engineering guidelines - fan coils

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Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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Fan Coils ........................................................................................................................................................................................B4
Types of Fan Coils ..................................................................................................................................................................B4
Heat Transfer ..........................................................................................................................................................................B8
Hydronic (Fan Coil) System ...................................................................................................................................................B8
Room Load Calculations ........................................................................................................................................................B9
Psychrometrics.....................................................................................................................................................................B10
Properties of Coils and Coil Design .....................................................................................................................................B12
Vertical Stack Risers ...........................................................................................................................................................B13
Riser Sizing ..........................................................................................................................................................................B13
Expansion Loops ..................................................................................................................................................................B14
Controls and Valve Packages ...............................................................................................................................................B15
Thermostat ...........................................................................................................................................................................B16
overview
fan coils
Engineering Guidelines Overview ..................................................................................................................................................B3
Table of Contents
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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The selection and performance data contained
in this catalog are the result of extensive studies
conducted in the Titus engineering laboratories under
professional engineering guidance, with adherence
to sound engineering applications. They are intended
to be aids to heating and air conditioning engineers
and designers with skill and knowledge in the art
of air distribution. The data have been obtained
in accordance with the principles outlined within
the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard
70, Standard 113, Standard 130 and AHRI 880.
Although Titus has no control over the system,
design and application of these products, a function
which rightfully belongs to the designer, this data
accurately represents the product performance based
on the results of laboratory tests. Furthermore, the
recommended methods of applying this information
have been shown by feld experience to result in
optimum space air distribution.
Overview
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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The Vertical Stack unit consists of a blower and motor
capable of supplying up to 1200 cfm to the space, a cooling/
heating water coil, a drain pan for coil condensation and
large amount of accessories to reduce installation times
and cost.
The purpose of the Vertical Stack Fan Coil is to provide
cooling and heating to single or dual room spaces in
response to a control signal from a single room thermostat.
The unit is typically mounted in the room walls forming part
of the conditioned area.
There are four types of Vertical Stack units to meet various
water distribution designs.
Model VSR (Vertical Stack Stand Alone) vertical
mounted unit with wall mounted return air/access
panel and discharge grilles normally have the water
distribution risers as an integral part of the unit to
facilitate the unit installation and reduce cost and
time in the feld.
Model VSRM (Vertical Stack Remote Master) as per
the model VSR, however the risers are manufactured
with various alternatives of connections for feld
connection to a remote Drone (VSRS) unit.
Model VSRS (Vertical Stack Remote Drone) as per
the VSR unit, however the unit does not have risers
and pipe connections are manufactured ready for
connection to a remote Master (VSRM) unit.
Model VSM/S (Vertical Stack Master/Drone) twin
pack unit, pre-piped at the factory, sharing a single
set of risers and typically used when conditioning
similar space areas such as hotel rooms.
Figure 110. Typical Vertical Stack Application
VSR VSRM VSRS VSM/VSS
Vertical Stack
Types of Fan Coils
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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The Horizontal Basic unit consists of a blower and motor
capable of supplying up to 1200 cfm to the space, a cooling/
heating water coil and a drain pan for coil condensation.
The purpose of the Horizontal Basic Fan Coil unit is to
provide cooling and heating to a single room space in
response to a control signal from the room thermostat. The
unit is typically mounted above the space ceiling in a ceiling
drop or sofft to maximize the usable foor space in the
conditioned area.
There are four types of Horizontal Basic units to meet
various structural requirements.
Model HBC (Horizontal Basic Cabinet) mounts in the
ceiling plenum and is ducted to a high sidewall air
outlet. The HBC is an economical source of supplying
warm or cool air to a room in response to the room
thermostat.
Model HBP (Horizontal Basic Plenum) is the same
unit as the HBC with the fan and blower housed
inside an insulated plenum. The plenum provides
sound absorption for the fan noise and a housing to
mount an optional plenum air flter.
Model HBR (Horizontal Basic Recessed) is mounted
with the face exposed to the room on the ceiling.
The face of the unit houses the return air inlet for
inducing room air directly back to the unit for re-
circulation. The face is painted.
Model HBE (Horizontal Basic Exposed) is mounted
below the ceiling line with the entire unit under the
ceiling line. This unit is commonly used in high bay
open areas.
Figure 111. Typical Horizontal Basic Application
HBC HBE HBP HBR
Horizontal Basic
Types of Fan Coils (continued)
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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The Vertical Basic unit consists of a blower and motor
capable of supplying up to 1200 cfm to the space, a cooling/
heating water coil and a drain pan for coil condensation.
The purpose of the Vertical Basic Fan Coil unit is to provide
cooling and heating to a single room space in response to
a control signal from the thermostat. The thermostat could
be located on the unit or on the wall. The unit is typically
mounted beneath the window to be located in the area of
the maximum load in the conditioned area.
There are four types of Vertical Basic units to meet various
structural requirements.
Model VBC (Vertical Basic Cabinet) mounts in an
enclosed area on the perimeter beneath or adjacent
to the window. The unit is enclosed with material
similar to the room walls. A supply grille mounted
atop the unit discharges conditioned air vertically
into the space.
Model VBF (Vertical Basic Flat Top) typically mounts
on the foor beneath the window but can be
located on a wall adjacent to the window. The unit
is encased in a painted sheet metal enclosure. An
integral supply air grille is located atop the unit for
conditioned air to be discharged vertically into the
space.
Model VBA (Vertical Basic Angle Top) typically
mounts on the foor beneath the window but can
be located on a wall adjacent to the window. The
unit is encased in a painted sheet metal enclosure.
An integral supply air grille is located on an angled
surface atop the unit for conditioned air to be
discharged vertically into the space. The angled
surface discourages placing items on top of the unit,
which blocks the air supply into the space.
