pha v ng pha khng b
lc
6. Cc tn hiu vung pha v ng b lc
7. Thot chng trnh m phng


-482-
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Knh ng pha I
K
n
h

v
u
n
g

p
h
a

Q

Chm sao tn hiu t/4 DQPSK khng b lc

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Knh ng pha I
K
n
h

v
u
n
g

p
h
a

Q

Chm sao tn hiu t/4 DQPSK b lc

Chm sao tn hiu
4
p
DQPSK khng b lc v b lc
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Cc tn hiu knh I v Q ca t/4DQPSK khng b lc
Thi gian chun ha
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thi gian chun ha
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Cc tn hiu knh I v Q ca t/4DQPSK b lc
Thi gian chun ha
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Thi gian chun ha
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q

Cc thnh phn I & Q ca tn hiu
4
p
DQPSK b lc v b lc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Biu mt trn trc I&Q ca t/4DQPSK khng b lc
Ch s mu
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Ch s mu
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Biu mt trn trc I&Q ca t/4DQPSK b lc
Ch s mu
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Ch s mu
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q

Biu mt ca tn hiu
4
p
DQPSK khng b lc & b lc
Lu rng, khi ta nghin cu m chng trnh m phng, minh ho nhiu
chng trnh con v h tr biu din kt qu m phng. M chng trnh c s dng
to cc th khc cc chng trnh m phng khc. Ta minh ho 3 kt qu ng quan
tm. Kt qu m phng minh ho biu tn x (chm sao tn hiu), cc tn hiu knh
vung pha v knh ng pha, v cc biu mt trn knh vung pha v ng pha. Lu
rng, bng cch mng tng tn hiu ba chiu trong khng gian (I,Q,t) thy r mi quan
h gia cc hnh. c r hn v mc nh hng ca tham s h thng ln cc kt
qu quan st, ta thay i cc tham s b lc v cc tham s khc nh s k hiu m phng,
ly mu trn k hiu.


-483-
% File: NVD8_pi4_sim.m
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%==========================
% Setup parameters
%==========================
m = 200; % number of symbols
bits = 2*m; % number of bits
sps = 10; % samples per symbol
iphase = 0; % initial phase
order = 5; % filter order
bw = 0.1; % normalized filter bandwidth
%==========================
% initialize vectors
%==========================
data = zeros(1,bits);
d = zeros(1,m);
q = zeros(1,m);
dd = zeros(1,m);
qq = zeros(1,m);
theta = zeros(1,m);
thetaout = zeros(1,sps*m);
%===========================================
% set direct and quadrature bit streams
%===========================================
data = round(rand(1,bits));
dd = data(1:2:bits-1);
qq = data(2:2:bits);
%==============================================
% main programs
%==============================================
theta(1) = iphase; % set initial phase
thetaout(1:sps) = theta(1)*ones(1,sps);
for k=2:m
if dd(k) == 1
phi_k = (2*qq(k)-1)*pi/4;
else
phi_k = (2*qq(k)-1)*3*pi/4;
end
theta(k) = phi_k + theta(k-1);
for i=1:sps
j = (k-1)*sps+i;
thetaout(j) = theta(k);
end
end
d = cos(thetaout);
q = sin(thetaout);
[b,a] = butter(order,bw);
df = filter(b,a,d);
qf = filter(b,a,q);

%================================
% postprocessor for plotting
%================================
kk = 0; % set exit counter
while kk == 0 % test exit counter
k = menu('Cac tuy chon khao sat pi/4QPSK',...
'Chom sao tin hieu pi/4QPSK',...
'Bieu do mat pi/4QPSK khong loc',...
'Chom sao t/h pi/4QPSK duoc loc',...
'Bieu do mat pi/4QPSK duoc loc',...
'Cac tin hieu I & Q cua pi/4QPSK',...
'Cac tin hieu I & Q cua pi/4QPSK duoc loc',...

-484-
'Exit Program');
if k == 1
sigcon(d,q); % plot unfiltered signal con.
pause;
elseif k ==2
dqeye(d,q,4*sps); % plot unfiltered eye diagram
pause;
elseif k == 3
sigcon(df,qf); % plot filtered signal con.
pause
elseif k == 4
dqeye(df,qf,4*sps); % plot filtered eye diagram
pause;
elseif k == 5
numbsym = 10; % number of symbols plotted
dt = d(1:numbsym*sps); % truncate d vector
qt = q(1:numbsym*sps); % truncate q vector
dqplot(dt,qt); % plot truncated d and q signals
pause;
elseif k == 6
numbsym = 10; % number of symbols to be plotted
dft = df(1:numbsym*sps); % truncate df to desired value
qft = qf(1:numbsym*sps); % truncate qf to desired value
dqplot(dft,qft); % plot truncated signals
pause;
elseif k == 7
kk = 1; % set exit counter to exit value
end
end
function []=sigcon(x,y)
% File: sigcon.m
plot(x,y)
axis('square');
axis('equal');
xlabel('Knh ng pha I','fontname','.vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Knh vung pha Q ','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
title('Chm sao tn hiu
\pi/4DQPSK','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',16)

function [] = dqeye(xd,xq,m)
% File: dqeye.m
lx = length(xd); % samples in data segment
kcol = floor(lx/m); % number of columns
xda = [0,xd]; xqa = [0,xq]; % append zeros
for j = 1:kcol % column index
for i = 1:(m+1) % row index
kk = (j-1)*m+i; % sample index
y1(i,j) = xda(kk);
y2(i,j) = xqa(kk);
end
end
subplot(211) % direct channel
plot(y1);
title('Biu mt trn trc I & Q ca
\pi/4DQPSK','fontname','.vntimeH','color','b','fontsize',14);
xlabel('Ch s mu','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Thnh phn I ','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);

subplot(212) % quadrature channel
plot(y2);
xlabel('Ch s mu','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Thnh phn Q ','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
subplot(111) % restore


-485-
function [] = dqplot(xd,xq)
% File: dqplot.m
lx = length(xd);
t = 0:lx-1;
nt = t/(lx-1);
nxd = xd(1,1:lx);
nxq = xq(1,1:lx);

subplot(211)
plot(nt,nxd);
a = axis;
axis([a(1) a(2) 1.5*a(3) 1.5*a(4)]);
title('Tn hiu knh I v Q ca
\pi/4DQPSK','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',16);
xlabel('Thi gian chun ha','fontname','.vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Thnh phn I','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
subplot(212)
plot(nt,nxq);
a = axis;
axis([a(1) a(2) 1.5*a(3) 1.5*a(4)]);
xlabel('Thi gian chun ha','fontname','.vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Thnh phn Q','fontname','.vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
subplot(111)

function y_out = delay(y_in,n_delay)

% y_out = delay(y_in,n_delay); shifts the vector y_in to the right
% by n_delay elements and fills in the vacated elements with 0's
%

N = length(y_in);
y_out = zeros(size(y_in));

y_out(n_delay+1:N) = y_in(1:N-n_delay);

function output = hold_in(in,k)
output = [];
L = length(in);
b = ones(k,1)*in;
output = reshape(b,1,L*k);

Bi 38:
Hy c m chng trnh m phng NVD8_ofdmsimtx.m v NVD8_ofdmsimrx.m
th nguyn l hot ng ca h thng OFDM, v m hnh m phng, thc hin m
phng, thay i cc tham s m phng v phn tch kt qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
Tn hiu pht c m t bi:
max
min
1
2
, , , ,
0 0
( ) Re . ( )
F
c
K N
j f t
m k m k
m k K
s t e C t
t
= = =

=
`

)

trong
( )
'
2 . .
, ,
, ( . ) ( . 1)
( )
0
S F S
U
k
j t T N mT
T
F S F S
m k
e N m T t N m T
t
t
+ s s + +
=

, khc


-486-
k l ch s sng mang
l ch s k hiu OFDM
m l s khung truyn dn
K l s sng mang c truyn
T
S
l khong thi gian ca k hiu
T
U
l nghch o ca khong cch gia cc sng mang.
f
c
l tn s trung tm ca sng mang v tuyn RF.
k' l ch s sng mang tng ng vi tn s trung tm ngha l
'
2
m
K
k k =
ax mim
+K

, , m k
C l k hiu phc cho sng mang k ca k hiu d liu th 1 + trong
khung th m.
Nu xt biu thc trn trong khong thi gian t t=0 n t=T
S
(tc l kho st trong
mt chu k k hiu) th n tr thnh
2 2 '( ) /
0,0,
max
( ) Re .
' -
2
m
c U
mim
K
j f t j k t T
k
k K
mim
s t e C e
v
K K
k k
t t A
=

=
`

)
+
=
ax

i

Nu thc hin iu ch 4-QAM chuyn tn hiu bng tn c s thnh tn hiu
thng bng th tn hiu pht s(t) tng ng vi cc thnh phn ng pha m
I
(t) v vung pha
m
Q
(t) l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ).
I Q
s t m t C m t Sin t t = +
c c
os 2 f t 2 f t
Khi ny s(t) c khai trin nh sau
( )
( )
( ) .
Im .
=
=
(
| |
( |
A
= +
( |
( |
(
\ .

(
| |
( |
A
+
( |
( |
(
\ .

ax
ax
max mim
0,0,k
U
max mim
0,0,k
U
K +K
k-
2
Re C os 2
T
K +K
k-
2
C sin 2
T
m
mim
m
mim
K
c
k K
U
K
c
k K
U
s t c f t
T
f t
T
t
t

Ta m phng tn hiu OFDM c cu trc khung v a khung. Theo , mi khung
c lu T
F
gm N
F
k hiu OFDM, mi a khung gm M
F
khung (T
MF
= M
F
T
F
). Mi k
hiu c to thnh bi mt tp K (t K
min
n K
max
) sng mang v c truyn trong
khong thi gian T
S
; T
S
= T
U
+ A. Cc tham s c th c cho bng di y. Cc kt
qu m phng tng ng vi cc im c nh nhn trn s m phng.


-487-
1.705khiu
4-QAM
IFFT
4.096im
T/2
LPF: 1/
p
f T =
Bxnbink
hiu4-QAM
FFT
4.096im
LPF: 2
P c
f f =
2
S d
F T T = n
Knh
A B C D
F
G
H
I
E
J
c
f
c
f
( ) s t
( ) r t
QutrnhtokhiuOFDM
QutrnhthukhiuOFDM

Cc tham s v cc gi tr ca chng trong m phng OFDM
Tham s Gi tr
Chu k c bn T 7/64 s
S sng mang
K( )
max mim
K K K s s
1705 ( )
max
0; 1704
mim
K K = =
Khong thi gian k hiu
hu hiu T
U

224 s
Khong cch cc sng
mang con 1/T
U

4464 Hz
Khong cch Kmin v
Kmax(K-1)/T
U

7,61 MHz
Khong thi gian bo v
c php
U
T A
1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32
Khong thi gian phn T
U
2048 224 T s =
Khong thi gian bo v
A
512 56 T s = 256 28 T s = 128 14 T s = 512 56 T s =
Khong thi gian k hiu
S U
T T = A+
2.560 280 T s =

2.304 252 T s =
1.176 238 T s =

2.112 231 T s =

Chng trnh m phng tn hiu OFDM c cho NVD8_ofdmsimtx.m v
NVD8_ofdmsimrx.m, m phng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian v tn s. Trong m
chng trnh trnh by cch dng cc chng trnh x l trc quan ha tn hiu v h
thng trong m phng. Chng trnh ny rt hu hiu tm hiu cch thit k v thc
hin m phng h thng OFDM n gin. T chng trnh ny cho php nng cp to
chng trnh m phng h thng phc tp hn. S dng cc chng trnh thng trnh hu
x l trnh by cc tn hiu ti cc im khc nhau trong s m phng nh sau:

