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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut
Chng 9

MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT
(Power Amplifier)

Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch ti.
Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut lm vic vi
bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng ng tn hiu nh
kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng php th.
Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch i cng
sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau:
- Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l
tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360
o
ca tn hiu ng vo
(Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn
hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng hn mt na
chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti V
BE
=0 (vng ngng).
Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i.
- Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng ch
mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch ny thng c
dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v trong cc ng dng c bit.
Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.

Trng Vn Tm IX-1 Mch in T


9.1 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A:
Mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 9.2 l m hnh ca mt mch khuch i
cng sut loi A n gin.
Error!



. Kho st phn cc:

. Kho st xoay chiu:
Khi a tn hiu v
i
vo ng vo (hnh 9.2), dng I
C
v in th V
CE
(tn hiu
ra) s thay i quanh im iu hnh Q. Vi tn hiu ng vo nh (hnh 9.4), v dng in
cc nn thay i rt t nn dng in I
C
v in th V
CE
ng ra cng thay i t quanh
im iu hnh.
Khi tn hiu ng vo ln, ng ra s thay i rt ln quanh im tnh iu hnh.
Dng I
C
s thay i quanh gii hn 0mA v V
CC
/R
C
. in th V
CE
thay i gia hai gii
hn 0v v ngun V
CC
(hnh 9.5).



. Kho st cng sut:
- Cng sut cung cp c nh ngha:
P
i(dc)
= V
CC
. I
CQ
(9.1)
- Cng sut ng ra ly trn ti, trong trng hp ny l R
C
, c nh ngha:

* Nu tnh theo in th nh v dng in nh:


* Nu tnh theo in th v dng in nh i nh:

. Hiu sut ti a:
Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, V
CE
c th thay i ti a:
V
CE(p-p)
max = V
CC
Dng I
C
thay i ti a:
I
C(p-p)
max = V
CC
/R
C
Cng sut ra ti a:


9.2 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A DNG
BIN TH:
Mch c bn c dng nh hnh 9.6

Bin th s lm tng hoc gim in th hay dng in (tn hiu xoay chiu) ty
vo s vng qun ca cun s cp v th cp. y ta xem bin th nh l tng ngha l
truyn 100% cng sut. Nu gi N
1
, N
2
, v
1
, v
2
, I
1
, I
2
ln lt l s vng qun, in th tn
hiu xoay chiu, dng in tn hiu xoay chiu ca cun s cp v th cp. Ta c:


Nh vy c th xem nh in tr ti phn chiu qua cun s cp l:

. ng thng ly in:
Nu ta xem bin th l tng, ngha l ni tr bng 0. Nh vy khng c in th
mt chiu gim qua cun s cp nn V
CEQ
= V
CC
. . Do ng thng ly in tnh l
ng thng song song vi trc tung I
C
v ct trc honh V
CE
ti im c tr s bng V
CC
.
Giao im ca ng thng ly in tnh v c tuyn ra I
B
tng ng l im iu hnh
Q.


ch xoay chiu, in tr ti nhn t cun s cp l R
L
nn ng thng ly in
ng by gi

Do : P
L
=I
2
L(rms)
.R
L

. Hiu sut:
Cng sut cung cp l:

P
i(dc)
= V
CC
. I
CQ
Cng sut tiu tn trong bin th v transistor cng sut l:
P
Q
= P
i(dc)
- P
o(ac)

Hiu sut ca mch c nh ngha:

9.3 KHO ST MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI
B
Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc vi V
B
=0V nn bnh
thng transistor khng dn in v ch dn in khi c tn hiu ln a vo. Do phn
cc nh th nn transistor ch dn in c mt bn k ca tn hiu (bn k dng hay
m ty thuc vo transistor NPN hay PNP). Do mun nhn c c chu k ca tn hiu
ng ra ngi ta phi dng 2 transistor, mi transistor dn in mt na chu k ca tn
hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng sut y ko (push-pull).
B

Cng sut cung cp: (cng sut vo)
Ta c: Pi(dc) = V
CC
. I
DC
Trong I
DC
l dng in trung bnh cung cp cho mch. Do dng ti c c hai
bn k nn nu gi I
P
l dng nh qua ti ta c:


