TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

KHOA MI TRNG

BI TIU LUN
OZON V S SUY GIM TNG OZON
Mn hc: Ha hc mi trng
Ging vin hng dn: ThS Phm Hong Giang
Sinh vin: Tng Th Thanh H
Phan Th Thu Hng
Ng Th Hin
Phm Th Thoa
T Phm Huyn Linh
Lp: K56 Cng ngh Mi trng
H Ni, 05/2014

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

MC LC
1. TNG QUAN V ZN .............................................................................................3
1.1 zn .........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Tng zn .................................................................................................................3
1.3 Vai tr .......................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Vai tr ca zn tng i lu (Troposphere) ..................................................4
1.3.2 Vai tr ca zn tng bnh lu (Stratosphere) ................................................5
1.4 Hin trng .................................................................................................................6
1.4.1 Suy gim zn Nam Cc ................................................................................6
1.4.2 Suy gim zn Bc Cc .................................................................................8
2. CFC V C CH GY THNG TNG OZON ..........................................................8
2.1 Tng quan v kh CFCs ............................................................................................8
2.2 C ch phn hy zn ca kh CFCs ......................................................................9
2.3 nh hng ca CFCs n tng zn.....................................................................10
3. HU QU V GII PHP NHM GIM THIU TC NG GY THNG TNG
ZN ...........................................................................................................................11
3.1 Hu qu ..................................................................................................................11
3.1.1 i vi con ngi .............................................................................................11
3.1.2 i vi ng, thcvt .......................................................................................12
3.1.3 Ti mi trng..................................................................................................12
3.2 Gii php nhm bo v tng zn..........................................................................13

K56 Cng ngh Mi trng

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

1. Tng quan v zn

1.1 zn

zn (O3) l cht kh c mu lam nht, c mi hc c trng v trong

sut; nhit cao c mu xanh da tri; th lng c mu lc thm.

zn ha lng mu xanh thm -112 C v ha rn -193 C.

zn l cht hp th mnh cc tia t ngoi, tia nhn thy v tia t ngoi.

zn c kh nng hp th cao nht bc sng l 254nm i vi cc tia t

ngoi, bc sng l 600nm i vi cc tia nhn thy v bc sng 900 nm
i vi tia hng ngoi.

zn d ha tan trong nc hn xy v s ha tan trong nc ph thuc

vo nhit v p sut ring phn ca n trong khng kh, khi nhit cng
tng kh nng ha tan zn trong nc cng gim.

zn c tnh xy ha rt cao, ng vai tr nh mt tc nhn xy ha

mnh trong rt nhiu phn ng ha hoc.

zn khng bn, d dng phn hy

O3 O2 + O

1.2 Tng zn
Kh quyn l lp v kh bao quanh Tri t c cu to bi nhiu hp cht
khc nhau. Cu trc kh quyn c 5 tng:

Tng i lu: t mt t ln n cao 10km.

Tng bnh lu: t 10km tr ln n 50km.

Tng trung lu: cao 50-85km.

Tng nhit: cao 85- 100km n 800km.

Tng in ly: cao trn 800km.

K56 Cng ngh Mi trng

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

Trong kh quyn, zn chim mt t l khng ln nhng n li c vai tr quan

trng trong cc qu trnh xy ra cc lp kh quyn trn cao. Theo chiu cao t
mt t ln n cao 10km, lng zn thay i khng theo quy lut no c.
n cao t 10km tr ln, lng zn tng theo chiu cao v t cc i
cao t 20-25 km, sau lng zn gim v tr nn khng ng k
cao 55-60km.
Tng zn l lp khng kh nm cch mt t trong khong 20-30 km. Khong
90% hm lng zn trong kh quyn nm tng bnh lu. Nng zn ti
y vo khong 10 ppm trong khi nng zn ti tng i lu l 0.04 ppm.
B dy ca tng zne c o bng n v Du (1 DU= 0.01mm) v c gi tr
t 290-310 DU trn ton cu.
1.3 Vai tr
Tng zn ngn 97-99% tia cc tm ca bc x Mt Tri khng cho n Tri
t, c tc dng lc tia UV nguy hi gy nguy him cho thc thm thc vt v
c th gy ung th v bnh c thy tinh th ngi. Nu tng zn b suy
gim 1% s dn n vic gia tng tia cc tm tng i lu khong 2%.
1.3.1 Vai tr ca zn tng i lu (Troposphere)