-488-
Kt qu m phng phn pht

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Thi gian (s)
B
i
n
g

p
h
a
Tn hiu ti B - Min thi gian
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

v
u
n
g

p
h
a

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
7
0
0.5
1
1.5
Tn s (Hz)
B
i
Tn hiu ti B - Min tn s
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
Tn s [MHz]
P
S
D

[
d
B
/
H
z
]
c tnh mt ph cng sut PSD dng hm pwelch

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
-8
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thi gian (s)
B
i
Dng xung g(t)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

I
Tn hiu U ti C - Min thi gian
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

Q

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
Tn s (Hz)
B
i
Tn hiu U ti C - Min tn s
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Tn s [MHz]
P
S
D

[
d
B
/
H
z
]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
8
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Tn s (Hz)
B
i

d
B
p ng tn s b lc A/D


-489-
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x 10
-7
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

p
h
n

t
h
c
Tn hiu U
OFT
ti D - Min thi gian
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x 10
-7
-100
-50
0
50
100
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

p
h
o

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
10
20
30
40
Tn s (Hz)
B
i

Tn hiu U
OFT
ti D - Min tn s
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Tn s [MHz]
P
S
D

[
d
B
/
H
z
]

2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x 10
-7
-100
-50
0
50
100
Thi gian (s)
B
i
Tn hiu s(t) ti E - Min thi gian

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
5
10
15
20
Tn s Hz
B
i
Tn hiu s(t) ti E - Min tn s

Kt qu m phng phn thu

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

I
Tn hiu thu ti F - Min thi gian
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

Q

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tn s Hz
B
i
Tn hiu thu ti F - Min tn s

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Tn s [MHz]
P
S
D

[
d
B
/
H
z
]


-490-
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

I
Tn hiu thu ti G - Min thi gian
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

Q

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
Tn s Hz
B
i
Tn hiu thu ti G - Min tn s

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Tn s [MHz]
P
S
D

[
d
B
/
H
z
]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

I
Tn hiu thu ti H - Min thi gian
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x 10
-6
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Thi gian (s)
B
i
a

Q

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10
7
0
0.5
1
1.5
Tn s
B
i
Tn hiu thu ti H - Min tn s

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
Tn s [MHz]
P
S
D

[
d
B
/
H
z
]

% file: NVD8_ofdmsimtx.m

% The available bandwidth is 8 MHz

clc;
clear all;
close all;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Simualation Parameters
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
FS = 4096/2; %IFFT/FFT length <=> FFT_size
T = 0.1094e-6; %baseband elementary period (7/64)e-6
% T = 4.8828e-008; %baseband elementary period (7/64)e-6
Tu = T*(FS/2); %useful OFDM symbol period
G = 1/4; %choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
delta = G*Tu; %guard band duration
Ts = delta+Tu; %total OFDM symbol period
Kmax = 1000; %number of subcarriers

-491-
Kmin = 0;
q = 10; %carrier period to elementary period ratio
fc = q*1/T; %carrier frequency <=> 90MHz
Rs = 4*fc; %simulation period
t = 0:1/Rs:Tu;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%Data generator (A) %%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

M = Kmax+1;
rand('state',0);
a = -1+2*round(rand(M,1)).'+i*(-1+2*round(rand(M,1))).';
A = length(a);
info = zeros(FS,1);
info(1:(A/2)) = [ a(1:(A/2)).']; %Zero padding
info((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS) = [ a(((A/2)+1):A).'];
% info_Mon = info;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%Subcarriers generation (B)%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
carriers = FS.*ifft(info,FS);
tt = 0:T/2:Tu;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%===========================
h1 = figure(1);
set(h1,'color','g');
set(h1,'Name','H8_OFDMTx.1: NVD');
subplot(211);
stem(tt(1:20),real(carriers(1:20)));
xlabel('Thi gian (s)','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)
ylabel('Bin ca ng pha','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('Tn hiu ti B - Min thi gian','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on
subplot(212);
stem(tt(1:20),imag(carriers(1:20)));
ylabel('Bin ca vung pha','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
grid on
%===========================
h2 = figure(2);
f =(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS);
subplot(211);
plot(f,abs(fft(carriers,FS))/FS);
xlabel('Tn s (Hz)','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)
ylabel('Bin ','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('Tn hiu ti B - Min tn s','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
subplot(212);
pwelch(carriers,[],[],[],2/T);
xlabel('Tn s [MHz]','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)
ylabel('PSD [dB/Hz]','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('c tnh mt ph cng sut PSD dng hm
pwelch','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%% D/A simulation %%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
L = length(carriers);
chips = [ carriers.';zeros((2*q)-1,L)];
p = 1/Rs:1/Rs:T/2;

-492-
g = ones(length(p),1); %pulse shape
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%=============================
h3 = figure(3);
stem(p,g);
% axis([ ]);
title('Dng xung g(t)','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
dummy = conv(g,chips(:));
u = [dummy(1:length(t))]; % (C)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%==============================
h4 = figure(4);
subplot(211);
plot(t(1:400),real(u(1:400)));
ylabel('Bin ca I','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('Tn hiu U ti C - Min thi
gian','FontName','.VnTime','color','r','FontSize',14);
subplot(212);
plot(t(1:400),imag(u(1:400)));
ylabel('Bin ca Q','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)

%===============================
h5 = figure(5);
ff =(Rs)*(1:(q*FS))/(q*FS);
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(u,q*FS))/FS);
title('Tn hiu U ti C - Min tn s','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
subplot(212);
pwelch(u,[],[],[],Rs);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%reconstruction filter
[b,a] = butter(13,1/20);
[H,F] = FREQZ(b,a,FS,Rs);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%================================
h6 = figure(6);
plot(F,20*log10(abs(H)));
ylabel('Bin dB','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)

-493-
title('p ng tn s b lc
A/D','FontName','.VnTime','color','r','FontSize',14);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%baseband signal (D)
uoft = filter(b,a,u);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

h7 = figure(7);

subplot(211);
plot(t(80:480),real(uoft(80:480)));
ylabel('Bin ca phn thc','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('Tn hiu U_O_F_T ti D - Min thi
gian','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',14);

subplot(212);
plot(t(80:480),imag(uoft(80:480)));
ylabel('Bin ca phn o','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)

%==============================
h8 = figure(8);

subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(uoft,q*FS))/FS);
title('Tn hiu U_O_F_T ti D - Min tn
s','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',14);
subplot(212);
pwelch(uoft,[],[],[],Rs);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Upconverter
s_tilde = (uoft.').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*t);
s = real(s_tilde); %passband signal (E)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%===============================
h9 = figure(9);

subplot(211)
plot(t(80:480),s(80:480));
title('Tn hiu s(t) ti E - Min thi
gian','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);

subplot(212)
plot(ff,abs(fft(((real(uoft).').*cos(2*pi*fc*t)),q*FS))/FS);
xlabel('Tn s Hz','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)

-494-
title('Tn hiu s(t) ti E - Min tn s','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
clc;
% function NVD8_ofdmsimrx
% function NVD8_ofdmsimrx
% Reception section simulation for OFDM system
clc;
clear all;
close all;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%% Simualation Parameters%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Tu = 224e-6; % useful OFDM symbol period
T = Tu/2048; % baseband elementary period
G = 1/4; % choice of 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
delta = G*Tu; % guard band duration
Ts = delta+Tu; % total OFDM symbol period
Kmax = 1705; % number of subcarriers
Kmin = 0;
FS = 4096; % IFFT/FFT length
q = 10; % carrier period to elementary period ratio
fc = q*1/T; % carrier frequency
Rs = 4*fc; % simulation period
t = 0:1/Rs:Tu;
tt = 0:T/2:Tu;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%Data generator%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
sM = 2;
[x,y] = meshgrid((-sM+1):2:(sM-1),(-sM+1):2:(sM-1));
alphabet = x(:) + 1i*y(:);
N = Kmax+1;
rand('state',0);
a = -1+2*round(rand(N,1)).'+i*(-1+2*round(rand(N,1))).';
A = length(a);

info = zeros(FS,1);
info(1:(A/2)) = [ a(1:(A/2)).'];
info((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS) = [ a(((A/2)+1):A).'];
carriers = FS.*ifft(info,FS);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%Upconverter%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
L = length(carriers);
chips = [ carriers.';zeros((2*q)-1,L)];
p = 1/Rs:1/Rs:T/2;
g = ones(length(p),1);
dummy = conv(g,chips(:));
u = [dummy; zeros(46,1)];
[b,aa] = butter(13,1/20);
uoft = filter(b,aa,u);
delay = 64; %Reconstruction filter delay
s_tilde = (uoft(delay+(1:length(t))).').*exp(1i*2*pi*fc*t);

s = real(s_tilde);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% OFDM RECEPTION
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% Downconversion

-495-
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
r_tilde = exp(-1i*2*pi*fc*t).*s; %(F)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%===================
h1 = figure(1);
set(h1,'Name','H8_OFDMRx.1: NVD');
subplot(211);
plot(t,real(r_tilde));
axis([0e-7 12e-7 -60 60]);
title('Tn hiu thu ti F - Min thi
grid on;
subplot(212);
plot(t,imag(r_tilde));
axis([0e-7 12e-7 -100 150]);
grid on;
%=====================
h2 = figure(2);
ff=(Rs)*(1:(q*FS))/(q*FS);
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(r_tilde,q*FS))/FS);
title('Tn hiu thu ti F - Min tn s','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on;

subplot(212);
pwelch(r_tilde,[],[],[],Rs);
xlabel('tn s [MHz]','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',12)
ylabel('PSD [dB/Hz]','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',14)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% Carrier suppression %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
[B,AA] = butter(3,1/2);
r_info = 2*filter(B,AA,r_tilde); %Baseband signal continuous-time (G)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%===============================
h3 = figure(3);
set(h3,'color','w');
subplot(211);
plot(t,real(r_info));
title('Tn hiu thu ti G - Min thi
axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]);
grid on;
subplot(212);
plot(t,imag(r_info));
axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]);

-496-
grid on;

%==============================
h4 = figure(4);
f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS);
set(h4,'color','w');
subplot(211);
plot(ff,abs(fft(r_info,q*FS))/FS);
title('Tn hiu thu ti G - Min tn s','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on;

subplot(212);
pwelch(r_info,[],[],[],Rs);
xlabel('tn s [MHz]','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%Sampling %%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Baseband signal, discrete time
r_data = real(r_info(1:(2*q):length(t)))...
+ 1i*imag(r_info(1:(2*q):length(t))); % (H); 1i*

%=============================
h5 = figure(5);
subplot(211);
stem(tt(1:20),(real(r_data(1:20))));
title('Tn hiu thu ti H - Min thi
axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]);
grid on;
subplot(212);
stem(tt(1:20),(imag(r_data(1:20))));
axis([0 12e-7 -60 60]);
grid on;

%=============================
h6 = figure(6);
f=(2/T)*(1:(FS))/(FS);
subplot(211);
plot(f,abs(fft(r_data,FS))/FS);
xlabel('Tn s','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',12)
ylabel('Bin ','FontName','.VnTime','color','b','FontSize',14)
title('Tn hiu thu ti H - Min tn s','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
grid on;
subplot(212);
pwelch(r_data,[],[],[],2/T);
xlabel('tn s [MHz]','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)

-497-

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%% FFT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
info_2N = (1/FS).*fft(r_data,FS); % (I)
info_h = [info_2N(1:A/2) info_2N((FS-((A/2)-1)):FS)];

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%% Slicing %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
for k=1:N,
a_hat(k)=alphabet((info_h(k)-alphabet)==min(info_h(k)-alphabet)); %(J)
end;

