Edu 202

EDU 202 SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION
EDU 202
SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION

Course Developer Prof C. O. Daramola
Unvers!" of Ilorn
Ilorn
#$ara S!a!e.
Course %r!er Prof C. O. Daramola
Unvers!" of Ilorn
Ilorn
#$ara S!a!e.
Course E&!or Dr. Osu'( U. S. A.
S)*ool of E&u)a!on
Na!onal Open Unvers!" of N+era
,)!ora Islan&
La+os
Dr. I-elo&( E. C.
S)*ool of E&u)a!on
,)!ora Islan&
La+os
Pro+ramme Lea&er Dr I. O. Sala$u
,)!ora Islan&
La+os.
Course Co.or&na!or /r. E. C. I-ara
,)!ora Islan&( La+os.
COURSE
GUIDE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
0ea&1uar!ers
23425 A*ma&u 6ello %a"
,)!ora Islan&
La+os
A-u'a Anne7
238 Samuel A&esu'o A&emule+un S!ree!
Cen!ral 6usness Ds!r)!
Oppos!e Are$a Su!es
A-u'a
e.mal9 )en!ralnfo:nou.e&u.n+
U;L9 $$$.nou.e&u.n+
Na!onal Open Unvers!" of N+era 2005
Frs! Prn!e& 2005
IS6N9 <=>.08>.5<>.<
All ;+*!s ;eserve&
Prn!e& -" ?????..
For

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
In!ro&u)!on....................................................................... 2
Course Am........................................................................ 2
O-'e)!ves.......................................................................... 2
%or@n+ !*rou+* !*s )ourse............................................. 2.2
Course ma!erals................................................................ 2
Assessmen!........................................................................ 2
0o$ !o +e! !*e mos! from !*s )ourse............................... 2.A
S!u&" un!s......................................................................... A.3
Tu!ors an& !u!orals............................................................ 3
You s*oul& !r" "our !o a!!en& !u!orals.............................. 3
Introduction
Sociolog o! "duc#tion$ EDU 202 i% # on" %"&"%t"r$ 2 cr"dit unit
cour%"' It (ill )" #*#il#)l" to #ll "duc#tion %tud"nt% #t und"r
gr#du#t" #nd +o%tgr#du#t" di+lo&# in "duc#tion ,B' A ,ED- B'SC
,ED- #nd PGDE-'
T*s )ourse )onss!s of four!een un!s $*)* nvolve na!ure an& S)ope of
so)olo+" of e&u)a!on( so)alBa!on an& so)al s!ra!f)a!on( e&u)a!on
an& so)al values( so)al fun)!ons of e&u)a!on an& so)olo+" of
!ea)*n+.
T*e ma!eral *as -een &evelope& for s!u&en!s of NOUN -" referen)n+
some avala-le $or@ su)* as !*ose of unvers!es n N+era an& fore+n
!e7! for unvers!es a)ross !*e +lo-e !o !ran 6. A CEDD 6.SC CEDD 6. E&
an& P. GDE.
Cour%" Ai&
T*ere s a nee& !o s!u&" !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on an& !*e
so)e!" for -e!!er un&ers!an&n+ of !*e fun)!onal!" of !*e su-.s"s!ems
n !*e so)e!". I! also ams a! e7posn+ !*e s!u&en! !ea)*ers !o
)on!emporar" e&u)a!onal ssues for proper performan)e n !*e
)lassroom.
So)olo+" ams a! &ra$n+ !*e a!!en!on of !*e s!u&en! !ea)*er !o !*e
)ross )ul!ural anal"ss of so)al ssues for -e!!er un&ers!an&n+ of !*er
envronmen!.
Cour%" O)."cti*"%
To a)*eve !*e ams se! ou! a-ove( !*e )ourse se!s overall o-'e)!ves. In
a&&!on( ea)* un! *as also spe)f) o-'e)!ves !o -e a)*eve&. You
v
s*oul& refer !o !*em &urn+ "our s!u&" of !*e un! !o )*e)@ for "our
pro+ress. You s*oul& al$a"s loo@ a! !*e un! o-'e)!ve af!er )omple!n+
a un!. In !*s $a" "ou )an -e sure !*a! "ou *ave &one $*a! $as re1ure&
of "ou n !*e un!.
/or0ing t1roug1 T1i% Cour%"
To )omple!e !*s )ourse( "ou are re1ure& !o rea& !*e s!u&" un!s( rea&
referen)e -oo@s an& o!*er ma!erals( prov&e& -" NOUN. Ea)* un!
)on!ans self.Assessmen! E7er)ses CSAED an& Tu!or /ar@e&
Ass+nmen!s CT/AD an& a! pon!s n !*e )ourse "ou are re1ure& !o
su-m! ass+nmen!s for assessmen! purposes.
T*s s a 2 )re&! un! )ourse )onss!n+ of 23 s!u&" un!s.
Cour%" 2#t"ri#l%
/a'or )omponen!s of !*e )ourse are9
CaD Course Gu&e
C-D S!u&" un!s
C)D Ass+nmen! fle
C&D Presen!a!on S)*e&ule
A%%"%%&"nt
T*ere are !$o aspe)!s !o !*e assessmen! of !*s )ourse. Frs! !*e Tu!or
/ar@e& Ass+nmen!( $*le !*e se)on& s !*e en& of !*e semes!er $r!!en
e7amna!on. You are e7pe)!e& !o appl" !*e nforma!on( @no$le&+e an&
!e)*n1ues +a!*ere& &urn+ !*e )ourse.
T*ere are four!een !u!or mar@e& ass+nmen!s n !*e )ourse. Your !u!or
$ll !ell "ou $*)* one !o su-m!. Onl" !*ree of !*em $ll -e use& !o
)oun! A0E( $*le !*e en& of semes!er e7amna!on $ll )on!r-u!e !*e
remann+ =0E. A! leas! =8E a!!en&an)e a! Tu!orals an& )ounseln+
sessons mus! -e me!.
3o( to G"t t1" 2o%t !ro& T1i% Cour%"
In &s!an)e learnn+( !*e s!u&" un!s repla)e !*e unvers!" le)!urer. T*s
s one of !*e +rea! a&van!a+es of &s!an)e learnn+( "ou )an rea& an&
$or@ !*rou+* spe)all" &es+ne& s!u&" ma!erals a! "our o$n pa)e an& a!
a !me an& pla)e !*a! su! "ou -es!. Ea)* of !*e s!u&" un!s falls on a
)ommon forma!. T*e frs! !em s an n!ro&u)!on !o !*e su-'e)! ma!!er of
!*e un! an& *o$ a par!)ular un! s n!e+ra!e& $!* !*e o!*er un!s an&
v
!*e )ourse as a $*ole. Ne7! s a se! of learnn+ o-'e)!ves !*a! $ll allo$
"ou !o @no$ $*a! "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o &o -" !*e !me "ou )omple!e !*e
un!. You s*oul& use !*s o-'e)!ve !o +u&e "our s!u&".
Self Tes!s are n!ersperse& !*rou+*ou! !*e un! an& ans$ers are +ven a!
!*e en& of !*e un!s. %or@n+ !*rou+* !*ese !es!s $ll *elp "ou a)*eve
!*e o-'e)!ves of !*e un!s an& prepare "ou for !*e ass+nmen!s an&
e7amna!on. You &o ea)* self !es! as "ou )ome a)ross ! n !*e s!u&"
un!. T*ere $ll also -e some e7amples +ven n ea)* un!( $or@ !*rou+*
!*ese $*en "ou )ome !o !*em.
T*e follo$n+ s a pra)!)al $a" for $or@n+ !*rou+* !*e )ourse.
2.0 ;ea& !*e )ourse +u&e !*orou+*l".
2.0 Or+anBe a s!u&" s)*e&ule
A.0 S!)@ !o "our s!u&" s)*e&ule s!r)!l"
3.0 S!ar! $!* un! 2 rea& !*e n!ro&u)!on an& o-'e)!ve for !*e un!.
8.0 Assem-le all s!u&" ma!erals
5.0 %or@ !*rou+* !*e un!.
=.0 Do !*e Ass+nmen! an& )onvn)e "ourself !*a! "ou *ave mas!ere& !*e
un!.
>.0 /ove !o !*e ne7! un!.
<.0 Go on l@e !*s un!l +e! !o !*e las! un!.
Stud Unit
T*ere are four!een s!u&" un!s n !*s )ourse EDU 202( So)olo+" of
E&u)a!on. T*e" are as follo$s9
2odul" 4
Un! 2 T*e Na!ure an& S)ope of So)olo+" E&u)a!on
Un! 2 E&u)a!on an& So)olo+"
Un! A So)alBa!on of !*e Faml" an& S)*ool
Un! 3 So)alBa!on E&u)a!on( Cul!ure an& Personal!"
Un! 8 Faml" an& E&u)a!on
Un! = E&u)a!on an& So)al S!ra!f)a!on
2odul" 2
Un! 2 So)al Class an& E&u)a!onal A!!anmen!
Un! 2 E&u)a!on an& So)al ,alues
Un! A 0ome an& So)al ,alues
Un! 3 So)al Fun)!ons of E&u)a!on
v
Un! 8 S!a-l!" an& C*an+e( E&u)a!on an& Cul!ure C*ar+e
Un! 5 T*e So)olo+" of Tea)*n+
Un! = So)al ;ela!ons n !*e Classroom( Tea)*er an&
Curr)ulum( Tea)*er an& E7amna!on
Ass+nmen!s are )ompulsor" an& a un1ue fea!ure of "our )ourse
&elver" s"s!em. T*e" are )alle& Tu!or /ar@e& Ass+nmen! CT/AD.
You mus! !*erefore ma@e sure !*a! !*e ass+nmen!s are ans$ere& an&
re!urne& !o !*e s!u&" )en!er on &a!es as a+ree& -e!$een "ou an& !*e
)ourse !u!or. T*ere are also some ass+nmen!s( $*)* are )alle& Self
Ass+nmen! Fues!ons CSAFD or Self Assessmen! E7er)se CSAED. I! s
a&vsa-le !*a! !*ou+* "our ans$ers !o !*ese 1ues!ons &o no! a&& !o a
)re&! !o "our overall +ra&e n !*e )ourse( ! s a&vsa-le !*a! "ou a!!emp!
all !*e 1ues!ons "ourself. T*e" are mean! !o pro-e "our un&ers!an&n+
of !*e )on)ep!s n !*e un!s.
You are +on+ !o -e evalua!e& n !*s )ourse -" T*e Tu!or /ar@e&
Ass+nmen!s of a-ou! A0E for !*e $*ole )ourse. All !*ese "ou mus!
)ompulsorl" ans$er an& -e +ra&e&. T*e +ra&e for !*e -es! !*ree $ll -e
use& n "our assessmen!.
Tutor% #nd Tutori#l%
Your !u!or.$ll mar@ an& )ommen! on "our ass+nmen!s( @eep a )lose
$a!)* on "our pro+ress an& on an" &ff)ul!es "ou m+*! en)oun!er an&
also prov&e asss!an)e !o "ou &urn+ !*e )ourse. You mus! mal "our
!u!or mar@e& ass+nmen! !o "our !u!or $ell -efore !*e &ue &a!e.
You Should Try Your Best to Attend Tutorials
T*s s !*e onl" )*an)e "ou *ave for a fa)e.!o.fa)e )on!a)!s $!* "our
!u!or an& for "ou !o as@ *m 1ues!ons. You $ll learn a lo! from
par!)pa!n+ n a)!ve &s)usson.
%e $s* "ou su))ess $!* !*e )ourse an& *ope "ou $ll fn& !
n!eres!n+( useful an& re$ar&n+.
v
Course Co&e EDU 202
Course T!le So)olo+" of E&u)a!on

Course Developer Prof C. O. Daramola
Unvers!" of Ilorn
Ilorn
#$ara S!a!e.
Course %r!er Prof C. O. Daramola
Unvers!" of Ilorn
Ilorn
#$ara S!a!e.
Course E&!or Dr. Osu'( U. S. A.
S)*ool of E&u)a!on
,)!ora Islan&
La+os
Dr. I-elo&( E. C.
S)*ool of E&u)a!on
,)!ora Islan&
La+os
Pro+ramme Lea&er Dr I. O. Sala$u
,)!ora Islan&
La+os.
Course Co.or&na!or /r. E. C. I-ara
,)!ora Islan&
La+os.
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
v
0ea&1uar!ers
23425 A*ma&u 6ello %a"
,)!ora Islan&
La+os
A-u'a Anne7
238 Samuel A&esu'o A&emule+un S!ree!
Cen!ral 6usness Ds!r)!
Oppos!e Are$a Su!es
A-u'a
e.mal9 )en!ralnfo:nou.e&u.n+
U;L9 $$$.nou.e&u.n+
Na!onal Open Unvers!" of N+era 2005
Frs! Prn!e& 2005
IS6N9 <=>.08>.5<>.<
All ;+*!s ;eserve&
Prn!e& -" ?????..
For
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
2odul" 4 555555555555555555' 4
Un! 2 T*e Na!ure an& S)ope of So)olo+" E&u)a!on 2 . 5
Un! 2 E&u)a!on an& So)olo+" ????????... = . 22
Un! A So)alBa!on of !*e Faml" an& S)*ool ?...?.. 22 . 2>
Un! 3 So)alBa!on E&u)a!on( Cul!ure an& Personal!" 2< . 25
Un! 8 Faml" an& E&u)a!on I ?..............?????2= . A2
Un! 5 Faml" an& E&u)a!on II?..............????? AA . A>
Un! = E&u)a!on an& So)al S!ra!f)a!on ?.???... A< . 35
2odul" 2 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 67
Un! 2 So)al Class an& E&u)a!onal A!!anmen! ?.. 3= . 82
Un! 2 E&u)a!on an& So)al ,alues ?????.?. 8A . 8<
Un! A 0ome an& So)al ,alue ?.............................. 50 . 58
Un! 3 So)al Fun)!ons of E&u)a!on ?..????. 55 . =2
Un! 8 S!a-l!" an& C*an+e( E&u)a!on an& Cul!ure
C*ar+e ?...????????....................... =A . =<
Un! 5 T*e So)olo+" of Tea)*n+ .........................?. >0 . >5
Un! = So)al ;ela!ons n !*e Classroom( Tea)*er
an& Curr)ulum( Tea)*er an& E7amna!on ?.. >= . <A
7
2ODULE 4
Un! 2 T*e Na!ure an& S)ope of So)olo+" E&u)a!on
Un! 2 E&u)a!on an& So)olo+"
Un! A So)alBa!on of !*e Faml" an& S)*ool
Un! 3 So)alBa!on E&u)a!on( Cul!ure an& Personal!"
Un! = E&u)a!on an& So)al S!ra!f)a!on
UNIT 4 NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY OF
EDUCATION
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 /eann+ of So)olo+"
A.2 Fun)!ons of So)olo+"
A.A /eann+ of E&u)a!on
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
5.0 Tu!or /ar@e& Ass+nmen!
=.0 ;eferen)es 4 Fur!*er ;ea&n+s
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! presen!s !*e Fun&amen!als of So)olo+" of E&u)a!on( fo)usn+
on !*e meann+ of so)olo+"( !s fun)!ons( meann+ of e&u)a!on an& !*e
rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on an& so)olo+" an& e&u)a!on an& so)e!".
T*e a)1us!on of !*ese -as) ru-r)s $ll e7pose "ou !o !*e na!ure of
!*e )ourse.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*s Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD Defne So)olo+" as a )on)ep!
C-D E7plan !*e meann+ of e&u)a!on
C)D Es!a-ls* !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on an& so)e!"
C&D Ds)uss !*e fun)!ons of So)olo+".
2
9'4 2"#ning o! Sociolog
So)olo+" as a fel& of &s)plne s +ener) an& um-rella n na!ure as !
&eals $!* !*e !o!al!" of *uman n!era)!on an& e7amna!on. I! s a
s"s!ema!) s!u&" of so)al -e*avours an& *uman +roups. I! &elves
prmarl" n!o !*e nfluen)e of so)al rela!ons*ps on peopleGs a!!!u&es
an& -e*avours an& on *o$ so)e!es are es!a-ls*e& an& )*an+e&. To a
la" man( so)olo+" s !*e s!u&" of manGs n!era)!on $!*n !*e so)e!"
-u! ! e7!en&s -e"on& !*a! as ! &eals $!* !*e or+anBa!on an& )on!rol of
manGs -e*avours an& a!!!u&es $!*n !*e so)e!". As a fel& of s!u&"(
so)olo+" *as an e7!remel" -roa& s)ope -e)ause !*e so)e!" )omprses
of several su- s"s!ems $!* n*eren! fra+men!a!ons of )omponen! par!s
n ea)* of !*em for so)olo+)al )ons&era!ons.
So)olo+" s )on)erne& a-ou! so)al fa)!s n !*e e)onom"( e&u)a!on(
le+al( se)ur!"( pol!)s( me&)al( rel+on( faml"( !e)*nolo+"( spor!s an&
so on. %!*n !*e provn)e of !*ese su-.s"s!ems -o!* !*e s!ru)!ural
aspe)!s of *uman so)e!" an& ever" !"pe of so)al rela!ons*p are -en+
e7amne&.
T*e s)en!f) assessmen! of !*e so)al fa)!s $!*n !*e so)e!" serves as
an avenue !o )ur- &s)omfor! an& ns!a-l!" n !*e so)e!" amon+s! !*e
people. 0en)e( so)olo+" as a fel& asss!s !*e mem-ers of an" so)e!"
!o solve a!!!u&nal( )*ara)!er( -e*avoural an& so)al pro-lems !o
a)!ualBe a *eal!*" +ro$!* an& &evelopmen! of su)* so)e!".
So)olo+s!s !*erefore are people servn+ !*e so)e!" n a vare!" of
)apa)!es as !ea)*ers( le)!urers( resear)*ers( 'ournals!s( $or@ers n
n&us!r"( personnel off)ers( so)al $or@ers( a&mns!ra!ors( farm
planners( parsons( )rmnolo+s!s( pro-a!on off)ers an& so for!*. I! s
on !*e -ass of !*s !*a! !*e -as) @no$le&+e of so)olo+" s )ompulsor"
for s)*olars n all fel& of en&eavour for -e!!er un&ers!an&n+ of !*e
so)e!" $*)* !*e" lve.
SELF:ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE 4
Ls! a! leas! fve aspe)!s of e)onom" $*ere "ou fn& !*e s!u&" of
so)olo+" relevan!.
9'2 Function% o! Sociolog
So)olo+" performs several roles $!*n !*e so)e!" as an n&spensa-le
mpe!us !o en*an)e !s )on!nu!" an& s!a-l!".
2. I! asss!s n !*e anal"ss an& )larf)a!on of &fferen! !"pes of
rela!ons*ps $!*n !*e so)e!" $*)* pro&u)e su)* so)al
2
ns!!u!ons an& asso)a!ons !*rou+* $*)* !*e -e*avour of
n&v&uals are or+anBe& an& )on!rolle&. I! s !*e )on)ern of
so)olo+" !o &en!f" $*" )er!an un&esra-le -e*avours
manfes!e& n *uman -en+s an& *o$ su)* -e*avour )oul& -e
)*e)@e& an& reforme&. For ns!an)e( $!*n !*e so)e!" !*ere are
so)al &evan!s $*o pro-a-l" +e! n!a!e& or appre*en&e& n!o
su)* una))ep!a-le -e*avours &ue !o +noran)e an& o!*er vare&
reasons -e"on& !*e v)!msG e7plana!on. I! s $!*n !*e n!eres!
of so)olo+" !o pro-e n!o !*e fun&amen!al )auses of
una))ep!a-le -e*avours !*rou+* )r!)al anal"ss of !*e ma!!er !o
)on!rol an& )orre)! su)* ms&emeanor. For ns!an)e( !*ere s a
)ase of un$arran!e& *os!l!" an& o!*er rela!e& ma!!er n an
n&v&ual $*)* *e manfes!s $*le rela!n+ $!* o!*ers( !*e nee&
arses !o anal"Be su)* -e*avour for re)ons!ru)!on an&
reforma!on. For e7ample( !*ere $as a )ase of a Hme&)al
s!u&en!I $*o al$a"s e7)els n all )ourses -u! *e &rn@s al)o*ol
an& sleeps un&er !*e s!eer.)ase of *s *os!el. T*e Unvers!"
au!*or!" on &s)over" *s pro-lem re)ommen&e& some )ourses
for *m n so)olo+" n o!*er !o )on!rol *s -e*avour $*)*
lo+)all" reforme& !*e s!u&en!Gs -e*avour. To&a" *e s a $ell
-e*ave& an& reno$ne& me&)al pra)!!oner.
2. So)olo+" e7poses mem-ers of !*e so)e!" !o *o$ au!*or!" an&
po$er are &erve& $!*n !*e so)e!" an& $*" )er!an values(
)us!oms( -elefs an& pra)!)es are up.*el&. All *uman -en+s are
fun&amen!all" !*e same $*en ! )omes !o !as!e of po$er or
o))upa!on of prvle&+e& pos!ons. Ever" n&v&ual *as
propens!" !o )ln+ n!o po$er an& au!*or!" &ue !o !*e -enef!s
a))rua-le from !. A &)!um +oes !*us Hno-o&" !as!es *one" an&
sp! ! a$a"I Au!*or!" an& po$ers are as s$ee! as *one". T*a!
e7plans $*" *uman -en+s pursue !*em &arn+l" !o en'o" !*e
values a!!a)*e& !o !*em.
A. So)olo+" also a!!emp!s !o es!a-ls* !*e ln@s -e!$een !*e
&fferen! su-.s"s!ems n !*e so)e!". I! s!u&es !*e rela!ons*p(
-e!$een !*e pol!)al s"s!em an& !*e e)onom) s"s!em or !*e
rela!ons*p -e!$een !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em an& !*e pol!)al
s"s!em or !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een !*e le+al s"s!em an& rel+ous
s"s!em an& so for!*. A &)!um +oes !*us( $*en one fn+er
!ou)*es ol ! affe)!s !*e o!*ers( !*ere s n!errela!e&ness amon+s!
all !*e s"s!ems n !*e so)e!" an& !*a! s $*" !*ere s*oul& -e
*eal!*" fun)!onal!" an& rela!ons*p !o fos!er +ro$!* an&
&evelopmen!. An" &"sfun)!on n an" s"s!em $ll nvara-l"
affe)! o!*er s"s!ems.
A
3. So)olo+" n!ma!es n&v&uals $!* !*e )*an+es $!*n !*e
so)e!" an& !*e effe)!s of su)* )*an+es on *uman e7s!en)e.
T*rou+* so)olo+"( ! s reveale& !*a! !*e so)e!" s &"nam) an&
!rans!or" n na!ure. In so)olo+"( n&v&uals -e)ome a$are !*a!
!*e so)e!" s no! s!a!) $*)* )alls for &"namsm n !*ou+*!s an&
a)!ons amon+s! !*e people n or&er !o -e full" n!e+ra!e& from
!me !o !me. For ns!an)e( !*ere s )ompu!er revolu!on +lo-all"
a! presen!. Ever" n&v&ual $!*n !*e +lo-al so)e!" s e7pe)!e&
!o -e )ompu!er l!era!e n or&er !o fun)!on effe)!vel" an& !o -e
full" n!e+ra!e& n!o !*e su- s"s!em $!*n !*e so)e!".
8. So)olo+" e7amnes *uman -a)@+roun& an& varous forms of
oren!a!on $!*n !*e so)e!". %!*n !*e so)e!al se!!n+ !*ere
are &versf)a!ons of )ul!ural -a)@+roun& an& up-rn+n+. T*e
envronmen! $!*n $*)* an n&v&ual s -orn an& -rea& *as
s+nf)an! nfluen)e n !*e values( -elefs( !ra!s an& &eas $*)*
!*e person n!ernalBes( )on)ep!ualBes( &emons!ra!es( manfes!s
an& e7*-!s. %!* !*e un&ers!an&n+ of so)olo+" an n&v&ual
s -lesse& $!* re-uff ve$ a-ou! o!*er peopleGs -a)@+roun&.
T*s $ll asss! n !olera!n+ an& a))ommo&a!n+ o!*ers $!*
&fferen)es n )ul!ural -a)@+roun& an& oren!a!on.
5. So)olo+" also opera!es $!*n !*e realm of *uman nee&s. In !*e
so)e!"( !*ere are -as) so)al nee&s $*)* n&v&uals aspre !o
a)*eve for meann+ful e7s!en)e an& purposeful survval.
So)olo+" se!s ! upon !self !o &en!f" varous *uman nee&s n
!*e so)e!" an& e7plans *o$ !*ose nee&s are me! an& sa!sfe&.
So)olo+" !ea)*es people !o onl" aspre !o mee! an& sa!sf" !*ose
ne)ess!es of lfe !*a! $ll asss! n lvn+ &e)en! an& meann+ful
lfe. I! e7plans !*e &an+er n &arn+( a++ressve an&
un$*olesome approa)* !o sa!sf" oneGs nee&s. For ns!an)e( an
n&v&ual $*o s nvolve& n arme& ro--er"( frau&( s!ealn+ an&
o!*er lle+al!es !o sa!sf" *s nee&s s re+ar&e& as an
una))ep!a-le mem-er of !*e so)e!". T*erefore( ! s une!*)al
an& mmoral.
9'9 2"#ning o! Educ#tion
E&u)a!on )an -e vare&l" &efne& &epen&n+ on !*e purpose ! s mean!
!o serve an& !*e &s)plne n perspe)!ve. In So)olo+"( e&u)a!on )an
-e smpl" e7plane& as an a)!v!" $*)* +oes on n a so)e!" $*ere !s
ams an& me!*o&s &epen& on !*e na!ure of !*e so)e!" n $*)* ! !a@es
pla)e. I! s !o ma@e an n&v&ual un&ers!an& !*e ne$ so)e!" +ro$n+ up
aroun& *m of $*)* *e s an essen!al mem-er. E&u)a!on n !*e
spe)f) !erm s a means of ma@n+ n&v&uals un&ers!an& !*er so)e!"
3
an& !s s!ru)!ures. T*s $ll asss! su)* n&v&uals !o open up for !*em a
$a" of )rea!n+ meann+ ou! of !*er envronmen! an& rela!ons*ps $!*
o!*er n&v&uals n !*e realm of lan+ua+e a)1us!on an& !*ou+*! !o
)lassf" an& prov&e meann+ !o !*n+s( &eas an& even!s.
A &)!um +oes !*usJ an e&u)a!e& man s pos!ve n )*ara)!er an&
)ons!ru)!ve a! !*n@n+. T*s means !*a! e&u)a!on s !o prov&e $ell
-e*ave& n&v&uals n !*e so)e!" an& persons $*o *ave !*e a-l!" !o
anal"Be an& or+anBe &eas !o -e a-le !o )on!r-u!e meann+full"
!o$ar&s !*e &evelopmen! of !*e so)e!" n $*)* !*e" lve.
E&u)a!on n an" so)e!" s !o *elp !ransm! !o !*e "oun+ !*e )ul!ure of
!*a! so)e!". In performn+ !*s no-le fun)!on( !*e paren!s( !*e !ea)*ers
an& o!*er mem-ers of !*e so)e!" )on!r-u!e. I! nvara-l" means !*a!
ever" mem-er of !*e so)e!" *as !*e s!a!u!or" fun)!on !o !ransm!
@no$le&+e for !*e survval of n&v&uals. T*e *ome !ransm! nformal
e&u)a!on( !*e s)*ool &elvers formal e&u)a!on $*le !*e open so)e!"
!ransm! non.formal e&u)a!on. I! s unavo&a-l" poss-le !o lve n an"
so)e!" $!*ou! one form of e&u)a!on or !*e o!*er. 0en)e( e&u)a!on s
a ver!a-le !ool for *uman +ro$!* an& &evelopmen!.
6'0 CONCLUSION
So)olo+" as a &s)plne s !*e s)en!f) s!u&" of man n !*e so)e!".
T*e so)e!" s no! n va)uum( ! )omprses of su-.s"s!ems $*)* man
n!era)! $!* as a prme purposeful survval. T*ere are several fun)!ons
$*)* so)olo+" s!an&s !o perform n !*e so)e!". I! s!an&s as a ln@
-e!$een !*e &fferen! su-s"s!ems n !*e so)e!"J ! anal"ses an& )larfes
!*e rela!ons*ps $!*n !*e so)e!"( ! also n!ma!es man n !*e so)e!"
$!* !*e !ren& of !*e )*an+es o))urrn+ $!*n !*e su-.s"s!ems an& so
on. E&u)a!on s !*e !rann+ of an n&v&ual n lne $!* *s )ul!ure an&
nnova!ons $!*n ! !o -e)ome an a))ep!a-le mem-er of !*e so)e!"
$!* +oo& )on&u)!( )*ara)!er an& -e*avour for pos!ve )on!r-u!on !o
!*e +ro$!* an& &evelopmen! of su)* so)e!".
<'0 SU22ARY
T*s un! e7amne& !*e meann+ of so)olo+" as manGs n!era)!on n !*e
so)e!". I! also !emBe& !*e fun)!ons of so)olo+" $!* e7plana!on of
ea)* fun)!on. I! fur!*er !rea!e& !*e meann+ of e&u)a!on from !*e an+le
of *uman &evelopmen! n !*e area of morals an& vr!ues.
8
='0 TUTOR 2AR>ED ASSIGN2ENT
CaD Ls! an& e7plan fve fun)!ons of So)olo+" of E&u)a!on !o
s!u&en!s.
C-D Ds)uss !*e relevan)e of e&u)a!on !o !*e So)e!".
C)D E7plan !*e pro-lems !*a! *ave )*ara)!erBe& !*e N+eran
So)e!" as a resul! of So)al S!ra!f)a!on.
ANS/ERS TO SELF:ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE 4
C2D E&u)a!on
C2D Le+al
CAD Se)ur!"
C3D /e&)al
C8D ;el+on
C5D Faml"
C=D Spor!s
7'0 REFERENCES ? FURT3ER STUDIES
Daramola( C.O. C2002D In!ro&u)!on !o So)olo+" of E&u)a!on.
La+os9 ;a"!el Commun)a!ons Lm!e&.
/olrr) I C2<>0D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on9 An In!ro&u)!on.
Grea! 6r!an9 %llams Clo$es Lm!e&.
O!!a$a" A.#.C. C2<=>D E&u)a!on an& So)e!"9 An In!ro&u)!on !o
!*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on Lon&on9 T*e 0uman!es Press
5
UNIT 2 EDUCATION AND SOCIOLOGY
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 E&u)a!on an& So)olo+"
A.2 E&u)a!on an& So)e!"
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! s pa)@a+e& !o n!ma!e "ou $!* !*e fun&amen!als of
E&u)a!on an& So)olo+" fo)usn+ on !*e meann+ of e&u)a!on( !s
fun)!ons( meann+ of so)e!" an& !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on
an& so)olo+" an& e&u)a!on so)e!". T*e a)1us!on of !*ese -as)
ru-r)s $ll e7pose "ou !o !*e na!ure of !*e )ourse.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*s Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD Defne E&u)a!on an& So)olo+"
C-D E7plan !*e meann+ of e&u)a!on an& so)e!"
C)D Es!a-ls* !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on an& so)e!"
C&D Ds)uss !*e fun)!ons of So)e!".
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Educ#tion #nd Sociolog
E&u)a!on an& so)olo+" are ssues use& !o )lassf" an& es!a-ls* !*e
n!errela!e&ness -e!$een e&u)a!on an& !*e so)e!". T*e !erms
e&u)a!onal so)olo+" an& so)olo+" of e&u)a!on are use& n !*e
&s)plne as approa)*es !o !*e !$o e7!remes. T*e usa+e of !*e !$o
!erms res!s on !*e preferen)e of !*e e7per!. 0o$ever( n !*e
)on!emporar" $orl&( so)olo+" of e&u)a!on s )ommonl" n use. T*s
s -e)ause e&u)a!onal so)olo+" $oul& mpl" an emp*ass upon
e&u)a!onal an& so)al 1ues!ons $*le so)olo+" of e&u)a!on
=
emp*asBes so)olo+)al pro-lems n !*e realm of e&u)a!on $*)* s !*e
)on)ern of so)olo+s!s.
In -len&n+ !*e !$o )on)ep!s !o -e)ome e!*er e&u)a!onal so)olo+" or
so)olo+" of e&u)a!on( !*e )on)ern an& fo)us s s!ll on !*e so)e!".
