Ribosome:

L mt b my phn t ln v phc tp, c mt trong tt c cc t bo

sng, ni xy ra qu trnh sinh tng hp protein. Ribosome lin kt axit
amin vi nhau theo th t c quy nh bi phn t RNA thng tin
(mRNA). Ribosome bao gm hai tiu n v chnh - tiu n v
ribosome nh c mRNA, trong khi tiu n v ln lin kt cc axit
amin to thnh mt chui polypeptide. Mi tiu n v gm mt hoc
nhiu phn t RNA ribosome (rRNA) v nhiu phn t protein.
Ribosome c hnh thnh t phc hp RNA v protein v v vy c tn
l Ribonucleoprotein. Mi ribosome c chia thnh hai tiu n v.
Tiu n v nh hn lin kt vi cc m hnh mRNA, trong khi cc tiu
n v ln hn lin kt vi tRNA v cc axit amin. Khi ribosome c
xong mt phn t mRNA, hai tiu n v ny s tch ra. Ribosome l
ribozymes, bi v cc hot ng xc tc phn ng peptidyl transferase,
nhm mc ch lin kt cc axit amin vi nhau, c thc hin bi cc
RNA ribosome.
M t:
Ribosome bao gm hai thnh phn gn kt vi nhau v cng lm vic
chuyn ha mRNA thnh mt chui polypeptide trong qu trnh tng
hp protein. Bi v chng c hnh thnh t hai thnh phn kch thc
khng bng nhau, chng di mt cht trn trc hn so vi ng knh.
Ribosome prokaryote c ng knh khong 20 nm (200 ) v c to
thnh t 65% RNA ribosome v 35% protein ribosome. Ribosome
eukaryotic c ng knh t 25 n 30 nm (250-300 ) v t l rRNA
so vi protein l gn nh ng nht (bng 1). Thnh phn vi khun
(bacterial) bao gm mt hoc hai eukaryotic ca mt hoc ba phn t
RNA rt ln (cn c gi l ribosome RNA hoc rRNA) v nhiu phn
t protein nh hn. Tinh th hc ch ra rng khng c protein
ribosome gn cc mt phn ng trong qu trnh tng hp polypeptide.
iu ny cho thy rng cc thnh phn protein ca ribosome hot ng
nh mt lp tm thi, c th tng cng kh nng ca rRNA tng
hp protein thay v trc tip tham gia xc tc
Ribosome chuyn ha chui polypeptide (ngha l protein) t cc cu
trc di truyn trong phm vi RNA, bng cch s dng cc axit amin
cung cp bi cc RNA vn chuyn (tRNA). Ribosome thot ra s nh
vi cytosol (phn bn cht lng ca t bo cht), nhng cht khc b
rng buc trong li endoplasmic reticulum, xut hin ca nhm; do
tn ca n cn c gi l lp bc ht nhn. Mc d xc tc ca cc
lin kt peptide lin quan n C2 hydroxyl ca RNA's P-site (xem phn
Function sau y) adenosine trong mt c ch trao i protein; cn cc
bc khc trong tng hp protein (ging nh chuyn v) c gy ra bi
nhng thay i trong qu trnh ti to protein. V ct li ca xc tc
c thc hin bng RNA, nn ribosome c phn loi l "ribozymes",
v ngi ta cho rng n c th l phn st li cui cng ca h RNA
Phn loi: 2 loi
Ribosome t do:
Loi Ribosome t do c th di chuyn bt c ni no trong t bo cht,
nhng ko th di chuyn trong nhn t bo v cc bo quan khc. Protein
c hnh thnh t cc ribosome t do c phng vo t bo cht v
c s dng bn trong t bo. V t bo cht c cha nng
glutathione cao nn trong mi trng kh, cc protein c cha lin kt
cht disulfide (c hnh thnh t d lng cht amino a-xt cha lu
hunh b oxy ha) khng th c sn sinh ra trong khu vc ny.
Ribosome c mng gii hn:
Khi mt ribosome bt u tng hp cc protein cn thit trong mt s c
quan t bo, ribosome to ra protein ny c th tr thnh loi c "mng
gii hn". Trong t bo nhn chun, vic ny s din ra trong mt khu
vc ca mng li ni cht (ER) c gi l "ER th". Chui
polypeptide mi c sn xut ra s c chn trc tip vo ER bi s
tng hp cc vecto thuc ribosome v sau c vn chuyn n cc
im thng qua con ng bi tit. Ribosome b rng buc thng sn
xut ra cc protein c s dng trong mng huyt tng hoc b o
thi khi t bo thng qua xut bo.
Cu trc:
Cc tiu n v ribosome ca sinh vt nhn s v sinh vt nhn chun
l kh ging nhau. Ngi ta dng n v o l Svedberg, mt thc o
tc lng ng ly tm ch khng phi l kch thc, v iu ny l
gii v sao cc phn tn d mang s nhng khng c ngha ton hc (v
d nh 70S c cu thnh bi 50S v 30S).