%==================================
h7 = figure(7)
subplot(121)
plot(info_h((1:A)),'.k');
xlabel('Trc thc I','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)
ylabel('Trc o Q','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('Biu chm sao tn hiu ti I','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
axis square;
axis equal;
grid on;
axis([-1.5 1.5 -1.5 1.5]);

subplot(122)
plot(a_hat((1:A)),'or');
xlabel('Trc thc I','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12)
ylabel('Trc o Q','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14)
title('Biu chm sao tn hiu 4-QAM ti
J','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
axis square;
axis equal;
grid on;
axis([-1.5 1.5 -1.5 1.5]);
Bi 39:
Hy c m chng trnh m phng NVD8_AD_sim.m th hin nguyn l hot ng
ca h thng BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK, 16QAM, v m hnh m phng, thc
hin m phng, thay i cc tham s m phng v phn tch kt qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
Chng trnh m phng tn hiu v h thng BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK, 16QAM
c cho NVD8_AD_sim.m thc hin m phng tn hiu trong min thi gian v tn s
nh: dng sng, biu mt, biu pha (chm sao), ng bao, mt ph cng sut
PSD. Di y l mt s kt qu m phng in hnh cho cc h thng ny. c
tng minh, ta nn nghin cu k m chng trnh Matlab, xc nh cc tham s u vo
cho tng h thng, v lu m phng. y l mt chng trnh tng hp c tnh lin kt
cao. Trong , th hin r cch ly d liu t cc im ca h thng x l hin th, trc
quan ha nguyn l hot ng ca cc h thng ny. c bit c ngha ngi mi lp
trnh Matlab v mun tm hiu nguyn l hot ng cc h thng truyn thng ny. Di
y l mt s kt qu in hnh khi chy chng trnh m phng. hiu r nguyn l
hot ng cc h thng ny, ta nghin cu k m chng trnh Matlab ny, v li m hnh
m phng, cng thc ha cho tng on chng trnh v chy chng trnh m phng cho

-498-
tp cc tham s c trng khc nhau cho tng m hnh . C th ni y l mt bi tp rt
tt.
H thng BPSK:
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

n
i

t
i
p
Dng sng tn hiu BPSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
T
n

h
i
u

c
h

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Tn s Hz
P
S
D
,

d
B
Mt ph cng sut PSD ca tn hiu BPSK, Tn sng mang l 4H
z


-499-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thnh phn I
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q
Biu pha tn hiu BPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2; BW= 0,7R
b

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thi gian
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
Biu mt tn hiu BPSK - c lc bi b lc Butterworth bc 4 rng bng BW =0,7R
b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
B
i
t

t
r
n

t
r
c

Q

Biu mt tn hiu BPSK - c lc bi b lc Butterworth bc 4 rng bng BW =0,7R
b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
-ng bao tn hiu BPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2c BW= 0,7R
b
Thi gian
n


-500-
H thng QPSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

n
i

t
i
p
Dng sng tn hiu QPSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

Q

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
T
n

h
i
u

c
h

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Tn s f, Hz
M

p
h
n
g

s
u
t

P
S
D
,

d
B
Ph tn hiu QPSK; Tn s trung tm = 4Hz; R
b
= 1 bps; R
s
= 0,5; No ave = 7


-501-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thnh phn I
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q
Biu pha tn hiu QPSK ; -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 4; BW= 0,7R
b

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
Biu mt tn hiu QPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterworth bc2 c rng bng BW=0,7R
b
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
B
i
t

t
r
n

t
r
c

Q

Biu mt tn hiu QPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterworth bc2 c rng bng BW=0,7R
b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
- ng bao tn hiu QPSK - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 4 c BW= 0,7R
b
Thi gian
n


-502-
H thng OQPSK

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

n
i

t
i
p
Dng sng tn hiu OQPSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
T
n

h
i
u

c
h

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Tn s, Hz
M

p
h
n
g

s
u
t

P
S
D
,

d
B
Ph tn hiu OQPSK; Tn s trung tm = 4Hz; R
b
= 1 bps; R
s
= 0,5;No ave = 7


-503-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thnh phn I
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q
Biu pha tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2; BW= 0,4R
b

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
Biu mt tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc butterwort bc 4c rng bng BW=0,7R
b
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
B
i
t

t
r
n

t
r
c

Q

Biu mt tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc butterwort bc 4c rng bng BW=0,7R
b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
-ng bao tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 4 c BW= 0,7R
b
Thi gian
n


-504-
H thng MSK

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

n
i

t
i
p
Dng sng tn hiu MSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

Q
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1
0
1
Thi gian
T
n

h
i
u

c
h

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Tn s, Hz
M

p
h
n
g

s
u
t

P
S
D
,

d
B
Ph tn hiu MSK; Tn s trung tm = 4Hz; R
b
= 1 bps; R
s
= 0,5;No ave = 7


-505-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Thnh phn I
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q
Biu pha tn hiu MSK - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc; 2; BW= 0,7R
b

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
Biu mt tn hiu MSK - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2 c BW=0,7R
b
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Thi gian
B
i
t

t
r
n

t
r
c

Q

Biu mt tn hiu MSK - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2 c BW=0,7R
b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
- ng bao tn hiu MSK - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2 c BW= 0,7R
b
Thi gian
n


-506-
H thng 16-QAM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
0
1
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

n
i

t
i
p
Dng sng tn hiu 16-QAM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-5
0
5
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-5
0
5
Thi gian
D

l
i
u

Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-5
0
5
Thi gian
T
n

h
i
u

c
h

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Tn s, Hz
M

p
h
n
g

s
u
t

P
S
D
,

d
B
Ph tn hiu 16-QAM ; Tn s trung tm = 4Hz/; R
b
= 1 bps; R
s
= 0,25; No ave = 7


-507-
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Thnh phn I
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q
Biu pha tn hiu 16-QAM - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 4 ; BW= 0,4R
b

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-4
-2
0
2
4
Thi gian
T
h
n
h

p
h
n

I
Biu mt tn hiu 16-QAM - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2 c BW=0,7R
b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-4
-2
0
2
4
Thi gian
B
i
t

t
r
n

t
r
c

Q

Biu mt tn hiu 16-QAM - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2 c BW=0,7R
b

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
- ng bao tn hiu 16-QAM - c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc 2 c BW= 0,7R
b
Thi gian
n


-508-

% file: NVD8_AD_sim
clc;
clear all;
close all;

mod_type = input(' Nhap: 0 cho BPSK, 1 cho QPSK, 2 cho OQPSK, 3 cho MSK
& 4 cho 16 QAM = ');
display(' Luu y rang: Neu ve bieu do pha, bieu do mat & duong bao thi
Nhap 0 cho OFDM = ');
ofdm_mod = 0; % input(' Nhap 1 cho OFDM = ');
ph_error = 0; % input(' Nhap 1 cho loi pha giai dieu che (0) = ');
if ofdm_mod==1
N_tones = input(' Nhap so tones cho OFDM (5) = ')
end

samp_bit = 20;%input('Nhap so mau/bit de MP (20) = ');
f0 = 4;%input('Nhap tan so song mang Hz (4) = ');
N_bits = 1000;%input('Nhap tong so bit MP (1000) = ');
I_plot = input(' Khao sat: 1= Dang song; 2 = Pho; 3= Bieu do
mat; 4 = Duong bao; 5 = Bieu do pha = ');

if I_plot ==2
N_ave = 7; % input('Nhap so pho de lay trung binh uoc tinh PSD (9)= ');
end
data = 0.5*(sign(rand(1,N_bits)-0.5)+1);
T_bit =1;
del_t = T_bit/samp_bit;
s = 2*data - 1;
L =length(s);
psi = zeros(1,L);

if ph_error ==1
type_ph_error = input('Nhap 1 cho loi pha tinh; 2 cho loi pha gaussian =
');
if type_ph_error==1
psi_rad = input(' Nhap loi pha radian = ');
psi = psi_rad*ones(1,L);
elseif type_ph_error==2
var_psi_rad2 = input('Nhap phuong sai loi pha = ') ;
psi = sqrt(var_psi_rad2)*randn(1,L);
end
end

t = 0:del_t:L*T_bit - del_t;
%%==============================================
% Loop to repeat for phasor digrams
%%==============================================
clf
if mod_type~=4
tp = 0: del_t:L*T_bit - del_t;
tpp = 0:del_t:2*T_bit - del_t;
elseif mod_type==4
tp = 0: del_t:(L*T_bit - del_t); % ? (L)
end
sigr = [];
sigi =[];
sig =[];
s_t =[];
xc =[];
sigs =[];
sig =[];
y_sig =[];

-509-
s_t = s(ones(samp_bit,1),:); % Buld array whose columns are samp_bit long
s_t = s_t(:)'; % Convert matrix where bit samples occupy columns to vector
if mod_type ~=4 & mod_type~=0
T_sym = 2*T_bit;
%==============================================
% Form array whose columns are the bits sampled samp_bit times
sigs = s(ones(2*samp_bit,1),:);
sigr = sigs(:,1:2:L); % Odd-indexed columns = Quadrature channel symbols
sigi = sigs(:,2:2:L); % Even-indexed columns = Inphase channel symbols
if mod_type ==3
AA = sin(pi*tpp/(2*T_bit));
CC = (AA(ones(floor(L/2),1),:))';
sigr = CC.*sigr; %Weight symbols with half sine
sigi = CC.*sigi; %Weight symbols with half sine
end
sigr = (sigr(:))'; % Concatenate columns into row matrix
sigi = (sigi(:))'; % Concatenate columns into row matrix
if mod_type == 1
sig = sqrt(0.5)*(sigr - i*sigi); % Form complex baseband for QPSK
elseif mod_type ==2
sig = sqrt(0.5)*(sigr - i*delay(sigi,samp_bit +1)); % OQPSK BB
elseif mod_type ==3
sig = sigr - i* delay(sigi,samp_bit +1); % MSK complex baseband
end
elseif mod_type ==4
T_sym = 4*T_bit;
for l=1:4:L-3
if s(l)==-1&s(l+1)==-1
ampr=-3;
elseif s(l)==-1&s(l+1)==1
ampr=-1;
elseif s(l)==1&s(l+1)==1
ampr=1;
elseif s(l)==1&s(l+1)==-1
ampr=3;
end
if s(l+2)==-1& s(l+3)==-1
ampi = -3;
elseif s(l+2)==-1&s(l+3)==1
ampi = -1;
elseif s(l+2)==1&s(l+3)==1
ampi = 1;
elseif s(l+2)==1&s(l+3)==-1
ampi = 3;
end
sigr = [sigr hold_in(ampr,4*samp_bit)];
sigi = [sigi hold_in(ampi,4*samp_bit)];
sig = sigr - i*sigi;
end
elseif mod_type ==0
sigr = s_t;
sigi = zeros(size(t));
sig = sigr - i*sigi;
T_sym = T_bit;
end
%==============================================
if ofdm_mod ==1
MM = [];
sigp =[];
N_sig =length(sig);
N_cols = fix(N_sig/N_tones);
T_sym_ofdm = N_tones*T_sym;
f_sym_ofdm = 1/T_sym_ofdm;
f_step = 0.5*f_sym_ofdm;