E&u)a!onal so)olo+" s !*e appl)a!on of +eneral prn)ples an&
fn&n+s of so)olo+" !o !*e a&mns!ra!on an& pro)esses of e&u)a!on.
T*e approa)* means !*e appl)a!on of so)olo+" !o !*e ns!!u!on of
e&u)a!on as a separa!e so)e!al un!. In !*e same ven so)olo+" of
e&u)a!on &ep)!s an anal"ss of !*e so)olo+)al pro)esses nvolve& n
!*e e&u)a!onal ns!!u!on. I! emp*asBes !*e s!u&" $!*n !*e ns!!u!on
of e&u)a!on. T*ere s )ross.fer!lBa!on of &eas( )on)ep!s( !erms an&
!*eores -e!$een e&u)a!ons!s n )losn+ !*e +ap -e!$een !*e !$o fel&s.
As a ma!!er of fa)!( e7per!s n so)olo+" of e&u)a!on are re+ar&e& as
so)olo+s!s -e)ause of !*er )on!r-u!on !o !*e e7s!n+ @no$le&+e n
so)olo+". T*e e7per!s n pure so)olo+" *ave also )on!r-u!e&
mmeasura-l" !o !*e fel& of e&u)a!on $*)* fur!*er s!ren+!*ens !*e
rela!ons*p -e!$een !*e !$o fel&s.

In !*e s!u&" of !*e varous rela!ons -e!$een e&u)a!on an& so)e!"( !*e
so)olo+" of e&u)a!on s )on)erne& $!* su)* +eneral )on)ep!s as
so)e!" !self( )ul!ure( )ommun!"( )lass( envronmen!( so)alBa!on(
n!ernalBa!on( a))ommo&a!on( assmla!on( )ul!ural la+( su-.)ul!ure(
s!a!us( role an& so for!*. I! fur!*er nvolves n )ases of e&u)a!on an&
so)al )lass( s!a!e( so)al for)e( )ul!ural )*an+e( varous pro-lems of role
s!ru)!ure( role anal"ss n rela!on !o !*e !o!al so)al s"s!em an& !*e
m)ro so)e!" of !*e s)*ool su)* as au!*or!"( sele)!on( an& !*e
or+anBa!on of learnn+( s!reamn+( )urr)ulum an& so for!*. All !*ese
are !*e )on)ern of e&u)a!on an& so)olo+" as nsepara-le &s)plne
fo)usn+ on !*e pro-lems of !*e so)e!".
9'2 Educ#tion #nd Soci"t
T*e $or& e&u)a!on or+na!e& from !*e La!n $or& EDUCE;E
meann+ !o &ra$ ou! or !o lea& ou! HT*s s*o$s !*a! man s en&o$e&
$!* some -as) 1ual!es or po!en!al!es $*)* are em-e&&e& n *m.
0o$ever( for su)* 1ual!es !o -e useful !o !*e n&v&ual an& !*e so)e!"
a! lar+e !*ere s !*e nee& for !*e mem-ers of !*e so)e!" !o -e le& ou! of
+noran)e( pre&)amen!( )onfuson an& ms)on)ep!on a-ou! !*e $orl&
aroun& !*em. E&u)a!on )an fur!*er -e e7plane& as !*e nours*men! of
an n&v&ual !o a!!an !*e na!ural )apa)!" n lfe. T*s )oul& -e &one
!*rou+* !*e !rann+( rearn+ an& up-rn+n+ of su)* n&v&uals n !*e
!ra&!onal an& mo&ern $a"s !o -e)ome a))ep!a-le mem-ers of !*e
so)e!" n $*)* !*e" lve.
>
T*e respons-l!" of !rann+ n&v&uals n !*e so)e!" s prmarl"
ves!e& on !*e paren!s a! *ome an& !*e !ea)*ers n s)*ools. T*e
-enef)ares are nur!ure& !o a)1ure re1us!e s@lls an& @no$le&+e !o
lve su))essfull" n !*e so)e!". In !*e mo&ern !mes( s)*ool *as
assume& ver" +rea! mpor!an)e n !*e !rann+ of n&v&uals -e)ause of
!*e )omple7!es of lfe n !*e mo&ern !mes. T*ese )omple7!es of lfe
as seen n a *+*l" n&us!ralBe& an& )ompu!erBe& +lo-al vlla+e *as
for)e& upon !*e a&ul! mem-ers of !*e so)e!" !*e &el-era!e !ransmsson
of !*e )ul!ural values an& mo&ern !e)*nolo+" !o !*e "oun+er mem-ers of
!*e so)e!" n an eff)en! an& s"s!ema!) manner.
T*e )*l& *as !o -e +ven )omple!e @no$le&+e a-ou! )ommun)a!on
!e)*nolo+" CGS/D( )"-er.ne!) &eas( )ompu!er l!era)"( n!erna!onal
rela!ons( vo)a!onal !rann+ for self relan)e( moral e&u)a!on !o )ur-
an!.so)al -e*avours l@e )ul!sm( e7amna!on malpra)!)es( &ru+
a&&)!on an& al)o*olsm !o men!on -u! 'us! a fe$. T*e s)*ool s a
pla)e $*ere !*e )*l& &evelops so)all" &esra-le -e*avours !*a! asss!
*m !o ma@e pro+ress n !*e so)e!" n an a))ep!a-le manner. In o!*er
$or&s( !*e s)*ool +ves mu)* !o !*e so)e!" -" !rann+ !*e "oun+
mem-ers of !*e so)e!" !o a)1ure ne)essar" s@lls an& @no$le&+e $*)*
ena-le !*em !o )on!r-u!e !*er 1uo!a !o !*e overall &evelopmen! of !*e
so)e!".
O$n+ !o !*e )ons!an! )*an+es n !*e so)e!"( man" of !*e ol& me&a of
e&u)a!on( su)* as !*e *ome an& !*e C*ur)*4mos1ue *a& los! !*e
e&u)a!onal fun)!on. T*e )*l& *a& !o -e a useful -roa&.mn&e& )!Ben
)onfne& !o !*e four $alls of !*e *ome( !*e )*l& $ll -e)ome a narro$.
mn&e& person $*le !*e s)*ool $ll prepare *m for lfe( ma@n+ *m
l-eral mn&e& so !*e s)*ool s !*e n!erme&a!e s!a+e -e!$een !*e
)*l&Gs &omes!) lfe an& !*e lar+er so)e!". De$e" ve$e& !*e s)*ool as
prmarl" a so)al ns!!u!on. E&u)a!on -en+ a so)al pro)ess( !*e
s)*ool s smpl" !*a! form of )ommun!" lfe n $*)* all a+en)es are
)on)en!ra!e& !*a! $ll -e mos! effe)!ve n -rn+n+ !*e )*l& !o s*are n
!*e n*er!e& resour)es of !*e ra)e !o use po$er for so)al en&s.
UNESCO s!resses n one of !s pu-l)a!ons !*a! !*e fun)!on of
e&u)a!onal ns!!u!ons s !o *elp men an& $omen !o lve *apper lves
n a&'us!men! $!* !*e )*an+n+ envronmen!. I! $ll also asss! !*em !o
a)*eve !*e so)al an& e)onom) pro+ress $*)* $ll ena-le !*em !o !a@e
!*er pla)e n !*e mo&ern $or@ an& !o lve !o+e!*er n pea)eful so)e!".
So)e!" s a s"s!em or or+anBa!on of mu!ual rela!ons -e!$een *uman
-en+s( mpl)! n )er!an )ommun!es an& ns!!u!ons. /an as a so)al
anmal s no! onl" a mem-er of !*e faml" alone( *e moves ou! of !*e
faml" an& s*ares !*e e7peren)e of !*e people n !*e $orl& ou!s&e. All
la$s( !ra&!ons( &re)!ves( le+sla!on an& so on are mean! for all !*e
<
people lvn+ n !*e so)e!". Ea)* so)e!" *as !s ams( !ra&!ons( norms(
$*)* all mem-ers lvn+ n !*a! so)e!" *ave !o a))ep!. Also( all
so)e!es *ave !*er )ul!ural *er!a+e $*)* passes from one +enera!on
!o !*e o!*er. In or&er !o !ransm! !*s *er!a+e( !*e e&u)a!on of !*e
mem-ers s essen!al. T*e s)*ool an& !*e *ome *elp n !*e !ransmsson
of !*e )ul!ural *er!a+e. 6u! so)e!" !self s an effe)!ve a+en)" of
e&u)a!on. I! s an nformal a+en)" an& ! s as effe)!ve as !*e faml"
!self.
As a ma!!er of fa)!( so)e!" s a -++er faml" $*ere people m7
!o+e!*er( !al@ !o one ano!*er( s*are pans an& pleasure an& !r" !o
pro+ress )olle)!vel". People )ome n )on!a)! &re)!l" or n&re)!l"(
personall" or !*rou+* passve a+en)es e.+. press( ra&o( )nema(
!elevson an& so for!*. T*erefore( so)al rela!ons*ps are )losel".@n!.
A H$e.feeln+I s )rea!e& an& !*e H$e.feeln+I for)es ever"-o&" n !*e
so)e!" !o loo@ for *s pla)e n !( !o fn& *s r+*!s an& &u!es an& !o
learn +oo& manners. T*e )*l& learns !*e mpor!an)e of )oopera!on(
!oleran)e( selflessness( -ro!*er*oo&( fa!* n man( respons-l!" an& so
on. I! s o-vous !*a! !*e so)e!" *a& nfluen)e on !*e faml" -e)ause
$*enever an" faml" ma@es an" ms!a@es !*e so)e!" pu!s ! r+*!.
6'0 CONCLUSION
Un! !$o &elve& n!o !*e ssue of rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on an&
so)olo+". I! e7amne& !*e !$o )on)ep!s separa!el" -efore es!a-ls*n+
!*e rela!ons*p -e!$een !*em. So)olo+" of e&u)a!on emp*asBes !*e
anal"ses of so)olo+)al pro)ess nvolve& n e&u)a!onal ns!!u!on an&
!*e appl)a!on of +eneral prn)ples of fn&n+s of so)olo+" !o !*e
a&mns!ra!on an& pro)ess of e&u)a!on. E&u)a!on an& so)e!" $ere
also e7amne& as !$o )on)ep!s prov&n+ nours*men!( !rann+( rearn+
an& up-rn+n+ of an n&v&ual !o lve su))essfull" n !*e so)e!" !o
a!!an !*e na!ural )apa)!" n lfe. T*e so)e!" s no! s!a!) as a *os! of
*umans. I! )on!nue& !o !rans! from one s!a+e !o ano!*er n all sp*eres
for !*e )omfor! of man. 0o$ever( !*ese )*an+es n !*e so)e!" -ree&
some ne+a!ve -e*avour l@e )ul!sm an& e7amna!on malpra)!)es
$*)* re1ure so)e!"Gs a!!en!on.
<'0 SU22ARY
T*s un! e7amne& !*e rela!ons*ps -e!$een e&u)a!on an& so)olo+"
as nsepara-le en!!es. E&u)a!on an& so)olo+" emp*asBe so)olo+)al
pro-lems an& so)al 1ues!ons n !*e realm of e&u)a!on su)* as so)al
)lass( so)al for)e( )ul!ural )*an+e( )urr)ulum( s!reamn+( or+anBa!on
or learnn+ an& so for!*. T*e" are all pon!ers !o pro-lems of !*e
so)e!". E&u)a!on an& so)e!" $ere also &s)usse& as !*e !rann+ of
20
n&v&uals a! *ome an& s)*ool !o -e a-le !o fa)e !*e )*allen+es an&
)omple7!es of mo&ern !me n !*e so)e!". I! also refle)!e& !*e !rann+
of n&v&uals !o lve *appl" n !*e so)e!" an& !o a&'us! $!* !*e
)*an+n+ envronmen!.
CaD A!!emp! a &efn!on of !*e )on)ep!s e&u)a!on an& so)olo+"
C-D Ds)uss !*e fun)!ons of !*e so)e!" an& !*e s)*ool as so)al
ns!!u!ons.
7'0 REFERENCES ? FURT3ER READINGS
Daramola( C.O. C2002D In!ro&u)!on !o So)olo+" of E&u)a!on.
La+os9 ;a"!el Commun)a!ons Lm!e&.
/olrr) I C2<>0D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on9 An In!ro&u)!on.
Grea! 6r!an9 %llams Clo$es Lm!e&.
O!!a$a" A.#.C. C2<=>D E&u)a!on an& So)e!"9 An In!ro&u)!on !o
!*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on Lon&on9 T*e 0uman!es Press
22
UNIT 9 SOCIALI@ATION OF T3E FA2ILY AND
SC3OOL
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 Con)ep! of So)alBa!on
A.2 Earl" So)alBa!on
A.A A+en!s of So)alBa!on
A.A.2 T*e Faml"
A.A.2 T*e S)*ool
A.A.A T*e Peer Group
A.A.3 ;el+ous 0ouses
A.A.8 /ass /e&a
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
5.0 ;eferen)es 4 Fur!*er ;ea&n+s
=.0 Tu!or /ar@e& Ass+nmen!
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! prov&es "ou !*e -a)@+roun& @no$le&+e a-ou! !*e
so)alBa!on of a )*l& an& !*e a+en!s !*rou+* $*)* so)alBa!on )an
!a@e pla)e. I! e7poses "ou !o !*e meann+ of so)alBa!on an& !s
n+re&en!s n !*e personal!" )ompos!on an& &spos!on of an
n&v&ual.
6" !*e en& of !*e un!( "ou $oul& *ave +o!!en !*e overve$ of $*a! !*e
aforemen!one& so)olo+)al areas are all a-ou!.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*s Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !oA
CaD Ls! an& e7plan !*e a+en!s of so)alBa!on.
C-D Defne Cul!ure
C)D E7plan !*e personal!" of a !ea)*er
C&D Ds)uss some so)olo+)al !*eores
22
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Conc"+t o! Soci#liB#tion
So)alBa!on as a so)al pro)ess *as -een &efne& -" varous au!*or!es
n !*e fel& of so)olo+". So)alBa!on )an -e &es)r-e& as !*e pro)ess of
a&ap!a!on -" !*e n&v&uals !o !*e )onven!onal pa!!erns of -e*avour.
I! !*us o))urs on a))oun! of !*e n&v&ualGs n!era)!on $!* o!*ers an&
!*e e7presson of !*e )ul!ure $*)* opera!es !*rou+* !*em. ;oss &efne&
so)alBa!on as !*e &evelopmen! of H$e.feeln+I n !*e $a"s an&
manners n&v&uals -e*ave n !*e so)e!". 6o+ar&u *as ve$e&
so)alBa!on as !*e pro)ess $*ere-" persons learn !o -e*ave &epen&a-l"
!o+e!*er on -e*alf of *uman $elfare an& -" so &on+ e7peren)e so)al
self )on!rol( so)al respons-l!" an& -alan)e& personal!". Fara"ola sees
so)alBa!on as !*e -usness of a&'us!n+ people !o !*e $a" of lfe of !*e
)ommun!"( usuall" -" $a" of n!a!on n!o !s )us!oms( -elefs( r!uals
)onven!ons( e7pe)!a!on an& &eman&s )om-ne& $!* ns!ru)!ons an&
!*e se!!n+ of e7amples.
0avn+ +one !*rou+* !*e &eas of varous e7per!s on !*e meann+ of
so)alBa!on( an a!!emp! )an -e ma&e !o fur!*er 'us!f" !*e meann+ of
so)alBa!on as !*e pro)ess -" $*)* !*e n&v&uals learn !o -e*ave
a))or&n+ !o !*e so)al !ra&!ons an& )onven!onal!" of !*er
envronmen!. T*e *uman )*l& *as a remar@a-le )apa)!" !o m!a!e
o!*ers !o &evelop a))or&n+ !o !*e !ene!s of envronmen!. 6en+ a so)al
anmal( *e4s*e !res !o $n !*e appre)a!on of !*e +roup n $*)* *e4s*e
lves an& *en)e( *e4s*e na!urall" !res !o m!a!e !*e )ul!ure of !*e +roup.
I! s !*rou+* so)alBa!on !*a! *e s !ransforme& from !*e anmals n!o
!*e *uman( an& ! s so)alBa!on $*)* +ves *m4*er a -alan)e&
personal!". T*e so)al aspe)! of !*e personal!" s no less mpor!an!
!*an !*e n&v&ual aspe)!. So)alBa!on !ea)*es *m4*er !o re!an )on!rol
over *mself4*erself n !*e n!eres! of o!*ers.
9'2 E#rl Soci#liB#tion
T*e pa!!erns of -e*avours !*a! a so)e!" *as !o pass on !o !s ne$
re)ru!s are referre& !o as !s )ul!ures. In a prm!ve so)e!"( !*e
!ransmsson of !*e )ul!ure $as ma'or par! of e&u)a!on. I! ma'orl"
fo)use& on *o$ !*e )*l&ren are +ven $*a! $e )all prmar" e&u)a!on n
!*e faml" $!*ou! ever en!ern+ a s)*ool. A! !*e a+e of fve or s7
)*l&ren s!ar! !o +o !o s)*ool( !*e faml" *as alrea&" a +rea! &eal of
e&u)a!onal )are an& nur!ure. /u)* of !*e )ul!ure *as -" !*s a+e -een
!ransm!!e&. Also &urn+ !*e ne7! fe$ "ears $*en !*e ma'or!" of
)*l&ren are ver" mallea-le !*e s)*ool $or@s alon+s&e !*e faml" !o
*ave ver" po!en! nfluen)e on !*e )*l&.
2A
T*e s)*ools *ave )ome !o )ons&er !*a! !*e" *ave a pas!oral )are for
!*er pupls for +oo& moral up-rn+n+ !o )omplmen! !*e role of !*e
faml". 6u! !*e values !*a! !*e s)*ool !res !o n)ul)a!e ma" -e a! o&&s
$!* !*ose !*a! !*e faml" a!!emp!s !o !ea)* !*e )*l&. For e7ample(
s!ealn+ ma" -e !au+*! ver" $ron+ -" !*e !ea)*er( -u! no one ma"
preven! a )oun!r" )*l& from !a@n+ apples or man+oes from an or)*ar&
or a )!" )*l& from !a@n+ fru! from a lorr" movn+ !*rou+* *s
pla"+roun&s or s!ree!s. T*e )*l&ren )oul& learn all !*e roles !*a! !*e"
*a& !o pla" from !*e e&u)a!on !*a! !*e" re)eve as !*e" so)alBe&
$!*n !*e s)*ool an& !*e e7!en&e& faml" -e)ause $*a! !*e" nee& !o
learn )an no! all -e !au+*! $!* !*e nu)lear faml". T*s s -e)ause a
nu)lear faml" -elon+s !o one so)al )lass an& manl" mee!s mem-ers of
!*e same )lass or almos! !*e same so)al )lass. T*e e7posure $ll -e
narro$ an& lm!e& !o !*e mna!ure envronmen!. T*e earl"
so)alBa!on of !*e )*l& ou+*! !o em-ra)e !*e nu)lear faml"( e7!en&e&
faml" an& !*e s)*ool for $&er )overa+e of relevan! !ems !o -e learn!.
9'9 Ag"nt% o! Soci#liB#tion
T*e survval of an" so)e!" &epen&s sol&l" on !*e suff)en! &e+ree of
*omo+ene!" amon+s! !s mem-ers. So)alBa!on perpe!ua!es an&
renfor)es !*s *omo+ene!" -" f7n+ n !*e )*l& from !*e -e+nnn+
!*e essen!al smlar!es !*a! )olle)!ve lfe &eman&s. T*ese essen!al
lfe n+re&en!s are !ransm!!e& !*rou+* !*e faml"( s)*ool(
mos1ue4)*ur)*( peer +roup( mar@e!( mass me&a an& so for!*.
SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE' 4
/en!on fve a+en!s of so)alBa!on.
ANS/ERS TO SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE 4
. Faml"
. S)*ool
. /os1ue4)*ur)*
v. Peer +roup( mar@e!
v. /ass me&a
9'9'4 T1" F#&il
T*e faml" s one of !*e man" small fa)e.!o.fa)e +roups !*a! are )alle&
prmar" +roups sa&&le& $!* !*e respons-l!" of +vn+ !*e offsprn+ a
1ual!a!ve an& &e)en! pa!!ern of lvn+. T*e faml" s e7pe)!e& !o
sa!sf" Hse7 nee&sI Crepro&u)!onD( e)onom) nee&s K fee&n+( )lo!*n+(
23
s*el!er( me&)al provson( an& so on. I! s also e7pe)!e& !o !ransm! !*e
)ul!ural values an& norms !o !*e "oun+ +enera!on n or&er !o -e full"
n!e+ra!e& n!o !*e so)e!". T*e faml" s n&ee& !*e foun&a!on of
so)alBa!on -e)ause !*a! s !*e frs! )on!a)! of !*e )*l&. T*e
n)ul)a!on of -as) so)al values( &esra-le )*ara)!er !ra!s an& norms
are learn! frs! n !*e faml". T*e *ome asss!s n la"n+ !*e foun&a!on
for personal!" an& )*ara)!er &evelopmen! of a )*l&. T*e su))ess or
falure of an n&v&ual &epen&s on !*e !"pe of so)al !a@e.off a)1ure&
n !*e faml" se!!n+.
T*e )*l& s !rane& n lan+ua+e( pos!ve )*ara)!er !ra!s( fun&amen!al
n!elle)!ual @no$le&+e( vo)a!onal s@lls an& so on( !*rou+* !*e n!a!on
-" !*e a&ul! mem-ers of !*e faml" l@e fa!*er( mo!*er an& o!*er s-ln+s
a! *ome. T*ese people are e7pe)!e& !o -e role mo&els $or!*" of
emula!on n all ramf)a!ons as !*e "oun+er +enera!on loo@ up !o !*em
as e7amples for moral s!an&ar&. Fren& an& o!*er ps")*o.anal"s!s
-eleve !*a! !*e mpressons ma&e upon !*e )*l&Gs mn& a! *ome
&e!ermne !*e )*l&Gs personal!". T*s s -e)ause !*e )*l&Gs mn& s
ver" fle7-le an& sus)ep!-le !o an" nfluen)e. T*e paren!s love for !*e
)*l& ma@es a &eep mpresson on *m. T*e )or&al rela!ons*p
-e!$een -o!* paren!s *as s+nf)an! nfluen)e on !*e personal!"
&evelopmen! of !*e )*l&. Paren! nee& !o ensure !*a! !*e" &spla" *+*
level of moral ma!ur!" n rela!n+ $!* ea)* o!*er !o serve as s*nnn+
e7amples !o !*er off sprn+.
9'9'2 T1" Sc1ool
T*e s)*ool s ano!*er mpor!an! a+en! of so)alBa!on. Af!er !*e *ome(
!*e )*l& s e7pose& !o !*e s)*ool $*)* also nfluen)es *m. I!
so)alBes !*e )*l&( +ves *m !*e oppor!un!" !o manfes! *s 1ual!es(
po!en!al!es( )apa-l!es( ns!n)!s( &rves an& mo!ves an& *elps !o
&evelop *s personal!". For !*e )*l&( !*e !ea)*erGs personal!" an&
)*ara)!er prov&e a mo&e $*)* *e s!rves !o )op"( !*ere-" )ons)ousl"
moul&n+ *s personal!". T*s s !rue onl" of !*ose !ea)*ers $*o
su))ee& n arousn+ n !*e )*l&Gs mn& an a!!a)*men! an& love of
!*emselves. Ever" l!!le a)!on( ever" movemen!( spee)* ma&e -" !*e
!ea)*er mpresses !self on !*e )*l&Gs mn&.
Apar! from !*e !ea)*er( !*e )*l& s also nfluen)e& -" *s s)*ool ma!es
or +roups. T*ese ma!es or +roups pla" a s+nf)an! role n &e!ermnn+
!*e s!a!us an& role !*e )*l& $ll o))up" n !*e so)e!" la!er n lfe.
Durn+ !*e pro)ess of e&u)a!on( !*e )*l&Gs personal!" &evelops un&er
!*e mpa)! of !*e o!*er personal!es $!* $*om *e )omes n )on!a)!. In
!*e s)*ool( !*e )*l& s &s)plneJ *e s a$are !*a! &so-e&en)e -rn+s
mme&a!e puns*men! -u! !oo s!r)! a s"s!em of &s)plne res!r)!s !*e
28
)*l&Gs men!al +ro$!* an& ma" even &rve *m n!o )rmnal a)!v!".
On !*e o!*er *an&( )omple!e a-sen)e of )on!rol ma" e!*er ma@e *m
l-eral( free an& n&epen&en! or mpulsve. 6es&es( !*e )ul!ural
pro+rammes of !*e s)*ool also *elp !o refne *s a!!!u&es. T*e s)*ool s
also e7pe)!e& !o !ransm! @no$le&+e an& s@lls n!o !*e learners !o -e
a-le !o fa)e lfe )*allen+es an& for sus!enan)e.
9'9'9 T1" P""r Grou+
T*e peer +roup s !*e )*l&Gs o$n fren&s an& e1uals $!* smlar &rves(
mo!ves an& n!eres!s. T*e so)al $orl& of !*e )*l& *as !s o$n mo&e of
n!era)!on( !s o$n values an& a))ep!a-le forms of -e*avour( man" of
$*)* a&ul!s )an no! un&ers!an&. I! s a $orl& n $*)* !*e )*l& *as
e1ual an& a! !mes superor s!a!us !o o!*ers. Peer +roups !a@e s*ape
earl" n !*e )*l&Gs lfe. In !*e earler "ears( !*ese peer +roups are
rela!vel" nformal an& !rans!or"( a&ap!e& 1u)@l" !o )*an+n+
)r)ums!an)es n !*e )*l&Gs s!ua!on. E7amples of peer +roups are pla"
+roups Cs-ln+s( ne+*-ours )*l&ren( s)*ool.ma!esD !*e )l1ues an& a+e
ma!es. In la!er "ears( *o$ever !*e" -e)ome more formall" or+anBe&
+roups l@e )lu-s( so)e!es( f+*!n+ +an+s( )*ara)!er.-ul&n+ a+en)es
l@e 6o"s S)ou!s( Grls Gu&es an& so on. In s*or!( peer +roups are
so)al +roups !*a! nfluen)e !*e -e*avour of !*er mem-ers.
Tra&!onall"( -ro!*ers( ss!ers an& people n !*e )ommun!" are sour)es
of an nformal e&u)a!on of !*e )*l&. 6u! !*ere s l!!le or no ev&en)e
n Afr)a of !*e effe)!s !*e" *ave upon a )*l&Gs a!!anmen! of formal
e&u)a!on an& e&u)a!onal su))ess. Peer +roups )an *ave e!*er ne+a!ve
or pos!ve mpa)! on a )*l&Gs lfe. A )*l& *as !o e7er)se )are n !*e
)*o)e of !*e peer +roups !o -elon+.
9'9'6 R"ligiou% 3ou%"%
;el+on m+*! -e &es)r-e& as a refle)!on of manGs a!!emp!s !o e7plan
!*ose aspe)!s of *s envronmen! $*)* *e )anno! un&ers!an&. E7)ep! n
!erms of !*e super K na!ural K $*a! s !*e purpose of lfeL %*a! *appens
!o people $*en !*e" &eL In our so)e!" as n man" o!*ers peopleGs
rel+ous -elefs are foun&e& on !*e &ea !*a! Go& s !*e superna!ural
po$er respons-le for !*e )rea!on of lfe. T*e" -eleve !*a! Go& *a& a
purpose $*en 0e )rea!e& !*e $orl& an& !*a! !*s purpose *as -een
e7plane& -" !*e prop*e!s $*o )ame n!o !*e $orl& !o !ell people *o$
!*e" s*oul& -e*ave n or&er !*a! Go&Gs purpose m+*! -e a)*eve&. For
!*s reason( rel+ous -elefs +ve rse !o )er!an !"pes of -e*avour.
;el+on s !*erefore a $*ole $a" of lfe an& no! 'us! some!*n+ !*a!
-elever )an !a@e up or pu! &o$n as !*e fan)" !a@es !*em.
25
People $*o s*are !*e same rel+ous -elefs $ll also *ol& !*e same
a!!!u&es an& opnons( an& $ll -e*ave n !*e same $a". T*us( rel+ous
ns!!u!ons *elp n !*e so)alBa!on pro)ess of !s mem-ers. T*e
rel+ous lea&ers l@e Pas!ors or /allams are e7pe)!e& !o &emons!ra!e a
*+* level of moral!" !o serve as role mo&els !o !*er follo$ers. I! s
also $or!*$*le !o prea)* !*e au!*en!) fa)!s n !*er $r!!en l!ur+es
an& no! !*e manpula!ons !o su! !*er personal n!eres! an& &esres.
9'9'< 2#%% 2"di#
T*e mass me&a as an a+en! of so)alBa!on *ave !*er o$n !e)*n)al
)*ara)!ers!)s. T*ere are !$o ma'or !"pes namel" HPrn! an& Ele)!ron).
T*e prn! s n !*e +roup of ne$spapers( ma+aBnes( pero&)als( !e7!s(
-ll -oar&s an& so on. %*le !*e ele)!ron)s are !*e ;a&o( Televson(
v&eo( pro'e)!ors an& so for!*. T*ese form avenues for so)alBa!on.
/e&a are )learl" n )ompe!!on $!* one ano!*er for a res!r)!e& pero&
of lesure !me !*ou+* !*ere s one e7)ep!on !o !*s +eneralBa!on.
6e)ause !*e ra&o *as !*e spe)f) )*ara)!ers!) !*a! )an -e use& as a
-a)@+roun& !o o!*er a)!v!esJ !*e spe)als! provson of mus) ap! for
!*s purpose *as -een &evelope& as a ma'or fun)!on. T*e &fferen!
me&a lar+el" -e)ause of !e)*n)al )*ara)!ers!)s are use& n &fferen!
$a"s -" )*l&ren an& *en)e &fferen! !"pes of messa+es are passe&
!*rou+* mass me&a. C*l&ren nee& !o -e +u&e& n !*e usa+e of !*er
lesure *ours n !*e pa!rona+e an& u!lBa!on of mass me&a !o
&s)oura+e )ul!va!on an& learnn+ of ne+a!ve &eas.
6'0 CONCLUSION
So)alBa!on s !*e pro)ess -" $*)* !*e n&v&ual learn !o -e*ave
a))or&n+ !o !*e so)al !ra&!ons an& )onven!onal!" of *s envronmen!
as a resul! of !*e remar@a-le )apa-l!es n *uman -en+s.
I! fo)uses on earl" so)alBa!on of !*e )*l& n !*e !ransmsson of !*e
so)e!al )ul!ure as a ma'or par! of e&u)a!on r+*! from !*e faml" !o !*e
s)*ool. T*e nu)lear faml"( e7!en&e& faml" an& s)*ool +ve $&e
)overa+e of !ems !o -e learn! -" !*e )*l& n or&er !o -e)ome a))ep!a-le
mem-er of !*e so)e!".
T*e so)alBa!on of !*e )*l& s &one !*rou+* !*e faml"( s)*ool( peer
+roup( rel+ous *ouses an& mass me&a !o n!ma!e !*e )*l& $!* !*e
*appenn+s n *s envronmen!.
2=
<'0 SU22ARY
T*s un! em-ra)e& !*e meann+ of so)alBa!on( earl" so)alBa!on an&
a+en! of so)alBa!on fo)usn+ )en!rall" on up-rn+n+ of !*e )*l& $!*
!*e !ene!s an& )ul!ure of *s envronmen!. T*e )*l& s e7pe)!e& !o -e
nur!ure& n a))or&an)e $!* !*e nee&s( aspra!ons an& -elefs of !*e
envronmen! $*ere *e4s*e lves !o -e a-le !o par!)pa!e a)!vel" n !*e
so)al pro)esses of !*e envronmen!s $*ere *e4s*e lves.
CaD Cr!)all" e7amne !*e )on)ep! of So)alBa!on $!* spe)f)
referen)e !o !s a+en!s.
6ro$n ;. C2<=AD #no$le&+e( E&u)a!on an& Cul!ural C*an+e. Lon&on9
Mo*n 6ro$n Lm!e&.
#o-o$u S.,. C2<<3D ;ea&n+ n !*e So)al Foun&a!ons an& So)olo+"
of E&u)a!on. I-a&an9 I-u@un Olu Prn!ers.