Sinh vt nhn s c 70S ribosome, mi ribosome bao gm ca mt tiu
n v nh (30S) v mt tiu n v ln (50S). Tiu n v nh ny li
c mt tiu n v nh RNA 16S (bao gm 1540 nucleotide) dnh vi 21
protein. Tiu n v ln bao gm mt tiu n v RNA 5S (120
nucleotide), mt tiu n v RNA 23S (2900 nucleotide) v 31 protein.
Vic t tn lin tip cho cc phn tRNA kt ni trn ribosome E. coli
cho php xc nh cc protein trn phn A v P c nhiu kh nng lin
quan vi cc hot ng peptidyltransferase (hnh thnh lin kt peptid);
cc protein c t tn nh vy l L27, L14, L15, L16, L2, t nht l
L27 nm ti bn cho, nh E. Collatz v AP Czernilofsky cho thy.
Cc nghin cu thm cho thy rng cc protetin S1 v S21, kt hp
vi ui 3' ca 16S ribosome RNA, c tham gia vo khi ng vic dch
m.
Sinh vt nhn chun c 80S ribosome, mi ribosome bao gm mt tiu
n v nh (40S) v mt tiu n v ln (60S). Tiu n v 40S c mt
RNA 18S (1900 nucleotide) v 33 protein. Tiu n v ln gm c mt
tiu n v RNA 5S (120 nucleotide), mt RNA 28S (4700 nucleotide),
v mt RNA 5.8S (160 nucleotide) v 46 protein. Nm 1977,
Czernilofsky cng b mt nghin cu trong c s dng vic t tn
lin tip xc nh cc phn lin kt tRNA trn ribosome gan chut.
Mt s protein, bao gm L32/33, L36, L21, L23, L28/29 v L13 c
cho l ti hoc gn trung tm peptidyl transferase (hnh thnh lin kt
peptid).
Cc ribosome c tm thy trong lc lp v ty th ca sinh vt nhn
chun cng bao gm cc tiu n v ln v nh lin kt vi cc protein
to thnh mt ht 70S. C quan t bo ny c cho l hu du ca vi
khun (xem l thuyt ni cng sinh) v cc ribosome ca n cng tng
t nh ca vi khun.
Cc ribosome khc nhau li c cng mt cu trc ct li kh tng ng
mc d c kch thc khc bit rt nhiu. Phn ln RNA c t chc
chi tit vo cc chui vi cu trc khc nhau, v d cc pseudoknots (nt
gi) th hin tnh ng trc xp. RNAthm trong cc ribosome ln hn
l trong cc phn chn thm di lin tc, nh m chng to thnh
cc vng t cu trc ct li m khng lm gin on hoc thay i n.
Tt c cc hot ng xc tc ca ribosome c thc hin bi RNA, cc
protein th c tr trn b mt v c v c chc nng n nh cu trc.
S khc bit gia cc ribosome vi khun v nhn chun c cc nh
ha hc dc phm khai thc to ra cc loi thuc khng sinh c th
tiu dit nhim trng do vi khun m khng lm hi cc t bo ca
ngi bnh. Do s khc bit trong cu trc, cc ribosome 70S ca vi
khun d b khng sinh tc ng trong khi ribosome 80S nhn chun th
khng sao. Mc d ty th c ribosome tng t nh nhng vi khun, ti
th khng b nh hng bi cc loi thuc khng sinh bi v chng c
bao quanh bo v bi hai lp mng ngn chn khng khng sinh vo
su trong c quan t bo.
Cu trc nguyn t ca tiu n v 30S t Thermus thermophilus.
Protein c th hin trong mu xanh v chui RNA duy nht mu cam.
Chc nng:
Ribosome l nhng ng c chnh ca qu trnh sinh tng hp protein,
hay cn c bit n l qu trnh dch mRNA thnh protein. mRNA
bao gm mt lot cc n v m truyn cho cc ribosome trnh t ca
cc axit amin cn thit to ra cc protein. S dng mRNA nh mt
bn mu, ribosome dung mi n v m (3 nucleotide) ca mRNA, ghp
ni n vi axit amin thch hp c cung cp bi mt aminoacyl-tRNA.
aminoacyl-tRNA c cha mt anti-codon b sung vo mt u v mt
axit amin thch hp u kia. Cc tiu n v ribosome nh, thng
dnh vo mt aminoacyl-tRNA c cha cc axit amin methionine, lin
kt vi mt AUG n v m trn mRNA to hnh cc tiu n v
ribosome ln. Ribosome khi c ba phn RNA lin kt, c gi l A,
P v E. Phn A lin kt vi mt aminoacyl tRNA, phn P lin kt vi
mt peptidyl-tRNA (tRNA dnh vi peptide c tng hp), v phn E
lin kt vi tRNA t do trc khi n ra khi ribosome. Tng hp protein
bt u ti mt n v m khi u AUD gn u 5 ca mRNA. mRNA
dnh vi phn P ca ribosome trc. Ribosome c th xc nh cc
n v m khi u bng cch s dng chui Shine-Dalgarno ca
mRNA nhn s v hp Kozak sinh vt nhn chun.