Model VBL (Vertical Basic Low Profle) typically
mounts on the foor beneath the window. The unit
is encased in a painted sheet metal enclosure. An
integral supply air grille is located atop the unit for
conditioned air to be discharged vertically into the
space. The VBL is mounted in a lower profle cabinet
for use with a window, which is mounted closer to
the foor. The smaller cabinet limits the maximum
airfow to 600 cfm for this model.
Model VBLC (Vertical Basic Low Profle Concealed
Floor) mounts in an enclosed area on the perimeter
beneath or adjacent to the window. The unit is
enclosed with material similar to the room walls.
A supply grille mounted atop the unit discharges
conditioned air vertically into the space. The VBLC
is mounted in a lower profle cabinet for use with a
window, which is mounted closer to the foor. The
smaller cabinet limits the maximum airfow to 600
cfm for this model.
Figure 112. Typical Vertical Basic Application
Vertical Basic
VBA VBC VBF VBL
VBLC
Types of Fan Coils (continued)
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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The High Output Series units consist of a blower and motor
capable of supplying up to 2000 cfm to the space, a cooling/
heating water coil and a drain pan for coil condensation.
The purpose of the High Output Series Fan Coil units is
to provide cooling and heating to a multi-room space in
response to a control signal from the area thermostat. The
unit is typically mounted outside the conditioned area to
minimize the noise generated by a larger blower.
There are three Horizontal High Output models and one
Vertical High Output model.

Model HHC (Horizontal High Output Cabinet) is
typically mounted in a ceiling plenum space above
a hallway or non-critical room. Care must be taken
to provide access to the unit for service. Ductwork
attached to the unit discharge will deliver the
conditioned air to the air outlets mounted in the
ceiling or high sidewall of the rooms being served.
Return air inlets from the room to the ceiling plenum
are required for units mounted above a ceiling.
Model HHP (Horizontal High Output Plenum) is
the same unit as the HHC with the fan and blower
housed inside an insulated plenum. The plenum
provides sound absorption for the fan noise, and a
housing to mount an optional plenum air flter. The
return air inlets can be ducted directly to the unit
plenum.
Model HHE (Horizontal High Output Exposed)
is designed for larger spaces where noise is not
critical. The galvanized steel cabinet is typically not
painted. The unit is mounted above the conditioned
space and can be ducted to multiple air outlets or
discharged directly above the space.
Model VHC (Vertical High Output Cabinet)
is designed for larger spaces where ease of
maintenance is desired. The unit is typically located
in a closet where a door from the occupied space
opens for easy access.
Figure 113. Typical Horizontal High Output Application
Figure 114. Typical Vertical High Output Application
HHC HHP HHE VHC
High Output Series
Types of Fan Coils (continued)
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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ASHRAE defnes heat transfer as the fow of heat
energy induced by a temperature difference.
Thermal energy can be transferred or be affected by:
Conduction Radiation
Convection Humidity
Thermal conduction is the mechanism of heat transfer by
the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of
particles at the atomic level.
With solid bodies, such as with an air jet near a window,
thermal conduction dominates only very close to the
solid surface.
Thermal convection is the transfer by eddy mixing and
diffusion in addition to conduction.
The transfer of fuid currents produced by external sources,
such as by a blower, is called forced convection.
When the fuid air movement is caused by the difference
in density and the action of gravity, it is called natural
convection. Natural convection is very active near windows
and near heat sources in the occupied spaces. The colder air
falls and the warmer air rises.
Radiant heat transfer takes place through matter. It is a
change in energy form, from internal energy at the source
to electromagnetic energy for transmission, then back to
internal energy at the receiver. Examples of radiation are
sunshine through the air and window to the inside foor or
ceiling light to occupants and to the foor.
All of these methods of heat transfer effect a persons
comfort reaction. In addition, humidity has some effect
caused by a change in evaporation rate from the body.
Heat transfer is also affected by the following factors:
A greater temperature difference will result in a
greater amount of heat transfer.
The amount of surface area is directly proportional
to the amount of heat transfer.
The amount of time is also directly proportional to
the amount of heat transfer.
The thermal resistance of the material use affects the
rate of heat transfer.
Heat loss is measured in Btu which is the amount of heat
required to raise 1 lb. of water 1BF. Coeffcients used to
estimate the value of the heat loss include:
K Factor, which is the amount of heat transferred in
1 hour through 1 sq. ft. of material, 1 thick at 1BF of
temperature difference.
C Factor, which is the amount of heat transferred
in 1 hour through 1 sq. ft. of material through the
specifed thickness of the material used.
R Value, is the resistance to heat transfer, measured
as the reciprocal of conductance (1/K or 1/C).
U Value, designates the overall transmission of heat
in 1 hour per sq. ft. of area for the difference of 1BF
across specifed material.
Conductance of individual materials is not directly
applicable to the heat loss calculation. First, it must
be converted to the R value, which is (1/K or 1/C).
Equation 1: For a structure with multiple skin materials, the
total heat transmission can be calculated as:
U = 1/(R1 + R2 + ..Rn)
HYDRONIC (FAN COIL) SYSTEMS
For hydronic heating and cooling fan coil systems heat is
removed from the occupied space (cooling) or added to the
occupied space (heating) via a closed looop water system.
Return air from the space passes across a fn tube coil.
The re-conditioned air is returned to the space through the
supply air outlets.
During the cooling season, heat from the return air is
transferred to the water passing through the coil. The
warmer water is piped to the chiller where the heat is
removed and the cooler water is re-circulated. After the
return air passes through the coil and the heat is removed,
it is directed back to the space through the supply air outlets
as directed by the room thermostat.