/us+rave P.%. C2<==D9 T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!an9
6u!ler an& Tanner Lm!e&.
.
2>
UNIT 6 SOCIALI@ATION AND EDUCATION$
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 So)alBa!on an& E&u)a!on
A.2 Cul!ure
A.2.2 Cul!ural Norms
A.2.2 I&eal an& ;eal Cul!ure
A.2.A Su-.Cul!ure
A.2.3 Cul!ural ;ela!v!"
A.2.8 Cul!ural S*o)@
A.2.5 Cul!ural C*an+e
A.2.= Cul!ural La+
A.2.> A))ul!ura!on
A.2.< En)ul!ura!on
A.A Personal!"
A.3 E&u)a!on an& So)al Frame %or@
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! s e7pe)!e& !o +ve "ou -a)@+roun& @no$le&+e a-ou! !*e
so)alBa!on of a )*l& an& !*e me&a !*rou+* $*)* so)alBa!on )an
!a@e pla)e. I! e7poses "ou !o !*e meann+ of )ul!ure an& !s n+re&en!s
an& !*e personal!" )ompos!on an& &spos!on of an n&v&ual.
I! s also e7pe)!e& !o +ve "ou an ns+*! n!o smple an& )ommon
so)olo+)al !*eores.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*s Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !oA
CaD Ls! an& e7plan !*e meann+ of )ul!ure.
C-D Defne Cul!ure
C)D E7plan !*e personal!" of a !ea)*er
C&D Ds)uss some so)olo+)al !*eores
2<
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Soci#liB#tion #nd Educ#tion
T*e !ea)*n+ of !*e -as) @no$le&+e an& s@lls ne)essar" !o earn a lvn+
n a mo&ern )ommun!" *as -een *an&e& &o$n !*rou+* !*e e&u)a!onal
s"s!emJ l!era)" s one of su)* s@ll an& @no$le&+e. In !*e same $a"
s)*ools )an un&er!a@e mu)* of !*e vo)a!onal +u&an)e !*a! s essen!al
!o s!eer a )*l& n!o !*e 'o- for $*)* s mos! su!e&. T*s !as@ s
unne)essar" n a prm!ve vlla+e. In !*e )on!emporar" N+eran
So)e!"( s@lls an& @no$le&+e a)1us!on !*rou+* !*e s)*ool are !e& !o
$*!e.)ola 'o-s $*)* are no lon+er n a+reemen! $!* !*e real!" n !*e
la-our mar@e!. T*e la-our mar@e! n !*e pu-l) es!a-ls*men! s full !o
)apa)!" an& !*a! s $*" !*e +ra&ua!es from our ns!!u!ons of learnn+
)omplan of unemplo"men!. L!era)" as ! s per)eve& n N+era s no!
mean! for $*!e.)ollar 'o-s -u! !o asss! n )apa)!" -ul&n+ an& *+*
level of pro&u)!v!" n our )*osen )areer.
T*e unvers!" e&u)a!on nee&s !o )ease from pro&u)n+ manpo$er
e7per!s $*o are no! vo)a!onall" oren!e& !o )rea!e 'o-s for !*emselves.
S!u&en!s nee& !o -e +u&e& an& )ounsele& !o offer )ourses $!* re1us!e
s@lls !o )rea!e 'o-s af!er +ra&ua!on from s)*ool. T*e or+ans )*ar+e&
$!* !*e respons-l!" !o &re)! !*e affars of e&u)a!on s*oul&
o-'e)!vel" an& pra+ma!)all" re.assess !*e e7s!n+ learnn+ )on!en!s !o
fas*on ou! )ourses $!* s@ll a)1us!on for self relan)e an& prva!e
&rvn+ e)onom". In !*e prm!ve Afr)an so)e!"( unemplo"men! $as
mposs-le &ue !o man&a!or" )onven!onal vo)a!onal !rann+ $*)*
e1uppe& -o"s an& +rls $!* means of lvn+. I! s also poss-le n !*e
)on!emporar" Afr)an se!!n+ f !*e e&u)a!on a)1ure& n s)*ools are
professonall" oren!e& an& &elvere& 1ual!a!vel" !o en*an)e
n&epen&en)e af!er +ra&ua!on.
9'2 Cultur"
Cul!ure *as -een vare&l" &efne& -" !*e &fferen! au!*or!es n !*e fel&
of so)al s)en)es mos! espe)all" so)olo+s!s. Ln!on &efne& )ul!ure
as !*e )onf+ura!on of learne& -e*avour( an& !*e resul! of -e*avour(
$*ose )omponen! elemen!s are s*are& an& !ransm!!e& -" !*e mem-ers
of a par!)ular so)e!". In !*e same !o@en( )ul!ure s seen as !*e so)al
*ere&!" !*a! s passe& on -" !*e so)al +roup from +enera!on !o
+enera!on. Ta"lor n *s o$n )on!r-u!on !o !*e &s)ourse of )ul!ure
ve$e& ! as a )omple7 $*ole $*)* n)lu&es @no$le&+e( -elef( ar!(
morals. La$( )us!om an& an" o!*er )apa-l!es an& *a-! a)1ure& -"
man as a mem-er of so)e!". #asper referre& !o )ul!ure as a )olle)!ve
!erm for pa!!erns of essen!al an& norma!ve asser!ons !a@en from
20
l!era!ure( lan+ua+e or &rama or soun&s n mus)( or s"m-ols n
s)ulp!ure an& ar!( or movemen! n &an)e an& -alle! of fas*on n )lo!*es
an& so for!*.
;+*! from !*e !me mmemoral( *uman -en+s lve& !o+e!*er n a +ven
pla)e an& a! a +ven !me. A so)e!" $as forme& n !*s $a". Se! of
n&v&uals or+anBe& !*emselves !o lea& +roup lfe. In !*er so)al
n!era)!ons( !*e people *a& )ommon n!eres! $*)* ma@es !*em !o *ave
a )ommon pa!!ern of -e*avours. T*e" &o ever"!*n+ n )ommon !o
a)*eve &esre& o-'e)!ves. T*er values( s!an&ar&s an& norms are
refle)!e& n !*er $a"s of !*n@n+ an& feeln+. In !*er rela!ons*p !*e"
a)1ure Ha $a" of lfeI $*)* $as @no$n as )ul!ure. Cul!ure
&s!n+us*es man from anmals -e)ause !*e )ul!ural !ra!s !*a! are
presen! n man are vr!uall" a-sen! n anmals. A man em-ra)es !*e
$orl& of lan+ua+e( ar!( &an)e( )raf!( &rama( &ress( foo&( l!era!ure( mus)(
pol!)s( rel+ous @no$le&+e( s@lls an& !e)*nolo+" $*)* ma@es )ul!ure
!*e sum !o!al of $a"s of lfe of !*e people o))up"n+ a +eo+rap*)al
lo)a!on. I! s per!nen! !o s!ress an& emp*asBe !*a! !*ere s un1ueness
of )ul!ure -u! !*ere s no superor!" of )ul!ure.
0uman -en+s $*o +ro$ n an envronmen! $!* )er!an )ul!ural !ra!s
n!ernalBe an& appre)a!e !*em. An" a!!emp! !o )on&emn( al!er or
nfluen)e a )*an+e s al$a"s me! $!* serous ress!an)e an&
an!a+onsm. T*s s -e)ause ! *as -een n*eren!l" -ul! n!o !*e -o&"
s"s!em l@e an un)*an+ea-le +armen! !o -e $orn !*rou+*ou! lfe. T*ese
values a!!a)*e& !o )ul!ure -" n&v&uals are of *+* premum $*)*
)alls for &ploma!) an& +ra&ual approa)* !o )*an+e o!*er$se !*ere $ll
-e ns!a-l!" an& )*aos. In so)e!es $*ere a!!emp!s are ma&e !o mpose
alen )ul!ure o!*er !*an famlar )ul!ure $!*ou! &ue )ons&era!on an&
respe)! for e7s!n+ )ul!ure( volen)e an& pan&emonum al$a"s erup!.
All aspe)!s of )ul!ure s*oul& -e respe)!e& an& a))or&e& &ue
)ons&era!on n an" so)e!" -efore la$s( pol)es( pro+rammes an&
s)*emes are formula!e& !o full" n!e+ra!e all n!eres! +roups for pea)eful
)o.e7s!en)e.
9'2'4 Cultur#l Nor&%
A )ul!ural norm s an es!a-ls*e& s!an&ar& of $*a! a +roup e7pe)!s n
!erms of !*ou+*! an& )on&u)!. T*ese e7pe)!a!on an& resul!an!
-e*avours of!en var" from one )ul!ure !o !*e ne7!. T*e" are also n
&fferen! forms l@e !*e values( fol@$a"s an& morals. In ever" so)e!"
!*ere s renfor)emen! of morals l@e rapes( mur&er an& ro--er" $!*
puns*men! san)!ons -" !*e la$s for mem-ers !o o-e" an& respe)!
!*em.
22
9'2'2 Id"#l #nd R"#l Cultur"
I&eal )ul!ure )onss!s of off)all" approve& -e*avour pa!!erns $*le
real )ul!ure )onss! of $*a! people a)!uall" &o n !*er &a" !o &a"
pra)!)es $!*ou! &ue )ons&era!on !o !*er off)al s!a!us l@e )*ea!n+(
l"n+( f+*!n+ an& so for!*.
9'2'9 Su):Cultur"
A su-.)ul!ure s a +roup smaller !*an a so)e!"( ! s rela!e& !o !*e lar+er
)ul!ure n !*e sense !*a! ! a))ep!s man" of !s norms -u! !*e su- )ul!ure
s also &s!n+us*a-le -e)ause ! *as some norms of !s o$n.
9'2'6 Cultur#l R"l#ti*it
I! s mposs-le !o un&ers!an& -e*avour pa!!erns of o!*er +roups f $e
anal"Be !*em onl" n !erms of our mo!ves an& values. A !ra! $*)*
ma" -e &srup!ve n one so)e!" ma" -e v!al !o !*e s!a-l!" of ano!*er.
9'2'< Cultur#l S1oc0
%*en an n&v&ual s e7pose& !o an alen )ul!ural envronmen! an&
amon+ people $*o &o no! s*are *s fun&amen!al -elef( !*s )on&!on s
referre& !o as a )ul!ural s*o)@.
9'2'= Cultur#l C1#ng"
Cul!ural )*an+e o))urs $*enever ne$ !ra!s an& !ra! )omple7es l@e
!ra&!ons( values an& )us!oms emer+e !o repla)e !*e ol& ones n )on!en!
an& s!ru)!ure. Al!*ou+*( ress!an)e !o )*an+e s mos! ev&en! $*en
)*an+es o))ur -u! ! s nev!a-le.
9'2'7 Cultur#l L#g
%*en !*e non.ma!eral elemen! of )ul!ure l@e norms( values an& -elefs
a!!emp! !o @eep pa)e $!* )*an+es n !*e ma!eral elemen! of )ul!ure l@e
!e)*nolo+"( !*en )ul!ural la+ *as o))urre&.
9'2'C Accultur#tion
T*e )on!e7! -e!$een one )ul!ure an& ano!*er !o )*an+e !*e e7s!n+
!ra!s s referre& !o as a))ul!ura!on.
22
9'2'D Encultur#tion9
T*s s a pro)ess -" $*)* people -e)ome par! of !*e na!ve )ul!ure.
T*s s &one !*rou+* !*e n!ernalBa!on of !*e morals( la$s an&
fol@$a"s of su)* )ul!ure !o -e)ome par! an& par)el of !.
9'9 P"r%on#lit
T*e or+n( na!ure an& &evelopmen! of personal!" *a& -een )ons&ere&
n a vare!" of unverses of &s)ourse. I! s a )en!ral ssue n so)olo+" as
a &s)plne $*)* )en!res on man an& so)e!". T*ere *a& -een
presen!a!on of a vare!" of mo&els of manGs nner na!ure. Some *ave
assume& a superna!ural elemen! )alle& a spr! or a soulJ o!*ers *ave
a))ep!e& !*a! no!*n+ s +ven -e"on& a -olo+)al an& +ene!) *ere&!".
6u! mo&el of manGs personal!" amoun! ul!ma!el" !o no more !*an
)urren! &es)rp!on of manGs a)!v!" an& fun)!ons( !*e roles *e pla"s
an& !*e mo&f)a!on of *s a!!!u&es an& -e*avour !*rou+* so)alBa!on
an& e&u)a!on.
/an as a so)al anmal lves $!*n !*e )on!e7! of !*e so)e!" !o n!era)!
$!* *s envronmen!. 0s p*"s)al an& -e*avoural )ompos!on sums
up !o +ve *s personal!" as an n&v&ual. /an s arme& $!* )er!an
po!en!als $*)* are evo@e& n a vare!" of &re)!ons n rela!ons*p
$!* o!*er people. T*ese po!en!als are re+ar&e& as personal!" !ra!s
$*)* *e +ro$s up $!* !*rou+*ou! *s lfe !me. 0e &emons!ra!es !*ese
!ra!s !*rou+* a)!ons an& -e*avor as *e rela!es $!* o!*er people
aroun& *m $*o )alls for !*e assessmen! an& evalua!on of o!*er people
!o @no$ !*e !"pe of person *e s n !*e so)e!". As *uman -en+s $e
ma@e +es!ures $*)* are )al)ula!e& !o el)! response an& !*a! !*s )omes
a-ou! -" !*e n&v&ual !a@n+ on !*e role of !*e o!*er $!* $*om *e s
n !*e pro)ess of n!era)!n+. T*e )*l&( for e7ample( +ra&uall" a)1ures
!*e )apa)!" !o respon& n an ma+na!ve $a" !o *s o$n pro'e)!e&
)on&u)! $!*n *mself( *e re*earses pre)sel" $*a! *e s +on+ !o &o
an& n$ar&l" respon&s !o !. S*oul& !*e response !*a! *e o-!ans prove
!o -e unsa!sfa)!or"( *e $ll !r" a+an un!l an a)! s p)!ure& n *s mn&
$*)* el)!s $!*n *mself !*e refle)!on of !*e sa!sfa)!or" response *e
*opes !o evo@e from !*e real s!ua!on ou!s&e *m. 0e4S*e )an !*en
ma@e a s+n( a +es!ure or soun& $*)* s meann+ful( n !*e sense !*a! !
s )al)ula!e& !o pro&u)e !*e &esre& effe)!.
An n&v&ual &re)!s -e*avuor !o$ar&s *mself( )onverses $!* *mself
an& passes 'u&+men! upon *mself. T*us personal!" $*)* s non
e7s!en)e a! -r!* arses n so)al e7peren)es as a resul! of !a@n+ on !*e
role of o!*ers. T*e personal!" s no! prmarl" !*e p*"solo+)al
or+ansm( al!*ou+* !*e p*"solo+)al or+ansm ma" -e essen!al as a
2A
means of !s ou!$ar& e7presson( a! leas! $e )an !*n@ of a personal!"
$!*ou! !. T*e personal!" s -as)all" a so)al s!ru)!ure $*)* arses n
so)al e7peren)es !*rou+* )ommun)a!on( nu!r!on( e&u)a!on(
so)alBa!on an& n!era)!on $!* !*e norms an& values of !*e so)e!".
SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE
Ds!n+us* -e!$een En)ul!ura!on an& A))ul!ura!on.
ANS/ER TO SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE
T*e )on!e7! -e!$een one )ul!ure an& ano!*er !o )*an+e !*e e7s!n+
!ra!s s referre& !o as a))ul!ura!on $*le en)ul!ura!on s !*e pro)ess -"
$*)* people -e)ome par! of !*e na!ve )ul!ure.
9'6 Educ#tion #nd Soci#l Fr#&" /or0
So)al frame $or@ s !*e -o&" of fa)!s n !*e fel& of so)olo+" !*a! *ave
)on!r-u!e& mmensel" !o proffern+ of solu!ons !o so)e!al pro-lems. I!
s o!*er$se @no$n as !*e me!*o&( !e)*n1ues( s!ra!e+es an& approa)*es
)on)ep!ualBe& an& a&op!e& !o asss! n !*e perpe!ua!on of pea)eful )o.
e7s!en)e n !*e ma)ro so)e!" an& $!*n !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em.
Several proponen!s n !*e $orl& of so)olo+" *ave propoun&e& pra)!)al
!*eores an& $or@a-le s)en!f) repor!s on so)al s!ra!f)a!on( so)al
)*an+e( so)al mo-l!" an& so for!* !o resolve !*e pro-lems )onfron!n+
man n !*e so)e!".
In !*e !*eor" of Em-our+eosemen! -" Gol&!*orpe( an& Lo)@$oo&( !*e
n)rease of e&u)a!onal oppor!un!" *as )orrespon&n+l" n)rease& !*e
n!er.+enera!onal mo-l!". T*s l!erarl" )onno!es !*a! !*e )rea!on of
e&u)a!onal oppor!un!" for man" people $ll )rea!e rooms for mo-l!"
ns!ea& of s!a-l!" $*)* -ree&s pover!" an& e)onom) s!a+na!on. T*e
more people are e&u)a!e& !*e more e)onom) empo$ermen! !*e" +an.
0umans +enerall" love mo-l!" up$ar&s !*an mo-l!" &o$n$ar&s
-e)ause mo-l!" up$ar&s s pro+ress ma@n+ $*le mo-l!"
&o$n$ar&s s re!ro+resson or -a)@$ar&ness. T*ere $as a !me n our
so)e!" $*en a P*D $as some!*n+ of a rare -r& -u! !o&a" n man"
areas of s!u&" an& levels of a)a&em) $or@( !*ose $!* a &o)!ora!e or a!
leas! some *+*er &e+rees are rap&l" -e)omn+ !*e norm. T*e openn+
of e&u)a!onal oppor!un!" !*rou+* Unversal 6as) E&u)a!on(
San&$)* pro+rammes( Na!onal Open Unvers!"( A&ul! E&u)a!on(
E7!ra mural Classes( par!.!me )ourses an& so for!* *as )rea!e& avenue
for more e&u)a!onal oppor!un!" for !*e )!Bens $*)* are sour)es of
e)onom) empo$ermen! an& re&u)!on of pover!".
23
T*e s)*ool s*oul& no! onl" prepare !*e pupl for $or@ -u! also !o
)on!nue *s e&u)a!on. E&u)a!on an& a)a&em) a)*evemen! )er!anl"
&o no! en& $!* s)*ool( )olle+e or unvers!"( f mem-ers of !*e m&&le
)lass &esre up$ar& so)al mo-l!"( *+*er s!a!us or 'us! more mone"(
!*e" mus! )on!nue !o s!rve for fur!*er 1ualf)a!ons vr!uall"
!*rou+*ou! !*er lves. I! s !*erefore one of !*e fun)!ons of !*e s)*ool
!o !ran !*e n&v&ual n !*e s@lls an& !e)*n1ues $*)* $ll asss! *m
!o pursue *s personal e&u)a!on an& &evelopmen! !*rou+*ou! lfe.
6'0 CONCLUSION
In !*s un! !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een so)alBa!on an& e&u)a!on( )ul!ure
an& personal!" $ere &s)usse&. So)alBa!on an& e&u)a!on are seen as
n!ma!el" rela!e&. 6o!* ssues e7plan !*e !ea)*n+ of -as) @no$le&+e
an& s@lls ne)essar" !o earn a lvn+ n a mo&ern so)e!". T*e !$o
)on)ep!s e7amne *o$ so)alBa!on an& e&u)a!on s*oul& -e use& !o
pro&u)e manpo$er e7per! $*o )an s!an& !*e !es! of !me n !*e mo&ern
so)e!". Cul!ure s also e7amne& as a )omple7 $*ole $*)* n)lu&e
@no$le&+e( -elef( ar!( moral( la$( )us!om an& an" o!*er )apa-l!es an&
*a-!s a)1ure& -" man as a mem-er of so)e!". Some aspe)!s of )ul!ure
$ere also e7amne&. 0uman personal!" $as e7amne& as a )en!ral
ssue n so)olo+" $*)* )en!res on man an& so)e!". Personal!"
en)ompasses -o!* p*"s)al an& -e*avoural )ompos!on of an
n&v&ual evo@e& n a vare!" of &re)!ons n rela!ons*p $!* o!*er
people n !*e so)e!".
<'0 SU22ARY
T*s un! e7amnes !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een so)alBa!on an& e&u)a!on(
)ul!ure as a *ols!) )on)ep! an& personal!". I! fo)uses on so)alBa!on
an& e&u)a!on as !ools !o )onver! a -olo+)al -en+ n!o so)al -en+ for
pos!ve n!era)!on n !*e so)e!". I! also e7amnes &fferen! aspe)! of
)ul!ure l@e )ul!ural norms( &eal an& real )ul!ure( )ul!ural rela!v!"(
)ul!ural s*o)@( an& )ul!ural )*an+e an& so on. T*e personal!" of man
$as also e7amne& n !*e realm of !s or+n( na!ure an& &evelopmen! n
a vare!" of unverses of &s)ourse.
E&u)a!on an& so)al frame $or@ $as e7amne& n !*s un! also n !*e
realm of fe$ e7s!n+ !*eores $*)* asss! n a)a&em) a)*evemen!s n
s)*ools.
28
CaD E7plan So)al frame $or@ as ! rela!es !o !$o So)olo+)al
!*eores
C-D Defne )ul!ure n !erms of ma!eral an& non ma!eral aspe)!s.
6ro$n ;. C2<=AD #no$le&+e( E&u)a!on an& Cul!ural C*an+e. Lon&on9
Mo*n 6ro$n Lm!e&.
#o-o$u S.,. C2<<3D ;ea&n+ n !*e So)al Foun&a!ons an& So)olo+"
Of E&u)a!on. I-a&an9 I-u@un Olu Prn!ers.
/us+rave P.%. C2<==D9 T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!an9
6u!ler an& Tanner Lm!e&.
25
UNIT < FA2ILY AND EDUCATION I
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 T*e roles of faml" -a)@+roun& n earl" )*l&*oo&
E&u)a!on
A.2 Faml" an& !*e S)*ool
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! +ves "ou an ns+*!4ve$ of !*e faml" an& e&u)a!on. I!
)omprses of &eas a-ou! !*e faml" an& s)*ool( faml" an& e&u)a!onal
a+en!s( faml" an& o))upa!onal aspra!on( faml" an& e&u)a!onal
aspra!on( faml" an& )*l&Gs )lassroom -e*avour. T*s Un! s a
roa&map !o +ve "ou &eas a-ou! !*e ln@a+e -e!$een !*e faml" an&
s)*ool envronmen!.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD Defne faml" as a )on)ep!.
C-D Enumera!e !*e roles of faml" n E&u)a!on.
C)D I&en!f" !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een faml" an& E&u)a!on.
C&D E7plan !*e relevan)e of e&u)a!on !o faml" &evelopmen!.
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 T1" Rol" o! F#&il B#c0ground in E#rl C1ild1ood
Educ#tion
T*e faml" e&u)a!es !*e )*l& on !*e mme&a!e e7peren)es. Even !*e
e&u)a!ons!s *ave -e)ome a$are of !*e v!al mpor!an)e of earl" "ears
n )*l&ren )o+n!ve &evelopmen! an& of !*e fa)!s !*a! !*e *ome s !*e
frs! of several !ea)*ers. T*s fa)! n essen)e( *+*l+*!s !*e mpa)!s of
!*e faml" -a)@+roun& n earl" )*l&*oo& e&u)a!on.
2=
C*l&*oo& s a pero& &urn+ $*)* a )*l& nee&s !*e @no$le&+e of !*e
unverse n $*)* *e lves( !*e na!ure of !*e people an& !*e ma!erals n
!. T*rou+* e&u)a!on( !*e )*l& &evelops *s sensor" e7plora!ons(
emo!ons an& so)al e7peren)es as $ell as e7peren)es of mas!er" an&
a)*evemen!s. For a )*l& !o &evelop )o+n!vel"( )er!an s@lls s*oul&
-e n)ul)a!e& n!o *m a! ever" s!a+e of *s &evelopmen!. T*s n
essen)e )alls for paren!al nfluen)e. For ns!an)e( !*e faml" so)o.
e)onom) s!a!us s of paramoun! mpor!an)e. In all so)e!es( !*ere s
so)al s!ra!f)a!on an& ea)* so)al )lass pla"s a &omnan! role n !*e
)o+n!ve &evelopmen! of a )*l&. For e7ample !*e mpor!an)e of *ome
fa)!ors( emo!onal fa)!ors( pa!!ern of )*l&rearn+( paren!al envronmen!(
paren!al mo&e of -e*avour are s+nf)an! fa)!ors n &e!ermnn+ a
)*l&Gs earl" )*l&*oo& e&u)a!on.
T*e effe)! of paren!al mo&e of -e*avour on -o"s an& +rls s enormous(
paren!s $*o are e7!remel" upr+*! an& s!ern n !*e -e*avoral pa!!ern !o
rearn+ an emo!onall" s!a-le )*l& s!an&s a))ep!a-le. A mo!*er $*o s
e7!remel" &omnan!( s!r)!( )ol& an& pun!ve *as a &e!rmen!al effe)! on
a -o". 0e &evelops a feeln+ of &e'e)!on an& nferor!" an& n !*e
presen)e of *s )ompanon( *e feels as*ame& -e)ause !*e p*"s)al
puns*men! -" *s mo!*er paral"ses a -o"s po$er of asser!on. C*l&ren
$*o are affe)!e& -" paren!sG mo&e of -e*avour ne+a!vel" nee& !o -e
s!mula!e& an& mo!va!e& !o en)oura+e *m !o learn. Fa!*ers $*o are
@eepn+ la!e ou!s&e a! n+*!( $*o &rn@s al)o*ol e7)essvel" an&
a-&)a!e *s respons-l!es a! *ome ma" su))ee& a! rearn+ or
pro&u)n+ )*l&ren $*o $ll -e)ome pros!!u!es( !*eves( !ou!s( &ropou!s
an& so on. T*s s !rue of !*e fa)! !*a! la)@ of a&e1ua!e )are of )*l&ren
affe)!s !*er fu!ure ne+a!vel".
T*e envronmen! $*ere )*l&ren are -rou+*! up *as s+nf)an! effe)! on
!*e )*l&renGs e&u)a!on. C*l&ren -rou+*! up n *os!le an& 1uarrelsome
*ome !en& !o re-el an& refuse ns!ru)!ons a! s)*ools. T*s s -e)ause
*s *ome &oes no! refle)! pea)e an& )alm. In o!*er $or&s( )*l&ren
reare& n a *ouse $*ere !*ere s mu!ual un&ers!an&n+ -e!$een fa!*er
an& mo!*er( love an& )are for ea)* o!*er are usuall" fren&l" a! s)*ool
su-mssve !o s)*ool rules an& re+ula!ons. 0e s also l@el" !o learn
-e!!er -e)ause *e s emo!onall" s!a-le.
A )*l& from mo&ern Afr)an faml" n ur-an )en!re $!* e)onom)
po$er !o )a!er for !*em s e7pe)!e& !o learn -e!!er n s)*ool !*an a )*l&
from a !ra&!onal Afr)an faml" n rural area $!* lo$ e)onom) po$er.
T*e reason )an -e a!!r-u!e& !o !*e fa)! !*a! su)* m&&le )lass )*l&ren
are e7pose& more !o !*e $orl& aroun& !*em( an& !*e paren!al
en)oura+emen! !a@e )o+nBan)e of !*e )*l&renGs e7pos!on !o mo&ern
lfe $!*n !*er envronmen!. For e7ample( su)* )*l&ren m+*! -e
2>
e7pose& !o )ompu!er opera!ons( In!erne! or e.learnn+ $orl&( -an@n+
opera!ons( )ommun)a!on $orl& l@e !e7! messa+es an& GS/
opera!ons an& so on !*an rural )*l&ren.
6e)@er summarBes a num-er of s!u&es $*)* s*o$ !*a! !*e )*l&ren
e7pose& !o res!r)!ve &s)plne are )onformn+ an& more &epen&en!
!*an )*l&ren e7pose& !o permssve &s)plnar" !e)*n1ues.
Duro'a"eGs s!u&" on Afr)an )*l&ren $*o are al$a"s !ol& $*a! !o &o
are 'u&+e& !o -e lo$ n or+nal!". In o!*er $or&s( !*e more !*e paren!s
au!*or!"( !*e less !*e )*l&Gs level of )o+n!ve &evelopmen!. Su)*
)*l&ren are so)all" !m& an& non asser!ve. %*en &s)plne s
mpose& -" means of severe p*"s)al puns*men!( !*e )*l& s &epresse&(
an& so)all" a++ressve.
E7plan !*e follo$n+ !erms9 pol"+am"( mono+am"( pol"an&r"
ANS/ERS TO SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE
Pol"+am" o))urs $*ere a man marres more !*an one $fe.
/ono+am" o))urs $*ere a man marres onl" one $fe.
Pol"an&r" o))urs $*ere a $oman s marre& !o more !*an one *us-an&.
9'2 F#&il #nd t1" Sc1ool
T*e faml" s one of !*e prmar" +roups of so)e!"( )on)erne& $!* fa)e
!o fa)e n!era)!on or rela!ons*ps. T*rou+*ou! manGs *s!or"( *o$ever
an& !*rou+*ou! !*e $orl& -o!* !*e faml" an& !*e ns!!u!on of marra+e
&spla" a )ons&era-le )ul!ural vara-l!". 6u! $*a!ever forms su)*
ns!!u!on !a@e( !*e" *ave re+ar& !o !*e fa)! !*a! !*e *uman )*l& s for a
lon+ !me &epen&en! for !s -olo+)al survval upon !*e a&ul! mem-ers
of !*ose ns!!u!ons. T*ere are !$o !"pes of faml" namel" !*e e7!en&e&
an& !*e nu)lear faml". T*e e7!en&e& faml" or @n +roup s foun& an&
)an span !*ree +enera!ons $!*n !*e !o!al *ouse*ol&. On !*e o!*er
*an& nu)lear faml" )omprses -as)all" !*e fa!*er( !*e mo!*er an& !*e
)*l&ren.
Ever" normal a&ul! -elon+s !o a faml" of oren!a!on n $*)* a man s
-orn an& reare& an& $*)* $ll n)lu&e *s fa!*er( mo!*er( -ro!*ers an&
ss!ers. An& *e also -elon+s !o faml" of pro)rea!on $*)* *e
es!a-ls*es -" *s marra+e an& $*)* n)lu&es *s $fe an& )*l&ren.
T*e faml" s roo!e& n marra+e as an ns!!u!on. T*e ns!!u!on s
2<
foun& n a vare!" of forms $*)* fall n!o !*e !$o -roa& )a!e+ores of
mono+am" an& pol"+am". /ono+am" o))urs $*ere one man s
marre& !o one $oman. Pol"+am" o))urs $*ere one man s marre& !o
more !*an one $oman. T*e #oran for e7ample perm!s a /uslm male
!o *ave up !o four $ves a! an" one !me. Pol"an&r" o))urs $*ere one
$oman s marre& !o more !*an one man.
T*e faml" s ves!e& $!* !*e respons-l!" of e&u)a!n+ !*e offsprn+.
Paren!s are e7pe)!e& !o !ran !*er )*l&ren n s)*ool for moral( spr!ual(
vo)a!onal an& e)onom) empo$ermen!. T*e paren!s an& !ea)*ers are
re1ure& !o $or@ )olla-ora!vel" !o moul& !*e )*l& n s)*ool. T*e
paren!s as $ell as !*e !ea)*ers n s)*ool are !o )olle)!vel" +ran! !*e
)*l& ps")*olo+)al &evelopmen! -" prov&n+ *m $!* se)ur!" an&
love for emo!onal s!a-l!". /us+rave fur!*er s!resses !*e nee& !*a! !*e
ns!!u!on of marra+e s no! 'us! a so)al )on!rvan)e !o ensure !s o$n
se)ur!" an& fu!ur!" !*rou+* !*e faml". In&ee& !*e faml" *as )ome !o
-e use& as a ver" spe)alBe& a+en)" for prov&n+ affe)!on !*a! *elps !o
ensure !*e emo!onal s!a-l!" nee&e& f men an& $omen are !o mana+e
!*er lves su))essfull" un&er mo&ern )on&!on. Emo!onal s!a-l!" s
n !*e lon+ run far more v!al for man !*an s*eer.p*"s)al e7)!emen!.