-510-
MM = [0:N_tones-1]*f_step;
sigp = sig(1:N_tones*N_cols);
sig = sigp;
N_sig = length(sig);
end
%==============================================
freq_array =[];
sig_pr = [];
if ofdm_mod ==1
sig_pr = reshape(sig,N_tones,N_cols);
for n=1:N_cols
tn =(n-1)*del_t;
exp_fr = exp(j*2*pi*MM*tn);
freq_array = [freq_array, exp_fr'];
end
tp = 0:del_t:(N_cols-1)*del_t;
sig = sum(sig_pr.*freq_array);
end
%==============================================
xc = sig.*exp(j*2*pi*f0*tp);
if ofdm_mod ==1
f_s = N_tones*f_sym_ofdm;
f_ss = f_sym_ofdm;
else
f_s =1/T_sym;
f_ss =1/T_sym;
end
%==============================================
if I_plot ==1
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,s_t);
axis([0 50 -1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Thi gian ','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('D liu ni tip','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
if mod_type ==0 & ofdm_mod~=1
title('Dng sng tn hiu BPSK','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
x_m = 1.5;
elseif mod_type ==1 & ofdm_mod~=1
title('Dng sng tn hiu QPSK','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
x_m = 1.5;
title('Dng sng tn hiu OQPSK ','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
x_m = 1.5;
title('Dng sng tn hiu MSK','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
x_m = 1.5;
title('Dng sng tn hiu 16-QAM','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
x_m = 5;
end
if mod_type ==0 & ofdm_mod==1
title(['Dng sng tn hiu OFDM/BPSK; Tn s trung tm ./tones =
',num2str(f0),...
'Hz/',num2str(N_tones),'; R_b = 1 bps; R_s =
',num2str(f_ss)],...
'fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12)
x_m=5;
elseif mod_type ==1 & ofdm_mod==1
title(['Dng sng tn hiu OFDM/QPSK; Tn s trung tm./tones =
',num2str(f0),...
'Hz/',num2str(N_tones),';R_b = 1 bps; R_s =

-511-
x_m=5;
title(['Dng sng tn hiu OFDM/OQPSK; Tn s trung tm ./tones =
',num2str(f0),...
x_m=5;
title(['Dng sng tn hiu OFDM/MSK; Tn s trung tm./tones =
',num2str(f0),...
x_m=5;
title(['Dng sng tn hiu OFDM/16-QAM; Tn s trung tm./tones =
',num2str(f0),...
x_m=7;
end
%% Dang song===========================================================
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(tp,real(sig));
axis([0 50 -x_m x_m]);
xlabel('Thi gian','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('D liu I ','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(tp,imag(sig));
axis([0 50 -x_m x_m]);
xlabel('Thi gian','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('D liu Q','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(tp,real(xc));
axis([0 50 -x_m x_m]);
ylabel('Tn hiu iu ch ','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
elseif I_plot==2
%% Mat do pho cong suat PSD============================================
L_xc = length(xc);
LL = fix(L_xc/N_ave);
LLlog = fix(log2(LL));
LL =2^LLlog;
fs=1/del_t;
f_sym = 1/T_sym;
del_f = fs/LL;
% next paper
f = 0:del_f:fs - del_f;
xcp = [];
xcp = xc(1:LL*N_ave);
sig = [];
xc = xcp;
L_xc = length(xc);
xc_pr = reshape(xc,LL,N_ave);
Xc = (fft(xc_pr))';
size(Xc) % note Xc & xc
X_est = sum(abs(Xc));
psd = 20*log10(X_est/max(X_est));
plot(f,psd),...
axis([f0-10*f_s f0+10*f_s -50 0]),...
xlabel('Tn s, Hz','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12),...

-512-
ylabel('Mt ph cng sut PSD,
dB','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12),...
if mod_type ==1& ofdm_mod~=1
title(['Ph tn hiu QPSK; Tn s trung tm = ',num2str(f0),...
'Hz; R_b = 1 bps; R_s = ',num2str(f_ss),';No ave =
',num2str(N_ave)],...
'fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
elseif mod_type ==2& ofdm_mod~=1
title(['Ph tn hiu OQPSK; Tn s trung tm = ',num2str(f0),...

title(['Ph tn hiu MSK; Tn s trung tm = ',num2str(f0),...

title(['Ph tn hiu 16-QAM ; Tn s trung tm = ',num2str(f0),...
'Hz/; R_b = 1 bps; R_s = ',num2str(f_ss),'; No ave =
%%%%%%%

elseif mod_type ==1& ofdm_mod==1
title(['Ph tn hiu OFDM/QPSK ; Tn s trung tm= ',num2str(f0),...
'Hz/;',num2str(N_tones),'R_b =1 bps; R_s = ',num2str(f_ss),...
'No ave =
',num2str(N_ave)],'fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
title(['Ph tn hiu OFDM/OQPSK; Tn s trung tm = ',num2str(f0),...
'No ave =

title(['Ph tn hiu OFDM/MSK; Tn s trung tm = ',num2str(f0),...
'No ave =

title(['Ph tn hiu OFDM/16-QAM; Tn s trung tm= ',num2str(f0),...
'No ave =
',num2str(N_ave),'fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12]);
end

elseif I_plot ==3|I_plot==4|I_plot==5
I_filt = input(' Nhap 1 de du lieu duoc loc boi bo loc Butterworth; Nhap
2 neu khong loc: ');
if I_filt ==1
BW = input(' Nhap do rong bang thong bo loc: B= [0 den 0.8]R_b: ');
n_order = input(' Nhap bac bo loc (1,2,3,4) = ');
[num,den] = butter(n_order,2*BW/samp_bit);
y_sig = [];
zi =[];
[y_sig,zf] = filter(num,den,sig,zi);
zi=zf;
end
if I_plot==3

-513-
% Bieu do mat======================================================
%z_sig =[];
z_sig = zeros(size(y_sig));
if I_filt ==1
z_sig(1:N_sig - 5*samp_bit) = y_sig(5*samp_bit:N_sig-1);
elseif I_filt ==2
z_sig(1:N_sig - 5*samp_bit) = sig(5*samp_bit:N_sig-1);
end

N_sym = 2*T_sym/del_t;
tt= 0:del_t:2*T_sym - del_t;
for n=2:fix((N_sig-5*samp_bit)/N_sym)
real_eye =[];
imag_eye =[];
real_eye(1:N_sym) = real(z_sig((n-1)*N_sym - 0.5*N_sym + 1:
n*N_sym - 0.5*N_sym));
imag_eye(1:N_sym) = imag(z_sig((n-1)*N_sym - 0.5*N_sym + 1:
n*N_sym - 0.5*N_sym));
%Thanh phan I ==================
subplot(2,1,1),
plot(tt,real_eye),
xlabel('Thi gian','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12),
ylabel('Biu mt trn trc I
','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
if mod_type ==0
title(['Biu mt tn hiu BPSK -c lc bi b lc
Butterworth bc ',num2str(n_order),' rng bng BW =',...
num2str(BW),'R_b'],'fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
elseif mod_type ==1&I_filt==1
title(['Biu mt tn hiu QPSK -c lc bi b lc
Butterworth bc',num2str(n_order),' c rng bng BW=',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc
butterwort bc ',num2str(n_order),'c rng bng BW=',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu MSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
bc ',num2str(n_order),' c BW=',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu 16-QAM -c lc bi b lc
Butterwort bc ',num2str(n_order),'c BW=',...
title('Biu mt tn hiu BPSK khng -c
lc','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
title('Biu mt tn hiu QPSK khng -c lc
title('Biu mt tn hiu OQPSK khng -c lc
title('Biu mt tn hiu MSK khng -c lc
title('Biu mt tn hiu 16-QAM khng -c
end
%Thanh phan Q ============================
subplot(2,1,2),
plot(tt,imag_eye),
xlabel('Thi gian','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12),

-514-
ylabel('Biu mt trn trc Q
if mod_type ==0 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
title(['Biu mt tn hiu BPSK -c lc bi b lc
Butterworth bc ',num2str(n_order),' rng bng BW =',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu QPSK -c lc bi b lc
Butterworth bc',num2str(n_order),' c rng bng BW=',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc
butterwort bc ',num2str(n_order),'c rng bng BW=',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu MSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
bc ',num2str(n_order),' c BW=',...
title(['Biu mt tn hiu 16-QAM -c lc bi b lc
Butterwort bc ',num2str(n_order),'c BW=',...
title('Biu mt tn hiu BPSK khng -c
title('Biu mt tn hiu QPSK khng -c lc
title('Biu mt tn hiu OQPSK khng -c lc
title('Biu mt tn hiu MSK khng -c lc
title('Biu mt tn hiu 16-QAM khng -c
end
%=========== Note
if n==2
hold on
end
subplot(2,1,1),
plot(tt,imag_eye);
ylabel('Thnh phn Q_n','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12),...
if n==2
hold on
end
end
elseif I_plot==4
% Duong bao =======================================================
%subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,abs(y_sig));
if mod_type ==0
title(['-ng bao tn hiu BPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc
',num2str(n_order),'c BW= ',...
elseif mod_type ==1
title(['-ng bao tn hiu QPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc
',num2str(n_order),' c BW= ',...
elseif mod_type ==2

-515-
title(['-ng bao tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc
elseif mod_type ==3
title(['-ng bao tn hiu MSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort bc
elseif mod_type ==4
title(['-ng bao tn hiu 16-QAM -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
bc ',num2str(n_order),'c BW= ',...
end
elseif I_plot==5
% Bieu do pha =====================================================
z_sig=[];
if I_filt==1
z_sig(1:N_sig-5*samp_bit) = y_sig(5*samp_bit:N_sig-1);
elseif I_filt==2
z_sig(1:N_sig-5*samp_bit) = sig(5*samp_bit:N_sig-1);
end
plot(real(z_sig),imag(z_sig));
axis square;
xlabel('Thnh phn I','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Thnh phn Q','fontname','.Vntime','fontsize',12);
if mod_type~=4
axis([-1.5 1.5 -1.5 1.5]),...
else
axis([-4.5 4.5 -4.5 4.5]),...
end
if mod_type ==0 & I_filt==1
title(['Biu pha tn hiu BPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
bc ',num2str(n_order),'; BW= ',num2str(BW),'R_b'],...
elseif mod_type ==1 & I_filt==1
title(['Biu pha tn hiu QPSK ; -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
title(['Biu pha tn hiu OQPSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
title(['Biu pha tn hiu MSK -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
bc; ',num2str(n_order),'; BW= ',num2str(BW),'R_b'],...
title(['Biu pha tn hiu 16-QAM -c lc bi b lc Butterwort
bc ',num2str(n_order),' ; BW= ',num2str(BW),'R_b'],...
title('Biu pha tn hiu BPSK, khng -c lc
title('Biu pha tn hiu QPSK, khng -c lc
title('Biu pha tn hiu OQPSK, khng -c
title('Biu pha tn hiu MSK, khng -c lc MSK
title('Biu pha tn hiu 16_QAM, khng -c lc

-516-
end
end
end

function output = hold_in(in,k)

output = [];
L = length(in);
b = ones(k,1)*in;
output = reshape(b,1,L*k);

function y=q(x)

y = 0.5*erfc(x/sqrt(2));
Bi 40:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab c cho bi NVD9_MCBPSK.m di y, v m
hnh m phng, phn tch m hnh m phng, chy chng trnh m phng, phn tch
kt qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
M hnh m phng trong cc iu kin gi nh sau: Khng thc hin nh dng xung
my pht; Knh l kng AWGN; Cc k hiu d liu ti u ra ca ngun l c lp
nhau v ng xc sut; H thng khng lc v khng c giao thoa gia cc k hiu ISI.
Cc gi nh ny lm n gin h thng v chng trnh m phng.
Ngund
liu
MYPHT
Sosnhcck
hiu
Tr
MYTHU
Nguntpm
Nguntpm
| |
n d
E
P
[ ] d n
[ ]
d
x n
[ ]
q
x n
[ ]
d
y n
[ ]
q
y n
[ ]
d
n n
[ ]
q
n n

Chy chng trnh Matlab, N=1000 k hiu cho mi gi tr ca SNR, kt qu c
minh ha hnh di y. Lu rng, tin cy ca m phng BER gim khi SNR tng
ln do thc t m c t li hn. iu ny gi rng c th c quan h gia s k hiu
c m phng vi SNR hoc tip tc thc hin m phng n khi s li m c l
ging nhau ti mi gi tr ca SNR.