C cao n 10km tnh t mt t. Nhit v p sut ca tng ny

gim theo chiu cao. Trn mt t c nhit trung bnh l 15oC, ln n

cao 10km ch cn t -50oC n -80oC.
Tng i lu l mt tng chuyn tip gia lp thp nht ca bu kh quyn
Tri t v tng bnh lu. Tng i lu tri di chng 10 dm pha trn ng
xch o v khong 5 dm pha trn cc cc ca Tri t. T trc ti nay, c
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Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

cc kh nh O3, NOx Cc vt kh ny thng thay i, c hm lng rt thp

(ppb, ppt) v thng l cc cht nhim.

zn trong tng ny c hnh thnh t cc cht kh c to ra trong

qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, hot ng ca giao thng vn ti di tc dng

ca bc x tia cc tm ca Mt Tri.
NO2 + hv
O + O2

NO + O
O3

Khi tia cc tm chiu vo zn, n chia zn thnh phn t xy v nguyn t

xy. xy nguyn t kt hp vi phn t nit to thnh cc nit oxit; sau
n li b ph v bi nh sang nhn thy ti to zn.
Chu trnh nit oxit to thnh zn cng c th b ph v do s c mt ca
hi nc trong kh quyn v n lm bin i cc nit oxit thnh cc dng bn
vng hn.
1.3.2 Vai tr ca zn tng bnh lu (Stratosphere)

cao t 10-50 km. Nhit v p sut tng ny tng theo chiu

cao. Cc nh khoa hc gii thch rng s gia tng nhit l do cng ln cao
cng gn vi lp zn. Lp zn xut hin cao 20-30 km. Nng zn
cao nht 20-25 km, cao hn 1000 ln so vi tng i lu (khong 10 ppm).

Tng bnh lu nm ngay pha trn tng i lu v pha di ca tng

trung lu.

zn lin tc c to ra v phn hy trong tng bnh lu. Trc khi bt

u xu hng suy gim zn, lng zn trong tng bnh lu c gi n nh

nh vo cn bng gia to thnh v phn hy ca cc phn t zn do tc
ng ca tia cc tm.
K56 Cng ngh Mi trng

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

98% tia cc tm ca bc x tia Mt Tri (UV-B v UV-C) c hp th

tng bnh lu to thnh v ph hy zn theo cc qu trnh t nhin. Hiu

sut chuyn i gia zn v xy l 300 triu tn/ngy.
1.4 Hin trng
zn trn ton cu gim mnh vo gia nhng nm 1980 u nm 1990
S suy gim ln nht xy ra cc v cao trong phm vi c 2 bn cu. s
suy gim Nam bn cu ln hn nhiu so vi Bc bn cu
S khc bit ny xut hin t cui thp k 70 v tr nn r rng hn vo cc
thp k 80 v 90 ca th k XX
1.4.1 Suy gim zn Nam Cc
T nhng nm 1980, l thng ti vng Nam Cc ngy mt rng ra do
lng kh CFC thi ra qu nhiu.
Con ngi bt u tin hnh o c tng zn t cc trm trn mt t vo
nm 1956 vnh Halley, Nam cc. Cc s liu o c v din tch ca l thng
t nm 1979 n nay:

Nm 1979: Vic o l thng tng zn bng v tinh ln u tin c

NASA thc hin.

Nm 1998: L thng ln che ph 10,5 triu dm vung vo thng 9 nm

1998. l kch thc ln k lc trc nm 2000.

Nm 2000: L thng tng zn khng l t ti 11,4 triu dm vung vo

thng 9 nm 2000. l l thng ln nht tng o c. Din tch xp x ba

ln din tch nc M. Sau , nm 2003, l thng tng zn che ph 11,1 triu
dm vung l l thng ln th 2.
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Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

Nm 2001: Vo thng 9 nm 2001, l thng tng zn bao ph khong 10

triu dm vung. L thng ny nh hn nm 2000, nhng vn ln hn tng

din tch ca Nc M, Canada v Mxico.