Su)* s!a-l!" n !*e Cmale.femaleD fa!*er an& mo!*er rela!ons*p s
rea)*e& n an& !*rou+* an elemen! of permanen)" an& personal
a&'us!men!. 0o$ever( for !*e +ro$!* an& &evelopmen! of )*l&ren $!*
!*e faml" ns!!u!on( ! s )lear !*a! $*a! )*l&ren re1ure a-ove all else
n !*er earl" "ears s a feeln+ of se)ur!" an& s!a-l!" $*)* !*e *ome
an& !*e s)*ool are -lle& !o prov&e for !*e )*l&ren.
6'0 CONCLUSION
In un! fve !*e follo$n+ )on)luson $ere &ra$n on !*e role of faml"
-a)@+roun& n earl" )*l&*oo& e&u)a!on( faml" an& !*e s)*ool( faml"
an& o))upa!onal aspra!on.
2. C*l&*oo& s a pero& &urn+ $*)* a )*l& nee&s !*e @no$le&+e
of !*e unverses n $*)* *e lves( !*e na!ure of !*e people an&
ma!erals n !. T*s s !*e pero& $*en !*e )*l& &evelops *s
sensor" e7plora!ons( emo!ons an& so)al e7peren)es as $ell as
e7peren)es of mas!er" an& a)*evemen!s. %!*n !*s pero& !*e
)*l& s s!ll un&er !*e )are of *s4*er paren!s a! *ome( pre)sel"
-efore !*e s)*ool a+e. T*s s !*e pero& $*en paren!s are
e7pe)!e& !o -e role mo&el an& !o!all" &evo!e& !o !*e )are an&
nur!ure of !*e )*l& !o &evelop !*e nna!e po!en!al!es n *m4*er
!o !*e fulles!.
A0
2. T*e faml" s ves!e& $!* *e respons-l!" of e&u)a!n+ !*e off
sprn+s n a))or&an)e !o !*e norms an& values of !*e so)e!"
-efore !ransferrn+ *m4*er !o s)*ool $*)* s e7pe)!e& !o
)onsol&a!e on !*e *ome !rann+ -" )olle)!vel" +ran!n+ !*e
)*l& ps")*olo+)al &evelopmen! !*rou+* !*e provson of
se)ur!" an& love for emo!onal s!a-l!" an& proper a)a&em)
!a@e.off n !*e s)*ool.
A. Faml" s an e&u)a!onal a+en! prmarl" respons-le for
so)alBa!on pro)esses !o la" sol& foun&a!on for o!*er a+en!s n
!*e rearn+ of )*l&ren.
3. Faml" an& o))upa!onal aspra!on. In !*e prm!ve Afr)an
so)e!"( !*e faml" solel" &e!ermnes !*e o))upa!onal aspra!on
of ever" )*l&. In !*e )on!emporar" s!ua!on also !*e so)al )lass
of paren!s s s+nf)an!l" respons-le for !*e o))upa!onal
aspra!on of a )*l&.
<'0 SU22ARY
In un! fve( !*e role of faml" -a)@+roun& n earl" )*l&*oo& e&u)a!on
$as a&&resse& as a pero& !o &evelop !*e )o+n!ve s@lls n a )*l& n
prepara!on for s)*ooln+. T*e rela!ons*p -e!$een faml" an& s)*ool
$as &s)usse& as !$o nsepara-le a+en!s of e&u)a!on. T*e faml" s
also re+ar&e& as !*e fun&amen!al e&u)a!onal a+en!s upon $*)* o!*er
a+en!s moun! !*er )ons!ru)!on !o pro&u)e a so)all" a))ep!a-le *uman.
CaD E7amne !*e )on)ep! of faml" as !*e -e&ro)@ of so)olo+".
C-D Cr!)all" e7amne four e&u)a!onal a+en!s n rela!ons*p $!*
faml" se!!n+.
C)D Enumera!e !*e roles of faml" n -e*avour mo&f)a!on an&
)on!rol.
C&D I&en!f" !*e relevan)e of faml" -a)@+roun& !o learnersG
e&u)a!onal aspra!on.
6erBer( P.( an& Lu)@man( T.( C2<=2D9 T*e so)al Cons!ru)!on of
;eal!". 6el+um9 Unvers!" 6oo@s Lm!e&.
A2
#o-o$u( S.,. C2<<3D ;ea&n+s n !*e So)al Foun&a!ons an&
So)olo+" of E&u)a!on I-a&an9 I-u@un.Olu Prn!ers.
/orrs( I. C2<=>D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. An In!ro&u)!on9
Lon&on9 %llam Cloves Lm!e&.
A2
UNIT = FA2ILY AND EDUCATION II
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 Faml" as an A+en! of E&u)a!on
A.2 Faml" an& E&u)a!onal Aspra!on of !*e C*l&
A.A Faml" an& C*l&Gs Classroom 6e*avour
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
5.0 Tu!or /ar@e& Ass+nmen!.
40'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! +ves "ou an ns+*! ve$ of !*e faml" an& e&u)a!on. I!
)omprses of &eas a-ou! !*e faml" an& s)*ool( faml" an& e&u)a!onal
a+en!s( faml" an& o))upa!onal aspra!on( faml" an& e&u)a!onal
aspra!on( faml" an& )*l&Gs )lassroom -e*avour. T*s Un! s a
roa&map !o +ve "ou &eas a-ou! !*e ln@a+e -e!$een !*e faml" an&
s)*ool envronmen!.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
CaD Defne faml" as a )on)ep!.
C-D Enumera!e !*e roles of faml" n E&u)a!on.
C)D I&en!f" !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een faml" an& E&u)a!on.
C&D E7plan !*e relevan)e of e&u)a!on !o faml" &evelopmen!.
9'0 2AIN CONTENT

9'4 F#&il #% #n Ag"nt o! Educ#tion9
T*e faml" as an ns!!u!on safe+uar&s !*e )*l& &urn+ !s pero& of
-olo+)al mma!ur!"J ! s also an ns!!u!on $*)* prov&es for !*e
)*l&Gs prmar" so)alBa!on an& n!al e&u)a!on. /!)*ell pon!e& ou!
!*a! paren!*oo& s rap&l" -e)omn+ a *+*l" self )ons)ous vo)a!on.
An& ! s !*e realm of n!er.personal rela!ons*ps an& so)al n!era)!on
!*a! !*s self )ons)ousness opera!es. So)alBa!on $*)* s one of !*e
prmar" fun)!ons of !*e faml" s !o asss! n !*e a&ap!a!on of an
AA
n&v&ual !o *s so)al envronmen! an& s even!uall" re)o+nBe& as -o!*
a )o.opera!n+ an& eff)en! mem-er of !*e faml". A! 1u!e an earl"
a+e( a )*l& -e+ns !o pla)e *mself n !*e pos!on of o!*ers( !*a! s( !o
!a@e on !*e role of o!*ers( -u! ! s &one n a ver" m!a!ve an&
un)ompre*en&n+ $a". For e7ample a -o" ma" )op" *s fa!*er -"
rea&n+ !*e ne$spaper even !*ou+* !*e paper ma" -e *el& ups&e &o$n.
T*s s ra!*er meann+less !o *m a! frs!( e7)ep! !*a! *e @no$s !*a! *e
$an!s !o &o $*a! o!*ers are &on+ $!*n !*e faml" )r)le( -u! !*ere s
l!!le self a$areness or self.o-serva!on. T*e +rl ma" -e preparn+ foo&
n !*e )our!"ar& !o m!a!e !*e mo!*ersG role.
In !*e pro)ess of e&u)a!on $!*n !*e *ome a lar+e vare!" of
ns!rumen!s an& !e)*n1ues are emplo"e&( some )ons)ousl" an& some
un)ons)ousl". T*e faml" s mu)* more !*an a mere 1ues!on of *ouse
!rann+( learnn+ a fe$ rules an& a))ep!n+ or re'e)!n+ famlal
san)!ons. I! s !*e -e+nnn+ of !*a! n!ernalBa!on of !*e )ul!ure of !*e
faml"Gs so)e!" $*)* $ll +o on !*rou+*ou! !*e n&v&ualGs lfe( unless
*e suffers some par!al or !o!al alena!on from !*a! )ul!ure. I! s !rue !*a!
*s *ome an& faml" ma" asss! *m n *s n!ernalBa!on. I! s e1uall"
!rue *o$ever !*a! !*e ver" )ons!ella!on of &eas( -elefs an& pra)!)es of
paren!s ma" ml!a!e a+ans! su)* n!ernalBa!on. /an" )*l&ren are
unf!!e& for !*er so)e!" -" !*e ver" !ea)*n+ or la)@ of ! prov&e& -"
!*er paren!s. /oreover( !*e role.rela!ons*ps $*)* are re1ure& n !*e
so)e!" ma" -e !o!all" la)@n+ n !*e *ome no! ne)essarl" -e)ause ! s a
H-a& *omeI n !*e +enerall" a))ep!e& sense of !*e !erm -u! -e)ause !*e
-elefs of !*e paren!s are res!r)!e& an& res!r)!n+. T*ere ma" -e a
)onfl)! of lo"al!es &evelope& n !*e )*l& !*rou+* *s earl" e&u)a!on
$*)* $ll resul! n an am-valen)e of feeln+s an& rela!ons*ps. T*e
falure or su))ess of an" so)e!" &epen&s sol&l" on !*e !"pe of faml"
or+anBa!on presen!.
9'2 F#&il #nd Occu+#tion#l A%+ir#tion o! t1" C1ild
T*e e&u)a!onal aspra!on of )*l&ren refle)!s no! onl" !*ose of !*er
famles -u! also !*e a)*evemen! aspra!ons $*)* paren!s *ol& for
!*er )*l&ren. T*e so)al s!a!us of !*e famles *as )lose rela!ons*p
$!* !*e o))upa!onal aspra!on of !*e )*l&ren n !*e so)e!". Paren!s
$*o -elon+ !o *+* so)al s!a!us *ave !*e $*ere.$!*al !o a)!ualBe !*e
o))upa!onal &ream of !*er )*l&ren. For ns!an)e )*l&ren -orn n!o
*+* so)al )lass famles )an aspre !o -e)ome professonals n !*er
)*osen fel& $!* !*e suppor! of )ul!ural )ap!al from !*er famles. T*e
for!une re1ure& !o !ran a me&)al &o)!or( la$"er( p*arma)s!( en+neer
an& !e)*nolo+s! s $!*n !*e rea)* of !*e faml" $*o -elon+ !o *+*
so)al )lass. As a ma!!er of fa)! !*e" )an -e sen! !o !*e -es! s)*ools
a)ross !*e +lo-e !o +e! !rane&. Af!er *e !rann+ !*ere s provson for
A3
emplo"men! oppor!un!es e!*er $!*n !*er personal )ompanes or !*e"
se! !*em up prva!el" !o )on!nue $!* !*er )*osen )areer.
On !*e o!*er *an&( !*e )*l&ren from famles of lo$ so)al )lass fn& !
&ff)ul! !o a)!ualBe !*er &reams professonall" -e)ause of lo$ n)ome
!*a! $ll -e nsuff)en! !o !ran !*em. For e7ample( a )*l& from lo$
so)al )lass $*ose n!en!on s !o -e)ome a me&)al &o)!or or a la$"er
ma" fal n *s &reams &ue !o !*e na-l!" of *s paren!s !o affor& !*e
)os! of *s !rann+ as a me&)al &o)!or rrespe)!ve of *s !alen!s or
na!ural en&o$men!. T*ere are several )*l&ren $*o e7)elle& n !*er
)ommer)al e7amna!on l@e %es! Afr)an S)*ool Cer!f)a!e C%ASCD
-u! &ue !o !*e e)onom) n)apa-l!" of !*er famles resor! !o offern+
)ourses !*a! are a! varan)e $!* !*er )areer aspra!ons. Some even
-e)ome $as!e& a-l!es l@e &ropou!s or en+a+e n lo$ pa& 'o-s l@e
H-lue )ola 'o-sI as &rvers( sales -o"s an& +rls( *ouse *elps an& so on.
0en)e o))upa!onal aspra!ons of )*l&ren are )losel" rela!e& !o !*e
faml" pos!on. T*e faml" -a)@+roun& of a )*l& s s+nf)an!l"
respons-le for !*e realBa!on of !*e )*l&renGs o))upa!onal aspra!ons.
9'9 F#&il #nd Educ#tion#l A%+ir#tion o! t1" C1ild
T*e e&u)a!onal aspra!ons of )*l&ren refle)! no! onl" !*ose of !*er
famles -u! also !*e a)*evemen! aspra!ons $*)* paren!s *ol& for
!*er )*l&ren. T*e values for !*e n!elle)!ual a)*evemen! of )*l&ren
are rela!e& !o !*a! of !*er paren!s. T*e paren!s s*o$ a s!ron+ !en&en)"
!o appl" !*er o$n values an& e7pe)!a!ons !o !*er offsprn+( for su))ess
n !*er a)a&em) pursu!. T*ere s ev&en)e !*a! )*l&renGs e&u)a!onal
aspra!ons are *n+e& !o a ma'or e7!en! from !*e faml". T*e
aforemen!one& su-mssons $ere resear)* repor!s )on&u)!e& -"
#a!@ov.s@" n 2<<3. T*e resear)* fur!*er )lame& !*a! values of
&fferen! so)al pos!ons are mpor!an! nfluen)es on levels of
e&u)a!onal aspra!ons of )*l&ren.
T*e o!*er )losel" rela!e& !o e&u)a!onal aspra!on of !*e )*l& s !*e
ma!!er of !*e so)al level of paren! e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!. T*e pos!ve
rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!onal aspra!on an& so)al s!a!us of paren!s
)an -e a smlar rela!ons*p !*a! e7s!s -e!$een e&u)a!onal aspra!on
an& so)al s!a!us of !*e )*l&. T*e &e)lne n !*e level of paren!Gs
o))upa!on *as s+nf)an! nfluen)e on !*e e&u)a!onal aspra!on of !*e
)*l&. If paren!Gs o))upa!on s of lo$ s!a!us( !*e e&u)a!onal aspra!on
of !*e )*l& $ll -e affe)!e&. T*e a)!ualBa!on of )*l&renGs e&u)a!onal
aspra!on &epen&s on !*e *+* level of paren!Gs o))upa!onal s!a!us !o -e
a-le !o prov&e !*e r+*! lo+s!)s for !*e )*l&. T*e fa!*erGs an&
mo!*erGs e&u)a!onal level $ll affe)! !*er &e)sons !o sen& !*er
)*l&ren !o )olle+e. E&u)a!e& paren!s *ave +rea! value for e&u)a!on an&
A8
as su)* $el& +rea! suppor! for !*er )*l&renGs e&u)a!on. Paren!s $!*
lo$ e&u)a!onal level +ve value !o o!*er !*n+s !*an e&u)a!on. T*e
en)oura+emen! paren!s +ve !*e )*l&renGs e&u)a!onal aspra!on s a
ver" po!en! fa)!or. C*l&ren +ven *+* level of en)oura+emen!
o!*er$se )alle& moral suppor! *ave +rea! nfluen)e n !*e a!!anmen! of
!*er aspra!on. A &)!um +oes !*us9 HA &o+ $!* people -e*n& *m
$ll @ll a mon@e"I.
T*e so)o.e)onom) pos!on of paren!s s also an mpor!an! fa)!or n a
)*l&Gs e&u)a!onal aspra!ons. T*ere s no aspra!on $!*ou! lo+s!)
suppor!. E&u)a!on &esre a lo! of !*n+s n )on!en!on l@e !e7! -oo@s(
po)@e! mone"( $a!er( foo& s*el!er( )lo!*es( !ranspor! an& so on. All
!*ese re1uremen!s )os! for!une !o sa!sf" n or&er !o a))or& learnn+ !*e
r+*! an& a&e1ua!e a!!en!on for su))ess. Paren!Gs na-l!" !o mee! up
$!* !*ese re1uremen!s of !*e )*l& $ll )rpple !*e e&u)a!onal
aspra!on an& a!!anmen! of !*e )*l&.
9'6 T1" F#&il #nd t1" Cl#%%roo& B"1#*iour
A )*l&Gs )lassroom -e*avour s o-vousl" a pro&u)! of man"
nfluen)es( -o!* n s)*ool an& ou! of !. %e s*oul& -e $ar" a-ou!
asser!n+ !oo mu)* a-ou! !*e )auses of a )*l&Gs -e*avour n !*e s)*ool.
Tea)*ers @no$ from e7peren)e !*a! !*e *ome -a)@+roun& of !*e )*l&
+rea!l" nfluen)es *s -e*avour n !*e )lassroom an& spe)ula!e
a))ura!el" or na))ura!el" a-ou! !*e faml" from smpl" o-servn+ !*e
)*l& n s)*ool. T*ere are !$o e7!remes a-ou! !*e )*l&Gs -e*avour n
!*e )lassroom. T*ere s )on!nu!" of !*e *ome an& !*e )lassroom $*en
-o!* !*e *ome an& !*e s)*ool s*are )ommon se! of s*are& values an&
*ol&s smlar aspra!on for !*e )*l&. T*e o!*er e7!reme s $*en !*e
*ome an& s)*ool &o no! *ave a )ommon se! of s*are& values.
Conse1uen!l"( )*l&ren !en& !o -e*ave a))ep!a-l" $*en !*e *ome an&
s)*ool s*are )ommon &eas a-ou! )*l& rearn+ an& *ol& smlar
s!an&ar&s for -e*avour. Conversel"( $*en !*ere s &sa+reemen!
-e!$een !*e s*are& values of !*e s)*ool an& *ome !*e )*l&Gs -e*avour
!en& no! !o -e n )onform!" $!* !*e s)*ool envronmen!.
T*ere are &fferen)es -e!$een !*e a&'us!men! of rural an& ur-an )*l& n
s)*ool s!ua!ons. A rural )*l& s more l@el" !o presen! -e*avour
pro-lems n s)*ool !*an an ur-an )*l&. T*e rural )*l& ma" fn& ou! !*e
-e*avour $*)* s e7pe)!e& of !*em n !*e )lassroom s )omple!el"
&fferen! from !*a! of !*e *ome. S)*ool &eman&s a ne$ @n& of
-e*avour $*)* &oes no! ma@e sense n !*e *ome. An ur-an )*l&
*o$ever( &s)overs n !*e )lassroom a par!)ularl" ne$ &eman&s
re+ar&n+ -e*avour. T*us )on!nu!" of e7pe)!a!on a-ou! )*l&
)on&u)!s n !*e s)*ool an& *ome )eases. To fur!*er e7plan !*e
A5
llus!ra!on a-ove( a rural )*l& lves a smple an& un)*allen+e& lfe.
T*ere are no a&*eren)e an& o-e&en)e !o so)al rules an& re+ula!on l@e
!raff) )o&es an& a&'us!men! !o paren!Gs &al" rou!ne as )vl servan!s
$*le n !*e ur-an )en!res a )*l& s use& !o mo&ern an& s)en!f) lfe
$*)* asss!s !*e )*l& !o a&'us! easl" n !*e s)*ool.
T*e s)*ool mus! !a@e n!o )ons&era!on !*e faml" as a !ea)*n+
ns!!u!on an& !*e *ome -a)@+roun& of !*e )*l& n moul&n+ *s
-e*avour. T*e faml" an& )lassroom are )losel" rela!e& -u! !*er
approa)* &ffers n forms of mo&e of up-rn+n+ an& value oren!a!on.
6'0 CONCLUSION
6ase& on !*e !ems &s)usse& un&er un! s7 !*e follo$n+ )on)lusons
$ere &ra$n.
2. Faml" an& E&u)a!onal Aspra!on9 T*e e&u)a!onal aspra!ons
of )*l&ren refle)! !*e a)a&em) an& n!elle)!ual a)*evemen!s of
!*e paren!s -e)ause paren!s s*o$ a s!ron+ !en&en)" !o appl" !*er
o$n values an& e7pe)!a!ons !o !*e off.sprn+( for su))ess n !*er
a)a&em) pursu!.
2. Faml" an& Classroom 6e*avour9 T*e *ome -a)@+roun& of !*e
)*l& +rea!l" nfluen)e *s -e*avour n !*e )lassroom -e)ause
-o!* !*e *ome an& !*e s)*ool s*are )ommon se! of values an&
*ol& smlar aspra!on for !*e )*l&.
<'0 SU22ARY
T*s un! refle)!s faml" an& e&u)a!onal aspra!on of !*e )*l& an&
faml" an& )lassroom -e*avour. I! $as &s)usse& !*a! faml" an&
e&u)a!onal aspra!on( faml" an& )lassroom are )losel" rela!e& -e)ause
!*e pro&u)! of !*e faml" s $*a! s )onsume& n !*e s)*ool n !erms of
e&u)a!onal aspra!on an& )lassroom -e*avour. T*s s -e)ause !*e
e&u)a!onal -a)@+roun&s of !*e paren!s an& !*e -e*avour -en+
e7*-!e& a! *ome -" !*e paren!s *ave s+nf)an! nfluen)e n !*e
e&u)a!onal aspra!on an& )lassroom -e*avour of a )*l&.
CaD E7amne !*e )on)ep! of faml" as !*e -e&ro)@ of so)olo+".
C-D Cr!)all" e7amne four e&u)a!onal a+en!s n rela!ons*p $!*
faml" se!!n+.
A=
C)D Enumera!e !*e roles of faml" n -e*avour mo&f)a!on an&
)on!rol.
C&D I&en!f" !*e relevan)e of faml" -a)@+roun& !o learnersG
e&u)a!onal aspra!on.
6erBer( P.( an& Lu)@man( T.( C2<=2D9 T*e so)al Cons!ru)!on of
;eal!". 6el+um9 Unvers!" 6oo@s Lm!e&.
So)olo+" of E&u)a!on I-a&an9 I-u@un.Olu Prn!ers.
/orrs( I. C2<=>D9 T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. An In!ro&u)!on9
Lon&on9 %llam Cloves Lm!e&.
A>
UNIT 7 EDUCATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 /eann+ of So)al S!ra!f)a!on
A.2 A+en!s of So)al S!ra!f)a!on
A.2.2 T*e Faml"
A.2.2 T*e S)*ool
A.2.A O))upa!on
A.A E&u)a!onal Impl)a!on of So)al S!ra!f)a!on
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! $ll +ve "ou !*e oppor!un!" !o *ave !*e +rasp of !*e pla!on)
&eas on e&u)a!on an& so)al s!ra!f)a!on $*)* en)ompasses a+en!s of
so)al s!ra!f)a!on e&u)a!onal mpl)a!on of so)al s!ra!f)a!on( so)al
)lass an& e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!( So)al Class an& N+eran El!es(
So)al Class an& So)al Impl)a!on.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o
CaD Defne So)al S!ra!f)a!on
C-D I&en!f" varous !"pes of so)al )lass n !*e so)e!"
C)D Enumera!e !*e a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on
C&D I&en!f" !*e relevan)e of !*e @no$le&+e of so)al s!ra!f)a!on !o
so)e!al +ro$!*.
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 2"#ning o! Soci#l Str#ti!ic#tion
T*e )on)ep! of so)al s!ra!f)a!on )oul& -e rela!e& !o !*e )lass) para-le
-" Geor+e Or$ell $*)* s!pula!es !*a! HAll Anmals are e1ual -u! some
are more e1ual !*an !*e o!*ersI. T*s para-le s a f!!n+ n!ro&u)!on(
$*)* s )en!rall" )on)erne& $!* !*e ne1ual!es of prvle+e on !*e
par! of !*e )ons!!uen! +roups of so)e!" $*)* )ompares an& ran@s
A<
n&v&uals an& +roups. T*ese )omparsons are valua!ons or 'u&+men!
of rela!ve $or!* an& $*en mem-ers of a +roup a+ree( !*ose 'u&+men!s
of rela!ve $or!* are so)al valua!ons. All so)e!es &fferen!a!e !*er
mem-ers n !erms of roles. Some roles are re+ar&e& as more mpor!an!
or so)all" more valua-le !*an o!*ers an& !*e persons $*o perform more
*+*l" es!eeme& roles are re$ar&e& more *+*l". %*en +roups are
ran@e& $!* some &e+ree of performan)e( !*ere s s!ra!f)a!on. 0en)e(
!*e pro)ess -" $*)* n&v&uals an& +roups are ran@e& n a more or less
en&urn+ *erar)*" of s!a!us s @no$n as s!ra!f)a!on.
T*e mos! mpor!an! aspe)! of so)al s!ra!f)a!on s !*e e7!remel"
mpor!an! pon! of so)al ne1ual!". Some n&v&uals an& +roups are
ra!e& *+*er !*an o!*ers an& su)* &fferen)es n ra!n+ refle)! &fferen)es
n oppor!un!es an& prvle+es. For e7ample( usn+ surve" resear)*
me!*o&s an& na!onal represen!a!ve sample( ! *as -een foun& !*a!
Do)!ors are ra!e& *+*er !*an o!*er professons !*a! s( as a )lass( !*e"
*ave a *+*er pres!+e ra!n+. I! s no! en!rel" )lear on $*a! -ases !*ese
pres!+e ra!n+s are ma&e( -u! some Of !*e )ons&era!ons are sa& !o -e
!*e amoun! of !rann+ re1ure& an& !*e &e+ree of respons-l!" for
pu-l) $elfare. For ns!an)e( n)ome s a fa)!or n o))upa!onal pres!+e
-u! ! s no! !*e onl" fa)!or. T*e o!*er fa)!or use& n pres!+e ra!n+s are
a)a&em) 1ualf)a!ons( )ul!ural pos!ons l@e !ra&!onal rulers an&
)*efs( la-our emplo"men! l@e n&us!rals!s( o$ners of )ompanes(
pu-l) off)e *ol&ers l@e pol!)ans( sena!ors( mns!ers( )ommssoners(
)ounselors an& o!*er pol!)al appon!ees are also )ons&ere& n pres!+e
ra!n+s mos! espe)all" n N+era.
9'2 Ag"nt% o! Soci#l Str#ti!ic#tion
9'2'4 T1" F#&il
T*e faml" pla"s !*e mos! s+nf)an! role n !*e &evelopmen! of an
n&v&ual. Fren& -eleve& !*a! !*e mpressons ma&e upon !*e )*l&Gs
personal!" as an a&ul! -" !*e faml" s ver" )ru)al. T*ere are also
fa)!ors of so)al envronmen! !*a! ma" affe)! a )*l& $*)* n)lu&e !*e
o))upa!onal s!a!us of *s paren!s( !*e paren!sG a!!!u&e !o$ar&s !*er
)*l&ren s)*ooln+ an& !*e e7pe)!a!ons !*e" *ave for !*er )*l&ren. A
)*l& from a *+*er so)o.e)onom) -a)@+roun& *as a&van!a+es over !*e
)*l& from !*e so)o.e)onom)all" lo$er )lass. In a *+*er )lass( !*ere
ma" -e a !elevson se!( ra&o( p)!ure( rea&n+ an& $r!n+ ma!erals all
of $*)* *elp !o prepare a )*l& for learnn+ n s)*ool. I! s
*"po!*esBe& !*a! paren!s of upper so)o.e)onom) )lasses *ave more
pos!ve a!!!u&es !o$ar&s !*er )*l&renGs s)*ooln+ an& *ave *+*
e7pe)!a!ons an& s!an&ar&s for !*er )*l&ren. T*e paren!Gs a-l!" !o
prov&e -oo@s an& e1upmen! for s)*ool( )om-ne& $!* a pos!ve
30
a!!!u&e( s!mula!e !*e )*l&ren !o learn. Fur!*ermore( !*e upper )lass
)*l& ea!s a -alan)e& &e! an& !*us *as +oo& *eal!*. A+an( !*e values *e
s e7pose& !o a! *ome are smlar !o $*a! *e fn&s n s)*ool an&
!*erefore *e s a-le !o a&'us! easl" !o s)*ool lfe. A feeln+ of -elon+n+
!o a )omfor!a-le so)al s)*ool envronmen! fur!*er *elps *m !o s*o$
*s -es! CDu-e"2<=AD.
A )*l& from a lo$er )lass s *an&)appe& n some $a"s -e)ause !*ere
are fe$ fa)l!es a! *ome !o prepare *m for s)*ool. 0e ma" suffer ll.
*eal!* an& even fn&s ! &ff)ul! !o ma@e sa!sfa)!or" a&'us!men! a!
s)*ool. I! follo$s lo+)all" !*a! $*en one *as a poor e&u)a!onal
-a)@+roun&J *e4s*e *as lm!e& )*an)es of !a@n+ !*e ver" *+*l"
respe)!e& an& $ell pa& 'o-s. T*e 'o- n !urn lar+el" &e!ermnes oneGs
so)al )lass. T*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em appears !o -e a )ons)ous a!!emp!
!o perpe!ua!e &omnan)e -" !*ose $*o alrea&" *ave !*e +rea!er
a&van!a+es n !*e so)e!".
9'2'2 T1" Sc1ool
So)al s!ra!f)a!on $!*n !*e s)*ool( )ommonl" @no$n as s!reamn+(
refers !o !*e &vson of s)*ool )*l&ren n!o a+e +roups a))or&n+ !o
a-l!" an& n!ell+en)e. T*e -r+*!es! )*l&ren are ma&e !o form one
)lass $*le !*ose !*a! follo$ n a-l!" form ano!*er )lass. T*e )*l&ren
are &v&e& n!o +roups( purel" a))or&n+ !o !*e mer! of !*e n&v&ual.
T*s !"pe of +roupn+ *as pro&u)e& ar+umen! amon+ e7per!s n !*e
e&u)a!onal fel&. Some favour s!reamn+ n !*a! a )*l& )an freel"
par!)pa!e n a )lass of *s o$n a-l!"( !*e" ar+ue !*a! pu!!n+ -r+*!
an& &ull ones !o+e!*er )rea!es pro-lems for -o!* )a!e+ores of )*l&ren.
T*e -r+*! ones are @ep! $a!n+ un&ul" for !*e less -r+*! ones( -u! !*e
la!!er are normall" a! a&van!a+e sn)e !ea)*ers are more sens!ve !o !*er
-r+*! pupls responses.
T*e oppos!e ar+umen! s !*a! ! s -e!!er !o pu! -o!* -r+*! an& &ull ones
!o+e!*er as !*e -r+*! )*l&ren en)oura+e &ull ones( an& !*e la!!er are
!*erefore a! an a&van!a+e. Fur!*er( ! s a more &emo)ra!) $a" !o
e&u)a!e )*l&ren. /os! of !*e )*l&ren $*o are avera+e !en& !o -e
for+o!!en -" !*ose n favour of s!reamn+. Du-e" C2<=AD o-serve& !*a!
!*e &vson of )*l&ren n!o +roups a))or&n+ !o a-l!" an& n!ell+en)e
s some!mes !*e resul! of one n!ell+en)e !es! onl"( normall" !en&n+ !o
-e of a&van!a+e !o upper )lass )*l&ren. T*s s no! ne)essar" -e)ause
)*l&ren from an" one so)o.e)onom) )lass are n!ell+en! -e)ause
n!ell+en)e !es! refle)!s !*e a)a&em) a-l!" of !*e )*l&. T*e )*l&
from !*e more a&van!a+e& so)al envronmen! !*erefore +e!s -e!!er
mar@s &ue !o *s earler oppor!un!es for learnn+. 0ar+reaves C2<58D
32
o-serve& !*a! -+ pro-lem seems !o -e !*e mpa)! !*a! s!reamn+ *as on
)*l&renGs a!!!u&e self.ma+e an& ul!ma!el" !*er performan)e.
Tea)*ers( !oo !en& !o renfor)e !*e par!)ular s!a!us( ma+e of !*e )*l&(
!*e" !en& !o a&'us! !*er e7pe)!a!ons a))or&n+ !o $*e!*er !*e )*l& s n
!*e HAI s!ream or !*e H6I s!ream.
T*ere are o!*er $a"s n $*)* s)*ools ma@e apparen! !o s!u&en!s !o
)ome !o @no$ *o$ !*e" are evalua!e& on !*er s)*ool performan)e.
T*e" )ome !o un&ers!an& !*a! re$ar&s are asso)a!e& $!* performan)e.
T*e s!a!us !*e" $ll )ome !o o))up" s rela!e& !o *o$ $ell !*e" perform
!as@s !o $*)* !*e" are ass+ne&.
9'2'9 Occu+#tion
In mo&ern so)e!es( roles *ave -e)ome ver" &verse an& )omple7.