-517-
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
M phng MC-BER theo SNR cho h thng BPSK trong mi trng knh AWGN khi N
Sym
= 10000 k hiu
E
b
/N
0
dB
B
E
R
Ly thuyet
Mo phong

% File: NVD9_MCBPSK.m
% File: NVD9_MCBPSK.m
clc;
clear all;
close all;
snrdB_min = -3; snrdB_max = 8; % SNR (in dB) limits
snrdB = snrdB_min:1:snrdB_max;
Nsymbols = input('Nhap so ky hieu > ');
snr = 10.^(snrdB/10); % convert from dB
h = waitbarqa(0,'M phng BER cho tng gi tr ca SNR');
len_snr = length(snrdB);

for j=1:len_snr % increment SNR
waitbarqa(j/len_snr)
sigma = sqrt(1/(2*snr(j))); % noise standard deviation
error_count = 0;
for k=1:Nsymbols % simulation loop begins
d = round(rand(1)); % data
x_d = 2*d - 1; % transmitter output
n_d = sigma*randn(1); % noise
y_d = x_d + n_d; % receiver input
if y_d > 0 % test condition
d_est = 1; % conditional data estimate
else
d_est = 0; % conditional data estimate
end
if (d_est ~= d)
error_count = error_count + 1; % error counter
end
end % simulation loop ends
errors(j) = error_count; % store error count for plot
end
close(h)
ber_sim = errors/Nsymbols; % BER estimate
ber_theor = erfc(sqrt(1*snr))/2; % theoretical BER
%=============================================

-518-
h9_8 = figure(1);
set(h9_8,'color','c','name','H9.8:NVD');
semilogy(snrdB,ber_theor,snrdB,ber_sim,...
'--rs','LineWidth',2,...
'MarkerEdgeColor','k',...
'MarkerFaceColor','g',...
'MarkerSize',7);
axis([snrdB_min snrdB_max 0.0001 1])
title(['M phng MC-BER theo SNR cho h thng BPSK trong mi tr-ng knh AWGN
khi N_S_y_m = ',...
num2str(Nsymbols),' k hiu'],'FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
xlabel(' E_b/N_0 dB','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',14);
ylabel('BER','FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',16);
legend('Ly thuyet','Mo phong',1);
grid on;
Bi 41:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab NVD10_QPSKSA.m di y, v m hnh m
phng, phn tch m hnh m phng, chy chng trnh m phng, phn tch kt
qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
V chm sao tn hiu QPSK c 4 im tn hiu ch khng phi l hai, v v khng
gian tn hiu c hai chiu ch khng phi l mt nh trng hp BPSK, trong phi
thm mt chiu na to knh vung pha.
Chm sao tn hiu c minh ha hnh di y. Cc im tn hiu pht S
i
,
i=1,2,3,4 tng ng cc vng quyt nh D
i
, i=1,2,3,4. Quyt nh ng my thu nu S
i

c pht i v tn hiu thu ri vo vng quyt nh D
i
; nu ngc li th xy ra li. C th
trong hnh di y, ta gi s S
1
c pht i v tn hiu thu khng c tp m c k hiu
l
1
S . Hu qu ca ISI v mo lm cho
1 1
S S = . N l
1
S ch khng phi l S
1
. Mc ch
m phng ny s lm sng t cc nh hng ca ISI ch khng lm sng t cc nh hng
ca tp m. Cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ca
1
S c k hiu l
x
S v
y
S trong

( )
x 1
S Re S = v
( )
y 1
S Im S = . Mt khi xt n tp m bng cch cng n
x
v n
y
vi
x
S v
y
S , th mt quyt nh ng c thc hin vi iu kin S
1
c pht i nu nu
( )
x x y y 1
S n ,S n D + + e . Thc hin quyt nh sai nu
( )
x x y y 1
S n ,S n D + + e .
I
Q
S
4
S
3
S
2 S
1
D
4 D
3
D
2 D
1
y
S
1
S
x
S


-519-
Vn ch, xc nh cc thnh phn tp m n
x
v n
x
m s dn n mt li cho
im tn hiu thu (khng c tp m) trong khng gian tn hiu
1
S . Vn ny rt ging vi
trng hp BPSK nhng c s khc bit cn bn l khng gian tn hiu. Nu cc thnh
phn tp m cng ng pha v vung pha l khng tng quan nhau v u l phn b
Gaus. Theo , khi S
1
c pht i v thu c
1
S , th xy ra mt li nu
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
x x y y
2 2
n n
x x y y 1
n S n S
2 2
1 x y
n n
S n ,S n D
1
Pr S .e dn dn
2

li
| |

|

|
o o
|
\ .
+ + e
=
to o
}}
(1)
trong n
x
v n
y
l cc thnh phn tp m ng pha v vng pha v
n
o th hin cho
phng sai. n gin ha k hiu, ta t
( )
( )
2
x x
2
n
x
n S

2
N x x n
n
1
f n S , e
2
o
o =
to
(2)
( )
( )
2
y y
2
n
y
n S

2
N y y n
n
1
f n S , e
2
o
o =
to
(3)
khi ny (1) tr thnh
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
x y
x x y y 1
1 N x x n N y y n x y
S n ,S n D
Pr S f n S , .f n S , dn dn li
+ + e
= o o
}}
(4)
Xc sut li ny c th c gii hn bi biu thc
{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x y
x x y y 2 3
x y
x x y y 3 4
1 N x x n N y y n x y
S n ,S n D D
N x N y x y
S n ,S n D D
Pr S f n S , .f n S , dn dn
f n .f n dn dn
li

+ + e
+ + e
< o o
+
}}
}}
(5)
trong xut hin ranh gii v vng quyt nh D
3
xy ra hai ln trong (5). T nh ngha
v cc vng quyt nh ta c th vit
{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x y
x y
0
1 N x x n N y y n
0
N x x n x N y y n y
Pr S f n S , dx f n S , dy
f n S , dn f n S , dn
li

< o o
+ o o
} }
} }
(6)
Coi hai trong bn tch phn trong (6) l bng 1, nhn c
{ } ( ) ( )
x y
0 0
1 N x x n x N y y n y
Pr S f n S , dn f n S , dn li

< o + o
} }
(7)
Th (2) v (3) vo biu thc trn v dng cc nh ngha v
x
S v
y
S nhn c gii
hn cho xc sut li c iu kin. Gii hn xc sut li c iu kin ny l
{ }
( ) ( )
1 1
1
n n
Re S Im S
Pr S Q Q li
| | | |
| |
< +
| | o o
\ . \ .
(8)

-520-
trong , hm Q(.) l hm Q Gaus. Do tnh i xng xc sut c iu kin l nh nhau
i vi bn k hiu pht c th c.
Ging nh trng hp PSK ta gi thit S
k
l k hiu pht th k trong chui N k
hiu c m phng. Vi mi gi tr ca k, 1 k N, th S
k
s l S
1
, S
2
, S
3
, hoc S
4
. Ranh
gii cho t s li k hiu c iu kin l, t (8)
{ }
( ) ( )
k k
k
n n
Re S Im S
Pr S Q Q li
| | | |
| |
< +
| | o o
\ . \ .
(9)
T s li k hiu tng t c bng cch ly trung bnh xc sut li k hiu c iu
kin trn ton b chui N k hiu c cho bi
{ }
( ) ( )
N
k k
1
k 1
n n
Re S Im S
1
Pr S Q Q
N
li
=
( | | | |
( | |
< +
| | o o (
\ . \ .
(10)
T s li bt
S
E
P
P
2
= . Lu rng, trong trng hp PSK ta t c mt nghim chnh
xc, trong khi vi QPSK ta c mt gii hn (ranh gii). K thut c dng y
pht trin b c tnh bn gii tch d dng c m rng cho MPSK v QAM.
B c tnh c trin khai y s c dng thng sut cc phn cn li ca ti
liu nhm c lng hiu nng ca mt s h thng. Quy t li s l cc v d minh ha
nh hng ca a ng v phainh trong h thng v tuyn v nh hng ca mo phi
tuyn trong h thng truyn thng v tinh ghp knh theo tn s.
M chng trnh Matlab thc hin m phng bn gii tch h thng QPSK c cho
file NVD10_QPSKSA.m di y. Thc hin m phng cho php nghin cu cc nh
hng ca ISI do lc pht gy ra. rng bng tn c t bng tc k hiu (l mt
na tc bit ngha l
b
r
2
BW = ). V chm sao tn hiu l i xng, nn tt c cc im tn
hiu thu b quay n cung phn t th nht nh c cp trn.
Thc hin m phng, ta c chm sao tn hiu v BER c minh ha hnh di y.
Lu rng, chm sao tn hiu thu khng cn cha 4 im nh trng hp QPSK l tng
na m by gi n gm 16 im. lm r vn ny, ta gi s rng im tn hiu thu
trong cung phn t th nht trnh by cho bt d liu 00 v do tnh c nh ca h thng gy
ra ISI l hai k hiu (cc k hiu pht hin ti v k hiu pht trc ). Hu qu l to ra
4 im tn hiu t vic truyn cp bit 00. Bn im tn hiu ny tng ng vi 00|00,
00|01, 00|10, 00|11, trong thanh thng ng phc ha cho k hiu hin thi v cc k
hiu c pht trc . Cng cn lu rng mi im trong s 4 im cung phn t th
nht c bao gm cc im m hi b tn x. Hin tng tn x ny do h thng th hin
tnh cht nh vi lu ln hn hai k hiu, mc d nh hng ca tnh c nh ny l nh.
Mt phng pha bn phi ca hnh di y minh ha cho BER ca h thng khi c lc
pht. Kt qu m phng cho knh AWGN cng c a ra nhm so snh v tham kho.
Thy r BER tng ln do ISI

-521-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Mu thnh phn I
M
u

t
h
n
h

p
h
n

Q
M phng chm sao tn hiu QPSK: N
Sym
=256 k hiu
0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
0
[dB]
B
E
R
M phng BER-SA
QPSK
theo E
b
/N
0
khi: N
Sym
=256 k hiu
BER
QPSK-AWGN
ly thuyet
Uoc tinh BER
QPSK
theo SA

Kt qu m phng QPSK trong iu kin tnh n ISI

% File: NVD10_QPSKSA.m
% File: NVD10_QPSKSA.m
% H10.17

clc;
clear all;
close all;

%======================================
% Default parameters
% =====================================
NN = 256; % number of symbols
tb = 0.5; % bit time
p0 = 1; % power
fs = 16; % samples/symbol
ebn0db = [0:1:10]; % Eb/N0 vector
[b,a] = butter(5,1/16); % transmitter filter parameters
%====================================
% Establish QPSK signals
%====================================
x = random_binary(NN,fs)+i*random_binary(NN,fs); % QPSK signal
y1 = x; % save signal
y2a = y1*sqrt(p0); % scale amplitude
%======================
% Transmitter filter
%=======================
y2 = filter(b,a,y2a); % filtered signal
%====================
% Matched filter
%====================
b = ones(1,fs); b = b/fs; a = 1; % matched filter parameters
y = filter(b,a,y2); % matched filter output

-522-
% End of simulation
%===============================================================
% Use the semianalytic BER estimator. The following sets
% up the semi analytic estimator. Find the maximum magnitude
% of the cross correlation and the corresponding lag.
%===============================================================
[cor lags] = vxcorr(x,y);
cmax = max(abs(cor));
nmax = find(abs(cor)==cmax);
timelag = lags(nmax);
theta = angle(cor(nmax));
y = y*exp(-i*theta); % derotate
%===========================
% Noise BW calibration
%===========================
hh = impz(b,a); % receiver impulse response
nbw = (fs/2)*sum(hh.^2); % noise bandwidth
%===============================================================
% Delay the input, and do BER estimation on the last 128 bits.
% Use middle sample. Make sure the index does not exceed number
% of input points. Eb should be computed at the receiver input.
%================================================================
index = (10*fs+8:fs:(NN-10)*fs+8);
xx = x(index);
yy = y(index-timelag+1);
[n1 n2] = size(y2); ny2=n1*n2;
eb = tb*sum(sum(abs(y2).^2))/ny2;
eb = eb/2;
[peideal,pesystem] = NVD10_qpsk_berest(xx,yy,ebn0db,eb,tb,nbw);