Nm 2002: L thng tng zn thu hp li v thng 9 nm 2002 l l

thng nh nht t nm 1998. L thng Nam Cc nm 2002 khng nhng nh

hn nm 2000 v 2001, m cn tch ra thnh 2 l ring bit. Kch thc nh c
th do iu kin nng m khng bnh thng v s phn tch c th do cc khu
vc thi tit ca tng bnh lu khc thng.

Nm 2003: L thng tng zn che ph 11,1 triu dm vung, v l l

thng k lc ng th hai. Nm 2000 l nm l thng ln nht. L thng ln do

gi lng v thi tit rt lnh.

Nm 2004: Thng 9 nm 2004, l thng l 9,4 triu dmvung. L thng

ny nh hn nm 2003, c th do thi tit Cc Nam tng i m.

Nm 2005: L thng tng zn pha trn Cc Nam xut hin ln hn

nm ngoi nhng vn nh hn nm 2003. L thng nm 2005 che ph khong

10 triu dm vung. Theo s liu v thi tit ca T chc Kh tng Th gii
(WMO) cho thy ma ng 2005 m hn nm 2003, nhng lnh hn nm
2004. Kch thc l thng nm 2005 gn mc trung bnh nm 1995-2004. L
thng ny ln hn nm 2004, nhng nh hn nm 2003.

Nm 2008: L thng tng zn Nam Cc c din tch n 27 triu km2.

Con s ny ln hn nhiu so vi din tch ln nht ca n c ghi nhn nm

2007 l 25 triu km2

Nm 2011: T chc Kh tng th gii (WMO) cho bit lng zn trong

tng bnh lu ti Bc cc gim 80% v tr nn mng n ni c th gi l l

thng tng zn nh ti Nam cc. Nh vy, cc vng Bc cc nh
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Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

Scandinavia, Greenland v Siberia s phi nhn thm mt lng tia cc tm

nhiu hn t Mt Tri.
1.4.2 Suy gim zn Bc Cc
Mc d Ngh nh th Montreal c k kt vo nm 1987 v c kt qu
tch cc l l thng tng zn Nam cc c s chuyn bin tt hn. Nhng
theo nhng quan st ca cc nh khoa hc th s suy gim ca tng zn ca
Bc Cc t n mc k lc; chnh s suy gim ny s dn n nhng hu
qu nh tng lng bc x cc tm nhng khu vc thuc Bc u.
Tng s zn Bc bn cu suy gim t 2 4% cho mi thp k t
1979 1993
gn bc cc hnh thnh nn cc l thng tng zn cc khu vc sau:
Bc M, Ty u
2. CFCs v c ch gy l thng tng zn
2.1 Tng quan v kh CFCs
-

Chlorofurocarbons (vit tt l CFCs) c cc tn thng mi l CFC-12,

CFC-113 trong con s hng trm cng thm 1 dng ch s carbon c

trong hp cht ny; s hng chc tr i 1 ch s hydrocarbon c trong hp cht
ny v s hng n v ch s fluorine c trong hp cht ny. V d CFC-113 c
2 carbon, 0 hyrogen v 3 fluorine; CFC-12 c 1 carbon, 0 hyrogen v 2 fluorine.
-

CFCs c tng hp u tin vo nm 1928 s dng nh cht sinh

hn. n nm 1930 CFCs c thng mi ha bi cng ty Du Pont. Vo nm

1988 lng CFCs tiu th c khong 1 t kg.

K56 Cng ngh Mi trng

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

T lnh c th lm lnh v bo qun thc phm c lu l v trong h

thng ng dn khp kn pha sau t lnh c cha loi dung dch freon th lng
(thng gi l "gas"). Freon l tn gi chung ca nhng hp cht
CFC(cloflocacbon), nh CCl2F2, CCl3F, Nh c dch ho hc ny t lnh mi
lm lnh c. Dung dch freon c th bay hi thnh th kh. Khi chuyn sang
th kh, freon bc thng ln tng zn trong kh quyn Tri t v ph v kt
cu ca n, lm gim nng kh zn.
-