S@lls are learne& !*rou+* formal e&u)a!on s"s!ems( an& e&u)a!on *as a
lo! !o &o $!* emplo"men!( !*e o))upa!on one follo$s s mos!l" rela!e&
!o !*e s@lls an& @no$le&+e $*)* one *as a)1ure&. For e7ample( a
man &oes no! -e)ome a &o)!or unless *e *as un&er+one !*e !rann+ an&
*as su))essfull" passe& all !*e !*eore!)al an& pra)!)al !es!s an&
e7amna!ons. In !*e roles pla"e& $!*n so)e!"( !*erefore !*e" are
&fferen)es n re$ar&s re)eve& -" n&v&uals pla"n+ !*ese roles. An
n&v&ualGs role s &e!ermne& -" $*a! $or@ *e &oes or -" !*e pos!on
$*)* *e o))upes.
T*e -ass of valun+ professons an& o))upa!ons &ffer from so)e!" !o
so)e!". Some professons an& o))upa!ons are value& on a ra!onal or
lo+)al -ass. For e7ample( !*e len+!* of !me spen! n !rann+ for a 'o-
ma" &e!ermne oneGs re$ar&( as n !*e )ase of me&)al &o)!ors $*o
spen& s7 "ears n !rann+ n !*e unvers!"J *e +enerall" re)eves a
lar+er salar" !*an someone $*o *as spen! !*ree "ears a! unvers!"
!rann+ for a 'o-. Some professons an& o))upa!ons are value& on !*e
-ass of !*e role $*)* one pla"s n !*e &a".!o.&a" *uman lfe n a
so)e!". T*ose $*o $or@ n &epar!men!s )ons&ere& as mos! essen!al !o
!*e so)e!" re)eve +rea!er re$ar& n !erms of salar"( prvle+es an&
respe)! from !*e so)e!". Some 'o-s are value& purel" on a *s!or)al
-ass. For e7ample( n N+era !*e Pol)e for)e as a professon *as -een
&s!rus!e& -" !*e pu-l)( -e)ause &urn+ !*e )olonal pero&( ! $as
per)eve& !*a! !*e +overnmen! n!ro&u)e& !*e pol)e for)e !o suppress
!*e )!Bens f !*e" a+!a!e& for free&om. Ano!*er poss-le sour)e of
&srespe)! ma" -e !*e rela!vel" lo$ e&u)a!onal level of pol)emen.
T*e pos!on one *ol&s or o))upes n !*e so)e!" n $*)* one s
en+a+e&( !*e salar"( !*e prvle+es an& so)al pres!+e one re)eves all +o
!o s*arpen !*e s!"le of lfe of people a))or&n+ !o !*e $a" !*e" are
32
)lassfe& or s!ra!fe&. %e )an for e7ample( re)o+nBe !*e pos!on a
person o))upes or en'o"s n !*e so)e!" !*rou+* *s &ressn+ or spee)*
an& so on.
Ls! !*e a+en!s of so)alBa!on.
T*e a+en!s of so)alBa!on are9
T*e faml"(
T*e s)*ool an&
T*e o))upa!on.
9'9 Educ#tion I&+lic#tion o! Soci#l Str#ti!ic#tion
In anal"Bn+ e&u)a!onal ssues( ! mus! -e -orne n mn& !*a! !*ere e7s!
)lass an& +roup s!ru)!ure( $*ere v!al fa)!s emer+e re+ar&n+ su)*
)on)ep!s as po$er( s!a!us( pres!+e( lfe )*an)es( lfe s!"les( pa!!ern of
)onsump!on( lesure a)!v!es an& o))upa!ons. T*ere are also )losel"
rela!e& ssues of *uman &evelopmen! su)* as )ul!ure( e&u)a!on an&
so)alBa!on $*)* *ave mpl)a!on for s!ra!f)a!on. In all !*e
ramf)a!ons of !*e l!era!ure on )lass as so)al +roupn+s( ! s no! eas"
for an"one( $*e!*er pun&! or &le!!an!e( !o o-!an an" fnal an& )lear )u!
ve$ on so)al s!ra!f)a!on. 0o$ever( !*e fa)! remans !*a! people )an
-e )lassfe& a))or&n+ !o o))upa!onal pres!+e( n)ome( e&u)a!on or
o!*er )losel" asso)a!e& n&)a!ors of so)al s!a!us an& !*a! su)*
)lassf)a!on are no! merel" s!a!s!)al )a!e+ores -u! refle)! &fferen)es
n values( +oals( a!!!u&es an& -e*avours $!*n !*e e&u)a!onal realm.
T*e )*l&ren are no! open !o e1ual e&u)a!onal oppor!un!" even $!* !*e
)ompulsor" an& free e&u)a!on prov&e& for !*em. Some )*l&ren from
lo$ so)o.e)onom) )lass $!* na!ural en&o$men! &o no! *ave e1ual
a))ess !o 1ual!a!ve e&u)a!on -u! rural an& ll e1uppe& s)*ools. T*e
pu-l) s)*ools $*)* are free are no! properl" fun&e& !o refle)! !*e r+*!
s!an&ar& !o &elver !*e r+*! !u!ela+e !o !*e s!u&en!s. /an" of !*e
s!u&en!s from !*s lo$ so)al e)onom) )lass are un&ermne& $!* poor
*eal!* an& malforme& p*"s1ue &ue !o poor fee&n+( +noran)e an&
)arelessness $*)* ma" nvara-l" +ve rse !o poor performan)e
a)a&em)all".
T*ere are $&e &fferen)es n performan)e -e!$een )*l&ren. Some
&ropou!s -efore )omple!n+ prmar" s)*ool( o!*ers *ave !o repea!
3A
)lasses( ma'or!" of )an&&a!es fal !*e se)on&ar" en!ran)e e7amna!on.
In !*e )on&u)! of n!ernal an& )ommer)al e7amna!on( )*l&ren are no!
e7pe)!e& !o perform e1uall" &ue !o &fferen)es n n!ell+en)e 1uo!en!
CI.FD( paren!sG so)al s!a!us( nfras!ru)!ural fa)l!es n s)*ools( !ea)*ersG
a!!!u&e !o$ar&s $or@( puplsG a!!!u&e !o$ar&s s!u&" an& so for!*. All
!*ese &emons!ra!e e&u)a!onal mpl)a!ons for s!ra!f)a!on.
%!*n !*e e&u)a!on s"s!em( !*ere are &fferen! s!reams $*)* )an -e
follo$e& lea&n+ !o a vare!" of 1ualf)a!ons an& poss-le o))upa!ons.
T*ese s!reams ma" -e off)all" e1ual -u! are +enerall" )ons&ere& !o -e
une1ual. For e7ample( n Afr)a( !e)*n)al e&u)a!on s +enerall"
)ons&ere& !o -e nferor !o a)a&em) e&u)a!on. T*e !ea)*ers n !*e
unvers!es feel -e!!er la)e& !*an le)!urers n Colle+es of e&u)a!on an&
Pol"!e)*n)s $!* !*e same 1ualf)a!ons from !*e same unvers!es( !*e
pupls an& s!u&en!s $*o a!!en& prva!e s)*ools l@e Nurser"4Prmar"
s)*ools( se)on&ar" an& unvers!es !*n@ !*e" $en! !*rou+* -e!!er
s)*ool !*an !*ose $*o a!!en& pu-l) s)*ools of !*e same )a!e+or".
T*ere are also &fferen)es -e!$een !*e s!u&en!s $*o a!!en& Un!"
s)*ools an& !*ose $*o a!!en& lo)al or s!a!e o$ne& se)on&ar" s)*ools.
T*ere s also a +f!e& se)on&ar" s)*ool es!a-ls*e& -" !*e Fe&eral
Governmen! !o )a!er for !*e nee&s of !alen!e& s!u&en!s $*)* e1uall"
emp*asBes m-alan)e n !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em.
S)*ools an& )olle+es are !*eore!)all" e1ual follo$n+ !*e same s"lla-us
an& lea&n+ !o !*e same 1ualf)a!ons. T*ere s a var" $&e assump!on
n s!a!us( 1ual!" an& !*e mar@e! value of !*e 1ualf)a!on o-!ane&.
T*us prva!e s)*ools ma" -e of a *+*er or lo$er 1ual!" !*an
+overnmen! s)*ools( pla)es n *+* s!a!ues s)*ools $ll -e more &ff)ul!
!o o-!an !*an pla)es n lo$er s!a!ues s)*ools( )olle+es an& unvers!es
ma" -e more mar@e!a-le !*an !*e same 1ualf)a!ons earne& else$*ere.
In mos! a&ver!semen!s( ! s al$a"s s!a!e& !*a! 1ualf)a!ons s*oul& -e
from a re)o+nBe& unvers!". T*s s -e)ause some s)*ools( )olle+es
an& unvers!es are no! &ul" re+s!ere& $!* !*e appropra!e au!*or!es
as a resul! !*e" are re)o+nBe& as lo$ s!a!us s)*ools( )olle+es an&
unvers!es. T*ere are a lo! of !*ose )olle+es an& unvers!es a)ross !*e
sol of N+era $*ere people *ave o-!ane& 1ualf)a!ons an& !*e" are
&sre+ar&e& n N+era. In !*e same ven( man" Sa!ell!e Campuses an&
s!u&" )en!ers are re+ar&e& as au)!onn+ )en!re $*ere )er!f)a!es are
-een sol& $!*ou! a&*eren)e !o la& &o$n pro)e&ures an& rules for !*e
a$ar& of su)* )er!f)a!es( as su)* !*e" are re+ar&e& as lo$ s!a!us
s)*ools.
33
6'0 CONCLUSION
In )on)lu&n+ un! seven !*e follo$n+ $ere o-serve&.
2. /eann+ of so)al s!ra!f)a!on9 So)al s!ra!f)a!on s !*e
pro)ess -" $*)* n&v&uals an& +roups are ran@e& n a more or
less en&urn+ *erar)*" of s!a!us. T*s means !*a! Hall anmals
are e1ualI -u! some are more e1ual !*an !*e o!*ers $*)*
s+nfes so)al ne1ual!".
2. A+en!s of So)al S!ra!f)a!on9 T*e faml"( s)*ool an&
o))upa!on as a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on refle)! &fferen!
)a!e+ores of s!a!uses an& so)al )lass n faml" -a)@+roun&(
s)*ool !"pe an& )areer )*o)e of )*l&ren. C*l&ren from sol&
so)o.e)onom) -a)@+roun& are l@el" !o perform -e!!er !*an
!*ose from $ea@ -a)@+roun&( !*ose $*o a!!en& s!an&ar& s)*ools
are l@el" !o -e open !o -e!!er learnn+ envronmen! !*an !*ose n
poorl" e1uppe& s)*ools $*le !*ose $*o offer professonal
)ourses are l@el" !o su))ee& -e!!er n lfe !*an !*ose $!* less
pres!+ous )ourses.
A. E&u)a!onal Impl)a!on of So)al S!ra!f)a!on9 I! $as
)on)lu&e& !*a! po$er( s!a!us( pres!+e( lfe )*an)es an& so on
*ave e&u)a!onal mpl)a!on for so)al s!ra!f)a!on. T*s s
-e)ause !*e aforemen!one& fa)!ors &e!ermne !*e a)a&em)
a!!anmen! of an n&v&ual.
<'0 SU22ARY
In Un! seven( !*e meann+ of so)al s!ra!f)a!on( a+en!s of so)al
s!ra!f)a!on an& e&u)a!onal mpl)a!on of so)al s!ra!f)a!on $ere
&s)usse&. I! $as &s)usse& !*a! so)al s!ra!f)a!on s so)al ne1ual!es
amon+ mem-ers of an" +ven so)e!". T*ere are people $*o o))up"
&fferen! s!a!ues n !*e so)e!" performn+ varous roles as pol!)ans(
!ea)*ers( an& )vl servan!s an& so on. T*e faml"( s)*ool an&
o))upa!on as a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on $ere also &s)usse& as ma'or
avenues for so)e!al *erar)*)al &vson !o s!a!uses. I! $as also
&s)usse& !*a! !*e e&u)a!onal s!a!uses o))upe& -" n&v&uals n !*e
so)e!" *ave mpl)a!on for so)al s!ra!f)a!on an& )lass &s!n)!on.
CeD Ls! an& e7plan !*ree a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on.
38
CfD %!* spe)f) referen)e !o N+era )on!e7!( e7press "our ve$s
a-ou! !*e )a!e+ores of so)al )lass n !*e so)e!".
C+D Do "ou a+ree !*a! so)al )lass s respons-le for s!u&en!sG
e&u)a!on a!!anmen!L Ds)uss.
Daramola( C.O. C2<<3D In!ro&u)!on !o !*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on.
La+os9 ;a"!al Commun)a!ons Lm!e&.
Ello!!(F. C2<5<D9 A D)!onar" of Pol!)s 5
!*
e&!on.
Gol&!*orpe( M. 0.( Lo)@$oo&( D.( 6e)**efer( F an& Pla!!( M. C2<5=D9
Affluen! %or@er an& !*e T*ess of Em-our+eosemen!. Some
Prelmnar" ;esear)* Fn&n+s( So)olo+"( ,ol. 2( No. 2 pp
22.A2.
Yel"u!n( ,. C2<5>D9 0+*er E&u)a!on n !*e U.S.S.;. /os)o$9 Novos!
Press A+en)" Pu-ls*n+ 0ouse pp. < .20.
35
2ODULE 2
Un! 2 So)al Class an& E&u)a!onal A!!anmen!
Un! 2 E&u)a!on an& So)al ,alues
Un! A 0ome an& So)al ,alues
Un! 3 So)al Fun)!ons of E&u)a!on
Un! 8 S!a-l!" an& C*an+e( E&u)a!on an& Cul!ure C*ar+e
Un! 5 T*e So)olo+" of Tea)*n+
Un! = So)al ;ela!ons n !*e Classroom( Tea)*er an&
Curr)ulum( Tea)*er an& E7amna!on
UNIT 4 SOCIAL CLASS AND EDUCATIONAL
ATTAIN2ENT
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 So)al Class an& E&u)a!onal A!!anmen!
A.2 So)al Class an& N+eran El!es
A.A So)al S!ra!f)a!on an& I!s So)al Impl)a!on n N+era
A.3 So)al Class an& N+eran El!es
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
5.0 Tu!or /ar@e& Ass+nmen!.
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*e -as) @no$le&+e of !*s un! $ll +ve "ou !*e oppor!un!" !o +rasp
!*e pla!on) &eas on e&u)a!on an& so)al s!ra!f)a!on $*)*
en)ompasses a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on( e&u)a!onal mpl)a!on of
so)al s!ra!f)a!on( so)al )lass an& e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!( So)al Class
an& N+eran El!es an& So)al Class an& So)al Impl)a!on.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e Un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o
CaD Defne So)al S!ra!f)a!on
C-D I&en!f" varous !"pes of so)al )lass n !*e so)e!"
3=
C)D Enumera!e !*e a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on
C&D I&en!f" !*e relevan)e of !*e @no$le&+e of so)al s!ra!f)a!on !o
so)e!al +ro$!*.
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Soci#l Cl#%% #nd Educ#tion#l Att#in&"nt
Almos! ever" )ommun!" *as $!*n !s +roups !*ose $*o !*n@ of
!*emselves as -en+ some$*a! al@e. T*e mem-ers of !*ese +roups ma"
e7*-! smlar!es n !*er )*o)e of foo&( *ousn+( &resses( lan+ua+e(
an& o))upa!on( values( s)*ooln+ an& so)al -e*avour. T*ou+* !*e"
ma" *ave )ul!ural &fferen)es( su)* as -elon+n+ !o &fferen! e!*n)
+roups or rel+ous +roups( $*en !*e" mee!( !*e" *ave )ommon ma!!ers
!o &s)uss an& !*e" !en& !o feel a! ease $!* one ano!*er. Su)* +roups
)ons!!u!e a so)al )lass.
%*en one )ons&ers !*e &fferen)es n !*e so)al )lass an& mo!va!on !o
a)*eve( ! $ll e1uall" -e )ons&ere& !*a! smlar &fferen)es n
e&u)a!onal a!!anmen! mus! a-oun&. E&u)a!on s one of !*e man
means of ma!eral a!!anmen!. I! follo$s lo+)all" !*a! !*ose $*o *ave
*+* a!!anmen! $ll !en& !o pla)e *+* value on e&u)a!on. T*us $e
$oul& e7pe)! !*a! !*e a!!anmen! $!*n !*e m&&le )lass $oul& re+ar&
e&u)a!on as v!al !o !s $elfare. Smlarl"( $e $oul& e7pe)! !*a! !*e
lo$er )lass $oul& see a less v!al rela!ons*p -e!$een e&u)a!on an& !s
$elfare. Generall" spea@n+( !*s a))ura!el" &es)r-es m&&le an& lo$er
)lass e&u)a!onal a!!anmen! ul!ma!el" as ou!.varan)e n !*e s)*ool
s"s!em an& n pursuan)e of e&u)a!onal +oal( so)al )lass +roupn+ are
)ru)al !o e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!. E&u)a!on )anno! -e pa!ronBe&
$!*ou! a&e1ua!e prepara!on an& provson for !*e for!une !o -e
n)urre& n !*e fulfllmen! of !*e fnan)al respons-l!es n e&u)a!on(
so)al )lass( asso)a!on or +roupn+ *as serous $e+*! or value. T*ose
n !*e *+* an& m&&le so)al )lass *ave !*e ne)essar" fa)l!es !o a!!an
!*e re1ure& *e+*! $!*ou! mu)* *n&ran)e an& mpe&men! $*le !*ose
n !*e lo$ )lass $*o are pro-a-l" pover!" r&&en fn& ! &ff)ul! !o )ope
$!* !*e re1uremen!s an& &eman& of e&u)a!on as su)* ma" fal !o
realBe !*er &reams of e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!.
9'2 Soci#l cl#%% #nd t1" Nig"ri#n Elit"
T*e &ea of so)al )lass s rela!vel" a smple one. T*ere are man"
)ommon for)es nfluen)n+ !*e -e*avour of all $*o fll !*e same so)al
pos!on n an" so)e!". A ra!*er e7!reme e7ample s !*e N+eran El!e.
So smlar s !*e lves of !*e N+eran El!e !*rou+*ou! !*e )oun!r" !*a!
3>
!*e" are pro-a-l" more l@e ea)* o!*er re+ar&less of !*er pla)e of -r!*
or pos!on !*e" o))up". El!e mem-ers*p s rela!e& !o e&u)a!onal
a)*evemen!. T*e N+eran el!es are re+ar&e& as !*ose $*o are
s)*oole& mos! espe)all" !*ose $*o are unvers!" +ra&ua!es an& people
$!* *+*er &e+rees o))up"n+ so)al pos!ons n !*e so)e!" as
pol!)ans( le)!urers( opnon lea&ers( 'ournals!s( p*"s)ans(
+overnmen! fun)!onares an& so for!*.
T*e same pro)ess !*a! pla)es a s!u&en! n!o a )er!an @n& of 'o- also
ass+ns *m or *er so)al s!a!us n so)e!". For man" people e&u)a!on
means el!sm an& up$ar& movemen! on !*e so)al la&&er. E&u)a!on *as
-o!* a pra)!)al an& s"m-ol) value. People use $*a! !*e" *ave learne&
!o a)*eve )er!an +oals. For e7ample( someone $*o s a&m!!e& n!o a
me&)al s)*ool an& -e)omes a p*"s)an -enef!s from !*e pra)!)al
aspe)!s of e&u)a!on $*)* ma@e *m *o$ !o -e)ome el!e -e)ause !*e
&e+ree !self s a $or@ of pres!+e. T*e fa)! s !*a! !*e me&)al &e+ree
also serves as a s"m-ol of so)al s!a!us refle)!n+ a s"m-ol) aspe)! of
e&u)a!on.
Ano!*er !"p)al e7ample s a unvers!" professor( $*o *ol&s a ra!*er
*+* s!a!us n !*e N+eran so)e!" as a *+* level )lass personal!" as
else$*ere. /oreover( $!*n !*e fa)ul!" of a +ven unvers!"( a s!a!us
n s"s!em e7s!s( -ase& on !*e ran@s an& senor!" of ea)* professor.
T"p)all"( !*e senor full professor $ll -e a! !*e *+*es! pon! an& frs!
"ears ns!ru)!or $ll o))up" lo$es! pos!on. T*e s!a!us of !*e professor
$ll usuall" &)!a!e !*e role !*a! *e or s*e s e7pe)!e& !o pla". For
e7ample( !*e professor s e7pe)!e& !o assume a lea&ers*p role $!*n !*e
fa)ul!"( *ave an ou!s!an&n+ re)or& of pu-ls*e& $or@s an& en'o" a fner
repu!a!on $!* !*e s!u&en!s as a lea&er an& e&u)a!ons!. T*e ns!ru)!or
mus! prove $or!*" of )on!nuan)e( s*o$ reveren)es !o !*e senor fa)ul!"
mem-ers an& a!!emp! !o &evelop a repu!a!on amon+ )ollea+ues n *s or
*er o$n fel&.
N+eran el!es are !*ose $*o o))up" lea&ers*p pos!ons $!* !*er
e&u)a!onal a)*evemen!s $*)* ma@e !*em !o )omman& respe)! from
!*e ll!era!es an& people n !*e lo$er so)al )lass. T*e e7posure of !*e
el!es &fferen!a!es !*em from !*e +noran! an& prm!ve senses of !*e
so)e!" $*o loo@ on !o !*e el!es !o pla" lea&ers*p role !o !*er
a&van!a+e.
9'9 Soci#l Str#ti!ic#tion #nd It% Soci#l I&+lic#tion% in
Nig"ri#
So)al S!ra!f)a!on *as some so)al mpl)a!on an& one of !*e
)onse1uen)es s !*e amour an& @n& of a!!en!on one re)eves. T*e flo$
3<
of )ommun)a!on s !o$ar&s !*e lea&er an& o!*er persons $!*
nfluen)e. T*e *+*er !*e )lass of an n&v&ual !*e more l@el" *e s !o
re)eve a!!en!on from o!*ers. T*e" )ommun)a!e manl" $!* persons
on !*e same or )losel" rela!e& )lass levels. T*e more nearl" e1ual !*e
s!a!us of !$o n&v&uals !*e more l@el" !*e" are !o )ommun)a!e $!*
ea)* o!*er. T*ose n superor pos!on an& !*ose n nferor pos!on !en&
!o s*o$ &fferen)e( -" "el&n+ !o !*e $s*es( opnon or 'u&+men! of !*e
superor or -" )our!eous or o-esan! +es!ure l@e !*e -o$ or !*e salu!e of
H;AN#ADEDE SI;I or IOLOYEI or HIG%EI. T*e effe)! of superor
pos!on( po$er an& e&u)a!on !o +ve !*e superor )lass s an
e7a++era!e& no!on of !*er o$n mpor!an)e. %*le !*e )onverse lea&s
!o an e7a++era!e& self a-asemen! on !*e par! of !*e nferor )lasses.
%e )an also )ons&er !*e )*an)es of !*e lo$er )lass o-!ann+ 'us!)e n
!*e )our!s. /u)* s ma&e of e1ual!" of !*e la$ n our )ul!ure( !*a! s
la$ *as no respe)! for an"-o&"( -u! su)* e1ual!" e7s!s n prn)ple
ra!*er !*an n fa)! or pra)!)e. Sn)e ! )os!s mone" !o as@ for 'us!)e(
!*e poor are less l@el" !o see@ re&ress for $ron+s( even f an offen)e *as
-een )omm!!e& a+ans! *m. If )*ar+e& $!* a )rmnal offen)e( a poor
man s un&er a su-s!an!al *an&)ap e7)ep! n e7!reme )ase l@e mur&er(
!*e r)* man so )*ar+e& $ll -e summone&( an& !*en release& on -al.
T*e poor man s l@el" !o -e arres!e& an& n &efaul! of !*e -al *e ma" -e
remn&e& n 'al( $*)* s no! !*e -es! pla)e !o -ul& up a &efense a+ans!
!*e )*ar+es. T*s ma" -e some$*a! &fferen! *o$ever n !*e presen!
N+era $*ere-" no!a-le pol!)ans an& pu-l) off)e *ol&ers are -en+
&e!ane& or )onv)!e& -" E)onom) Fnan)al Crme Commsson
CEFCCD for fnan)al msmana+emen! of pu-l) fun&s an& &verson of
pu-l) fun&s n!o personal fore+n a))oun!. T*s s a $el)ome
&evelopmen! !o !*e realBa!on of 'us!)e n N+era.
People are -e)omn+ e7!remel" a$are of !*e so)al ne1ual!es n
N+era an& !*s *as -een )ausn+ a lo! of so)al malpra)!)es. /an"
&sllusone& mem-ers of !*e so)e!" ar+ue n !*er mn& !*a! sn)e ! s
-en+ prea)*e& n N+era !*a! $e *ave e1ual r+*! an& !*a! all anmals
are e1ual( $*" s*oul& some anmals -e more e1ual !*an !*e o!*ersL In
N+era man" )!Bens )an no! ma@e !$o en&s !o mee! $*le some -a!*
n em-arrassn+ affluen)e( r&n+ !*e mos! e7pensve )ars n !*e $orl&(
*avn+ -usness n )*ans an& possessn+ !*e mos! -eau!f" mansons(
usuall" referre& !o as pala)e. I! loo@s as f lfe s en&less !o some people
$*le some peopleGs fron! an& -a)@ loo@ &ar@( full of suffern+ an&
*opelessness. Some of !*ose $*o )an no! s!an& !*e s!orm even!uall"
)omm! su)&e or en+a+e n )rmnal!" $*)* ma" even!uall" sen&
!*em !o 'al. T*e *ope of )ommon man or a person n lo$ so)al
e)onom) s!a!us or )lass s n 'eopar&" n so)e!" $*ere !*ere s a $&e
+ap -e!$een !*e *+* )lass n&v&uals an& !*e &o$n!ro&&en. T*s s
80
-e)ause !*ose n !*e *+* )lass s!r)!l" a&*ere !o !( $!* -e!!er fu!ure
prospe)! for !*er )*l&ren( !*rou+* -e!!er e&u)a!on an& promse of
*er!a+e. T*e )onverse appears !o -e !*e )ase for !*e people n !*e lo$er
)lass $*ose fu!ure s ver" -lea@ an& $*ose )*l&ren are l@el" !o *ave a
some$*a! $orse e7peren)e !*an !*e presen! +enera!on of !*er paren!s.
T*e +ap -e!$een !*e people n !*e *+* )lass an& lo$ )lass )an -e
re&u)e& !*rou+* e1ual e&u)a!onal oppor!un!es for -o!* )lasses(
provson of so)al amen!es a))ura!el" an& a&e1ua!el"( emplo"men!
oppor!un!" )rea!on( +ran!n+ of loans $!* less s!rn+en! measures an&
so for!*.
6'0 CONCLUSION
In !*s un! so)al )lass an& e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!( so)al )lass an&
N+era el!es an& so)al s!ra!f)a!on an& so)al mpl)a!on $ere
&s)usse&. T*s un! s an e7!enson of so)al s!ra!f)a!on -u! ma'orl"
fo)uses on so)al )lass or s!a!uses n !*e so)e!". I! &s)usse& !*e
n!errela!e&ness -e!$een so)al )lass an& e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!. So)al
)lass mo!va!on s )ons&ere& !o -e smlar !o e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!.
T*s s -e)ause !*ose $!* *+* a!!anmen! $ll !en& !o pla)e *+* value
on e&u)a!on $*le !*ose n lo$l" so)al )lass *ave un$lln+ &rve for
e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!. So)al )lass an& !*e N+eran El!e9 T*ose $*o
o))up" *+* so)al )lass as a)a&em)s an& l!era!e professonals are
re+ar&e& as N+eran el!e $*o are e7pe)!e& !o pla)e appre)a!ve value
!o e&u)a!on of !*er )*l&ren. T*ose $*o o))up" *+*er so)al )lass are
l@el" !o re)eve a!!en!on from o!*ers -e)ause of !*e -enef!s !*e" are
l@el" !o +e! from !*em.
<'0 SU22ARY
In !*s un! emp*ass s pla)e& on so)al )lass an& e&u)a!onal
a!!anmen!( so)al )lass an& N+eran el!es an& so)al )lass an& so)al
mpl)a!on. So)al )lass $as )learl" presen!e& as !*e *erar)*)al
&vson of !*e so)e!" n!o !*ree namel" lo$er( m&&le an& upper an&
!*a! !*e )lass one o))upes n !*e so)al s!ra!a $ll &e!ermne an
n&v&ual e&u)a!onal a!!anmen!. T*e re)o+n!on an n&v&ual s
a))or&e& n !*e so)e!" s &e!ermne& -" *s4*er so)al pos!on. 0uman
-en+s na!urall" l@e !o asso)a!e $!* su))ess an& up$ar& mo-l!"
-e)ause of !*e oppor!un!es an& )omfor!s a))rua-le from !*e upper
)lass s so)al mpl)a!on for so)al )lass.
82
CaD Ls! an& e7plan !*ree a+en!s of so)al s!ra!f)a!on.
C-D %!* spe)f) referen)e !o N+era )on!e7!( e7press "our ve$s
a-ou! !*e )a!e+ores of so)al )lass n !*e so)e!".
Daramola( C.O. C2<<3D9 Introduction to the Sociology of Education.
La+os9 ;a"!al Commun)a!ons Lm!e&.
Gol&!*orpe( M.0.( Lo)@$oo&( D.( 6e)**efer( F an& Pla!!( M. C2<5=D
Affluen! %or@er an& !*e T*ess of Em-our+eosemen!. Some
Preliminary Research Findings, Sociology, ,ol. 2( No. 2 pp
22.A2.
Ello!!(F. C2<5<D9 A Dictionary of Politics. 5
!*
e&!on.
Yel"u!n( ,. C2<5>D9 Higher Education in the U.S.S.R. Mosco! Novos!
Press A+en)" Pu-ls*n+ 0ouse pp. < .20.
82
UNIT 2 EDUCATION AND SOCIAL VALUES
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 E&u)a!on an& /oral ,alues
A.2 T*e 0ome an& /oral ,alues
A.A T*e S)*ool an& /oral ,alues
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! s &es+ne& !o a)1uan! "ou $!* !*e -as) @no$le&+e a-ou! !*e
*ome an& so)al values. I! n)lu&es salen! areas su)* as s)*ool an&
moral values( rel+on an& moral values( !ra&!on an& moral values su)*
!*a! "ou un&ers!an& !*e meann+ of moral value( an& !*e areas of
)overa+e n !*e s)*ool rel+ous *ouse( *ome an& !*e !ra&!ons n !*e
so)e!".
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e Un! "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD I&en!f" !*e role of !*e *ome n !*e n)ul)a!on of moral values !o
)*l&ren
C-D Ls! !*e )omplmen!ar" roles of !*e s)*ool n ns!lln+ moral
values !o -e learne&
C)D S!a!e !*e effor!s of rel+ous *ouses n !*e !ea)*n+ of moral
values !o *er )on+re+a!on
C&D Compare an& )on!ras! !*e pos!on of *ome( rel+on( s)*ool an&
!ra&!on n moral values !ransmsson n !*e so)e!".
8A
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Educ#tion #nd Soci#l V#lu"%
So)al lvn+ s sa!ura!e& $!* moral evalua!ons $*)* s*o$ !*a! no
moral lvn+ !a@es pla)es n a va)uum. I! s mposs-le !o &ra$ an"
lm!s !o !. /oral values are moral e7*-!ons !*a! are a))ep!a-le(
)*ers*e&( appre)a!e& an& apprase& -" !*e mem-ers of an" +ven
so)e!". T*ese values are n !*e +roup of love s*arn+( *ones!" &spla"(
pa!ro!sm( lo"al!"( !ru!*fulness an& so for!*. T*ese values en*an)e
pea)eful )o.e7s!en)e n an" +ven so)e!". I! also -rn+s a-ou!
pro+ress( +ro$!* an& &evelopmen! -e)ause !*e e7s!n+ resour)es s!an&
!*e )*an)e of -en+ &s!r-u!e& e1u!a-l" an& farl". In an" )oun!r"
!*ere are v)es $!*n !*e so)e!" !*a! are a+ans! !*e moral values.