%==========================================================================
% Display for Results
%==========================================================================
h10_17 = figure
set(h10_17,'color','c','name','H10.17: NVD')
%===============
subplot(1,2,1)
yscale = 1.5*max(real(yy));
plot(yy,'+')
xlabel('Mu thnh phn I','fontname','.vntime','Fontsize',14);
ylabel('Mu thnh phn Q','fontname','.vntime','Fontsize',14);
axis([-yscale yscale -yscale yscale]);
title([' M phng chm sao tn hiu QPSK: N_S_y_m =',num2str(NN),' k
hiu'],...
'FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12);
grid;
%===============
subplot(1,2,2)
semilogy(ebn0db,peideal,ebn0db,pesystem,...
'MarkerSize',7);
xlabel('E_b/N_0 [dB]','Fontname','.VnTime','Fontsize',14);
ylabel('BER', 'Fontname','.VnTime','Fontsize',14);
title([' M phng BER-SA_Q_P_S_K theo E_b/N_0 khi: N_S_y_m =',num2str(NN),' k
hiu'],...
'FontName','.VnTime','FontSize',12);
legend('BER_Q_P_S_K_-_A_W_G_N ly thuyet','Uoc tinh BER_Q_P_S_K theo
SA',0);grid;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function [x, bits] = random_binary(nbits,nsamples)


-523-
% File: random_binary.m
% This function genrates a random binary waveform of length nbits
% sampled at a rate of nsamples/bit.

x = zeros(1,nbits*nsamples);
bits = round(rand(1,nbits));
for m=1:nbits
for n=1:nsamples
index = (m-1)*nsamples + n;
x(1,index) = (-1)^bits(m);
end
end

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function [peideal,pesystem] = NVD10_qpsk_berest(xx,yy,ebn0db,eb,tb,nbw)
% File: NVD10_qpsk_berest.m
% ebn0db is an array of Eb/No values in db (specified at the
% receiver input); tb is the bit duration and nbw is the noise BW
% xx is the reference (ideal) input; yy is the distorted output;
%
[n1 n2] = size(xx);
nx = n1*n2;
[n3 n4] = size(yy);
ny = n3*n4;
[n5 n6] = size(ebn0db);
neb = n5*n6;
%=======================================================
% For comparision purposes, set the noise BW of the ideal
% receiver (integrate and dump) to be equal to rs/2.
%=======================================================
nbwideal = 1/(2*tb*2);
h = waitbarqa(0,'M phng BER-SA_Q_P_S_K cho tng gi tr ca E_b/N_0');
for m=1:neb
waitbarqa(m/length(neb));
peideal(m) = 0.0; pesystem(m) = 0.0; % initialize
%------------------------------------------
% Find n0 and the variance of the noise.
%------------------------------------------
string1 = ['Eb/No = ',num2str(ebn0db(m))];
disp(string1) % track execution
ebn0(m) = 10^(ebn0db(m)/10); % dB to linear
n0 = eb/ebn0(m); % noise power
sigma = sqrt(n0*nbw*2); % variance
sigma1 = sqrt(n0*nbwideal*2); % variance of ideal
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
% Multiply the input constellation/signal by a scale factor so that
% input constellation and the constellations/signal at the input to
% receive filter have the same ave power a=sqrt(2*eb/(2*tb)).
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
b = sqrt(2*eb/tb)/sqrt(sum(abs(xx).^2)/nx);
for n=1:nx
theta = angle(xx(n));
if (theta<0)
theta = theta+2*pi;
end
%-------------------------------------------------------
% Rotate x and y to the first quadrant and compute BER.
%-------------------------------------------------------
xxx(n) = b*xx(n)*exp(-i*(theta-(pi/4)));
yyy(n) = yy(n)*exp(-i*(theta-(pi/4)));
d1 = real(xxx(n)); d2 = imag(xxx(n)); % reference
d3 = real(yyy(n)); d4 = imag(yyy(n)); % system
pe1 = q(d1/sigma1)+q(d2/sigma1); % reference

-524-
pe2 = q(d3/sigma)+q(d4/sigma); % system
peideal(m) = peideal(m)+pe1; % SER of reference
pesystem(m) = pesystem(m)+pe2; % SER of system
end
end
close(h);
peideal = (1/2)*peideal./nx; % convert to BER
pesystem = (1/2)*pesystem./nx; % convert to BER

Bi 42:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab NVD14_threeray.m di y, v m hnh m
phng, phn tch m hnh m phng, chy chng trnh m phng, phn tch kt
qu m phng.
Hng dn gii
Chng trinhd m phng hiu nng BER h thng QPSK hot ng trong mi trng
knh a ng 3 tia vi AWGN v so snh hiu nng BER vi chnh h thng nhng
hot ng trn knh AWGN l tng (khng c a ng). Trong gi thit sau:
1. Knh c 3 ng (tia) gm c: 1 ng i thng LOS khng b phainh v 2
thnh phn Rayleigh. Cc mc cng sut thu lin quan ti mi ng v cc tr
chnh lch gia ba ng l cc tham s m phng.
2. Phainh Rayleigh trong knh ch nh hng ln bin ca tn hiu pht. Pha tc
thi khng b nh hng.
3. Suy hao ca mi thnh phn a ng l khng i trn mi khong thi gian k
hiu v c cc gi tr c lp trn cc khong lin k (khng yu cu phi nh
dng ph Doppler).
4. Khng s dng b lc pht v m hnh my thu l my thu kt xut v tch hp l
tng.
Vi cc gi nh trn th, tn hiu thu cho trong trng hp ny c vit l
0 1 1 2 2
y(t) a x(t) a R x(t) a R x(t - ) = + + t
LOS
Rayleigh Rayleigh b tr

trong R
1
v R
2
l hai bin ngu nhin Rayleigh c lp th hin cho suy hao ca hai
ng Rayleigh v t l tr tng i gia hai thnh phn Rayleigh. Bin i Fourier ca
y(t) l
j2 f
0 1 1 2 2
Y(f ) a X(f ) a R X(f ) a R X(f )e
t t
= + +
dn n hm truyn t knh l
j2 f
0 1 1 2 2
Y(f )
H(f ) a a R a R e
X(f )
t t
= = + +
R rng, nu tch ft khng th b qua so vi rng bng tn ca tn hiu, th knh
l knh chn lc tn s, dn n tri rng tr v ISI. Cc gi tr ca a
0
, a
1
, a
2
xc nh cc
mc cng sut tng i P
0
, P
1
v P
2
ca ba thnh phn a ng.
M phng c thc hin cho mt trong su tp gi tr tham s c cho bng di
y. Vi mi kch bn knh, BER c c lng dng c tnh bn phn tch. Trong

-525-
bng, tr c biu din theo chu k ly mu. V tn s ly mu m phng l 16 mu trn
k hiu, nn t = 8 tng ng vi tr l mt na chu k ly mu.

Cc kch bn knh minh ha cho phainh
Kch bn
knh s
P
0
P
1
P
2

t
(mu) Ch thch
1 1,0 0 0 0
Dng ph chun (knh l tng
AWGN)
2 1,0 0,2 0 0 Phainh phng Ricean
3 1,0 0 0,2 0 Phainh phng Ricean
4 1,0 0 0,2 8 Phainh chn lc tn s Ricean
5 0 1,0 0,2 0 Phainh phngRayleigh
6 0 1,0 0,2 8 Phainh chn lc tn s Rayleigh

Kt qu m phng i vi kch bn knh s 1 v 2 c minh ho hnh 1. Trong
kch bn s 1, ch c mt thnh phn i thng LOS m khng c a ng, dn n c
tnh BER bn phn tch cho h thng QPSK hot ng trong mi trng knh AWGN.
Vic m phng ny nhm kim tra phng php lun m phng v to ra cc kt qu
ranh gii biu din cho mt h thng QPSk l tng. Vi mc ch so snh, nn kt qu
ny c hin th cng vi kt qu BER ca 5 kch bn knh cn li. Bng cho thy, kch
bn 2 l kch bn s 1 thm mt thnh phn phainh Rayleigh. Vic thm vo ny c th
p ng vi knh phainh Ricean. V 0 = t , nn kch bn knh s 2 l phainh phng
(khng chn lc tn s). Thy r, BER tng ln so vi kch bn knh s 1 (trng hp
knh l tng).

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
E
b
/N
0
(dB)
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

P
e
M phng hiu nng BER cho kch bn knh s: 1
AWGN
Multipath

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
E
b
/N
0
(dB)
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

P
e
AWGN
Multipath

Hnh 1. Kch bn knh s1 (tri) v kch bn knh s 2 (phi) minh ho chy hiu chun
v phainh phng Ricean.

Kt qu m phng cho kch bn knh s 3 v 4 c minh ho hnh 3. Kch bn
knh s 3 v c bn tng ng kch bn knh s 2. S khc nhau nh l do qu trnh

-526-
phainh khc vi qu trnh phainh c dng kch bn knh s 2 do s khi to khc
nhau ca b to s ngu nhin c bn. Kch bn knh s 4 ging vi kch bn knh s 3
ngoi tr l phainh by gi l chn lc tn s. Lu hiu nng h thng b suy gim hn.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
E
b
/N
0
(dB)
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

P
e
AWGN
Multipath

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
E
b
/N
0
(dB)
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

P
e
AWGN
Multipath

Hnh 3. Lp 3 (bng bn tri) v lp 4 (bng bn phi) minh ho phainh nn Ricean v
phainh chn lc tn s.

Kt qu m phng cho kch bn knh s 5 v 6 c cho hnh 4. Lu rng, c hai
kch bn knh ny u khng c thnh phn i thng. S so snh kt qu kch bn s 5 vi
4 kt qu trc cho thy: k c vi kch bn phainh phng (bn tri), hiu nng u xu
hn so vi trng hp c thnh i thng LOS. Kch bn knh s 6 tng t vi kch bn
knh s 5 ngoi tr l phainh by gi l chn lc tn s. Lu rng hiu nng h thng b
suy thoi hn. Cc knh Ricean v Rayleigh s c khai thc su hn trong cc phn tip
theo.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
E
b
/N
0
(dB)
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

P
e
AWGN
Multipath

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
E
b
/N
0
(dB)
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

P
e
AWGN
Multipath

Hnh 4. Kch bn knh s 5 (tri) v s 6 (phi) minh ho phainh chn lc tn s v
phainh phng Rayleigh

% file: NVD14_threeray.m
clc;
clear all;
close all;

-527-
%=================================
% Default parameters
NN = 256; % number of symbols
tb = 0.5; % bit time
fs = 16; % samples/symbol
ebn0db = [1:2:14]; % Eb/N0 vector

%===============================
% Establish QPSK signals
x = NVD14_random_binary(NN,fs)+i*NVD14_random_binary(NN,fs);
%===============================
% Input powers and delays
Scennario = input(' Chon kich ban kenh so 1-6 (theo bang 4.1): ');
if Scennario==1 % Validation: AWGN
p0 = 1;
p1 = 0;
p2 = 0;
delay = 0;
elseif Scennario==2 % Ricean flat fadinh
p0 = 1;
p1 = 0.2;
p2 = 0;
delay = 0;
elseif Scennario==3 % Ricean flat fadinh
p0 = 1;
p1 = 0;
p2 = 0.2;
delay = 0;
elseif Scennario==4 % Ricean frequency selective fadinh
p0 = 1;
p1 = 0;
p2 = 0.2;
delay = 8;
elseif Scennario==5 % Rayleigh flat fadinh
p0 = 0;
p1 = 1;
p2 = 0.2;
delay = 0;
else % Rayleigh frequency selective fadinh
p0 = 0;
p1 = 1;
p2 = 0.2;
delay = 8;
end

delay0 = 0; delay1 = 0; delay2 = delay;