. Cng sut ra:
Cng sut ra ly trn ti R
L
c th c tnh:

. Cng sut tiu tn trong transistor cng sut:
Tiu tn trong 2 transistor:

P
2Q
= P
i(dc)
- P
o(ac)
Vy cng sut tiu tn trong mi transistor cng sut:

Cng sut tiu tn ti a ca 2 transistor cng sut khng xy ra khi cng sut ng
vo ti a hay cng sut ng ra ti a. Cng sut tiu tn s ti a khi in th hai u ti
l:


9.4 DNG MCH CNG SUT LOI B:
Trong phn ny ta kho st mt s dng mch cng sut loi B thng dng.
Tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin s cung cp cho 2 tng cng sut khc nhau. Nu tn
hiu vo l hai tn hiu sin ngc pha, 2 tng cng sut ging ht nhau c dng, mi tng
hot ng mt bn k ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu vo ch c mt tn hiu sin, phi dng 2
transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN hot ng bn k dng v mt PNP hot ng
bn k m.
to c 2 tn hiu ngc pha ng vo (nhng cng bin ), ngi ta c th dng
bin th c im gia (bin th o pha), hoc dng transistor mc thnh mch khuch i
c li in th bng 1 hoc dng op-amp mc theo kiu voltage-follower nh din t
bng cc s sau:

9.4.1 Mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull lin lc bng bin th:
Dng mch c bn nh sau:



- Trong bn k dng ca tn hiu, Q
1
dn. Dng i
1
chy qua bin th ng ra to cm
ng cp cho ti. Lc ny pha ca tn hiu a vo Q
2
l m nn Q
2
ngng dn.
- n bn k k tip, tn hiu a vo Q
2
c pha dng nn Q
2
dn. Dng i
2
qua bin
th ng ra to cm ng cung cp cho ti. Trong lc pha tn hiu a vo Q
1
l m nn Q
1

ngng dn.
Ch l i
1
v i
2
chy ngc chiu nhau trong bin th ng ra nn in th cm ng
bn cun th cp to ra bi Q
1
v Q
2
cng ngc pha nhau, chng kt hp vi nhau to
thnh c chu k ca tn hiu.

Thc t, tn hiu ng ra ly c trn ti khng c trn vn nh trn m b bin dng.
L do l khi bt u mt bn k, transistor khng dn in ngay m phi ch khi bin
vt qua in th ngng V
BE
. S bin dng ny gi l s bin dng xuyn tm (cross-
over). khc phc, ngi ta phn cc V
B
dng mt cht (th d transistor NPN)
transistor c th dn in tt ngay khi c tn hiu p vo chn B. Cch phn cc ny gi l
phn cc loi AB. Ch l trong cch phn cc ny dn in ca transistor cng sut
khng ng k khi cha c tn hiu
B

Ngoi ra, do hot ng vi dng I
C
ln, transistor cng sut d b nng ln. Khi nhit
tng, in th ngng V
BE
gim (transistor d dn in hn) lm dng I
C
cng ln hn, hin
tng ny chng cht dn n h hng transistor. khc phc, ngoi vic phi gii nhit
y cho transistor, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr nh (thng l vi ) hai chn E
ca transistor cng sut xung mass. Khi transistor chy mnh, nhit tng, I
C
tng tc I
E

lm V
E
tng dn n V
BE
gim. Kt qu l transistor dn yu tr li.



Ngoi ra, ngi ta thng mc thm mt in tr nhit c h s nhit m (thermistor) song
song vi R
2
gim bt in th phn cc V
B
b tr khi nhit tng.
9.4.2 Mch cng sut kiu i xng - b tc:
Mch ch c mt tn hiu ng vo nn phi dng hai transistor cng sut khc loi:
mt NPN v mt PNP. Khi tn hiu p vo cc nn ca hai transistor, bn k dng lm cho
transistor NPN dn in, bn k m lm cho transistor PNP dn in. Tn hiu nhn c
trn ti l c chu k.

Cng ging nh mch dng bin th, mch cng sut khng dng bin th mc nh trn
vp phi s bin dng cross-over do phn cc chn B bng 0v. khc phc, ngi ta cng
phn cc mi cho cc chn B mt in th nh (dng i vi transistor NPN v m i vi
transistor PNP). n nh nhit, 2 chn E cng c mc thm hai in tr nh.