Some of !*ese v)es are )orrup!on( arme& ro--er"( s!ealn+( rapn+(
)ul!sm( e7amna!on malpra)!)es( ro!n+( assassna!on( !ou!n+(
!*u++er" an& so for!* $*)* a!!ra)! serous san)!ons n !*e la$ )our!.
I! s a serous ms+vn+ !o !*n@ !*a! moral e&u)a!on s lm!e& !o !*e
area of se7ual rela!ons*ps. /oral!" s of )ourse )on)erne& $!* all
rela!ons*ps -e!$een persons n *uman so)e!" an& ! s !*e $&e moral
)onfuson of our !mes !*a! arouses )on)ern. T*e &ea of !"n+ moral
e&u)a!on !o rel+ous &o)!rnes an& !ea)*n+s s +rossl" na&e1ua!e
-e)ause of !*e plural!" of &eas an& )o&es. /oral e&u)a!on nee& !o
em-ra)e !*e so)e!al values an& vr!ues $*)* are roo!e& n )ul!ure.
T*s s -e)ause !*ere are vara!ons n )ul!ural or+n. %*a! s
a))ep!a-le n some )ul!ural se!!n+ are un&er 1ues!onn+ n o!*er pla)es.
In e7amnn+ moral!" !*e non ma!eral aspe)! of )ul!ure nee& !o -e
emp*asBe& $*)* s roo!e& n a!!!u&nal values. Un&er unversal
p*enomenon ne+a!ve a!!!u&es( )*ara)!ers an& -e*avours are
)on&emne& n !*e *ome( s)*ool an& rel+ous *ouses. T*ese are
e7pe)!e& !o -e !*e )on)ern of moral e&u)a!on n s)*ools. ,alues l@e
*ones!"( lo"al!"( pa!ro!sm( fa!*fulness( o-e&en)e( respe)!(
!ru!*fulness( love( un!"( )oopera!on an& so on nee& !o -e properl"
!au+*! an& s!resse& n !*e s)*ool. In !*e )on!rar"( pupls nee& !o -e
!au+*! !o a-s!an n !o!al!" from pros!!u!on( rapn+( *omose7ual(
les-ansm( s!ealn+( *a!re&( $)@e&ness( )orrup!on( &ru+ a&&)!on(
al)o*olsm( smo@n+ an& so for!*. T*e aforemen!one& aspe)! of
moral!" nee& !o )ons!!u!e )ru)al aspe)! of -o&" of @no$le&+e !o -e
!au+*! a! !*e prmar"( se)on&ar" an& !er!ar" levels n all )ourses.
T*s arran+emen! $ll -rn+ !o+e!*er values !*a! are -" na!ure a-s!ra)!(
+eneral an& a)!ons !*a! are -" na!ure )on)re!e an& spe)f). In&ee&
moral values *ave no meann+ or relevan)e e7)ep! n !erms of real lfe.
I! s af!er all !*rou+* a)!ual )on&u)! !*a! moral )*ara)!er s &evelope&.
83
0e!eronom" la"s &o$n +eneral prn)ples of )on&u)! !o -e apple&
&e&u)!vel". I! s onl" !*rou+* e7peren)e of real an& relevan! s!ua!ons
!*a! )*l&ren )an leave !*er appl)a!on. T*e n&u)!ve pro)ess s of
+rea!er value( for ! s!ar!s $!* e7peren)e an& from anal"ss of spe)f)
moral a)!ons -ul&s up +eneral prn)ples. 6o!* pro)esses are nvolve&
n !*e )*l&Gs moral e&u)a!on( ea)* )an renfor)e !*e o!*er. T*e sour)es
of su)* moral s!ua!ons are man" an& vare&( ran+n+ far -e"on& real
lfe an& a)!ual e7peren)es. Fol@lores an& le+en&( fa-le an& prover-(
para-le an& alle+or"( &rama an& role pla"n+( flm an& flms.s!rp(
ne$spaper an& ma+aBne( !elevson an& a&ver!sn+ all ma" -e use& as
ve*)les for moral learnn+. T*er purpose s !o -rn+ !o lfe a moral
s!ua!on !o provo@e &s)usson n !erms of mo!ves( a!!!u&es an& values(
an& ul!ma!el" !o lea& !o &e)son. T*e am of all su)* moral e&u)a!on
s no! smpl" !o enlar+e moral @no$le&+e. Cer!anl" ! see@s !o prov&e
pra)!)al e7peren)e of s!ua!on !*rou+* $*)* )*l&ren ma" learn !*e
-as) prn)ples an& values nvolve& n lvn+ !o+e!*er. I! s also
)on)erne& $!* ns+*!( ma+na!on( un&ers!an&n+( emo!on an& $!*
reasonn+. Su)* e7peren)e( moreover( nvolves !*e s*apn+ of a!!!u&es
an& !*e &evelopmen! of moral s@lls. I! s no! !*e reason alone !*a!
mo!va!es a)!on. /oral )on)ep!s nvolve -o!* reason an& emo!on an&
moral a!!!u&es are !*e e7presson of !*e self. T*e *ear! of moral!" s
)are an& )on)ern for o!*ers an& *en)e !*e -as) !*eme of all moral
e&u)a!on s self( o!*ers an& !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een self an& o!*ers.
9'2 T1" 3o&" #nd 2or#l V#lu"%
T*e +rea!es! nfluen)e upon !*e )*l&Gs moral &evelopmen! s !*e *ome.
I! s no! smpl" !*a! !*e )*l& spen&s far more of *s lfe a! *ome( s)*ool
or $!* fren&sJ !*e )*l& &en!fes mos!l" an& *as lon+ las!n+
rela!ons*ps $!* !*e *ome. T*e )*l& re)eves !*e +rea!es! an& mos!
nfluen!al par! of !*e *e!eronom" !*a! $ll s*ape *s moral &evelopmen!
a! *ome. Su)* &re)! moral e&u)a!on $ll -e -o!* s"s!ema!) an&
epso&). Some $ll form a )on!nuous an& &el-era!e pro)ess of
up-rn+n+( some $ll -e on.!*e.spo! n'un)!ons &o an& &onG!s. T*e
-roa& -u! v!al &fferen! -e!$een p*"s)al an& ps")*olo+)al &s)plne
mpose& -" paren!s resul!n+ respe)!vel" n an e7!ernal or n!ernal
moral )o&e.
6u! far more po$erful !*an &re)! an& e7pl)! moral +u&an)e are !*e
unspo@en assump!ons n !*e *ome. In !*e *ome )on)ep!s are forme&
an& no! !*e )on)ep! of persons alone. T*e ps")*olo+)al a!mosp*ere of
!*e *ome )ompoun&e& $!* personal rela!ons*ps $!*n !( s*ape
a!!!u&e !o$ar&s o!*ers. T*e prevaln+ moral values( refle)!n+ !*e
so)al e)onom) -a)@+roun& of !*e *ome $ll -e a-sor-e&. I! s !*e
faml" !*a! s*arpens personal!"( nfluen)es emo!onal &evelopmen! an&
88
pa!!ern of moral )on)ep!s. I! so)alBes !*e )*l&( !ransm!!n+ a&ul! role
-e*avour pa!!erns !*a! !*e )*l& frs! re.ena)!s n pla" an& !*en
ul!ma!el" repro&u)es n *mself. In pra)!)al( se7 roles are learn!( a -+
-o" &oes no! )r"( a +ro$n+ +rl &oes no! f+*! are e7amples. All !*ese
moral learnn+ are $!*n !*e )on!e7! of !*e faml" pa!!ern. T*e !"p)al
nu)lear faml" of !*e m&&le )lasses ma" &evelop a more reasone&
moral!"( -u! ! ma" also -rn+ !s o$n s!rans !*rou+* !*e n!ens!" of
lm!e& personal rela!ons*ps( a-ove all -e!$een mo!*er an& )*l&. T*e
lar+e faml" or even e7!en&e& faml"( more !"p)al of !*e $or@n+
)lasses ma" mpose a more p*"s)al &s)plne( -u! prov&e -roa&er
e7peren)e.
T*e *ome serves as !*e -e&ro)@ for all roun& &evelopmen! of a )*l& -u!
more mpor!an!l" !*e )ul!ural values of !*e lar+er so)e!" s !ransm!!e&
!o !*e )*l&. T*e )*l& s also ma&e !o @no$ !*e norms of !*e so)e!"
an& a! !*e same !me !*e san)!ons !*a! a))ompan" vola!ors. In !*e
*ome a )*l& s e7pe)!e& !o -e !au+*! some &evan! -e*avour n !*e
so)e!" l@e arme& ru--er"( &ru+ a&&)!on( al)o*olsm( e7amna!on
malpra)!)es( )ul!sm( rapn+ an& so for!*. T*s $ll ns!ll moral
&s)plne !o !*e )*l& $*en *e +e!s a)1uan!e& $!* !*ose )on)ep!s n
!*e s)*ool an& lar+er so)e!". T*e puns*men! an& pun!ve measures
a+ans! !*ose una))ep!a-le -e*avours nee& !o -e learn! -" !*e )*l& !o
ena-le *m &ess!.
9'9 T1" Sc1ool #nd 2or#l V#lu"%
In )omprsn+ !*e mmense moral nfluen)e of !*e *ome $!* !*e s)*ool(
!*e s)*ool ma" seem $ea@ n !*e !ransmsson of moral values !o !*e
)*l&. I! *as far less oppor!un!es !o nfluen)e !*e )*l& n !erms of !me(
popula!on approa)* an& respons-l!es. T*e values ! see@s !o !ransm!
ma" -e )on!ra&)!e& -" !*ose of !*e *ome. /oreover( !ea)*ers $!* a
-roa& m&&le )lass -a)@+roun& ma" -e see@n+ !o ns!ll a moral )o&e
alen !o $or@n+ )lass )*l&ren. 6u! !*e s)*ool )an prov&e un&er so)al
e7peren)e of a&ul! roles for )*l&ren from !*e lm!e& nu)lear faml"
an& oppor!un!" for fuller &evelopmen! of n&v&ual personal!" !o
)*l&ren from lar+e famles.
E7pl)! moral e&u)a!on ma" -e -o!* s"s!ema!) an& epso&) n !*e
s)*ool !oo. In !*e s)*ool assem-l"( !*ere s fre1uen! asser!on of moral
values $!*n !*e )on!e7! of a)!ual s!ua!ons arsn+ from s)*ool lfe. In
!*e )lassroom !*ere are fre1uen! on.!*e.spo! n'un)!ons !o n&v&uals.
T*e pla)e of su)* *e!eronom" n !*e s)*ool s )learl" ev&en)e& from
our responses( s!e& earler. I!s value les n !*e fa)! !*a! ! s +ven
$!*n )on)re!e s!ua!ons( no! n a-s!ra)! an& remo!e prn)ples. 6u! !*e
+ro$n+ +ulf !*a! $e fn& n our responses -e!$een )*l&ren an&
85
!ea)*ers ma" $ell -e a!!r-u!e& !o a *e!eronom" !*a! remans
au!*or!aran ra!*er !*an ame& a! &evelopn+ pro+ressve au!onom". I!
su++es!s !*e value of a &re)! normal e&u)a!on -ase& -roa&l" on
&s)usson !*a! ma@es reason for !*e moral ar-!er ra!*er !*an !*e
!ea)*er.
In&re)!l"( !*e n&v&ual !ea)*er mus! *ave mmense moral nfluen)e
l@e !*e paren!J *e )anno! *elp -u! serve as a mo&el an& e7ample. As !*e
Ne$son repor! )ommen!e&9 Tea)*ers )an onl" es)ape from nfluen)e
over !*e moral an& spr!ual &evelopmen! of !*er pupls -" )losn+ !*er
s)*ools. %*ere &en!f)a!on s ma&e $!* an a&mre& !ea)*er( ! )an -e
a po$erful nfluen)e for +oo&. 6u! all *s pupls are nfluen)e& -" *s
a!!!u&e !o n&v&uals( -" !*e s"s!em of 'us!)e !*a! *e mposes n !*e
)lassroom( $*e!*er reasone& purel" *e!eron"mous or smpl" mpulsve
-" *s farness or unfarness &spla"e& !o$ar&s mem-ers of !*e )lass( -"
!*e n!e+r!" or n&fferen)e of *s !ea)*n+ an& a-ove all -" !*e
rela!ons*p -e!$een *s professon an& *s pra)!)e. I! s moreover $ll.
n+* mposs-le for a !ea)*er no! !o n&re)!l" -e!ra" *s o$n values a!
!*e same !me or ano!*er n $*a!ever su-'e)! *e !ea)*es. 0s
presen!a!ons !oo )anno! -u! reveal $*e!*er )ons)ousl" or
un)ons)ousl" *s +oal( au!*or!aran a))ep!an)e of *s !ea)*n+ or
personal an& reasone& au!onom".
In&re)!l" !*e s)*ool )anno! e7er! s!ron+ moral nfluen)e -e)ause ea)*
s)*ool *as !s o$n e!*os or a!mosp*ere. I! s forme& -" rela!ons*p
$!* !*e s)*ool )ommun!"( !*e *ea& !ea)*er pla"n+ an nev!a-l"
lea&n+ par!. ;ela!ons*ps amon+ !*e s!aff -e!$een s!aff an& pupls an&
amon+ pupls !*emselves are all nvolve& for moral!" s )ompoun&e& of
su)* personal rela!ons*ps. A)& !es!s of su)* a moral e!*os are no!
*ar& !o see@( a!!!u&es of !ea)*er !o$ar&s pupls re+ar&n+ !*em as
*e!eron"mous su-'e)!s or as po!en!al au!onomous persons( a sense of
respons-l!" -" ol&er pupls for "oun+er pupls are pr&e -" all pupls
n !*e s)*ool( !s !ra&!on an& repu!a!on an& &e!ermna!on !o up*ol& !s
full name an& es!eem. An" amoun! of moral e7*or!a!on( $*e!*er n !*e
)on!e7! of s)*ool $ors*p or else$*ere( $ll -e of l!!le aval f !*e
moral e!*os of !*e s)*ool )on!ra&)! !.
Par! of !*e n&re)! nfluen)e $ll -e !*e s"s!em of s)*ool &s)plne.
T*e -roa& &s!n)!on s -e!$een a sa)re& -o&" of o-'e)!ve(
un)*an+ea-le rules( $!* )a!e+or)al penal!es for an" nfrn+emen! an&
a reasone& )o&e( seen !o -e reasona-le( !*a! !a@es a))oun! of persons(
mo!ves( rela!ons*ps an& personal!es. I! s !*e la!!er !*a! s n @eepn+
$!* !*e +oal of personal au!onom" or n!ernal moral!". T*e former *as
-" no$ famlar &efe)!s of en)oura+n+ an e7!ernal moral!" of
su-serven)e( *"po)rs" an& &e)e!. %*ere !s san)!on s p*"s)al
8=
puns*men!( !*ere are !$o fur!*er &efe)!s. No! onl" &oes su)*
puns*men! mean no!*n+( !*ere s no moral learnn+ n !erms of
&evelopn+ )ons)en)e. I! also &evelops !*e morall" )ru&e )on)ep! of
e7pra!on. T*e )rme *avn+ -een pa& for n pan( !*e sla!e s no!
)lean. No +ul! feeln+s are nvolve& no! $ll !*e" -e nvolve& s*oul&
!*e offen)e -e repea!e&. Ye!( as $e *ave ampl" seen ! s su)* +ul!
feeln+s !*a! are essen!al f !*e )*l& s !o &evelop self )on!rol an& an
au!onomous )ons)en)e a+ans! mmoral!".
6'0 CONCLUSION
T*e )on)luson of !*s un! s -ase& on !*e follo$n+9
2. E&u)a!on an& /oral ,alues9 E&u)a!on an& /oral ,alues are
lm!lessl" ln@e& !o+e!*er. T*e *ome( s)*ool an& rel+ous
*ouses are e7pe)!e& !o -e sour)es of moral e&u)a!on !o ever"
)*l& n !*e so)e!". T*e so)e!al values l@e *ones!"( pa!ro!sm(
lo"al!"( !ru!*fulness( love( s*arn+ an& so on are !o -e !au+*! -"
paren!s( !ea)*ers an& rel+ous lea&ers !o )*an+e !*e a!!!u&es of
!*e learners n or&er !o *ave a s!a-le so)e!". /oral values are
moral e7*-!ons !*a! are a))ep!a-le( )*ers*e& an& appre)a!e&
n an" +ven so)e!" for *er +ro$!* an& &evelopmen!.
2. 0ome an& /oral ,alues9 0ome s !*e +rea!es! nfluen)e upon !*e
)*l& moral &evelopmen!. In !*e *ome !*e prevaln+ moral
values are !au+*! an& a-sor-e& -" !*e )*l&ren for !*e e7*-!on
of a))ep!a-le -e*avour n !*e lar+er so)e!".
A. S)*ool an& /oral ,alues9 T*e s)*ool *as ! as par! of *er
respons-l!es !o !ransm! moral values -ase& on !*e *ome &eas.
In&re)!l"( !*e !ea)*er serves as a sour)e of moral values !*rou+*
!*e &emons!ra!on of pos!ve vr!ues for )*l&ren !o emula!e.
<'0 SU22ARY
In un! nne( !*e meann+ of moral values $as &s)usse& $!* e&u)a!on
an& moral values( !*e *ome an& moral values an& s)*ool an& moral
values $ere all e7amne&. /oral values $ere seen as !*e e7*-!on of
a))ep!a-le )*ers*e& an& appre)a!e& values !o -e !ransm!!e& n ever"
)*l& n or&er !o man!an a pea)eful so)e!". T*e *ome $as also seen as
!*e -e&ro)@ of moral values sn)e ! s !*e frs! )on!a)! of ever" )*l&.
T*e *ome s re+ar&e& as !*e foun&a!on !o &evelop an a))ep!a-le *uman
n !*e so)e!". T*e s)*ools )olla-ora!e an& suppor! !*e values !*a! *ave
-een !ransm!!e& from !*e *ome !*rou+* pra)!)al &emons!ra!on -"
+oo& vr!ues -" !*e !ea)*er.
8>
CaD Compare an& )on!ras! !*e fun)!ons of !*e *ome an& !*e s)*ool n
!*e !ransmsson of moral values !o a )*l&.
C-D ;el+ous *ouses are mu!uall" e7)lusve n !*e !ransmsson of
moral values. Ds)uss
C)D Enumera!e an& e7plan $*" !ransmsson of moral values s*oul&
no! -e @n+*!e& !o !ra&!on alone.
6ull( N.M. C2<=AD9 /oral E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!anJ ;e&$oo& Press
Lm!e& Trou-r&+e( %!!s*re
%*"!e( %.F. C2<88D9 S!ree! Corner So)e!". C*)a+o9 Unvers!" of
C*)a+o Press.
%lson( 0. C2<53D9 Deln1uen)" an& C*l& Ne+le)!. Lon&on9 Allen an&
Un$n Lm!e&.
Ya-lons@"( L. C2<5=D9 T*e ,olen! Gan+. German"9 Pen+un 6oo@s
Lm!e&.
8<
UNIT 9 3O2E AND SOCIAL VALUES
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 ;el+on an& /oral ,alues
A.2 Tra&!on an& /oral ,alues
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! s &es+ne& !o a)1uan! "ou $!* !*e -as) @no$le&+e a-ou! !*e
*ome an& so)al values. I! n)lu&e salen! areas su)* as s)*ool an&
moral values( rel+on an& moral values( !ra&!on an& moral values su)*
!*a! "ou un&ers!an& !*e meann+ of moral value( an& !*e areas of
)overa+e n !*e s)*ool rel+ous *ouse( *ome an& !*e !ra&!ons n !*e
so)e!".
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e Un! "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD I&en!f" !*e role of !*e *ome n !*e n)ul)a!on of moral values !o
)*l&ren
C-D Ls! !*e )omplmen!ar" roles of !*e s)*ool n ns!lln+ moral
values !o -e learne&
C)D S!a!e !*e effor!s of rel+ous *ouses n !*e !ea)*n+ of moral
values !o *er )on+re+a!on
C&D Compare an& )on!ras! !*e pos!on of *ome( rel+on( s)*ool an&
!ra&!on n moral values !ransmsson n !*e so)e!".
50
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 R"ligion #nd 2or#l V#lu"%
%*le mos! )*l&ren are e7pose& !o moral values n !*e *ome an&
s)*ool( 'us! a fe$ of !*e )*l&ren learn !*e nfluen)e of !*e rel+ous
*ouses on moral values as ! affe)! )*l&ren. T*e reason for !*e a-ove
asser!on s !*a! !*e num-er of )*l&ren $*o are e7pose& !o moral values
a! *ome an& s)*ool are far +rea!er n num-er !*an !*ose e7pose& n !*e
rel+ous *ousesJ no! ver" man" paren!s ma@e rel+ous *ouses $ors*p
man&a!or" for )*l&ren !o +e! !*em e7pose& !o moral values !*rou+* !*e
rel+ous *ouses. Some rel+ous *ouses *ave *e!eronom" as !*er
e7pl)! +oal. O!*ers am a! au!onom"( f s!ron+l" !n+e& $!* ne+a!ve
+ul! feeln+s. T*e &eal )ons)en)e s ne!*er a ru!*less !"ran! nor a
spneless sla)@er. L@e !*e &eal paren!( ! s al!rus!) n !s respe)! for
au!onom" of o!*ers ra!onal n !s openness !o reason an& )r!)sm an&
frm n !s )on!rol $*en personal n!e+r!" or so)al values are a! s!a@e
$*en ! s mo!va!e& -" !*e -as) rel+ous &eal of love( ! s pos!ve(
$arm n *uman s"mpa!*" an& +enerous n !s 'u&+men!.
T*e n&re)! nfluen)e of rel+ons as $e *ave seen s almos! &ff)ul! or
mposs-le !o &en!f". I! ma" $ell a-&e -" na!onal )ul!ure an&
permea!e !s ns!!u!on. I! ma" also -e &fferen!a!e& n !s re+onal
nfluen)e. I! ma" -e res&ual n paren!s as n a&oles)en!s( $*o *ave no
ou!$ar& rel+ous affla!ons. I! *as -een &en!fe& as a *e!eronom"
an& as par! of a famlar pa!!ern of lvn+. 6u! !*a! s -" no means !o sa"
!*a! !*e !ra&!onal feeln+ !*a! rel+on some*o$ promo!es so)al an&
n&v&ual moral!" s &ea&. %e fn& ! n -o!* a&ul!s an& a&oles)en!s. I!
*as ! pla)e( *o$ever( &efne& as one of !*e n&re)! moral nfluen)e
upon !*e )*l&.
Apar! from !*e reasons +ven a-ove on !*e lm!e& roles rel+ous *ouses
pla" n moral up-rn+n+ of )*l&ren. T*ere are ves!e& pror!es of
!*ese rel+ous *ousesJ some pla)e emp*ass on !*e &ressn+ pa!!erns of
!*er mem-ers( male Kfemale n!era)!ons an& rela!ons*p( prosper!" of
!*er mem-ers( pol!)s of rel+on( ra)e for e!ern!" or 'ourne" !o
*eaven( spr!ual pro!e)!on of !*er mem-ers( pla)emen! uplf! of !*er
mem-ers( soul $nnn+ for Go& an& f+*!n+ for Go& an& so for!*.
T*ese areas of pror!es ma@e !*e !ransmsson of moral values !o !*er
mem-ers almos! mposs-le. I! *as even a!!ane& an alarmn+ &menson
or ress!an)e of mem-ers n some of !*er rel+ous *ouses !o ls!en !o
ssues on moral!". Issues on moral!" are pla"e& lo$ n or&er no! !o
&s)oura+e mem-ers from a!!en&n+ rel+ous mee!n+s an& )all !o
$ors*p.
52
%*a! are !*e !ea)*n+s of "our rel+on( an& !ra&!on !o$ar&s moral!"L
ANS/ER TO SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE
You )an +ve "our o$n ans$ers.
9'2 Tr#dition #nd 2or#l V#lu"%
Dre)!( e7pl)! moral ns!ru)!on -" s!a@e *ol&ers n e&u)a!on *as -een
par! of our na!onal !ra&!on. Tra&!onall"( moral !ea)*n+ *as -een
+ven n !*e form of a-s!ra)! prn)ples. T*e" are nev!a-l"( +eneral
prn)ples pro*-!n+ v)es l@e l"n+( s!ealn+( &s*ones!"
unfa!*fulness( un!ru!*fulness an& so for!* an& !*e promo!on as $ell as
pro)lamn+ vr!ues l@e love( un!"( )oopera!on( lo"al!" an& so on. T*e
)*l&ren an& a&oles)en! &o no! *ave !*e )apa)!" of +raspn+ a-s!ra)!
&eas $*)* ma@es ! 1ues!ona-le effe)!ve approa)* !o moral
e&u)a!on. T*e ver" !erm Ha-s!ra)!I n&)a!es !*a! su)* prn)ples *ave
-een a-s!ra)!e& from !*e moral e7peren)es of man@n&. T*e" *ave
&erve& from )oun!less moral s!ua!ons an& so -e)ome !*e nu)leus or
moral $s&om. 6u! !*e n&v&ual s!ar!s $!* *s o$n e7peren)e $!*
spe)f) an& )on)re!e real s!ua!ons. Even f *e )an )ompre*en&
a-s!ra)! &eas *e s!ll *as !o appl" !*em !o )on)re!e s!ua!ons( e!*er -"
reasonn+ or -" a)!ual e7peren)e. H0ones!"I s a va+ue -lan@e!(
en!an+le& a-s!ra)!onJ an *ones! -o" s far more meann+ful. 6u! an
*ones! -o" $ll onl" -e re)o+nBe& !*rou+* *s a)!ons n a ran+e of
moral s!ua!on.
T*e o!*er approa)* !o !*e n)ul)a!on of moral values s !*e He&u)a!veI
me!*o&J *ere !*e vr!ue )lame& *as -een +enerall" su-s!an!a!e& -"
superna!ural au!*or!" an& !rans)en&en!al san)!ons. I!s appl)a!on *as
-een !o -e &e&u)e& from I. 6u! !*e n&v&ual $or@s from !*e o!*er en&.
0e learns from *s o$n e7peren)e an& -es! of all( $e *ave seen !*rou+*
!*e ps")*olo+)al &s)plne !*a! *as reasone& moral!" $!* *m( from
su)* e7peren)e man" )on)re!e s!ua!ons *e learn! from )on)ep!s an&
-ul& up +eneral prn)ples. T*s s !*e pro)ess of n&u)!on. T*e
prn)ple ma" -e la& &o$n( -u! ! $ll s!ll onl" -e)ome par! of *m
!*rou+* *s o$n e7peren)e.
%e ma" llus!ra!e !*e &e&u)!ve approa)* from !ra&!onal rel+ous
e&u)a!on. A passa+e s rea& from !*e 0ol" -oo@s an& e7poun&e&. T*e
a!!emp! s !*en ma&e( of!en n van !o appl" ! !o !*e )*l&Gs lfe !o&a".
0en)e( !*e rrelevan)e of so mu)* !ra&!onal 0ol" -oo@ !ea)*n+
+norn+ !*e v!al n!eres!s( )on)erns an& pro-lems of !*e )*l&.
52
In&u)!on s!ar!s $!* !*em( $or@s -a)@ !o !*e moral prn)ples -e*n&
!*em an& -rn+s n T*e 0ol" -oo@s as relevan! !o !*em. Ever" moral
pro-lem nvolves rela!ons*ps -e!$een persons an& personal
rela!ons*ps mus! ul!ma!el" nvolve )on)ep! of man. T*us !*e
n&u)!ve approa)*( $*en follo$e& !*orou+*l" lea&s -a)@ ul!ma!el" !o
rel+ous )on)ep!on. 6u! n )on!ras! $!* !*e &e&u)!ve approa)*( !
&oes so n a relevan! an& meann+ful $a".
In !ra&!onal moral e&u)a!on( !*e )*l& *as -een lar+el" passveJ ! *as
)onss!e& of !ea)*n+ -" !*e ns!ru)!or ra!*er !*an of learnn+ -" !*e
)*l&. I! *as -een )*ara)!ers!)all" au!*or!aran for -e*n& ! la&( no!
so mu)* !*e moral $s&om of man@n& as &vne au!*or!" an&
san)!ons. I! *as *a& !o -e a))ep!e& an& o-e"e& no! &s)usse& an&
reasone&. Su)* !ea)*n+ resul!s all !oo of!en n moral ver-alsms( a@n
!o rel+ous ver-alsm n !*e a))ep!an)e( !*a! s !o sa" of &efn!on !*a!
are merel" ver-al( !*a! *ave no )onne)!ons $!* e!*er reason or
meann+( T*e parro! repe!!on of moral ma7ms n rel+ous &o+mas s
a@n !o !*e re)!a!on of ma!*ema!)al !a-les. Su)* passve moral
!ea)*n+ )onss!e& of a! -es! e7amples from rel+ous *s!or".
/oreover( !ransfer of !rann+ $as !a@en for +ran!e& n !*e !ea)*n+
pro)ess. I! $as assume& !*a! $*a! *appene& n !*e an)en! rel+ous
!me s*oul& -e o-!ana-le no$. T*e real!" s !*a! su)* a )onne)!on
)oul& onl" -e -ul! +enunel" -" ma@n+ parallels -e!$een !*e !$o
)on)re!e s!ua!ons rela!e& !o !*e )*l&Gs o$n e7peren)e.
Su)* !ra&!onal an)en! !ea)*n+ n a))or&an)e $!* rel+ous *s!or"
)an onl" ma@e mnmal appeal !o !*e mn& -e)ause $*a! $as o-!ana-le
!*en s no! $*a! s o-!ana-le no$. T*e am s !o ns!ll an au!*or!aran
ra!*er !*an a reasone& moral!". In !*e ne+a!ve !erms an au!*or!aran
!ra&!on s -" !s ver" na!ure *e!eron"mous an& *e!eronom" !en&s !o -e
)*ara)!ers!)all" ne+a!ve. I! s pre&omnan!l" )on)erne& $!* ne+a!ve
re+ula!ons( ra!*er !*an pos!ve prn)ples !*a! s*oul& a)!va!e +oo&
moral -e*avour. P*"s)al &s)plne s !*erefore !"p)al of su)* a
!ea)*n+ pro)ess. T*e +rea!es! $ea@ness of !ra&!onal moral !ea)*n+
$*)* *as -een !s !o!al &sre+ar& !o !*e )ru7 of !*e ma!!er s !*e
)onfl)! of values n )on)re!e moral s!ua!on. T*e po$erlessness of
)ons)en)e( n su)* a s!ua!on( s ampl" -e!ra"e& -" !*e )r" of H$*a!
s*all I &oI. 6ln& a&*eren)e !o an" one value s !o!all" na&e1ua!e for
moral lvn+ an& *en)e !*e $ea@ness of -lan@e! prn)ples. T*e" )anno!
-e follo$e& un!*n@a-l"( for n !*e )omple7 s!ua!ons of lfe !*e" of!en
)onfl)!. In&ee& su)* a&*eren)e !o a sn+le value s morall" as $ell as
ra!onall" na&e1ua!e for ! +nores all !*e o!*er values !*a! ma" no! -e
onl" relevan! !o !*e s!ua!on -u! a)!uall" re1ure& -" *e *+*er moral
'u&+emen! of )on)ern for o!*ers.
5A
0en)e( !*e nee& for a moral e&u)a!on !*a! +ves e7peren)e of $e+*n+
values a+ans! ea)* o!*er n )on)re!e s!ua!ons !*an !*rou+* reasonn+
&evelops )r!)al 'u&+emen! ra!*er !*an -ln& a&*eren)e !o a moral )o&e
!*a! &evelops -o!* moral &s)rmna!on an& fle7-l!" $*)* are !*e
*allmar@ of moral ma!ur!".
6'0 CONCLUSION
In un! !en rel+on an& moral values as $ell as !ra&!on an& moral
values $ere &s)usse&. I! $as o-serve& !*a! 'us! a fe$ of s*e )*l&ren
learn !*e nfluen)e of rel+ous *ouses on moral values as ! affe)!
)*l&ren -e)ause no! ver" man" of !*em a!!en& rel+ous *ouses $*ere
!*e" are e7pe)!e& !o -e !au+*! moral values. I! s also !rue !*a! some
rel+ous lea&ers &evo!e mu)* !me !o !ea)* ssues !*a! *ave no &re)!