During the heating season, the cool return air passes
through the fn tube coil. Return air is heated by the warm
water being piped through the coil, and is directed back to
the room through the supply air outlets as directed by the
room thermostat.
Manufacturers performance data will quantify the coil heat
transfer rate (Btu/H), given the airfow rate (cfm), entering
air temperature dry and wet bulb (eat), water-fow rate
(gpm) and entering supply water temperature (ewt) or
entering and leaving water temperature (ewt/lwt) instead of
water fow rate.
Heat Transfer
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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For fan coil products the typical application
characteristics are similar to multi-family residential
building. For these structures heating and cooling load
calculations will differ from commercial applications.
Some of the unique features differentiating fan coil
applications from other commercial applications include:
Heat gains are primarily imposed on the building through
walls, windows, ceilings, doors and infltration. Loads
imposed by people and lighting is less signifcant.
Load characteristics for fan coil zones can be more narrowly
defned than zones for commercial spaces. The factors for a
specifc zone orientation, outdoor exposure and climate zone
need to be considered. Exterior or interior shading and the
time of the day affect the solar load. Another load on the
space may be imposed by infltration of outdoor air through
windows and doors.
Additional implements may be used for occupant comfort
during extreme design situations. Ceiling fans can provide
occupant comfort during warm conditions. Heat from
sources such as a freplace may provide extra comfort for
cold conditions. For sleeping rooms, bed linens may be
added or removed to enhance comfort.
Most fan coil systems are used for relatively small capacity
systems. Because loads are commonly determined by
outdoor conditions, and very few days during a heating
or cooling season are at design conditions, partial load
conditions are prevalent. Therefore, over sizing the unit can
decrease comfort in the space, especially during
humid conditions.
During high humidity operations with lower dry bulb
temperatures, the thermostat will direct an oversized unit
to short cycle, leaving uncomfortable levels of humidity in
the space. For climate zones with higher humidity levels,
selecting a smaller capacity unit will allow for maximum
dehumidifcation and comfort for the majority of the cooling
season with slight discomfort on the few days when design
conditions occur.
Additional information and a detailed discussion of
calculating the cooling and heating loads in a space can
be found in the Air Conditioning Contractors Association
(ACCA) Manual N for Commercial Load Calculation, ASHRAE
SDL Curriculum on Heating and Cooling Loads, or ASHRAE
TC-4.0 Technical Committee for Load Calculations. The
following are some equations commonly used for heating
and cooling load calculations in a space.

Equation 2: Heat transfer through a window or wall:
Q = U * A (t
1
t
2
)

Where :
Q is the Btu/H
U is the overall coeffcient Btu/HA
A is the area in Ft
2
t
1
and t
2
are the temperatures in BF
Equation 3: Equation for exterior surfaces cooling:
Q = U * A * Dt
Where:
Q is the heat fow in Btu/H
U is the value for the component under consideration
Dt is the temperature difference across the component
under consideration
Equation 4: Equation for heating and non-exterior cooling:
Q = U * A * Dt
Where:
Q is the heat fow in Btu/H
U is the value for the component under consideration
Dt is the temperature difference in degrees F between
indoors and outdoors across the component under
consideration, taking into account the combined effect
of radiation, time lag, storage and temperature
Equation 5: Equation for sensible heating and cooling load:
Q = 1.08 * cfm * Dt
Where :
Q = is the load in Btu/H
1.08 is a constant for density at sea level.
cfm is the volume of conditioned air
Dt is the temperature difference between the supply air
and the room control temperature
Equation 6: Equation for latent cooling load:
Q = .68 * cfm * GR
Where:
Q = Load in Btu/H
.68 is the latent load constant
GR = difference between absolute humidity between
indoor humidity/area and outdoor humidity/area
Room Load Calculations
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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One of the four major elements of thermal energy
and comfort is humidity. Psychrometrics uses
thermodynamics properties to analyze conditions
and processes involving moist air. A detailed study of
psychrometrics can be found in Chapter 1 of ASHRAE
2009 Fundamentals Handbook. This section is a summary
of how knowledge of psychrometrics can be used to
maximize space comfort and system performance.
Atmospheric Air (the air that you breathe), contains
many gaseous components including water vapor and
containments. Dry Air is atmospheric air with all moisture
removed and is used only as a point of reference. Moist
Air is a combination of dry air and water vapor and can be
considered equal to atmospheric air for this discussion.
A psychrometric chart (Figure 115) is a graphical
representation of the thermodynamic properties of moist
air. There are several charts available to cover all common
conditions. The one shown here is taken from ASHRAE
2009 Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 1 and illustrates
conditions of 32 to 100BF at sea level.
The Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT), is the temperature
measured using a standard thermometer. Dry-bulb is also
known as the sensible temperature.
The Wet-bulb Temperature (WBT), is the temperature
measured using a wetted thermometer. Wet-bulb is used to
determine the moisture content of air.
The Absolute Humidity (AH), is the vapor content of air. It is
described in terms of moisture per lb of dry air or grains of
moisture per lb of dry air. AH is also referred to as moisture
content or humidity ratio. There are 7000 grains in a lb.
of water.
The Relative Humidity (RH), is the vapor content of air. It
is described as the percentage of saturation humidity at the
same temperature (%). The goal for optimum space comfort
is 30-35% for heating conditions, and 45-60% for cooling
conditions. Saturation humidity is the maximum vapor
content (lb/lb) per lb dry air that air can hold at a fxed
temperature.
The Dew Point Temperature (DPT), is the temperature at
which vapor begins to fall out of air to form condensation.
DPT is the temperature at which a state of saturation
humidity occurs, or 100% RH. It is also known as the
saturation temperature.