Trong thc t, tng cng sut ca mch, ngi ta thng dng cc cp
Darlington hay cp Darlington_cp hi tip nh c m t hnh 9.18 v hnh 9.19.


9.4.3 Kho st vi dng mch thc t:
Trong phn ny, ta xem qua hai dng mch rt thng dng trong thc t: mch
dng transistor v dng op-amp lm tng khuch i in th.
9.4.3.1 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l transistor:
Mch c dng c bn nh hnh 9.20

Cc c im chnh:
- Q
1
l transistor khuch i in th v cung cp tn hiu cho 2 transistor
cng sut.
- D
1
v D
2
ngoi vic n nh in th phn cc cho 2 transistor cng sut (gi
cho in th phn cc gia 2 chn B khng vt qu 1.4v) cn c nhim v lm ng lin
lc cp tn hiu cho Q
2
(D
1
v D
2
c phn cc thun).
- Hai in tr 3.9( n nh hot ng ca 2 transistor cng sut v phng
din nhit .
- T 47F to hi tip dng cho Q
2
, mc ch nng bin ca tn hiu tn
s thp (thng c gi l t Boostrap).
- Vic phn cc Q
1
quyt nh ch lm vic ca mch cng sut.
9.4.3.2 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l op-amp
Mt mch cng sut dng AB vi op-amp c m t nh hnh 9.21:
- Bin tr R
2
: dng chnh in th offset ng ra (chnh sao cho ng ra bng 0v
khi khng c tn hiu vo).
- D
1
v D
2
phn cc thun nn:
V
B1
= 0.7v
V
B2
= - 0.7v



- in th V
BE
ca 2 transistor cng sut thng c thit k khong 0.6v,
ngha l gim th qua in tr 10 l 0.1v.
- Mt cch gn ng dng qua D
1
v D
2
l:

Nh vy ta thy khng c dng in phn cc chy qua ti.
- Dng in cung cp tng cng:
I
n
= I
1
+ I + I
C
= 1.7 + 9.46 + 10 = 21.2 mA
(khi cha c tn hiu, dng cung cp qua op-amp 741 l 1.7mA -nh sn xut
cung cp).
- Cng sut cung cp khi cha c tn hiu:
Pin (standby) = 2V
CC
. I
n
(standby)
= (12v) . (21.2) = 254 mw
- khuch i in th ca mch:


- Dng in qua ti:

- in th nh qua ti:
V
o(p)
= 0.125 . 8 = 1v
- Khi Q
1
dn (bn k dng ca tn hiu), in th nh ti chn B ca Q
1
l:
V
B1(p)
= V
E1(p)
+ 0.7v = 2.25 + 0.7 = 2.95v
- in th ti ng ra ca op-amp:
V
1
= V
B1
- V
D1
= 2.95 - 0.7 = 2.25v
- Tng t khi Q
2
dn:
V
B2(p)
= V
E2(p)
- 0.7v = -2.25 - 0.7 = -2.95v
- in th ti ng ra op-amp:
V
1
= V
B2(p)
+ V
D2
= -2.95 + 0.7 = -2.25v
- Khi Q
1
ngng (Q
2
dn)
V
B1
= V
1
+ V
D1
= -2.25 + 0.7 = -1.55v
- Tng t khi Q
1
dn (Q
2
ngng)


V
B2
= V
1
- V
D2
= 2.25 - 0.7 = 1.55v
- Dng bo ha qua mi transistor:

- in th V
o
ti a:
V
o(p) max
= 333.3 * 8 =2.67v

9.4.3.3 Mch cng sut dng MOSFET:
Phn ny gii thiu mt mch dng MOSFET cng sut vi tng u l mt
mch khuch i vi sai. Cch tnh phn cc, v nguyn tc cng ging nh phn trn. Ta
ch mt s im c bit:
- Q
1
v Q
2
l mch khuch i vi sai. R
2
to in th phn cc cho cc nn ca Q
1
.
R
1
, C
1
dng gii hn tn s cao cho mch (chng nhiu tn s cao).
- Bin tr R
5
to cn bng cho mch khuch i visai.
- R
13
, R
14
, C
3
l mch hi tip m, quyt nh li in th ca ton mch.
- R
15
, C
2
mch lc h thng c tc dng gim sng d trn ngun cp in ca tng
khuch i vi sai.
- Q
4
dng nh mt tng o pha rp theo mch khuch i hng A.
- Q
3
hot ng nh mt mch n p n nh in th phn cc gia hai cc cng
ca cp cng sut.
- D
1
dng gii hn bin vo cc cng Q
5
. R
16
v D
1
tc dng nh mt mch
bo v.
- R
17
v C
8
to thnh ti gi xoay chiu khi cha mc ti.


Hinh 9.23 Cong suat 30W dung MOSFET
9.5 IC CNG SUT:
Trong mch cng sut m tng u l op-amp, nu ta phn cc bng ngun
n th mch c dng nh sau:
- R
1
, R
2
dng phn cc cho ng vo c in th bng V
CC
/2.
- Mch hi tip m gm R
7
, R
8
v C
3
vi R
8
<< R
7
. t C
3
to li in th
mt chiu bng n v. Nh vy khi cha c tn hiu vo, hai ng vo + v ng vo - cng
nh ng ra ca tng op-amp u c in th phn cc bng V
CC
/2, bng vi in th mt
chiu ng ra ca mch cng sut.



- T C
2
(t xut) ngn in th mt chiu qua ti v m bo in th phn cc
ng ra bng V
CC
/2.
- li in th ca ton mch: Av 1+R
7
/R
8

Cc IC cng sut thng c ch to bn trong c cu trc gn tng t nh
mch trn. Vi nhng IC cng sut ln, tng cui c th l cc cp darlington-cp hi tip.
Ngoi ra nng cao cht lng, ngi ta cn ch to thm mt s mch c chc nng c
bit nh bo v ni tt ng ra, b chnh tn s ...
Th d ta xem Ic cng sut LM1877 (bn trong c 2 mch cng sut vi cng
sut ra ti a l 1w/knh) c s chn nh sau:


Mch sau y cho thy cch rp thnh mch cng sut 1watt vi cc linh kin
bn ngoi khi dng 1 knh.

Trong ch mt s c im:
- R
2
, C
7
, R
3
, C
4
quyt nh khuch i ca mch (mch hi tip m).
- R
4
, C
5
lm ti gi cho mch v iu ha tng tr loa tn s cao.
- T C
7
quyt nh p ng tn s cao.
- R
1
phn cc ng vo.
R
1
khng c qu nh s lm bin tn hiu vo.
- khuch i ca mch tn s gia


Trong trng hp rp 2 knh, mch in nh hnh sau:


BI TP CUI CHNG IX

Bi 1: Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v hiu sut ca mch sau, bit rng khi c tn hiu
ng vo dng I
B
s dao ng vi bin nh l 10mA.

Bi 2: Trong mch khuch i cng sut sau y:
1. Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v cng sut tiu ph trong mi transistor.
2. Tnh cng sut v hiu sut ca mch khi tn hiu vo c bin hiu dng
l 12V(r
ms
).

Bi 3: Mt mch cng sut loi A dng bin th vi t s vng 4:1. Dng ngun cp in
V
CC
= 36V mch cho cng sut 2 watt trn ti 16.
Tnh:
a/. P
(ac)
trn cun s cp.
b/. v
L(ac)
.
c/. v
(ac)
trn cun s cp.
d/. Tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ti v trn cun s cp.

Bi 4: Mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A nh hnh v. Xc nh:
a/. li in th gn ng ca mch.
b/. Cng sut vo P
i(dc)
.
c/. Cng sut ra P
o(ac)
.

d/. Hiu sut ca mch.
Cho bit dng tiu th ca LM324 khi cha c tn hiu l 0.8mA.

Bi 5: Trong mch cng sut hnh 9.23 cho bit V
GS(th)
ca IRF532 thay i t 2v n 4v v
V
GS(th)
ca IRF9532 thay i t -2v n -4v. Mt cch gn ng, tnh in th ti a v ti
thiu gia 2 cc cng ca cp cng sut.


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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

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