-earn+ $!* moral values $*)* )an )*an+e !*e -e*avour of !*e
)*l&ren pos!vel". Tra&!onall"( !*e so)e!" fro$ns a! l"n+( s!ealn+(
&s*ones!"( unfa!*fulness an& so for!* -e)ause !*e" are all v)es $*)*
run )on!rar" !o !*e moral values of !*e so)e!". T*e an)en! !ea)*n+
a&op!s au!*or!aran approa)* !o !ea)* moral!" $*)* a !me s
)*ara)!erBe& $!* ne+a!ve re+ula!ons -u! moral values s *el& a! *+*
es!eem.
<'0 SU22ARY
In !*s un! moral!" s &s)usse& alon+ s&e $!* rel+ons an& !ra&!on.
;el+ons *ave !*e po!en!al!" of ns!lln+ moral values !*rou+* !*e
)omponen!s n !*e $r!!en l!ur+es -u! !*e !ransmsson s faul!". In
mos! rel+ous *ouses a!!en!on s no! pa& !o aspe)!s n !*e 0ol" 6oo@s
!*a! )an n)ul)a!e moral values n!o an n&v&ual. Ins!ea& ssues !*a!
are personal an& !*ose of e)onom) values are -en+ &s)usse&. In ever"
so)e!"( !ra&!ons *ave serous nfluen)e on !*e moral values -u!
no$a&a"s !*e" are re+ar&e& as ol& &eas $!* less relevan)e !o
)on!emporar" s!ua!ons.
CaD Compare an& )on!ras! !*e fun)!ons of !*e *ome an& !*e s)*ool n
!*e !ransmsson of moral values !o a )*l&.
C-D ;el+ous *ouses are mu!uall" e7)lusve n !*e !ransmsson of
moral values. Ds)uss
C)D Enumera!e an& e7plan $*" !ransmsson of moral values s*oul&
no! -e @n+*!e& !o !ra&!on alone.
53
6ull( N.M. C2<=AD /oral E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!anJ ;e&$oo& Press
Lm!e& Trou-r&+e( %!!s*re
%*"!e( %.F. C2<88D S!ree! Corner So)e!". C*)a+o9 Unvers!" of
C*)a+o Press.
%lson( 0. C2<53D Deln1uen)" an& C*l& Ne+le)!. Lon&on9 Allen an&
Un$n Lm!e&.
Ya-lons@"( L. C2<5=D T*e ,olen! Gan+. German"9 Pen+un 6oo@s
Lm!e&.
58
UNIT 6 SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
CONTENTS

2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 So)al Fun)!on of E&u)a!on
A.2 E)onom) Fun)!on of E&u)a!on
A.A T*e Pol!)al Fun)!on of E&u)a!on
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! e7poses "ou !o so)al fun)!ons of e&u)a!on )overn+
e)onom) fun)!ons( pol!)al fun)!ons( s!a-l!" an& )*an+e( e&u)a!on
an& )ul!ural )*an+e. T*e un! s!an&s !o a)1uan! "ou $!* !*e -as)
@no$le&+e on !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een pol!)s( e)onom" an& )ul!ure.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD Ls! !*e e)onom) fun)!ons of e&u)a!on.
C-D I&en!f" !*e pol!)al fun)!ons of e&u)a!on
C)D E7plan !*e )on)ep!s of s!a-l!" an& )*an+e
C&D S!a!e !*e roles of e&u)a!on n *uman l-era!on
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Soci#l Function% o! Educ#tion
I! ma" -e foun& !*a! !*e $a" n $*)* e&u)a!on s or+anBe& s no!
mee!n+ !*e ams ass+ne& !o !. T*e so)olo+)al !erm use& !o &es)r-e
!*s s!a!e( s &"sfun)!on an& )omes -" analo+" from !*e fel& of
me&)ne. Mus! as llness -rn+s &"sfun)!on !o !*e -o&"( so !*ere ma" -e
&"sfun)!on n !*e so)al s"s!em. Fur!*ermore( !*s elemen! of
&"sfun)!on ma" -e e!*er la!en! or manfes!.
%*en $e loo@ for !*e fun)!ons of an" so)al ns!!u!on( $e !en& !o
fo)us on !*e $a" n $*)* !*er ns!!u!on *elps n !*e res! of !*e so)al
55
s"s!em a! one momen!. T*e p)!ure s s!a!)( -u! $e @no$ !*a! so)e!" s
n flu7. Ins!!u!on on)e es!a-ls*e& -e+ns !o *ave lves an& !o )rea!e
values of !*er o$n. In )onse1uen)e $e mus! remem-er !*a! $e are
e7amnn+ a s"s!em prone !o )*an+e. E1ul-rum s rare( !ensons are
)ommon. Of!en !*ere s a -alan)e -e!$een !*e )onse1uen)es of
)on!emporar" so)al or+anBa!on.
In some $a"s ! s fun)!onal an& n o!*ers ! s &"sfun)!onal $*ere(
*o$ever( !*ere s no -alan)e( a pol!)al &e)son ma" -e ne)essar" !o
rearran+e !*e ns!!u!on so as !o mee! !*e na!onGs presen! ams.
I! s )onvenen! !o )ons&er !*e so)al fun)!on of e&u)a!on un&er fve
*ea&n+s.
4' T1" tr#n%&i%%ion o! t1" cultur" o! t1" %oci"t( *ere !*e nee& s
-as)all" !*e )onserva!ve $a" of passn+ on !*e man pa!!ern of
so)e!" !*rou+* s)*ools.
2' T1" +ro*i%ion o! inno*#tion%( someone mus! n!a!e !*e so)al
)*an+e !*a! s ne)essar" for a so)e!" !o survve un&er mo&ern
)on&!ons su)* )*an+e ma" -e( for e7ample( !e)*n)al( pol!)al
or ar!s!).
9' T1" +olitic#l !unction( !*s ma" -e loo@e& a! n !$o $a"s. T*ere
s frs!( !*e nee& !o prov&e pol!)al lea&ers a! all levels of
&emo)ra!) so)e!" an& se)on&( !*ere s !*e &eman& !*a!
e&u)a!on s*oul& *elp !o preserve !*e presen! s"s!em of
+overnmen! -" ensurn+ lo"al!" !o !.
6' T1" !unction o! %oci#l %"l"ction( !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em s
)en!ral !o !*e pro)ess -" $*)* !*e more a-le are sor!e& ou! of !*e
popula!on as a $*ole.
<' T1" "cono&ic !unction( *ere !*e nee& s !*a! all levels or !*e
la-our for)e s*oul& -e prov&e& $!* !*e 1uan!!" an& 1ual!" of
e&u)a!e& manpo$er re1ure& un&er !*e )urren! !e)*n)al
)on&!on.
T*ere are man" fun)!ons !emBe& a-ove -u! onl" !*e e)onom) an&
pol!)al aspe)!s s*all -e ela-ora!el" a&&resse& n !*s $or@ -e)ause of
!*e n!ma!e ln@ -e!$een !*em.
5=
9'2 Econo&ic Function o! Educ#tion
I! s per!nen! !o e7amne n some &e!al !*e $a" n $*)* !*e
e&u)a!onal s"s!em *elps !o man!an !*e e)onom". T*e e)onom)
fun)!on of !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em s !o prov&e !*e la-our for)e $!* !*e
manpo$er !*a! ma!)*es !*e nee& of !*e e)onom" an& !o +ve fu!ure
)onsumers !*e @no$le&+e !*a! $e re1ure. %e s*all pro)ee& -"
e7amnn+ frs! !*e 1ual!a!ve an& !*en !*e 1uan!!a!ve aspe)!s of !*s
pro-lem. Fuan!!" an& 1ual!" are no! n&epen&en! of ea)* o!*er sn)e
!*e 1ual!" or level of s@ll( of !*e -ul@ of !*e la-our for)e $ll -e of !*e
&e!ermnan! of !*e 1uan!!" of supervsor" role for ns!an)e( of !*e
foreman !*a! are ne)essar".
In e)onom) fun)!on( !*e e&u)a!on s"s!em *a& !o o-serve -o!*
1uan!!a!ve an& 1ual!a!ve )r!era. S)*ool n)ul)a!es &eals !*a! )an
*elp or *n&er !*e e)onom"( -u! !*e )urr)ulum -es! su!e& !o !*e rap&l"
au!onomous &evelopmen!s ra!*er !*an !o pol)" &e)sons. I! s none !*e
less !rue !*a! f &"sfun)!onal( !*ese !ensons mus! -e &s)overe& so !*a!
!*e" ma" -e resolve& n !*e l+*! of $*a! !*e )oun!r" $an!s as !s
e&u)a!onal am.
I! s apparen! !*a! !*ere ma" -e )onfl)! -e!$een !*e &eals nee&e& for a
smoo!*l" $or@n+ e)onom" an& !*ose n)ul)a!e& -" !*e e!*os n !*e
s)*ools. A lasser.fare e)onom" re1ures on !*e pro&u)!on s&e( a
pos!ve a!!!u&e !o$ar&s mone" ma@n+ an& H+e!!n+ onI an& on !*e
assump!on s&e( !*ere mus! -e an ea+erness !o H@eep up $!* !*e
MonesesI. T*ese a!!!u&es *ave no! -een +rea!l" favoure& -" !ea)*ers(
&ue !o au!onomous &evelopmen!s ra!*er !*an !o pol)" &e)sons.
I! s f!!n+ !o en& !*e fun)!onal anal"ss of !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em
)on!ane& n !*s par!( -" emp*asBn+ !*a! pol!)al &e)sons n pursu!
of am nvolvn+ one fun)!on !*a! e&u)a!on )an serve ma" lea& !o
&"sfun)!on n ano!*er sp*ere. T*s ma" *appen !or!uousl" f !*ere $as
nsuff)en! !*ou+*! -efore !*e pol!)al &e)son $as !a@en. T*e man
pol!)al am $as !*e provson of e1ual!" of e&u)a!onal oppor!un!"
an& !*e s!ress $as la& on !*e fun)!on of sele)!on. Un&ers!an&n+ !*s(
*elp !*e e)onom" -" &evelopn+ )apa-l!"( -u! ver" l!!le !*ou+*! *as
never -een +ven !o !*e $a" !*a! !*e 1ual!" of !*e lo$er levels of !*e
la-our for)e $ll -e al!ere&. Ye! n !*e e)onom)( fun)!on !*e
e&u)a!onal s"s!em s respons-le for !*e s)*ooln+ of all levels of !*e
la-our for)e.
Fun)!onal anal"ss of so)al ns!!u!ons )arre& ou! n an un-ase& $a"
as poss-le )an -rn+ su)* )onfl)!s !o l+*!. T*s )an -e &one for so)al
ns!!u!ons n !*er e7s!n+ forms( -u! ! )an also pre)e&e pol!)al
5>
&e)sons !o ol&er ns!!u!on. T*s s*oul& *elp !o preven! !*e )rea!on of
so)al ns!!u!on !*a! s s!ru)!ure& !o n)rease )onfl)!. Su)* an anal"ss
$ll also s*o$ $*ere )onfl)! ma" emer+e an& !*ere-" for)e a )lear
&e)son on pol!)al pror!es. T*e fun)!ons of e&u)a!on are )omple7
an& )losel" n!errela!e&. To )*an+e !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em se!s off a
res!ru)!urn+ of !*ese rela!ons*ps. T*e !ools nee&e& for !*e fun)!onal
anal"ss of !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em *ave -een prov&e& !o +ve a )learer
p)!ure of !*e pro-lem nvolve& n su)* pol!)al &e)son as !*e
reor+anBa!on of !*e se)on&ar" s)*ool s"s!em.
9'9 T1" Politic#l Function o! Educ#tion
T*e pol!)al fun)!on of e&u)a!onal s"s!em *as !$o !as@s. If !*e
pol!)al un! as ! s no$ )ons!!u!e& s !o survve( !*ere s a nee& !*a! all
!s mem-ers espe)all" !*e ne$ +enera!on )omn+ !o !*e a+e $*en !
)an e7er)se pol!)al po$er( s*all -e lo"al !o !*e assump!ons
un&erl"n+ !*e presen! s"s!em of +overnmen!. T*s )onsensus s of!en
!a@en for +ran!e& -u! one of !s man serv)es $*e!*er )ons)ousl"
pursue& or no!( la" $!*n !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em( se)on&l" !*ere s !*e
ne)ess!" !*a! !*e )oun!r" s*all -e le&. %*a!ever s !*e !"pe of
+overnmen! !*a! e7s!s n !*e )oun!r"( !s lea&ers mus! )ome from $!*n
! f ! s !o reman n&epen&en!. T*e s)*ools )an pla" a ma'or role n
-o!* !*e sele)!on an& !*e !rann+ of lea&ers.
%*en $e !al@ a-ou! lea&ers n a &emo)ra)"( !o $*om are $e referrn+L
%e )er!anl" n)lu&e pol!)al lea&ers su)* as mem-ers of !*e Ca-ne!.
%e s*oul& n)lu&e& mem-ers of parlamen! an& !*e more a)!ve
mem-ers of !*e Sena!e. T*e *+*er +ra&es of !*e Cvl Serv)e mus! -e
a&&e&( sn)e !*e" are par! of +overnn+ ma)*ner" of !*e )oun!r" an&
*ave )ons&era-le po$ers of !*er o$n. /en!on mus! -e ma&e of !*e
)oun!erpar!s of !*ese Na!onal lea&ers a! lo)al +overnmen! level( namel"
)oun)lors an& )*armen as $ell as !*e full !me off)ers su)* as !*e
&re)!or of e&u)a!on( $*o )arr" ou! !*e pol)" &e!ermne& -" our
&emo)ra!)all" ele)!e& represen!a!ve on !*e lo)al )oun)ls. I! $ll -e
no!)e& !*a! e)onom) lea&ers *ave no! -een men!one& -u! !*e" are par!
of pol!)al lea&ers.
A! ever" level of lea&ers*p n!ell+en)e seems ne)essar". An"
e&u)a!onal s"s!em !*a! sele)!s -" n!ell+en)e $*e!*er -e!$een s)*ools
or $!*n !*em $ll nfluen)e !*e suppl" of lea&ers. En!r" !o !*e
+rammar s)*ool s lar+el" &e!ermne& -" measure& n!ell+en)e an&
!*erefore !*ese s)*ools are -oun& !o -e !*e man sour)e of lea&ers for
man" of !*e *+*er pos!ons of lea&ers*p n +overnmen!( n&us!r" an&
o!*er sp*eres. As lon+ as $e *ave a sele)!ve s"s!em of se)on&ar"
s)*ools( ! mus! -e arran+e& !o fn& !*e ma7mum num-er of n!ell+en!
5<
)*l&ren $*o ma" -e)ome lea&ers. 6u! lea&ers are also re1ure& n !*e
lo$er ran@ of !*e so)e!". In mo&ern se)on&ar" s)*ools a num-er of
)*l&ren usuall" of $or@n+ )lass or+ns( $*o lef! s)*ool a! !*e
mnmum s)*ool leavn+ a+e( && *ave !*e e7peren)e for $*a! ! $as
$or!* of flln+ pos!ons of lea&ers*p $*e!*er as prefe)!s or as off)ers
of s)*ool )lu-s. 0o$ever( ! $oul& seem !*a! n !*e )ompre*ensve
s)*ool su)* oppor!un!es ma" no$ -e rare( sn)e n a re)en! s!u&" of
one )ompre*ensve s)*ool 'us! un&er >0E of !*e prefe)!s )ome from
m&&le )lass *omes. T*erefore a!!en!on !o !*e e&u)a!on of lea&ers s
nee&e& n all no! merel" sele)!ve s)*ools.
T*e prefe)! s"s!em $as suppose&l" an a+en! n !rann+ lea&ers.
Or+nall"( as $e *ave anal"Be&( ! res!e& on &omna!on -" for)e -u! n
!s presen! less au!*or!aran form ! )an *ave a pla)e& n e&u)a!n+
lea&ers. C*l&ren $*o are prefe)!s *ave !*e )*an)e !o lea& o!*ers n all
!*e a)!v!es n a s)*ool. If man" a)!v!es n an" s)*ool )oul& -e
s"s!ema!)all" &v&e& an& )*l&ren +ven !*e )*an)e !o lea& n ea)*
sp*ere( far more )*l&ren !*an un&er !*e un!ar" prefe)! s"s!em $oul&
*ave !*e )*an)e of a)!n+ as lea&ers. T*s e7peren)e $oul& -e valua-le
onl" f !*e lessons learn! n !*e par!)ular s!ua!on a! s)*ool )oul& -e
!ransferre& !o s!ua!ons on leavn+ s)*ool. Transfer &epen&s upon
)ons)ous !*ou+*!. T*erefore !*e v!al lesson n all s)*ool lea&ers*p
s!ua!ons mus! -e pon!e& ou! !o !*e )*l&ren( namel" !*a! !*e
&epen&en)e of !*e le& s )ommon !o !*e role of all lea&ers.
O-vousl"( !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em *as !$o mpor!an! pas!s !o pla" from
a pol!)al pon! of ve$. I! mus! ensure !*a! !*e pol!)al lea&ers a! ea)*
level are follo$e& even -" !*ose n lo"al oppos!on. Demo)ra)" s a
s"s!em of +overnmen! !*a! &eman&s a far s!an&ar& of e&u)a!on !o
ensure !s )on!nuan)e. Se)on&l"( !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em mus! -e
or+anBe& so !*a! !*ose $!* !*e n!ell+en)e ne)essar" !o lea& a!
$*a!ever level or n $*a!ever sp*ere of !*e so)e!" )an *ave !*e )*an)e
!o &o so. T*ere are -as)all" !*e sele)!ve fun)!ons of e&u)a!on !o
$*)* $e no$ rel".
SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE'
%*a! are !*e so)al fun)!ons of E&u)a!onL
. T*e so)al fun)!ons of e&u)a!on are9
. T*e !ransmsson of !*e )ul!ure of !*e so)e!".
. T*e provson of nnova!ons.
=0
v. T*e pol!)al fun)!ons. T*e fun)!on of so)al sele)!on an& T*e
e)onom) fun)!ons.
6'0 CONCLUSION
6ase& on !*e &s)ussons n Un! eleven( !*e follo$n+ )on)lusons $ere
&ra$n.
2. E&u)a!on l@e o!*er so)al ns!!u!ons performs 1u!e a num-er of
fun)!ons namel"J !ransmsson of !*e )ul!ure of !*e so)e!"(
provson of nnova!ve &eas( la"n+ of sol& &emo)ra!)
foun&a!ons( a&s so)al mo-l!" an& prov&es manpo$er nee&s for
!s so)e!". 6as)all"( e&u)a!on asss!s n +noran)e era&)a!on an&
*uman eman)pa!on !o -e a-le !o )on!r-u!e meann+full" !o$ar&s
!*e +ro$!* an& &evelopmen! of !*e so)e!".
<'0 SU22ARY
In !*s un!( !*e man fun)!ons of e&u)a!on n !*e so)e!" $ere
&s)usse& $!* emp*ass on pol!)al an& e)onom) fun)!ons( $*)*
form !*e -ass for n&us!ral an& &emo)ra!) +ro$!* of an" so)e!". T*e
un! )larfes !*e )onfl)! -e!$een !*e &eals nee&e& for a smoo!*
$or@n+ e)onom" an& !*ose n)ul)a!e& -" !*e e!*os n !*e s)*ool. I!
also &elve& n!o !*e &emo)ra!) pro)esses usn+ e&u)a!on as an mpe!us
!o !ran !*e lea&ers r+*! from !*e s)*ool as prefe)!s !o a)! as lea&er
un&er !*e ns!ru)!on of !*e !ea)*ers.
CaD E7amne !*e roles !*a! e&u)a!on pla"s n !*e e)onom)
&evelopmen! of an" na!on.
C-D E&u)a!on an& Pol!)s are mu!uall" n)lusve. Ds)uss.
C)D Cr!)all" e7amne !*e fun)!ons of e&u)a!on n en*an)n+ pea)e
an& s!a-l!" n !*e so)e!".
C&D Do "ou a+ree !*a! e&u)a!on s -e!!er !*an +noran)eL Ds)uss.
Dur@*em( E C22<85D E&u)a!on an& So)olo+". Glen)oe9 Free Press.
#enne!*( 6 an& 6ran( C C2<>2D A So)olo+" of E&u)a!on for Afr)a.
Grea! 6r!an9 Geor+e Allen an& Un$n CPu-ls*ersD Lm!e&.
=2
/a)lver( ;./.( Pa+e( C.0 C2<8=D So)e!" n In!ro&u)!or" Anal"ss.
Lon&on9 /a)mllan Press.
/us+rave( P.%. C2<=8D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!an9
6u!ler an& Tenner Lm!e&
,&e /au&e( A. C2<><D T*e E+al!aran T*rus! n Co. C.6. an& D"san(
A.E. Ce&sD F+*! for E&u)a!on9 6la)@ paper C!*e Cr!)al
Fuar!erl" So)e!" C2<><D pp. =.<J Co7( C.6. an& D"son( A.E. Ce&D
=2
UNIT < STABILITY AND C3ANGE$ EDUCATION AND
CULTURE C3ANGE
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 S!a-l!" an& C*an+e
A.2 E&u)a!on an& Cul!ural C*an+e
A.A E&u)a!on as a /eans of 0uman L-era!on
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! e7poses "ou !o so)al fun)!ons of e&u)a!on )overn+
e)onom) fun)!ons( pol!)al fun)!ons( s!a-l!" an& )*an+e( e&u)a!on
an& )ul!ural )*an+e. T*e un! s!an&s !o a)1uan! "ou $!* !*e -as)
@no$le&+e on !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een pol!)s( e)onom" an& )ul!ure.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
6" !*e en& of !*e un!( "ou s*oul& -e a-le !o9
CaD Ls! !*e e)onom) fun)!ons of e&u)a!on.
C-D I&en!f" !*e pol!)al fun)!ons of e&u)a!on
C)D E7plan !*e )on)ep!s of s!a-l!" an& )*an+e
C&D S!a!e !*e roles of e&u)a!on n *uman l-era!on
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 St#)ilit #nd C1#ng"
T*e )ons&era!on of so)al )*an+e an& nnova!on *as le& !o !*e
pro-lem of prov&n+ s!a-l!". T*e )on)ep!s of s!a-l!" an& )*an+e are
)losel" ln@e& !o+e!*er. T*e ver" &e)son !o *an& par! of !*e !as@ of
so)alBn+ !*e "oun+ !o an ns!!u!on o!*er !*an !*e faml" -ul! n !*e
)*an)e of )*an+e. T*e more e&u)a!onal ns!!u!ons are se! up( so also
su-.)ul!ures )an -e -orn $!*n !*em. T*s )an resul! n *eal!*" !enson(
-u! ! )an also lea& !o &"sfun)!ons $*)* ma" -e la!en! un!l )areful
anal"ss s ma&e.
=A
T*e resul! of su)* an e7amna!on ma" &rve us !o 'us!f" a par!)ular
su-.)ul!ureJ !*s $ll for)e us ou! of !*e realm of so)olo+)al anal"ss
n!o !*e fel& of pol!)s of p*losop*"( sn)e $e mus! !*en )ons&er our
ams n e&u)a!on. In one par!)ular sp*ere namel" !*e pos!on of
s!u&en!s( re)en! &evelopmen!s n N+era for)e us !o !*n@ a-ou! so)al
ams !*a! mus! -e se!!le& pror !o &e!ermnn+ $*a! $e &o n s)*ools(
sn)e $e )anno! @no$ *o$ !o !ea)* male an& female )*l&ren !o+e!*er
or apar!( un!l $e @no$ $*e!*er our pol)" s !o n!e+ra!e male an&
female !o our o$n $a" of lfe or !o am for a se+re+a!e& so)e!" $*)*
all )ul!ure are +ven e1ual respe)! mos! espe)all" $!* referen)e !o
s)*ool unforms an& &ressn+ )o&es. Our @no$le&+e of !*e effe)!s an&
sour)es of )*an+e s ver" lm!e&( par!)ularl" n !*e fel& of e&u)a!on.
T*e ver" leas! !*a! $e )an &o s !o -e a$are all !*e !me !*a! n !*e
mo&ern $orl& !*s s an mpor!an! pro-lem an& *as relevan)e !o $*a!
an& *o$ $e !ea)*.
T*e fun)!on of -rn+n+ or prov&n+ nnova!on )las*es $!* !*a! of
!ransm!!n+ )ul!ure. Innova!on -rn+s e!*er ne$ $a"s or ne$ &eas
an& !*erefore )*allen+es $*a! $as formall" )ons&ere& !o -e usual. T*e
e&u)a!onal s"s!em *ere pla"s !$o par!s. I! prov&es nnova!ors an& also
ensures !*a! !*e ne)essar" )*an+es !a@e pla)e $!* !*e mnmum of
fr)!on. Oppos!on !o )*an+e s )ommon $*ere !ra&!onal $a"s *ave
rule& for a lon+ !me( !*s s !*e )ase n man" so)e!es no$ mee!n+
n&us!ralBa!on for !*e frs! !me. 6u! )*an+e s no! $el)ome n mos!
prm!ve so)e!es e!*er -e)ause ! $ll *ur! ves!e& n!eres!s or -e)ause
!*e !ra&!on s *el& n *+* re+ar&. T*e nnova!ons n !*e e&u)a!onal
s"s!em n N+eran !*rou+* e&u)a!onal reform pro+rammes s no! !o !*e
-es! n!eres! of some people $*o are ea!n+ fa! from !*e moral
&e)a&en)e $*)* *as ro)@e& !*e s"s!em l@e e7amna!on malpra)!)es.
T*ere s one fnal &ff)ul!" $*)* mus! -e e7amne&. %!*n !*e
s)*ools !*emselves ! s poss-le !o &en!f" su-.)ul!ures. Of!en !*ere
e7s!s a +roup $*ose man am n s)*ool s !o pla" +ames $ell( $*ls! a!
!*e o!*er e7!reme !*ere s a +roup $*ose am s a)a&em) $or@. In
some s)*ools par!)ularl" n !*e poorer ur-an areas( !*ere s small +roup
$*ose n!eres! seems )en!ere& n a)!v!es -es! &es)r-e& as &eln1uen!.
T*e )*l&ren $*o forme& !*e fun su-.)ul!ure pu! a lo$ value on
a)a&em) su))ess an& n!elle)!ual ma!!ers( -u! +ave mu)* mpor!an)e !o
so)al su))ess( !o !*e -o"s a!*le!) pro$ess an& of !*e +rls +oo& loo@
$ere $*a! reall" ma!!er. I! $as on !*e $*ole no! !*e am of !*e !ea)*ers
!o perpe!ua!e !*ese se! of values $*)* seem !o *ave -een mpor!e& from
lfe ou!s&e !*e s)*ool. Ye! !*s s"s!em of values no$ e7s! $!*n !*ese
s)*ools an& s !*erefore passe& on !o man" )*l&ren An a)a&em) su-.
)ul!ure also e7s! n !*e N+eran s)*ools $*ere $e fn& &fferen! se! of
=3
values mar@e& -" a s!ress on !*n+s of !*e mn&( !*ou+* ! $as !*e )ase
!*a! ne!*er su-.)ul!ure $as mu)* e7)lusve.
T*e su-.)ul!ures sprn+n+ up $!*n !*e a)a&em) se!!n+ no$a&a"s
*ave over.r&n+ effe)! or nfluen)e on a)a&em) pursu!s. S!u&en!s !a@e
&el+*! n flm $a!)*n+( fas*on( )ul!sm( mus)( e7amna!on $*)*
malpra)!)e *ave ne+a!ve )*an+n+ effe)! on a)a&em) pro+ress an&
&evelopmen!. T*e a)a&em) values of n+*! )an&le -urnn+( l!era!ure
)onsul!a!ons( +roup rea&n+ or s!u&" are fa&n+ a$a" n our e&u)a!onal
s"s!em $*)* )oul& -e !erme& u+l" !ren& an& serous !*rea! !o s!a-l!"
on )ampuses an& )lassroom s!ua!on.
9'2 Educ#tion #nd Cultur#l C1#ng"
T*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em ma" *o$ever -e +ven a mu)* pos!ve role n
!ransm!!n+ )ul!ure. A pol!)al &e)son ma" -e !a@en !*a! !*e e7s!n+
$a" of lfe ou+*! no! !o )on!nue an& !*e +overnmen! ma" $an! !o use
so)al ns!!u!on $*)* s as )en!ral !o !*s purpose of e&u)a!onal
s"s!em n an a!!emp! !o )*an+e& !*e )ul!ure. One of !*e )leares!
e7amples of an a!!emp! !o al!er )ul!ure of a )oun!r" $as !*a! ma&e n
N+era -" O-asan'o a&mns!ra!on af!er !*e" )ame !o po$er n 2<<<
!*rou+* !*e e&u)a!onal reforms of !*e Na!onal Pol)" from 5.A.A.3 !o
<.A.3 s"s!em. T*e" use& !*e e7s!n+ s)*ools !o )rea!e Unversal 6as)
E&u)a!on an& )rea!e& ne$ ones !*rou+* Na!onal Open Unvers!"
S"s!em.
T*e +overnmen! n!en&s usn+ !*e appren!)es*p an& !rann+ s"s!em a!
Munor Se)on&ar" S)*ool level for self relan)e as par! of !*e e&u)a!onal
s"s!em n N+era. T*ou+* !*s a!!emp! fale& n !*e pas! &ue !o $ron+
mplemen!a!on( na&e1ua!e fun&n+ an& s*or!a+e of manpo$er !o
*an&le !*e pra)!)al aspe)! of !*e n!ro&u)!or" !e)*nolo+". I! s no! !*a!
!*e +overnmen!Gs effor! !o professonall" e1up !*e s!u&en!s $as morall"
$ron+ -u! !*e e7s!n+ envronmen! $as no! n a+reemen! $!* !*e
pol)" )ouple $!* &e-ase& pos!on !ea)*ers o))up" $!*n !*e
e)onom) s"s!em. %e as n&v&uals n !*e N+eran so)e!" mus!
)*an+e an& !*e s)*ools mus! pla" a -+ par! n !*s pol)". To pu! !
-lun!l"( !*e )*l& mus! -e en)oura+e& !o par!)pa!e n !e)*n)al
e&u)a!on !o s!op &epen&n+ on +overnmen! 'o-. I! s a $or!*$*le
e7er)se for an" !ea)*er !o e7amne *s role an& see $*e!*er *e s
neu!ral or pos!ve n !*e $a" n $*)* *e passes on *s )oun!r"Gs
)ul!ure.
T*e )*l& s!an&s -e!$een !$o po$erful nfluen)es( !*e s)*ool an& !*e
faml". Ever" !ea)*er nee&s !o remn& *mself )ons!an!l" !*a! !*e
faml" s of!en !*e s!ron+er of !*e !$o nfluen)es( espe)all" $*en !*e
=8
)*l& s "oun+. Ye! para&o7)all" !ea)*ers of )*l&ren n prmar"
s)*ools pro-a-l" *ave more &re)! nfluen)e on !*er pupls !*an !ea)*er
a! an" la!er s!a+e( more par!)ularl" -e)ause of !*e +rea!er nfluen)e of
!*e peer +roup amon+s! )*l&ren of !*e se)on&ar" a+e. 6u! a! all s!a+es
!*e nfluen)e of !*e s)*ool an& la!er !*e unvers!" or )olle+e s +rea!
espe)all" n !*e n!ro&u)!on of &eas !o ol&er pupls. An nsprn+
!ea)*er )an )rea!e $*a! Cro$!*er ;epor! *as )alle& HIn!elle)!ual
&s)ples*pI. T*e +rea! Fren)* so)olo+s! Dur@*em spo@e of !*e
!ea)*er as !*e n!erpre!er of !*e +rea! moral &eas of *s !me an& *s
)oun!r". I! s )lear !*a! !*ese &eas ma" -e /ar7s! -u! !*e !ea)*er n *s
role as !ea)*er $ll pass !*em on !o !*e ne7! +enera!on. 0avn+ @no$n
!*a! )ul!ure s &"nam) an& no! s!a!) ! s su-'e)! !o a )*an+e a! an"
pon! n !me !*rou+* !*e !ea)*er( pupls an& ns!rumen! for &elvern+
pe&a+o+" n !*e s)*ool s"s!em.