Figure 115. Psychrometric Chart
Psychrometrics
1
0 1
5 2
0
3
0
3
5
4
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4
5
5
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5
5
5
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Enthalpy - Btu per Pound of Dry Air
1
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: :
Sensible Heat Qs
Total Heat Qt
Enthalpy
Humidity Ratio
Dh
DW
Sensible Heat Ratio
1.0
1
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5
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1
2
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.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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The Specifc Volume (Spv), is the reciprocal of air density
which is described in terms of cubic feet per lb of dry air
(cu ft/lb). An increase in air temperature will result in a
decrease in density and an increase in volume. A decrease
in atmospheric pressure also decreased air density while
increasing volume. At 5000 feet above sea level, density is
decreased by 17%. Higher altitudes require larger motors
and blowers to move the same effective mass, due to the
increase in specifc volume.
The Enthalpy (H) is the heat content of air. Enthalpy is also
known as the total heat of air. Enthalpy is dependant on the
wet-bulb temperature of air. It is described in terms of Btus
per lb dry air (Btu/lb).
A Status Point is a location on the psychometric chart
defned by any two psychometric properties. A hydrometer
or psychrometer is commonly used to defne a status point.
Using a psychrometer. A sling psychrometer incorporates
a standard thermometer and a wetted thermometer. The
wetted thermometer should be dipped in room temperature
distilled water. The psychrometer is spun (slung) until the
wet-bulb temperature has stabilized.
When the wet-bulb temperature has stabilized, record both
the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures on your log sheet.
Because of evaporation, the wet-bulb temperature will be
equal to or less than the dry-bulb temperature.
At 100% RH the wet-bulb will equal the dry-bulb
temperature. (Locate an umbrella before continuing the
test). As the temperature difference between temperatures
increases, the RH will decrease.
To locate your status-point, fnd the dry-bulb temperature
on the bottom of the psychometric chart. Follow this line
upward until it intersects with the wet-bulb temperature
from the left side of the chart.
From the status point you can locate:
Absolute Humidity (AH)
Relative Humidity (RH)
Dew Point Temperature (DPT)
Specifc Volume (Spv)
When will condensation occur? To determine if a supply
air duct or air outlet device will form condensation on
the surface:
First, using the R-value of any thermal barrier, determine the
minimum surface temperature.
Next, determine the DPT of the atmospheric air in contact
with the surface.
If the surface temperature is equal or lower than the DPT,
the surface will form condensation. If yes, an additional
thermal barrier may be required to solve the problem.
Sensible heating (Qsen), is the heat that raises the dry-bulb
temperature of air without increasing the moisture content.
Because we can easily sense this change in temperature, it
is called sensible. Sensible cooling is the removal of heat
without removing moisture content of the air.
Latent Heat (Qlat), is the heat content of air due to the
presence of water vapor. Latent heat is the heat required
to evaporate this same amount of water (970 Btu/lb), also
known as the latent heat of vaporization. As latent heat
increases, moisture content increases.
Water can be heated to 212BF. If more heat is added, the
water will vaporize but the temperature will not change.
Latent Cooling (Qlat), is the removal of latent heat from air
without lowering the dry-bulb temperature. To retrieve 1
lb. of condensate, 970 Btus would need to be removed. As
latent heat decreased, moisture content decreases.
Latent Heat of Fusion is the heat required to change a liquid
into a solid (144 Btu/lb. Water can be cooled to 32BF. If
more heat is removed, it wall cause ice to form. To retrieve
1 lb of water from ice, 144 Btus will need to be added.
Sensible processes can be shown as horizontal paths on
a psychrometric chart. Latent processes can be shown as
vertical paths on a psychrometric chart. Most processes
include both, resulting in an angled or diagonal path.
Sensible heat factor is the measure of sensible heat to latent
heat. Sensible heating only is 1.0. Equal proportions result in
0.5. SHF is generally higher than 0.5 because of the cooling
processes that remove more sensible heat than latent heat.
For residential applications the typical Sensible heat factor
is 0.8.
Psychrometrics (continued)
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Fan coil units are typically selected and sized to heat and
cool a small zone with specifc load requirements. Each unit
defnes a small zone, which typically serves a few rooms
with a centrally located thermostat. Basic and vertical stack
units are usually selected for single room applications.
The hot and cold water supply usually serves all or part of a
single building. Water can be supplied to each unit through
a two-pipe or four-pipe water supply system.
Two-pipe systems will have a lower installed cost. With a
two-pipe system, both hot and cold water are supplied using
the same pair of pipes. The lower cost usually translates to
a lower level of occupant comfort. This limitation can cause
problems when heating is desired in one unit at the same
time cooling is desired in another due to solar or internal
load requirements. For moderate climate regions, two-pipe
systems can operate in the cooling mode with supplemental
resistance heat available in zones requiring heat.
Four-pipe systems maintain higher levels of occupant
comfort for all seasons. Both hot and cold water are
left operational during the spring and fall seasons. This
additional comfort may result in higher operational cost for
utilities to operate both the chiller and the boiler during the
spring and fall months.
Water side applications for fan coil designs use a chiller to
lower the water temperature for heat removal and a boiler
to raise the water temperature to overcome heat losses.
The water supply used is typically supplied by the local
utilities. Other chemicals may need to be added to the
water. Sometimes, local climate conditions require that
additives such as Ethylene glycol, Propylene glycol,
Methanol, Calcium chloride or Sodium chloride be added
to the water supply. Care should be taken to account for
changes in heat transfer caused by these additives.
Figure 116. Coil Design
Figure 117. Parallel Flow
Figure 118. Cross Flow
Properties of Coils and Coil Design
Air Stream
T = 80F
Ts = 45F
T = 55F
Ts = 45F
T = 45F
T = 60F
In Out
Air
Return
Bend End
In In
Out Out
Air
Return
Bend End
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For high-rise buildings where a common foor to foor
footprint is present, it may be economical to design
the system using vertical stack fan coil units.