%=================================================
% Set up the Complex Gaussian (Rayleigh) gains

gain1 = sqrt(p1)*abs(randn(1,NN) + i*randn(1,NN));
gain2 = sqrt(p2)*abs(randn(1,NN) + i*randn(1,NN));
for k = 1:NN
for kk=1:fs
index = (k-1)*fs+kk;
ggain1(1,index) = gain1(1,k);
ggain2(1,index) = gain2(1,k);
end
end

y1 = x;
for k=1:delay2
y2(1,k) = y1(1,k)*sqrt(p0);
end

-528-
for k=(delay2+1):(NN*fs)
y2(1,k)= y1(1,k)*sqrt(p0) + y1(1,k-delay1)*ggain1(1,k)+ y1(1,k-
delay2)*ggain2(1,k);
end
%======================================
% Matched filter
b = ones(1,fs); b = b/fs; a = 1;
y = filter(b,a,y2);
% End of simulation
%========================================================
%=======================================
% Use the semianalytic BER estimator. The following sets
% up the semi analytic estimator. Find the maximum magnitude
% of the cross correlation and the corresponding lag.
[cor lags] = NVD14_vxcorr(x,y);
[cmax nmax] = max(abs(cor));
timelag = lags(nmax);
theta = angle(cor(nmax))
y = y*exp(-i*theta); % derotate
%----------------------------
% Noise BW calibration
%----------------------------
hh = impz(b,a);
ts = 1/16;
nbw = (fs/2)*sum(hh.^2);
%---------------------------
% Delay the input, and do BER estimation on the last 128 bits.
% Use middle sample. Make sure the index does not exceed number
% of input points. Eb should be computed at the receiver input.
%----------------------------
index = (10*fs+8:fs:(NN-10)*fs+8);
xx = x(index);
yy = y(index-timelag+1);
[n1 n2] = size(y2); ny2=n1*n2;
eb = tb*sum(sum(abs(y2).^2))/ny2;
eb = eb/2;
[peideal,pesystem] = NVD14_qpsk_berest(xx,yy,ebn0db,eb,tb,nbw);
%=======================================
h14_2 = figure
set(h14_2,'name','H14.2 den H14.4: NVD')
semilogy(ebn0db,peideal,ebn0db,pesystem,...
'MarkerSize',7);
% semilogy(ebn0db,peideal,'-o',ebn0db,pesystem,'r+-');
xlabel('E_b/N_0 (dB)','fontname','.Vntime','color','b','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Xc sut li P_e','fontname','.Vntime','color','b','fontsize',14);
title(['M phng hiu nng BER cho kch bn knh s: ',...
num2str(Scennario),'; N_S_y_m =',num2str(NN),' k hiu'],...
'fontname','.Vntime','color','b','fontsize',16)
axis([0 14 10^(-10) 1]);
legend('AWGN','Da duong');
grid;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function [x, bits] = NVD14_random_binary(nbits,nsamples)
% File: random_binary.m
% This function genrates a random binary waveform of length nbits
% sampled at a rate of nsamples/bit.
x = zeros(1,nbits*nsamples);
bits = round(rand(1,nbits));
for m=1:nbits
for n=1:nsamples

-529-
index = (m-1)*nsamples + n;
x(1,index) = (-1)^bits(m);
end
end

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function [c,lags] = NVD14_vxcorr(a,b)
% File: vxcorr.m

% This function calculates the unscaled cross-correlation of 2 vectors of the
% same length. The output length(c) is length(a)+length(b)-1.
% It is a simplified function of xcorr function in matlabR12 using the
% definition: c(m) = E[a(n+m)*conj(b(n))] = E[a(n)*conj(b(n-m))]
%
a = a(:); % convert a to column vector
b = b(:); % convert b to column vector
M = length(a); % same as length(b)
maxlag = M-1; % maximum value of lag
lags = [-maxlag:maxlag]'; % vector of lags
A = fft(a,2^nextpow2(2*M-1)); % fft of A
B = fft(b,2^nextpow2(2*M-1)); % fft of B
c = ifft(A.*conj(B)); % crosscorrelation
%
% Move negative lags before positive lags
%
c = [c(end-maxlag+1:end,1);c(1:maxlag+1,1)];
%
% Return row vector if a, b are row vectors
%
[nr nc]=size(a);
if(nr>nc)
c=c.';
lags=lags.';
end
% End of function file.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function [peideal,pesystem] = NVD14_qpsk_berest(xx,yy,ebn0db,eb,tb,nbw)
% File: qpsk_berest.m
% ebn0db is an array of Eb/No values in db (specified at the
% receiver input); tb is the bit duration and nbw is the noise BW
% xx is the reference (ideal) input; yy is the distorted output;

[n1 n2] = size(xx);
nx = n1*n2;
[n3 n4] = size(yy);
ny = n3*n4;
[n5 n6] = size(ebn0db);
neb = n5*n6;
%=========================================================
% For comparision purposes, set the noise BW of the ideal
% receiver (integrate and dump) to be equal to rs/2.
nbwideal = 1/(2*tb*2);
for m=1:neb
% initialize
peideal(m) = 0.0;
pesystem(m) = 0.0;
%----------------------------------------
% Find n0 and the variance of the noise.
string1 = ['Eb/No = ',num2str(ebn0db(m))];
disp(string1) % track execution
ebn0(m) = 10^(ebn0db(m)/10); % dB to linear

-530-
n0 = eb/ebn0(m); % noise power
sigma = sqrt(n0*nbw*2); % variance
sigma1 = sqrt(n0*nbwideal*2); % variance of ideal
%-----------------------------------------
% Multiply the input constellation/signal by a scale factor so that
% input constellation and the constellations/signal at the input to
% receive filter have the same ave power a=sqrt(2*eb/(2*tb)).
b = sqrt(2*eb/tb)/sqrt(sum(abs(xx).^2)/nx);
for n=1:nx
theta = angle(xx(n));
if (theta<0)
theta = theta+2*pi;
end
%------------------------------------------------------
% Rotate x and y to the first quadrant and compute BER.
%------------------------------------------------------
xxx(n) = b*xx(n)*exp(-i*(theta-(pi/4)));
yyy(n) = yy(n)*exp(-i*(theta-(pi/4)));
d1 = real(xxx(n)); d2 = imag(xxx(n)); % reference
d3 = real(yyy(n)); d4 = imag(yyy(n)); % system
pe1 = NVD14_q(d1/sigma1) + NVD14_q(d2/sigma1);% reference
pe2 = NVD14_q(d3/sigma) + NVD14_q(d4/sigma);% system
peideal(m) = peideal(m)+pe1; % SER of reference
pesystem(m) = pesystem(m)+pe2; % SER of system
end
end
peideal = (1/2)*peideal./nx; % convert to BER
pesystem = (1/2)*pesystem./nx; % convert to BER

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
function y=NVD14_q(x)
% File: NVD14_q.m
y = 0.5*erfc(x/sqrt(2));
Bi 43:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab NVD_CS79.m v chy chng trnh, lm sng
t nguyn l hot ng ca vng kha pha PLL trong cc mch khi phc sng
mang.
Hng dn gii
Khi phc sng mang gm: B dao ng ni dng vng kho pha PLL thc hin
ng b sng mang sao cho pha sng mang khi phc c iu khin nm trong trng
thi ng b vi tn hiu sng mang. Vng kho pha l mt h thng iu khin hi tip
phi tuyn, iu khin pha b dao ng ni thu.
n gin, ta xt h thng iu ch BPSK. Vng kho pha PLL c iu khin
bi tn hiu sin ti tn s sng mang (hoc bi s ca n). c c tn hiu sin iu
khin vng kho pha PLL, th tn hiu iu ch DSB.
( )
c c
u(t) A m(t)cos 2 f t (t) = t | (1)
trong m(t) 1 = ly bnh phng u(t) ta c.

-531-
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
c c
2 2
2 2 c c
c
2 2
c c
c
u (t) A m (t) cos 2 f t (t)
A A
m (t) m (t) cos 4 f t 2 (t)
2 2
A A
cos 4 f t 2 (t)
2 2
= t |
= + t |
= + t |
(2)
Thy r, tn hiu ny c thnh phn tn s 2f
c
. S d ta khng xt trc tip u(t) l v,
m(t) thng l qu trnh ngu nhin c trung bnh khng (1 ng xc sut) v vy
khng c cng sut ca u(t) ti f
c
. Nu cho tn hiu u
2
(t) qua b lc thng bng c iu
chnh n 2f
c
, th u ra b lc s l tn hiu sin c tn s trung tm 2f
c
, pha -2|(t) v bin

2
c c
1
A H(2f )
2
. B qua suy hao, gi thit bin bng 1, ngha l tn hiu u vo vng
kho pha PLL l.
( )
c
r(t) cos 4 f t 2 (t) = t | (3)
Vng kho pha gm b nhn, b lc vng, b dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO
c cho hnh 1. Nu gi thit u ra ca VCO l
( ) c
sin 4 f t 2 (t) t | th ti u vo b lc
vng ta c.
| |
c c
c
e(t) cos 4 f t 2 (t) sin 4 f t 2 (t)
1 1
sin 2 (t) 2 (t) sin 8 f t 2 (t) 2 (t)
2 2
.
. .
(
= t | t |
(

( (
= | | + t | |
( (

(4)
Blcvng
VCO
( ) c
sin 4 f t 2 (t) t |
e(t) r(t)
) (t v
+
-
Tnhiuthu

Hnh 1: Vng kha pha PLL
Lu rng, e(t) cha thnh phn tn s thp v tn s cao. B lc vng kh thnh
phn tn s cao v m bo (t)
.
|
bm theo s thay i ca ) (t | . B lc vng n gin l
b lc thng thp bc 1 c hm truyn t.
1
2
1 s
G(s)
1 s
+ t
=
+ t
( (5 5) )
trong : t
2
>> t
1
. Nu k hiu u vo VCO l v(t), th u ra VCO s l sin m lch
tn tc th ca n so vi 2f
c
t lc vi v(t). Nhng tn s tc thi u ra VCO l.
c
1 d
2f (t)
dt
+ |
t

v vy.