Khng nhng t lnh, my lnh cn dng n freon m trong dung dch

git ty, cc loi sn, bnh cu ho cng s dng freon v cc cht thuc dng
freon. y l nhng ha cht thit yu v trong qu trnh sn xut v s dng
chng khng trnh khi tht thot mt lng ln ho cht dng freon bc hi
bay ln kh quyn.
2.2 C ch phn hy zn ca kh CFCs
Khi CFC n c tng bnh lu, di tc dng ca tia cc tm n b phn hy
to ra Clo nguyn t, v Clo nguyn t c tc dng nh mt cht xc tc
phn hy zn. Mt nguyn t Cl c th ph hy 100.000 phn t zn. Metyl
brom khi ln n tng bnh lu s b tia cc tm ph hy to ra Br nguyn t,
mt nguyn t Br c kh nng ph hy cc phn t zn gp 40-50 ln mt
nguyn t Cl.

K56 Cng ngh Mi trng

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

C th, cc phn t Cl, F, Br ca CFC v halon (hp cht ca brom) c

bin i thnh cc nguyn t (gc) t do hot tnh nh cc phn ng quang

ho:
CFCl3 + hv

CFCl2 + Cl

CFCl2 + hv

CFCl + Cl

CF2Cl2 + hv

CF2Cl + Cl

CF2Cl + hv

CFCl + Cl

Sau , cc nguyn t Cl, F, Br tc dng hu dit O3 theo phn ng:

Cl + O3

ClO + O2

ClO +O3

Cl +2O2

Ngi ta tnh rng mt phn t CFC mt trung bnh l 15 nm i t mt t

ln n cc tng trn ca kh quyn v c th khong mt th k, ph hy
n c trm ngn phn t zn trong thi gian ny.
Hot ng ca cc ni la s phng thch vo kh quyn mt lng ln Clo,
nhng n d ha tan vo hi nc trong kh quyn v s theo ma ri xung
Tri t. Trong khi CFCs khng b phn hy tng i lu v khng ha tan
vo hi nc, do n c th d dng ln n tng bnh lu. Cc kt qu o
c t 1985 cho thy, vic gia tng nng Cl tng bnh lu t l thun vi
lng CFC sn xut, s dng v phng thch bi cc hot ng con ngi.
2.3 nh hng ca CFCs n tng zn.
Kh CFCs i vo tng bnh lu v tch ly trong thi gian di (nhiu nm), lm
thot ra gc Cl, F, Br t do- nhng cht ny ph hy zn tng bnh lu v
hu qu ca n l lp zn b long. Nhng ch loang l zn do b long c
hiu l l thng zn. L thng ca tng zn theo nh ngha ca cc mi
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10

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

trng (EPA) M l khu vc c hm lng zn thp hn 220 dn v

Dobson(DU)
CFC l cht nhim chu trch nhim chnh cng vi NOx, CH4 l nhng cht
ch yu gy l thng tng zn
3. Hu qu v gii php nhm gim thiu tc ng gy thng tng zn
3.1 Hu qu
Thng tng zn, mt lng ln tia t ngoi s chiu thng xung Tri t.
Con ngi v ng thc vt phi gnh chu nhng hu qu nng n:
3.1.1 i vi con ngi
Ph hy h thng min dch ca c th ngi Tia cc tm c li cho sc khe
nh tng hp vitamin D cho da. Tuy nhin, di tc ng ca tia UV-B trong
nh nng mt tri s lm suy yu h thng min dch, nh hng n kh nng
chng chi vi bnh tt ca c th con ngi.

Gy ung th da: Theo bo co ca Lin Hp Quc, s gim st 10% tng

zn trong kh quyn lm tng ln 26% s trng hp b ung th (khong

300.000 ca trn th gii).

Cc tia bc x cc tm c nng lng cao c hp th bi zn c

cng nhn chung l mt yu t tham gia to thnh cc khi u c tnh. Th d

nh theo mt nghin cu: C tng 10% cc tia cc tm c nng lng cao lm
tng 19% cc khi u c tnh n ngv 16% ph n.

Ngoi ung th, tia t ngoi cn gy bnh c thy tinh th, mt s b lo

ha v m la.

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Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

3.1.2 i vi ng, thcvt

Lm gim h min dch, tng nguy c gy bnh cho ng vt.

Hy hoi cc sinh vt nh.