Vertical stack models can minimize installation cost because
the units are orientated one on top of the other and use
common supply and return water pipes.
For tall structures with more than three foors, it is
recommended to adjust the pipe size for optimum
performance.
The term riser describes the pipe used to transport supply
or return water (chilled or hot) to or from the vertical stack
unit water coil as well as condensate water from the
drain pan.
Risers are typically insulated with elastomeric, closed cell,
thermal insulation to minimize heat loss or gain from the
water to the ambient space.
If the unit is not equipped with a riser pipe of adequate
length to reach from foor to foor, a riser extension can be
installed to connect the vertical stack unit to a unit located
on an adjacent foor. The riser extension can also act as the
transition where the pipe size changes from one foor to the
next. The diameter of the pipe will increase or decrease as
piping extends throughout the building in order to equalize
pressure and velocity of the water fow.
RISER SIZING
A detailed discussion on water pipe sizing can be found in
the ASHRAE 2009 Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 22. In
general, operating pressure between the supply and return
riser is in the range of 10 to 15 psi. Design velocities are
typically between 1 and 4 fps. Typical riser pressure loss
is designed for about 3 feet of head pressure loss per 100
feet of piping. As a rule of thumb, 10 feet of head pressure
equates to about 5 psi.
Water delivery can be made through a two-pipe system
using three risers (one each supply, return and condensate)
or a four-pipe system using fve pipes (chilled water supply,
chilled water return, hot water supply, hot water return and
condensate pipe) as specifed.
Reminder: Two-pipe systems may require supplemental
electric heat for moderate times when some zones require
cooling while other zones require heat.
Two different confgurations are available for return piping,
standard return and reverse return. In the standard
confguration, (Figures 119 and 120), water fows from
the frst fan coil in the loop through the last, and returns
from the last unit back through the frst. In a reverse return
system, (Figures 121 and 122), both the supply and
return fow run from the frst unit in the system through the
last and returns to the chiller through a separate riser.
Figure 119. Piping Layout for a Horizontal 2-Pipe System with
Standard Return Piping
Figure 120. Piping Layout for a Vertical Stack 2-Pipe System
with Standard Return Piping
Vertical Stack Risers
BOILER
CHILLER
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
R
R
S S
R S
BOILER
CHILLER
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
S R
R
S
R
S
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Figure 121. Piping Layout for a Horizontal 2-Pipe System with
Reverse Return Piping
Figure 123. Vertical Stack 4-Pipe System with Standard Return
Piping
Figure 122. Piping Layout for a Vertical 2-Pipe System with
Reverse Return Piping
Figure 124. Vertical Stack 4-Pipe System with Reverse Return
Piping
Vertical Stack Risers (continued)
EXPANSION LOOPS
Copper pipe will expand and contract with changes in pipe
temperature created by changes of water temperature.
Each Titus vertical stack unit is equipped with an internal
expansion loop.
For two-pipe systems where the same pipe carries both
chilled and hot water and high rise buildings with more than
fve foors, additional expansion loops may be required.
BOILER
CHILLER
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
R
R
S S
R S
BOILER
CHILLER
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
S
R
S
R
R
S
R
S
BOILER
CHILLER
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
S
R
R
S
R
S
R
S
BOILER
CHILLER
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
VSR
VSM
S
R
S
R
R
S
R
S
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Comfort control for occupants in the space is
regulated by a room thermostat and control valve
package mounted on the unit water coil.
The room thermostat performs the function monitoring the
room temperature conditions and signaling the unit fan and
valve controls to operate within in preset limits to maintain
occupant comfort.
Figure 125 shows a basic two-pipe system package.
Supply water is piped to the bottom of the coil to ensure
that any air bubbles forming in the supply water will be
transmitted to the upper level where they can be discharged
from the system through the optional air vent on the return
pipe immediately outside the coil.
Shut off valves are located on both supply and return
waterlines to enable the coil to be isolated during installation
and maintenance.
Drain valves allow the coil to be drained during maintenance
or removal.
A two-way water valve is used to adjust and balance the
water fow into the coil to provide the specifed amount of
heat to the zone.
A valve motor operates on a signal from the room
thermostat to adjust the water fow in response to space
heating conditions.
The air vent allows air bubbles to escape the system for
maximum heat transfer system performance.
Optional control components, (Figure 126), are available
to enhance the operations of the system or improve the
process of installation and maintenance.
Automatic air vent ports keep the water supply system free
of air build up on a continuous basis.
Unions can be provided for the connection of the water coil
to the supply and return water lines. Unions allow the water
coil to be removed from the unit without cutting into the
water lines and soldering them together during installation
and maintenance.
Petes Plugs provide the installer or maintenance technician
a tool for connecting a pressure gage for reading the water
pressure at the coil.
Flow Control Valves are available as fxed or adjustable
options. A fxed valve will be sized in accordance to the CV
specifed by the design engineer to provide the water fow
required to meet the maximum load conditions required in
the zone. This feature may save time during the initial start
up. An adjustable valve must be commissioned at the jobsite
during start up to limit the specifed water fow to the coil.
The adjustable feature does provide for future changes to
match changes in load requirements.