-532-
d K
(t) v(t)
dt 2
| = (6)
tng ng.
t
2 (t) K v( )d
| = t t
}
(7)
trong : K l hng s t l. Sau khi kh cc hi bc 2 v bc 4, vng kho pha PLL quy v
hnh 2.
VCO
2 (t) |
e(t)
) (t v
+
-
G(s)
( )
1
sin 2 (t) 2 (t)

2
| |
t
2 (t) K v( )d
| = t t
}
2 (t) |

Hnh 2: Vng kha pha PLL sau khi kh cc thnh phn tn s cao
Gi s
(t) | bm theo (t) | , th lch pha

( )
2 (t) (t) | | l rt nh c th ly xp x.
1

sin 2 (t) 2 (t) (t) (t)
2
(
| | ~ | |

(8)
Bng cch xp x ho ny, thnh phn phi tuyn hnh 2 c thay bi thnh phn
tuyn tnh, kt qu l m hnh vng kho pha PLL tuyn tnh hnh 3. Lu rng, m hnh
ny c biu bin trong min s (Laplace), b tch phn c thay bng chuyn i
Laplace ca n 1/s.
G(s)
(t) |
) (t v
+
-
(t) |
s
K

Hnh 3: M hnh tuyn tnh ha cho vng kha pha PLL
M hnh hnh l h thng iu khin tuyn tnh c h s khuych i thun l G(s)
v h s khuych i hi tip l K/s v vy hm truyn t ca h thng c cho bi.
G(s)
K
(s)
s
H(s)
G(s)
(s)
1 K
s
.
u
= =
u
+
(9)
vi m hnh bc 1 i vi G(s) c gi thit trn l
1
2
1 s
G(s)
1 s
+ t
=
+ t
(10)

-533-
th hm truyn t H(s) c cho nh sau.
1
2
2
1
G(s)
K
1 s (s)
s
H(s)
G(s)
1 (s)
1 K
1 s s
s
K K
.
+ t u
= = =
t u | |
+
+ t + +
|
\ .
( (1 11 1) )
Nu u vo vng kho pha PLL l u(s) th li s l.
| |
( )
) (
) 1 (
1
) ( ) ( 1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 1
2
s
s s K K
s s
s s H
s H s s
s s s
u
+ + +
+
=
u =
u u =
u u = Au
.
t t
t

(12)
Gi thit ti thi im no
(t) (t) | ~ | sao cho A|(t) ~ 0. Ti thi im ny, mt s thay

i t bin gy ra s nhy trong |(t) c th c m hnh ho nh l bc, ngha l
u(s)=K
1
/s. Vi thay i ny, ta c
( )
( )
2
1
2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
1 s s
K
(s)
K (1 K )s s s
K 1 s

K (1 K )s s
+ t
Au =
+ + t + t
+ t
=
+ + t + t
(13)
Bng cch dng nh l bin i Laplace
t s 0
limf (t) limsF(s)

= (14)
ch cn tt c cc im cc ca sF(s) c cc phn thc m, th ta kt lun c
( )
1 2
2
t s 0
s 0
1 2
K 1 s
lim (t) lims (s) 0
K (1 K )s s
lim

+ t
A| = u = =
+ + t + t
(15)
Ni cch khc, b lc vng bc 1 lm cho vng kho pha PLL c th bm cc bc
nhy trong pha u vo.
Hm truyn t (11) c vit li di dng chun ho
2
2
n
n n
2 2
n n
2 s
K
H(s)
s 2 s
| | e
e +e
|
\ .
=
+ e +e
(16)
y:
n
2
K
e =
t
;
( )
n 1
1 K
2
e t +
=
trong : e
n
l tn s t nhin v , l h s tt dn (damping factor)
Minh ho: [Vng kho pha PLL bc 1]
Gi s, cho
1 0, 01s
G(s)
1 s
+
=
+
v K=1, xc nh v v p ng ca PLL i vi s thay
i t bin bng 1 i vi pha u vo. y t
1
= 0,01 v t
2
=1 v vy e
n
= 1, = 0,505

-534-
Kt qu nhn c.
2
0, 01s 1
H(s)
s 1, 01s 1
+
=
+ +
p ng vi |(t) = u(t), ngha l u(s) = 1/s
c cho bi.
3 2
0, 01s 1
(s)
s 1, 01s s 1
+
u =
+ + +

xc nh v v c p ng theo gian
(t) | i vi u vo l xung n v u(t), ta

phi xc nh u ra h thng c hm truyn t H(s) i vi u vo u(t). Thc hin mt
cch n gin nht bng cch dng cc k thut khng gian trng thi. Dng hm Matlab
tf2ss.m, nhn c m hnh khng gian trng thi h thng c m t bi hm truyn t
ca n. Sau khi tm c cch biu din khng gian trng thi h thng , tm c p
ng tng bc mt.
Hm tf2ss.m thc hin ly t v mu s ca hm truyn t H(s) v tr li cc gi tr
A, B, C, D, biu din khng gian trng thi ca n di dng.
d
x(t) Ax(t) Bu(t)
dt
y(t) Cx(t) Du(t)
= +
= +

S biu din ny c th c xp x bi
x(t t) x(t) Ax(t) t Bu(t) t
y(t) Cx(t) Du(t)
+ A = + A + A
= +

Hoc tng ng vi.
x(i 1) x(i) Ax(i) t Bu(i) t
y(i) Cx(i) Du(i)
+ = + A + A
= +

Trong bi ton ny, n ph hp vi vic chn u(t) l hm bc nhy (step function)
v cc vector t s & mu s ca H(s) l | | 1 01 , 0 v | | 1 01 , 1 1 tng ng. Vi cch chn
cc vector t s v mu s ny, th cc tham s khng gian trng thi ca h thng s l.
1, 01 1
A
1 0
(
=
(

1
B
0
(
=
(

| |
C 0, 01 1 = D 0 =
V u ra ca PLL c cho hnh 4 (kt qu chy chng trnh Matlab). Nh c
thy hnh 4, u ra ca PLL cui cng bm theo u vo, tuy nhin tc bm ca n
ph thuc vo cc tham s ca b lc vng v tham s K, cc hng s t l VCO.

function y = NVD_PLL_1
num = [0.01 1];
den = [1 1.01 1];
[a,b,c,d] = tf2ss(num,den);
dt = 0.01;
u = ones(1,2000);
x = zeros(2,2001);
for i=1:2000
x(:,i+1) = x(:,i) + dt.*a*x(:,i) + dt.*b*u(i);
y(i) = c*x(:,i);
end
t = [0:dt:20];
plot(t(1:2000),y)


-535-

Hnh 4: p ng ca PLL i vi s thay i tc th v pha.
Bi 44:
Hy c m chng trnh Matlab NVD_CS710.m v chy chng trnh lm sng
t nguyn l hot ng ca b m cng sm mun trong vic khi phc nh thi
k hiu.
Hng dn gii
My thu ti u dng cc b lc thch hp v cc b ly mu ti u ra cc b lc thch
hp quyt nh tn hiu thu. Trong mi trng hp, ta thng gi thit, my thu hon
ton bit trc thi im ly mu v thc hin ly mu chnh xc ti thi im . Cc h
thng m t c s ng b gia my thu v my pht c gi l khi phc nh thi,
ng b ng h hay ng b k hiu.
Thc hin n gin v ng b ng h l dng cng sm mun Early-Late Gate.
Hot ng ca cng sm mun ny da trn c s h thng truyn thng PAM, u ra ca
b lc thch hp l hm t tng quan ca tn hiu xung c bn c dng trong h thng
PAM (c th b dch thi). Hm t tng quan c cc i ho ti thi im ly mu
ti u (gi tr hm t tng quan ln nht ti thi im ly mu ti u) v c tnh i xng
(i xng qua gi tr cc i). Ngha l, khi khng c tp m, th u ra ca b ly mu ti
cc thi im ly mu T
+
=T+o v T
-
=T-o c gi tr bng nhau, ngha l.
y(T ) y(T )
+
=
Khi ny, thy r thi im ly mu ti u t=T l thi im gia ca hai thi im ly
mu sm v mun, tc l
T T
T
2
+
+
=

-536-
Gi s, khng ly mu ti thi im ly mu ti u t=T nhng ly mu ti thi im
T
1
. Nu ly hai mu ti T
+
= T
1
+o v T
-
= T
1
-o, th cc mu ny khng i xng i nhau
qua thi im lu mu ti u t=T v vy chng khng bng nhau.
Hm t tng quan in hnh i vi cc xung n m v dng v ba mu c cho
hnh 1 di y. y
1
2
T T
T T
+
= o
= +o

Trong
1 2
o < o v t hnh v cho thy
y(T ) y(T )
+
>
Trong trng hp ny:
1
T T
T T
2
+
+
< =

Kt lun: Da vo tnh cht i xng tn hiu ra ca b tng quan (lc thch hp) ta c:
Khi y(T ) y(T )
+
> , th thi im ly mu chnh xc l thi im ly mu sm
hn thi im ly mu c gi nh ly mu nn c thc hin sm hn.
Khi y(T ) y(T )
+
< , th thi im ly mu chnh xc l thi im ly mu mun
hn thi im ly mu c gi nh thi im ly mu nn c tr i.
Khi y(T ) y(T )
+
= , th thi im ly mu l chnh xc khng cn hiu chnh.
V vy: Nguyn tc hot ng h thng ng b nh thi m cng sm-mun: Thc
hin ly ba mu tn hiu ra ca b tng quan ti cc thi im T
1
, T
-
=T
1
-o v T
+
=T
1
+o,
sau so snh gi tr y(T ) y(T )
+
v , tu thuc vo cc gi tr tng i ca chng, to
ra tn hiu iu khin hiu chun thi im ly mu.
Mumun
Musm
Mutiu
urablc
thchhp
t t T
T
+
Lu:
1
2
1 2
T T
T T
+
= o
= + o
o < o
T
T
+
T
T

Hnh 1: u ra b lc thch hp v cc mu sm mun
Minh ho: ng b ng h

-537-
H thng truyn thng PAM c hai s dng dng sng dc Cosine c h s dc =
0,4. Tc truyn dn h thng l 4800bit/s. Chng trnh Matlab m phng hot ng
m cng sm-mun cho h thng ny c cho di y. V tc truyn dn l
4800bit/s, nn T=1/R
b
=1/4800. Vi h s dc o = 0,4, khai trin sng dc Cosine tr
thnh.
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
7 2
Cos 4800 0, 4 t
x(t) SinC 4800t
1 4 0,16 4800 t
Cos 1920 t
SinC 4800t
1 1, 4746 10 t
t
=

t
=

R rng tn hiu ny c m rng t - n + c cho hnh 6 (kt qu chy
chng trnh). T hnh v ta thy rng, vi mc ch thc t l ta xt trong khong
|t| s 0,610
-3
, mt cch xp x [-3T, 3T]. Vic x l ct xn (Truncating) xung dc Cosine
ny trong khong ny v tnh hm t tng quan mang li kt qu dng sng c cho
hnh 7 (kt qu chy chng trnh).
Chng trnh Matlab c vit tnh v v hm t tng quan v dng sng dc
Cosine c thc hin di y (dng tng qut). i vi v d c th ta truyn tham bin
cho hm c th. di ca hm t tng quan l: 1201 gi tr cc i (tc l: thi im
ly mu ti u) xut hin ti thnh phn th 600.
Hy kim tra cho hai trng hp:
\ Khi thi im ly mu khng ng ti: 700.
\ Khi thi im ly mu khng ng ti: 500.
Trong c hai trng hp th cng "sm mun " thc hin hiu chnh thi im ly
mu v thi im ly mu ti u 600.
function y = NVD_Clock_SYN
alpha =0.4;
T =1/4800;
t =[-3*T:1.001*T/100:3*T];
x = sinc(t./T).*(cos(pi*alpha*t./T)./(1-4*alpha^2*t.^2/T^2));

pause % Press any key to see a plot of x(t).

plot(t,x)

y = xcorr(x);
ty = [t-3*T,t(2:length(t))+3*T];

pause % Press any key to see a plot of the autocorrelation of x(t).
plot(ty,y);

d = 60; % Early and late advance and delay
ee = 0.01; % Precision
e = 1; % Step size
n = 700; % The incorrect sampling time
while abs(abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d)))>=ee
if abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))>0
n = n+e;
elseif abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))<0
n = n-e;
end
end
pause % Press any key to see the corrected sampling time

-538-

n
n = 500; % Another incorrect sampling time
while abs(abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d)))>=ee
if abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))>0
n = n+e;
elseif abs(y(n+d))-abs(y(n-d))<0
n = n-e;
end
end
pause % Press any key to see the corrected sampling time
n

Khi nhp cc gi tr cho cc thi im ly mu sai (cc gi tr 500 v 700) th hm
thc hin hiu chnh v gi tr thi im ly mu ti u ng (600).

Lời Giải Bài Tập Cuối Chương 2,3

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Lời Giải Bài Tập Cuối Chương 2,3

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Hng dn gii bi tp v m phng

Dng xung g(t)

Tn hiu s(t) ti E - Min thi gian

Tn hiu s(t) ti E - Min tn s

Tn hiu thu ti F - Min tn s

Tn hiu thu ti G - Min tn s

Tn hiu thu ti H - Min tn s

sin 2 (t) 2 (t)

(t) | bm theo (t) | , th lch pha

(t) (t) | ~ | sao cho A|(t) ~ 0. Ti thi im ny, mt s thay

(t) | i vi u vo l xung n v u(t), ta

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