Mt cn bng h sinh thi ng thc vt bin: Chng ta bit hn 30%

lng m ng vt cung cp cho con ngi c ly t bin nn bt k s

thay i no ca lng UV-B cng nh hng ti s pht trin ca h sinh thi
bin. Tia t ngoi UV-B tng ln c th lm gim khi lng cc sinh vt ph
du-ngun thc n ca nhiu loi sinh vt bin. S tng ln ca tia UV-B cng
c nh hng nghim trng ti s sinh trng ca cc loi c, tm, cua v
nhiu sinh vt khc, ch yu l gim kh nng sinh sn ca chng. Bcx UVB tng cng lm thay i thnh phn cc loi.

Gim sn lng lng thc V qu trnh pht trin ca cy trng ph

thuc rt nhiu vo tia t ngoi nn khi tng tia t ngoi UV-B c th tc ng

ti cc vi sinh vt trong t, lm gim nng sut la v ca mt s loi cy trng
khc. S tng tia UV-B c th lm gim kh nng chu ng ca cy trng, nu
chiu tia t ngoi vi liu cao vo ng, la th nng sut s km, cht lng
cng gim st.
3.1.3 Ti mi trng

Gim cht lng khng kh: Suy gim tng zn lm tng lng bc x

t ngoi UV-B n mt t v lm tng cc phn ng ha hc dn ti nhim

kh quyn, khi m v ma axt s tng ln do cc cht to thnh ma axt
tng ln cng vi s tng hot ng ca tia UV-B.

Tc ng n cc loi vt liu: Bc x t ngoi tng s lm gim nhanh

tui th ca cc vt liu, lm chng mt i bn chc.

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Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

S ph hy tng zn cn gy ra s bin i v mt kh hu bi l tnh

trng gia tng tia t ngoi cng gp phn vo vic tng cng hiu ng nh
knh.
3.2 Gii php nhm bo v tng zn

Hn ch v cui cng l chm dt hon ton vic s dng v sn xut

CFCs cng nh cc cht ha hc gy suy gim tng zn nh: tetraclorit

cacbon, halon, methylchlorofrom..
Nm 1985, Cng c Vin v Ngh nh th Montreal bt u c hiu lc
nhm mc ch tng bc ngn chn vic s dng nhng loi ha cht
c th ph hy tng zon, nh du s ra i ca Ngy quc t bo v
tng zn
Hin nay vic trin khai Ngh nh th Montreal gp phn ng k lm
gim hn 1,5 triu tn ha cht hng nm m c th ph hy tng zn
Theo qui nh ca Ngh nh v cht suy gim tng zn :
o Vi cc nc pht trin phi loi tr hon ton sn xut v s dng
cc cht CFC v Halon vo nm 1996 v cht HCFC vo nm 2020.
o i vi cc nc ang pht trin nh nc ta s c u i s
dng cc cht CFC v Halon n nm 2010 v cht HCFC vo nm
2040.

Khuyn khch s dng nng lng sch: nng lng gi, nng lng Mt

Tri

X l nhim cc b trong tng khu cng nghip, tng nh my, tng

cng on sn xut ring bit gim thiu cc loi bi v kh c hi vo bu

kh quyn.
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13

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

Tuyn truyn, gio dc rng ri vic bo v mi trng cho mi ngi,

lm cho h hiu bo v mi trng bo v tng zne l bo v s sng ca

chnh h.

Nghin cu loi b cc gc t do Clo, NOx... khi chu k ny bng cch

to nn cc ngun cha khc nh axt clohydric v clo nitrat (ClONO2). Hn

ch tc nhn ph hy zn

KT LUN

Tng zn c vai tr c bit quan trng l bo v, gip mi sinh vt

trn Tri t trnh b nh hng ca tia cc tm n sc khe cng nh i

sng sinh hot

Tuy nhin, hin nay tng zn ang b suy gim nghim trng, xut hin

mt s l thng vng cc v cc l thng c xu hng to dn qua cc nm.

Chnh v vy, chng ta cn tm mi bin php nhm gim thiu mi tc ng
xu n tng zn ngn chn s xut hin ca l thng tng zn trn ton Tri
t.

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14

Ha hc mi trng L thng tng zn

TI LIU THAM KHO

K56 Cng ngh Mi trng

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