Figure 125. 2-Pipe with 2-Way Valve and
2 Shut off Valves
Figure 126. 2-Way Valve Component Options
Controls and Valve Packages
Supply
Return
Motorized
2-Way Valve
Air Vent Port
Coil
Shut Off Valve
Drain
Shut Off Valve
Supply
Return
Coil
Motorized
2-Way Valve
Air Vent Port
Automatic - Option A
Y Strainer option A (2-pipe)
Y Strainer option B (4-pipe)
Pete's Plug option A & C (2-pipe)
Pete's Plug option D (4-pipe)
Union option B (2-pipe)
Union option D (4-pipe)
Union option B (2-pipe)
Union option D (4-pipe)
Pete's Plug option B & C (2-pipe)
Pete's Plug option D (4-pipe)
Flow Control Valve
Adjustable - Option 1 & 2
Fixed - Option 3 & 4
Shut Off Valve
With Memory Stop
Shut Off Valve
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Controls and Valve Packages (continued)
A Motorized Water Valve can be provided. The motor will be
operated in response to a signal from the zone thermostat
to automatically reset the water fow to meet changing zone
load requirements. A two-way valve controls water fow by
opening or closing the fow control valve to the coil with a
spring return. A three-way valve controls fow to the coil by
bypassing excess water directly to the return pipe.
The Y-Strainer option is installed in the supply water line
ahead of the coil. It will remove sediment from the water
supply before it can enter the coil and restrict water fow
and reduce system performance.
Manual Shut Off Valves are available with or without
memory stops. The basic valve allows maintenance personal
to shut off the fow of water to the coil at the unit. The
optional memory stop lets the operator re-open the valve to
it previous position without re-balancing.
An Aquastat Switch can be installed in the water supply
line and connected to the thermostat. Aquastats are most
commonly used where there is a two-pipe system or
supplemental electric heat.
The Aquastat senses when the supply water is for heating
or cooling. For a two-pipe system, if a zone thermostat is
calling for heat and the supply water is cold, the thermostat
will be locked out. For supplemental heat, the heat will be
locked out when warm water is available in the supply lines.
THERMOSTAT
The zone thermostat may be mounted on the fan coil unit,
on the wall near the unit, or mounted on the wall or in the
return duct away from the unit.
Thermostats may be powered by a 24-volt power supply
(with transformer) or by the same line voltage as the unit.
Economically, if the thermostat is physically located more
than 8 feet from the unit, line voltage is preferred.
Each fan coil controls the room space temperature in
response to a signal from the thermostat. The thermostat
is programmed with cooling and heating set-point values as
directed by the occupant or building manager.
Typically, the zone thermostat provides a read out to tell the
occupant what the set-point temperature is for the unit and
what the temperature is the temperature in the space at
present. Space temperature control is + or -1BF from the set
point temperature. (Thermostats with an auto-changeover
feature have a 4BF dead-band for switching.)
Other thermostat features include a three-speed switch for
the occupant to adjust the fan output volume, a manual
changeover switch to change operation from cooling to
heating conditions and an on/off switch to override the
thermostat and shut the unit off as desired by the occupant.
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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GRILLES AND DIFFUSERS
ASHRAE Handbook of Equipment
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals
ASHRAE Handbook of Systems
ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Comfort Conditions,
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., 2010.
Bauman F., Et Al, Air Movement, Ventilation, and Comfort in a
Partitioned Office Space, ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 98, Pt. 1, 1992.
Int-Hout, D., Thermal Comfort Calculations/A Computer
Model, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 96, Pt. 1, 1990.
Koestel, A., Computing Temperature and Velocities in Vertical
Jets of Hot or Cold Air, ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol. 60, p. 385, 1954.
Miller, P.L. and Nash, R.T., A Further Analysis of Room Air
Distribution Performance, ASHRAE Transactions, 1972.
Nevins, Ralph C., Air Diffusion Dynamics, Theory, Design and
Application, 1976.
Straub, H.E., Principles of Room Air Distribution, Heating,
Piping & Air Conditioning, April 1969.
Straub, H.E., What You Should Know About Room Air
Distribution, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, January
1962.
Straub, H.E., Room Air Distribution with a Variable Volume
System, presented at ASHRAEs Annual Meeting, 1969.
TERMINAL UNITS
AHRI 220-2007 Reverberation Room Qualification and Testing
Procedures for Determining Sound Power of HVAC Equipment
This standard provides the methodology for the determination of
sound power levels of noise sources that emit broadband sound and/or
discrete frequency sounds/Tones in reverberation rooms.
AHRI 880-2011 Performance Rating of Air Terminals
The purpose of this standard is to establish for air terminals:
definitions; classifications; test requirements; rating requirements;
minimum data requirements for published ratings; marking and
nameplate data and conformance conditions. This standard applies to
air control devices used in air distribution systems.
AHRI 885-2008 Procedure for Estimating Occupied Space
Sound Levels in the Application of Air Terminals and Air Outlets
This standard provides a consistent industry-accepted method for
estimating sound pressure levels in a conditioned space for the
application of air terminals and air outlets. Air terminals, air outlets,
and the low pressure ductwork which connects them are considered
sound sources and are the subjects of this standard. The method
described in this standard can be used to identify acoustically critical
paths in the system design. The design effects of inserting alternative
components and changes in the system can be evaluated.
ANSI/AHRI 250-2008 Performance and
Calibration of Reference Sound Sources
This standard applies to all reference sound sources (RSSs) used in
conjunction with AHRI sound rating standards and covers the one-third
octave band frequency range from 50 to 10,000 Hz.
ANSI/AHRI 280-2008 Requirements for the Qualification
of Reverberation Rooms in the 63Hz Octave Band
This standard applies to products rated in the 63 Hz octave band
(50, 63 and 80 Hz one-third octave bands) where the sound power is
determined from measurements made in a reverberation room by using
the comparison method as specified per ANSI Standard S12.51/ISO:
3741.
ASHRAE Standard 130-2008 Methods of Testing Air Terminal Units
First published in 1996 and reaffirmed in 2006, Standard 130
specifies instrumentation and facilities, test installation methods, and
procedures for determining the capacity and related performance of
constant-volume and variable-volume air terminal units. The standard
is classified as an ASHRAE standard method of measurement. This
revision of the standard includes updates and revisions to all parts
of the standard, including its title, purpose, and scope. It updates
definitions, adds modulating diffusers, redefines airflow sensor
performance testing, and adds a method to determine the power factor.
New appendices contain some material that was formerly in the body
of the standard and some new reference material. This standard is
required for compliance with AHRI Standard 880.
ACOUSTICS
Gregerson, Setting Sounder Standards for Acoustical
Performance, Building Design and Construction,
p.58-60, April, 1992.
Int-Hout, D., Total Environmental Quality, ASHRAE
Transactions, Vol. 99, Pt. 1, 1993.
Int-Hout, D., The Use of Manufacturers Acoustical Data,
ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 90, Pt. 2, 1986.
ANSI STANDARDS
ANSI S12.32, Precision Methods for the Determination of
Sound Power Levels of Broadband Noise Sources
in Reverberant Rooms. This standard tells how to take the
acoustic measurements in reverberant rooms, and is referenced
as the method of test in both AHRI 880 and ASHRAE 130. Other
ANSI standards referenced in this catalog are as follows:
ANSI/ASHRAE 70
Method of testing for rating the performance of air outlets and
inlets, Isothermal and cooling. Similar to ADC1062: GRD 84. It
only shows the mounting for acoustical testing, referencing the
following acoustical standard.
ANSI S1.31
Precision Methods for the Determination of Sound Power
Levels of Broadband Noise Sources in Reverberant Rooms.
This tells how to take the acoustic measurements in ASHRAE
Standard 70.
References
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AHRI STANDARDS
AHRI Standards are typically developed for rating purposes.
When an appropriate method of test does not exist, then AHRI
Standardwill develop one. Otherwise, by agreement, they will
reference an ASHRAE Standard method of test.
AHRI STANDARD 880
The purpose of this standard is to establish definitions
and classification: requirements for testing and rating;
specifications, literature and advertising requirements; and
conformance for air terminals. Appendix A is the method of test,
which is expected to be replaced by ASHRAE Standard 130.
AHRI STANDARD 885
This standard gives sound transmission losses through ceilings,
effects of plenum, loss through ducts and all consideration of
the sound paths to the space. With many items that affect the
final sound, it gives a procedure to estimate what the space
sound levels will be.
AHRI Standard 885 Procedure for Estimating Occupied Space
Sound Levels in the Application of Air Terminals and Air Outlets
This standard gives sound transmission losses through ceilings,
effects of plenum, loss through ducts and all consideration of
the sound paths to the pace. With many items that affect the
final sound, it gives a procedure to estimate what the space
sound levels will be. This standard is unique among acoustical
standards in that it provides the most current available
acoustical application data for boxes and diffusers. Most of the
data comes form ASHRAE sources, but some parts are unique
to this standard, including a flexible duct attenuation table
and a combined ceiling/plenum attenuation table. Unique and
important AHRI Standard885 elements are listed in the Paths
section of this manual.
AHRI STANDARD 890
The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute has recently
developed a Certification Standard for Diffusers. It references
the ASHRAE-70 Standard for the test method and specifies
rating points and procedures. No diffusers are currently certified
under this standard.
ASHRAE STANDARDS
ASHRAE has developed, or is developing, consensus standards
for testing both boxes and air outlets and inlets (GRDs).
ASHRAE strives to provide current relevant testing standards
which represent the best known data and methods available
as consensus standards. ASHRAE Standards are submitted to
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and are usually
adopted as ANSI standards as well. When applicable ANSI
standards are available for part of ASHRAE Standards for both
Boxes (130) and diffusers (70).
ASHRAE 62
Ventilation of Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. The purpose
of this standard is to specify minimum ventilation rates and
indoor air quality that will be acceptable to human occupants
and are intended to avoid adverse health effects. This standard
also specifies that energy conservation should be promoted and
that comfort conditions should be maintained. Therefore the
next two standards are listed to implement these requirements.
ASHRAE/IES STANDARD 90.1
Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low Rise
Residential Buildings.
ANSI/ASHRAE 55
Thermal Environmental COnditions for Human Occupancy.
ASHRAE 113
Method of Testing for Room Air Distribution. This is a
definitive method to determine ADPI in a space.
ISO STANDARDS
ISO Standards are developed through a combination of
committee members from several countries. One country is
designated the Secretariat and is the lead in developing the
standards assigned. The USA was the Secretariat for the two
ISO Standards related to Boxes and GRDs. Other ISO Standards
referenced in this catalog are as follows:
ISO 5219
Air distribution and air diffusion. Laboratory aerodynamic
testing and rating of air terminal devices. This was for GRDs.
ISO 5220
Air distribution and air diffusion. Aerodynamic testing and
rating of constant and variable dual or single duct boxes and
single duct units.
This standard is not in use at present in the U.S. It is very
similar, however, to ASHRAE 130 and the AHRI 880, Appendix
A procedures.
ISO 5135
Acoustics. Determination of sound power levels of noise from
air terminal devices, high/low velocity/ pressure assemblies,
dampers, and valves by measurement in a reverberation room.
All of the diagrams and methods shown in the ADC standards
are shown in this standard.
ISO 3741
Acoustics. Determination of sound power levels of noise
sources, and precision methods for broadband sources in
reverberation rooms. This explains actual measurements for
the configurations given in ISO 5135.
ISO 7244
Air distribution and air diffusion. Aerodynamic testing of
dampers and valves.
ISO 7730
Thermal comfort using the PMV/PPD single number rating.
References (continued)
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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OTHER STANDARDS
ADC 1062
One of the original of standards dealing with testing and
certifying registers, diffusers, dampers and terminals. Tests
including pressures, throw, velocity and sound under isothermal
conditions are included. Also included is a cooling test to
correlate isothermal throw with room conditions as a room
velocity. It tells how to set up, take readings, determine the
number of readings and sizes to test, analyze, interpolate
and report. The ADC 1062 Test Code has been supplanted by
ASHRAE, ARI, ANSI and ISO procedures. At present, there are
no ADC certified products or Certified Laboratories in the US.
References (continued)
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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Glossary
Breakout - Sound which passes through the walls of a duct or
device and is passed directly to an observer.
Casing Radiated Sound - A type of Breakout Sound which
passes through the walls of a device. In some cases, it includes
induction port radiated sound as well.
dBA - A single number rating of a broadband spectrum.
Typically used to rate outdoor noise levels. Not practical for
use in rating indoor sound levels as it bears little relevance to
occupants needs.
Discharge Sound - Airborne sound which is transmitted through
ductwork from a noise source to an observer.
End Reflection - The reduction in sound, typically in low
frequencies only, resulting from a rapid change in the shape or
size of a duct or a duct termination.
Environmental Adjustment Factor (Environmental Effect)
- A correction required to accurately use data obtained in
accordance with AHRI Standard 880 (or the proposed ASHRAE
130), it corrects for a calibration difference between the
Free Field calibration of the Reference Sound Source and the
reverberant field in which it is used.
GRD - Grilles, Registers and Diffusers. A grille is typically a
device which directs air out of a duct nearly the same size as
the opening. A register is a grille with a damper. A diffuser
is usually different in size than the supply duct, and usually
changes the direction of the air while mixing it with room air.
These definitions are not always used as indicated.
Incoherent Sound - Sound which is broadband and contains no
repeating fluctuations.
Induction Port Radiated Sound - That sound which passes
out from the induction port of a VAV device. In practice it is
impossible to differentiate from Casing Radiated sound, and
is reported as a combined value under Casing Radiated sound
levels.
Insertion Loss - The reduction in sound resulting from inserting
an attenuation device, such as a section of lined duct. The
difference before and after the insertion of such a device is the
insertion loss.
Multiple Outlet Effect - When an airstream is split, the sound
traveling in the duct is also reduced, typically in proportion to
the percent of airflow in each duct. The amount of reduction
must be calculated logarithmically, not arithmetically, however.
Pure Tone - A sound spectrum which is very concentrated in a
narrow band.
Radiated Sound - Sound which travels from the source to the
observer in a direct path, outside ductwork.
Room Effect - Typically a 10 dB reduction in all bands, this is
the assumed value for attenuation of a room. In practice, it is
reasonable for diffusers which peak in the mid-frequencies,
but not necessarily for VAV terminals, which peak in lower
frequencies.
Sound Power - The energy released as acoustic energy by a
device. It is measured indirectly by one of several methods.
It is reported as dB (the log base 10 of the value) referenced
to a base power level, typically 10
-12
watts. It is reported by
frequency, typically in octave bands, although sometimes in
1
/3
octave bands.
Sound Pressure - The directly measurable fluctuation in
pressure, heard as sound. The sound pressure is reported in dB
(the log base 10 of the value), referenced to a pressure 0.0001
microbars. It is reported by frequency, typically in octave bands,
although sometimes in
1
/3 octave bands.
Space Effect - The calculated attenuation of a space which is
different in each frequency band, and is a function of room
volume and distance from the source.
Terminals (Boxes) - Devices which vary the flow through a duct
with a moveable damper. They typically have a control device to
vary the flow in response to a control signal. In some cases, the
term terminals can also mean boxes and GRDs. In those cases,
Boxes are referred to as Air Control Devices (ACDs). The
terminology is inconsistent throughout the industry.
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
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B21
I
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D
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X
A
Absolute Humidity ............................................................. B10
ANSI Standards ................................................................. B17
AHRI Standards ................................................................. B17
Aquastat .............................................................................. B16
ASHARE 70-2006 .............................................................. B17
ASHRAE Standards............................................................ B17
Atmospheric Air ................................................................... B10
C
Coils and Coil Design ......................................................... B11
Controls and Valve Packages ............................................. B15
D
Dew Point Temperature ..................................................... B10
Dry Air ................................................................................. B10
Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT) ................................................ B10
E
Enthalpy (H) ....................................................................... B11
Expansion Loops .................................................................. B14
F
Fan Coils .............................................................................. B4
H
Heat Transfer ....................................................................... B8
High Output Series Fan Coils............................................... B7
Horizontal Basic Fan Coils ................................................... B5
Hydronic (Fan Coil) Systems ................................................ B8
I
ISO ..................................................................................... B18
L
Latent Cooling (Qlat) ......................................................... B11
Latent (Qlat) ....................................................................... B11
M
Moist Air ............................................................................ B10
P
Properties of Coils and Coil Design ..................................... B12
Psychometrics ................................................................... B10
R
Relative Humidity (RH) ...................................................... B10
Riser Sizing ........................................................................ B13
Room Load Calculations ...................................................... B9
S
Sensible Heating (Qsen) ...................................................... B7
Sound Power Level .............................................................. B8
Sound Pressure Level .......................................................... B8
Specific Volume (Spv) ........................................................ B11
Status Point ......................................................................... B11
T
Thermostat ........................................................................ B16
V
Vertical Basic Fan Coils ......................................................... B6
Vertical Stack Fan Coils ....................................................... B4
Vertical Stack Risers .......................................................... B13
W
Wet-bulb Temperature (DBT) ............................................... B10
Engineering Guidelines Index
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
Notes