9'9 Educ#tion #% # 2"#n% o! 3u&#n Li)"r#tion
/os! re)en! an& )on!emporar" s!u&es n e&u)a!on )on!en& !*a!
e&u)a!on s a !ool of *uman l-era!on from !*e )lu!)*es of +noran)e
an& perpe!ual me&o)r!". De$e" C2<52D asser!e& !*a! e&u)a!on s*oul&
)on)ern !self $!* !*e e1ualBa!on of oppor!un!es for n&v&uals n
!*e )ommun!" !o &evelop *mself as a person. E&u)a!on s !*e )*l&Gs
)*ef means -" $*)* !*ose personal )apa-l!es are !o -e &s)overe&
an& l-era!e&. To *m e&u)a!on s*oul& ena-le *uman -en+s !o a)*eve
!*er ma7mum &s!n)!ve +ro$!* n *armon" $!* !*er fello$s. In
essen)e( e&u)a!on n N+era !*ese &a"s s a )a!al"s! )apa-le of
1u)@enn+ !*e mpe!us of so)al )*an+e( as ! n)lu&es or&er !o -rn+ !
nearer !o !*e perfe)!on of our na!ure.
T*erefore( -e)ause of !s n!u!ve mpor!an)e( !s feas-l!" an& also !s
a))ess-l!" !o )al)ula!on of formal e&u)a!on *as -e)ome one of !*e
mos! s!u&e& aspe)!s of so)al an& e)onom) &evelopmen!. An&erson
an& 6o$man C2<58D o-serve& !*a! !*e avala-le l!era!ure *as !rea!e&
e&u)a!on as e7!ernal !o !*e pro)ess of so)al )*an+e n &evelopn+
)oun!res l@e N+era. As a rela!vel" n&epen&en! )omponen! of
&evelopmen! $*)* )an -e or+anBe& !o prov&e !*e levels of !rann+
an& !*e values re1ure& -" !*e mo&el of pol!)al an& e)onom)
&evelopmen! !*a! s -en+ u!lBe&. 0o$ever( !*e real!" of !*e s!ua!on
s !*a! formal e&u)a!on as a )omplemen! !o nformal one s !self a
so)al pro&u)! $*ose form s &e!ermne& -" !*e se1uen)e of so)al
)*an+e no$ o))urrn+ n N+era.
Con!emporar" e&u)a!on )on)e&es !*a! e&u)a!on ams a! n!e+ra!n+ !*e
so)al as $ell as !*e e)onom) s!ra!e+es people are e7peren)n+ as a
resul! of so)al )*an+e permea!n+ !*e $*ole *uman so)e!es. 6u! !*e
=5
1ues!on !*a! arses s $*a! so)al )*an+e sL For man s )ons&ere& as
!*e self -ul&er of *s +roupGs s!ru)!ures( !*e self &omes!)a!or an& !*e
)rea!or of *s o$n !e)*nolo+es( )on!ra)!s mos! s*arpl" $!* all o!*er
anmals n !*s )apa)!" !o mo&f" *s pa!!erns of lfe !*rou+* mu!ual
effor!s. C*an+e s a permanen! fea!ure of manGs so)al lfe. T*s s
per*aps !*e mos! passve an& unversal of all poss-le +eneralBa!on
re+ar&n+ so)e!". In N+era( -e)ause of !*e ur+e !o move a$a" from
-en+ un&er&evelope&( !*e )oun!r" !*ou+*! ! $se !o n)rease !s
manpo$er( $*)* s s@lle& manpo$er pro&u)!on. T*e mo&al!"
n)lu&e& free e&u)a!on( frs! a! !*e -as) level !o all !s )!Bens $*)*
n)lu&e 'unor se)on&ar" s)*ools an& pu-l) *+*er ns!!u!ons all for
!*e sa@e of )*an+n+ !*e so)e!" n!o an e&u)a!e& one.
A! !*s pon! *o$ever( ! s per!nen! !o vsualBe !*e role of e&u)a!on as
a )a!al"s! n ensurn+ an& 1u)@enn+ !*e pro)ess of *uman l-era!on.
T*erefore a!!en!on s*all -e fo)use& on !*ose !*a! *ave -earn+ on
)on!emporar" N+eran so)e!"( rela!vel" from n&epen&en)e up !o &a!e.
E&u)a!on *as asss!e& n e)onom) an& !e)*nolo+)al a&van)emen!(
a+r)ul!ural an& ur-anBa!on &evelopmen! an& so)al mo-l!" !a@n+ !*e
!*eor" of En-our+eosemen! as an aspe)! un&er mo-l!". In !*s a+e of
!rans!on( e&u)a!on n N+era ams a! -rn+n+ )ul!ural s!a-l!" an&
n!e+ra!on. 0en)e ! *as -een an ns!rumen! for !*e s"n!*ess of !*e
e7s!n+ )ul!ure an& for !*e *armonous -len&n+ !o+e!*er of !*e ol& an&
ne$ )ompl"n+ !*a! )ul!ure s*oul& -e !*e )on!e7! of e&u)a!on.
Pro&u)!s of e&u)a!on n en*an)n+ so)o.)ul!ural )*an+e n N+era
s!ems n !s n)ul)a!on an& or en*an)emen! an& mprovemen! of our
$a" of lfe( mprovemen! an& mo&ernBa!on of our n&+enous
ns!!u!on an& !*er n!e+ra!on n!o !*e frame$or@ of !*e ne$ so)al
or&er. For e7ample( !*e !rann+ of e&u)a!on of our lo)al farmers $*o
)ons!!u!e !*e ma'or!" of people $*o +ro$ our )as* an& foo& )rops( *as
le& !o )*an+e n !e)*nolo+"( $!* n)rease n our pro&u)!v!" an&
1ual!"( !*ere-" n)reasn+ our Na!onal pro&u)!( !*us )rea!n+ a $a" for
*uman l-era!on n !*e $a" of lvn+ of ma'or!" of N+erans.
0o$ever( e&u)a!on *as al$a"s -een &en!fe& as !*e ar! of !rann+ a
person n!elle)!uall"( morall"( so)all"( pol!)all"( e)onom)all" an&
p*"s)al an& !*e res! le+a)" an" respons-le paren! )an leave for *s
)*l&ren !o ma@e !*em self relan! af!er !*er &epar!ure from !*s $orl&.
In fa)! s@" s !*e lm! for e&u)a!e& persons n a so)e!" !*a! )rea!es !*e
room for so)al mo-l!". Spa!a( an an)en! Gree@ p*losop*er s!a!e&
an& &emons!ra!e& $*a! N+erans are )lamorn+ for !o&a". 6o!* -o"s
an& +rls $ere full" prepare& for !*e mprovemen! an& !*e s!a-l!" of
!*e S!a!e.
==
SELF ASSESS2ENT E;ERCISE'
Do "ou !*n@ !*a! e&u)a!on )an l-era!e *uman -en+sL Gve "our o$n
opnons.
6'0 CONCLUSION
In !*s un!( !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een s!a-l!" an& )*an+e( e&u)a!on an&
)ul!ural )*an+e an& e&u)a!on as a means of *uman l-era!on $ere
&s)usse&. T*e un! e7plane& !*a! so)al )*an+e an& nnova!on lea& !o
!*e pro-lem of s!a-l!". T*e fun)!on of -rn+n+ or prov&n+
nnova!on )las*es $!* !*a! of !ransm!!n+ )ul!ure. An" !me !*ere s a
)*an+eJ !*ere s a fr)!on or ress!an)e( $*)* nvara-l" mpars
s!a-l!". In )ase !*ere s an" reform n !*e e&u)a!on n&us!r" !*ere s
usuall" pan&emonum( $*)* affe)!s s!a-l!". In !*e pol!)al realm(
e&u)a!on s!an&s as avenue !o effe)! )ul!ural )*an+e. Even !*e
)lassroom( s)*ool unform )*an+es an& )urr)ulum nnova!on are
sour)es of )ul!ural )*an+e. All over !*e $orl& *uman l-era!on s &one
!*rou+* !*e provson of e1ual e&u)a!onal oppor!un!es !o !*e )!Benr".
T*s s &one !*rou+* !*e provson of free e&u)a!on for s@lle&
manpo$er pro&u)!on.
<'0 SU22ARY
In !*s un!( s!a-l!" an& )*an+e( e&u)a!on an& )ul!ural )*an+e an&
e&u)a!on as a means of *uman l-era!on $ere )r!)all" e7amne&.
S!a-l!" n an" so)e!" s realBa!on n !*e a-sen)e of )*an+e. A
)*an+e s nev!a-le( -u! ! s al$a"s me! $!* ress!an)e( $*)* resul! n
ns!a-l!". A s!a-le so)e!" s a pea)eful so)e!" $*ere s!a-l!" s -es!
man!ane& $!* !*e a&*eren)e !o !*e s!a!us.1uo.an!e. A )*an+e( mos!
espe)all" f ! s )ons!an! affe)! !*e s!a-l!" of su)* so)e!". E&u)a!on
as &s)usse& s a ver" s!ron+ $eapon for *uman l-era!on f ! s
affor&a-le an& a))ess-le. E&u)a!on *as a ver" s!ron+ nfluen)e n !*e
)ul!ure of an n&v&ual. T*e s)*ool envronmen! )an -rn+ a-ou!
)ul!ural )*an+e sn)e !*ere s ever" l@el*oo& of )ul!ural )on!a)!
!*rou+* n!era)!on an& rela!ons*p.
CaD E7amne !*e roles !*a! e&u)a!on pla"s n !*e e)onom)
&evelopmen! of an" na!on.
C-D E&u)a!on an& Pol!)s are mu!uall" n)lusve. Ds)uss.
=>
C)D Cr!)all" e7amne !*e fun)!ons of e&u)a!on n en*an)n+ pea)e
an& s!a-l!" n !*e so)e!".
C&D Do "ou a+ree !*a! e&u)a!on s -e!!er !*an +noran)eL Ds)uss.
Dur@*em( E C22<85D E&u)a!on an& So)olo+". Glen)oe9 Free Press.
#enne!*( 6 an& 6ran( C C2<>2D A So)olo+" of E&u)a!on for Afr)a.
Grea! 6r!an9 Geor+e Allen an& Un$n CPu-ls*ersD Lm!e&.
/a)lver( ;./.( Pa+e( C.0 C2<8=D So)e!" n In!ro&u)!or" Anal"ss.
Lon&on9 /a)mllan Press.
/us+rave( P.%. C2<=8D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!an9
6u!ler an& Tenner Lm!e&
,&e /au&e( A. C2<><D T*e E+al!aran T*rus! n Co. C.6. an& D"san(
A.E. CE&sD F+*! for E&u)a!on9 6la)@ paper C!*e Cr!)al
Fuar!erl" So)e!" C2<><D pp. =.<J Co7( C. 6. an& D"son( A.E.
Ce&D
=<
UNIT = T3E SOCIOLOGY OF TEAC3ING
CONTENT
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 T*e ;ole of a Tea)*er
A.2 T*e ;elu)!an! Learner
A.A T*e Tea)*er n !*e Classroom
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! presen!s &eas a-ou! so)olo+" of !ea)*n+ $*)* n)lu&e !*e
role of !*e !ea)*er( !*e relu)!an! learner an& !*e !ea)*er n !*e )lassroom.
I! a)1uan!s "ou $!* !*e e7pe)!a!on n !*e )lassroom $!* rela!ons*p
!o !*e !ea)*ersG a)!v!es n !*e )lassroom.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
CaD I&en!f" !*e roles of !*e )lassroom !ea)*er
C-D Ls! !*e !e)*n1ues !o en)oura+e relu)!an! )*l& !o learn
C)D I&en!f" !*e e7pe)!a!ons of a )lassroom !ea)*er
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 T1" Rol" o! # T"#c1"r
To !*e +eneral pu-l)( !ea)*ers pro-a-l" seem )onforms!s an& sola!e&
from !*e real $orl&( -u! !*ere s reason !o -eleve !*a! !*e role of !*e
!ea)*er s )*an+n+ an& !*a! !ea)*ers are no$ seen as or&nar" people
$*o !ea)* ra!*er !*an as )ul!ure& para+ons. Tea)*ers see !*emselves n
varous $a"s. T$o )ommon self ma+es are !*e a)a&em) an& !*e )*l&
)en!ere& !"pes( ne!*er of $*)* seems !o mee! !*e nee&s of !*e s)*ools
n )on!emporar" N+era so)e!".
>0
In one respe)! !*e !ea)*er s n a un1ue so)al pos!on *e *as -een
forme& -" !*e so)al s"s!em !o $*)* *e re!urns !o from o!*ers. 0e )an
ver" easl" !ransm! !*e values !*a! *e *as p)@e& up *mself as *e
passe& !*rou+* !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em. An" role )overs !*e se! of
values an& e7pe)!a!on of a par!)ular pos!on n a so)al s"s!em from
!*e pon! of ve$ of -o!* !*e o))upan! of !*e pos!on an& !*ose $!*
$*om *e n!era)!s. Impl)! n !*e &ea of a role( !*erefore( s a self.
ma+e an& a pu-l) ma+e. T*e role of !*e !ea)*er s or+anBe& aroun&
!*e fun)!ons !*a! *e fulflls !o -e more spe)f)( n !*e man !me !
)en!res on !*e !ransmsson of !*a! @no$le&+e an& !*ose values !*a! are
&efne& as !*e )urr)ulum of !*e par!)ular s)*ool n $*)* *e s
!ea)*n+. In &fferen! par!s of !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em !*e $e+*! +ven
!o !*ese an& !o o!*er fun)!ons $ll var"( for !*s reason !*e role of !*e
!ea)*er n !*e nfan! s)*ool $ll no! -e !*e same as !*a! of !*e se)on&ar"
an& unvers!".
A! !*e nfan! or prmar" s)*ools( !ea)*ers are e7pe)!e& !o -e )on)erne&
mos!l" $!* !*e )*l&ren !*e" !ea)* an& no! !*e )urr)ulum. A! !*a! level
!ea)*n+ *as !o -e )en!ere& roun& !*e learnerGs personal!" &evelopmen!
as $ell as !*e -o&" of @no$le&+e !o -e mpar!e&. T*s s -e)ause !*e
)*l& s 'us! !rans!n+ from !*e *ome !o !*e s)*ool. A! !*e se)on&ar"
s)*ool level( spe)al a!!en!on *as !o -e a))or&e& !*e )*l&Gs fu!ure
)areer -e)ause a! !*s level a $&er s)ope of !*e -o&" of @no$le&+e s
!au+*! $!* &eeper sense of respons-l!" -e)ause of !*e manfes!a!on
of )*ara)!er !ra!s a! !*s s!a+e. T*e emo!onal an& ps")*olo+)al
!raumas n opera!on amon+s! !*e learners a! !*s s!a+e re1ure spe)al
a!!en!on !o -e!!er )*annel !*e fu!ure of !*ese )*l&ren. A! !*e !er!ar"
level a !ea)*er s sa&&le& $!* enormous respons-l!" of !ea)*n+(
resear)*n+ an& )ommun!" &evelopmen! par!)pa!on $*)* &eserve
more )omm!men!( &e&)a!on an& &spla" of a)a&em) pro$ess( a-l!"
an& )apa-l!".
/os! people *ave n !*er mn&s a num-er of ma+nar" p)!ures !*a!
)over $*a! !*e" )ons&er !o -e salen! fea!ures of an" o))upa!onal role.
If !ea)*ers are )alle& !o mn&( several s!ereo!"pes e7s!. T*ere s( for
e7ample( !*e s!ern an& ma+nfe& !ea)*er an& !*ere s !*e +en!le an& self.
effa)n+ !ea)*er. /u)* of o!*er so)al n!er)ourse s &e!ermne& -" !*e
s!ereo!"pe of !*e o))upa!on $!* $*)* $e are a! !*e momen! n
)on!a)!. %*en $e mee! our &o)!or or a )ler+"man n !*e s!ree!( !*e
s!ereo!"pe !*a! $e *ave of !*ese o))upa!ons +overn our -e*avour
!o$ar&s !*a! par!)ular &o)!or or )ler+"man. Paren!s are of!en *ear& !o
sa" of !*e )*l&Gs !ea)*er( 0eGs a !"p)al !ea)*er( or s*eGs no! a! all l@e a
!ea)*er( an& !*e" $ll a&'us! !*er -e*avours !o !*s !ea)*er a))or&n+ !o
!*e $a" n $*)* *e &ffers from !*er s!ereo!"pe.
>2
T*e mos! usual s!ereo!"pe of !*e N+eran !ea)*er $as )en!ere& aroun&
!*ese pon!s. T*e frs! an& mos! mpor!an! s !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een
!ea)*er an& )*l&( !*e !ea)*er s e7pe)!e& !o s*o$ no favor!sm an& !o
-e n!eres!e& n *elpn+ !*e )*l& an& also s*o$ love !o$ar&s *s pupls.
T*e se)on& fo)us s !*e manner n $*)* s!u&en!s are !au+*!. I! s
e7pe)!e& !o s!ress !*n+s( par!)ularl" of a ver-al na!ure !o o-serve !*e
)*l&ren an& !o +ve !*em !as@s !o &o. Fnall"( )on!rol $as mpor!an!
an& s seen n !erms of or&er an& 1ue!ness. T*e pu-l) )ons&er !*e
rela!ons*ps -e!$een !*e !ea)*er an& )*l&ren !o -e mu)* more
mpor!an! !*an !*e !$o pon!s. T*s emp*ass on !*e emo!onal suppor!
of !*e )*l& a! !*e e7pense of *s ns!ru)!on s pro-a-l" one of !*e man
&fferen)es -e!$een !*e role of !ea)*ers $*o are $ell !rane& an& !*ose
$!*ou! proper !rann+. Tea)*ers are e7pe)!e& !o refle)! !*e +eneral
moral values of !*e )ommun!" n !*er -e*avour an& !o se! a +oo&
e7ample -" !*e *+* s!an&ar& of )on&u)!. T*e" are e7pe)!e& !o avo& all
!*e n!eres!n+ sns of our a+e. If *e sns a! all( ! s*oul& -e -" !*e
omsson. Tea)*ers s*oul& -e seen as )onforms!s an& as ra!*er neu!ral
persons $*o &o no!*n+ ou! of !*e or&nar".
T*e !ea)*er *as of!en -een )alle& Ha so)al s!ran+erI T*s s almos!
nev!a-le -e)ause of *s pos!on. Frs!l"( !*e !ea)*er spen&s mu)* of
*s lfe amon+s! )*l&renJ !o paren!s *e s nearl" al$a"s @no$n onl" n
)onne)!on $!* !*er )*l&ren. 0s lfe s -ul! aroun& !*ose !*n+s
usuall" asso)a!e& $!* )*l&*oo&( su)* as +ames( e7amna!ons an&
s)*ool r!uals. In !*s respe)!( !*e !ea)*er s n man" $a"s )u!.off from
!*e $orl& of a&ul!. 6u! *e *s also -oun& !o -e remo!e from )*l&ren
-e)ause *e mus! @eep &s)plne n *s )lose an& usuall" *as a! *s
)omman& a $*ole arsenal of re$ar&s an& puns*men!s. Se)on&l"( !*e
!ea)*er s of!en )ul!urall" un1ue apar! from !*e )ommun!" !*a! *e
serves. If *e lves n !( *e s no! n !( an& f *e !ravels &al" !o s)*ool
from &s!an)e( +eo+rap*)al as $ell as )ul!ural separa!on e7s!s. T*e
)ul!ural aspe)! s mpor!an! sn)e ! n&)a!es !*a! !*e role of !*e !ea)*er
s a me&a!n+ role( ! a)!s as a -r&+e ln@n+ presen! an& fu!ure. T*e
)ler+"man ln@ sa)re& an& se)ular( !*e ps")*a!rs!( s)@ an& $ell an& !*e
!ea)*er !ea)* an& learn.
9'2 T1" R"luct#nt L"#rn"r
T*e a!!!u&e an& -e*avour of )*l&ren !o$ar&s !*e )lass !ea)*er an&
!o$ar&s au!*or!" n +eneral an& )lassroom learnn+ s!ua!ons &epen&s
on !*e learnerGs per)ep!on of *mself an& *s rela!ons*p $!* o!*ers.
I! s a mo!*er of so)al a!!!u&es n rela!on !o o!*er pupls or !o !*er
par!)pa!on n some pro+rammes un&er $a". I! s n &"nam)s of
s!ua!ons of some sor!s !*a! !*e so)al &en!!" of !*e )*l& s reveale&
an& !*e na!ure of !*e s!+ma of spole& &en!!" -e)omes more )learl"
>2
&elnea!e&. Tea)*ers *ave al$a"s -een par!)ularl" prone !o !*e use of
s!+ma !erms su)* as HmoronI &ullar&I H-l!*ern+ &o!I( n&e)orous
nonen!!" Han& so on n a )olourful me!ap*or)al an& some!mes +en!l"
'o)ose sor! of $a". T*ese &ero+a!or" asser!ons are a! !mes follo$e& -"
severe -ea!n+ an& -ru!al!". T*ese )rea!e la)@ of n!eres! n !*e )*l& as
*e manfes!s some relu)!an)e !o$ar&s learnn+ -rn+n+ a-ou! an
n)apa-le of normal -e*avour.
T*e )*l& $*o *as -een repea!e&l" !ol& !*a! s*e s H'us! s!up&I $ll
+rasp !*e s!+ma an& ma@e ! l!erall" *er o$n an& of!en n some
s!ran+el" perver!e& $a"( s*e ma" feel !*a! !*ere s some!*n+( spe)al
a-ou! *er $*)* &oes no! &eman& !*e )onform!" re1ure& -" o!*er
)*l&ren. T*ere are also o!*er fa)!ors !*a! nfluen)e a )*l&Gs -e*avour
n s)*ool s!ua!on. T*ese fa)!ors are -o!* n s)*ool an& ou! of ! an& $e
s*oul& $ar" a-ou! asser!n+ !oo mu)* a-ou! !*e )auses of a )*l&Gs
-e*avour n !*e s)*ool. Tea)*ers @no$ from e7peren)e !*a! !*e *ome
-a)@+roun& of !*e )*l& +rea!l" nfluen)es *s -e*avour n !*e
)lassroom an& spe)ula!e a))ura!el" or na))ura!el" a-ou! !*e faml"
from smpl" o-serva!on of !*e )*l& n s)*ool. A )*l& $*o s*o$s
some relu)!an)e !o$ar&s learnn+ an& s)*ool s &efn!el" a &evan!. T*e
usa+e of !*s !erm -" so)olo+s! &oes no! refle)! )on&emna!on( -u!
merel" refers !o all !*ose $*ose -e*avour falls ou!s&e !*e !olera!e&
ran+e alon+ $*a!ever &menson s -en+ )ons&ere&. T*us a -o" ma"-e
normal n respe)! of *s famlar roles an& -e seen as a +oo& son -u! ma"
-e a &evan! a! s)*ool an& !*erefore seen as a relu)!an! learner.
I! s also mpor!an! !*a! $e loo@ a! !*e )on)ep! relu)!an)e or &evan)e
from !*e s!ru)!ural perspe)!ve( a so)e!" ma"-e or+anBe& n a $a" !*a!
some n&v&uals follo$ pa!*$a"s !*a! )oul& lea& !o &evan)e an& from
!*e n!erpersonal perspe)!ve( some )*l&ren an& n&ee& a&ul!s ma" -e
so)alBe& n 'us! !*e $a" anal"Be& a-ove n!o &evan! roles.
9'9 T"#c1"r in t1" Cl#%%roo&
A ma'or par! of !*e s)*ool &a" for an" !ea)*er or pupl s spen! !ea)*n+
an& learnn+ !*a! par! of !*e )urr)ulum !*a! s !au+*! n !*e )lassroom.
T*e s)*ool or )lassroom s a +roup !*a! )onss!s of a !ea)*er an& var"n+
num-er of )*l&ren l@e an" o!*er so)al s"s!em. Class )an -e &v&e&
n!o )ons!!uen! par!s n or&er !o see $*a! fun)!on ea)* par! s pla"n+
n !*e $*ole. I! s*oul& also -e poss-le !o see *o$ !*e varous par!s
n!era)! $!* ea)* o!*er n fulflln+ !*er fun)!ons. T*ere s !*e s)*ool
)lass as a so)al s"s!em( !*e !e)*n1ue an& so)ome!r)( !*a! *as -een
&evse& !o s!u&" !*e n!errela!ons*ps $!*n su)* small +roups as !*e
s)*ool )lass. T*e s)*ool )lass as a so)al s"s!em )arre& ou! 1u!e a
num-er of fun)!ons n !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em. T*e s)*ool )lass asss!s
>A
!*e faml" n &evelopn+ !*e n!elle)! an& personal!" of !*e +ro$n+
)*l& an& ! *elps !o allo)a!e !*e )*l& $*en *e *as +ro$n up !o !*e mos!
f!!n+ n)*e n a&ul! so)e!". T*e s)*ool )lass s a so)al s"s!em n !self
!*a! performs )er!an &efn!e a&&!onal fun)!ons. T*e !ea)*er s no!
merel" manpula!n+ !*e )*l&ren -" prov&n+ lea&ers*p. 6u! -" *s
ver" presen)e *e affe)!s !*e )urren!s of feeln+ !*a! flo$ -e!$een !*e
mem-ers of !*e +roup an& -e!$een !*e +roup an& *mself. To !*e
)*l&ren n !*e s)*ool )lass !*e !ea)*er s superor a&ul! $*o s no! a
mem-er of !*er famles. 6efore +on+ !o s)*ool !*e rela!ons*ps of
mos! )*l&ren $!* a&ul!s *ave -een of an e7pensve na!ure. T*e faml"
*as )are& a-ou! *appness an& o!*er emo!onal re1uremen!s $*)* are
no$ !ransferre& !o !*e )lassroom !o s*oul&er un&er !*e !ea)*er. T*e
)*l&ren mus! learn *s $a"s an& !*e !ea)*er mus! &s)over !*e
)*ara)!ers!)s manner of ea)* )*l&. Ea)* mus! !es! !*e o!*er !o learn
!*e lm!s of -e*avors( -u! !*s )onfl)! serves as useful fun)!on n !*a!
! lea&s no! !o a pos!on of e1ul-rum( -u! !o a pon! $*ere !enson s
re&u)e& !o a mnmum for !*s +roup. %*en !*s s a)*eve&( !ea)*er
an& )*l&ren @no$ $*a! !o e7pe)! from ea)* o!*er an& !*e )lass as a
$*ole )an fulfll !*s fun)!ons as eff)en!l" as poss-le.
So far $e *ave anal"Be& $*a! !*e fun)!ons of !*e !ea)*er an& !*e s)*ool
)lass are -u! *ave no! !re& !o see $*a! a! !*e e7a)! n!errela!ons $!*n
!*e )lass !self. If !*e !ea)*er $s*es !o see !*e )lass o-'e)!vel" as ! s
an& no! su-'e)!vel" as *e !*n@s. T*s *e )an a)*eve usn+ so)ome!r)
!e)*n1ues. T*s s a par!)ular $a" of measurn+ so)al -e*avour !*a!
lea&s !o !*e s!u&" of !*e s!ru)!ure an& &evelopmen! of +roups.
So)ome!r) !es!s )an -e plo!!e& as so)o.+ram !*a! &spla"s n s)*ema!)
form !*e rela!ons*p $!*n +roup. Groups of !*ree persons $*o )*oose
ea)* o!*er $ll -e represen!e& as a !ran+le $!* !s ape7es 'one& -"
lnes. /u!ual fren&s $*o )*oose ea)* o!*er )an easl" -e seen. A
popular f+ure !*a! s !*e )*o)e of man" $ll appear n !*e so)o+ram as
!*e )en!re of a s!ar( $*ls! !*ose $*o are no! )*osen a! all $ll -e seen as
sola!es. Su)* a &a+ram $ll reveal !o !*e !ea)*er !*e so)al for)es a!
$or@ n *s )lassroom a! a momen! of !me n respe)! of a par!)ular
a)!v!" a-ou! $*)* *e *as as@e& !*e )*l&ren. If *e $s*es !o o-serve
$*e!*er )*an+e s !a@n+ pla)e( *e )an repea! !*e !es! af!er sa"( !*ree
mon!*s. One of !*e pro-lems !*a! so)o+rams )an pose s $*a! !o &o
a-ou! sola!es. To pla)e !*e )*l& n an e7s!n+ +roup ma" ma@e !*s
)*l& $!*&ra$ even fur!*er. To pu! a num-er of sola!es !o+e!*er n one
+roup ma" prove even $orse( as !*e 1ual!es !*a! ma@e !*em )ompa!-le
!o !*e res! of !*e )lass ma" $ell ma@e !*em una))ep!a-le !o ea)* o!*er.
If !ea)*ers are no! )areful( !*e sola!es ma" feel re'e)!e& -" !*e !ea)*er
an& *s )lassma!es.
>3
6'0 CONCLUSION
In !*s un! !*e follo$n+ )on)luson $ere &ra$n.
2. T*e roles of !ea)*ers9 T*e roles of !ea)*ers are -e)omn+ a
)*an+n+ one )ons&ern+ !*e *+* level of so)al )*an+e n !*e
fel& of e&u)a!on n all ramf)a!ons. T*e un1ue so)al pos!on
!ea)*ers o))up" $!*n !*e so)al s"s!em !*rou+* !*e e&u)a!onal
s"s!em ma@es ! a ne)ess!" !o e7amne !ea)*ersG roles. T*e mos!
)ru)al aspe)!s of !ea)*ersG role are !*e !ransmsson of s@lls an&
@no$le&+e -ase& on !*e )urr)ulum. Tea)*ers are also e7pe)!e&
!o represen! !*e paren!s n !*e s)*ool -" a!!en&n+ !o emo!onal
an& ps")*olo+)al !raumas of !*e learners !o ma@e !*em s!a-le
an& )olle)!e&.
2. T*e relu)!an! learners $*o pro-a-l" *ave ne+a!ve a!!!u&es
!o$ar&s learnn+ nee& !o -e fren&ler $!* !o alleva!e !*er
ne+a!ve n!era)!on. I! s also per!nen! !o &s)oura+e !*e usa+e
of $or&s of )on&emna!on ra!*er pos!ve s!a!emen!s !o mo!va!e
!*em !o learn are e7pe)!e& !o -e use& on !*em for normal
-e*avour.
A. Tea)*ers n !*e )lassroom are no! onl" !o !ea)* an& ma@e pupls
!o learn !*e -o&" of @no$le&+e n !*e )urr)ulum -u! !o
en)oura+e *eal!*" n!erpersonal rela!ons*p !*rou+* !*e
emplo"men! of so)o+ram on !*e )*o)e of lea&ers.
<'0 SU22ARY
In !*s un!( un&er so)olo+" of !ea)*n+( !*e role of !ea)*ers( !*e
relu)!an! learner an& !ea)*er n !*e )lassroom $ere &s)usse&. Tea)*ers
are e7pe)!e& !o -e )us!o&an of s@ll an& @no$le&+e an& )*ara)!er
reforma!on !*rou+* )or&al rela!ons*p $!* !*e learners n !*e
)lassroom n or&er !o )rea!e a$areness an& n!eres! n !*em. In !*e same
ven( !*e relu)!an! leaner are mem-ers of !*e )lassroom $*o nee& !o -e
en)oura+e& !o par!)pa!e a)!vel" n )lass a)!v!es. Tea)*ers n !*e
)lassroom are e7pe)!e& !o -e a))ommo&a!n+( persevern+ an& fren&l"
$!* !*er pupls n or&er for !*em !o *ave sense of -elon+n+. Tea)*ers
are also en)oura+e& !o -e non.par!al n !*e sele)!on of lea&ers n !*e
)lassroom an& n !*e a$ar& of re$ar&s( puns*men! an& mar@s &urn+
e7amna!on.
>8
CaD Cr!)all" e7amne !*e a!!r-u!es of a relu)!an! learner an& proffer
solu!ons !o *s pro-lems.
C-D Ls! an& e7plan !*e fun)!ons of a !ea)*er n !*e )lassroom.
C)D E7amne !*e so)al &"nam)s n !*e )lassroom $!* referen)e !o
peer +roups.
C&D Defne Curr)ulum an& e7plan !s usefulness n !*e
!ransforma!on of a so)al -en+ $!* -lems* !o -e)ome an
a))ep!a-le mem-er of a lar+er so)e!".
CeD Enumera!e !*e roles of a !ea)*er n !*e era&)a!on of
E7amna!on /alpra)!)e from our e&u)a!onal s"s!em n N+era.
#enne!*( 6. e!Gal C2<>2D A So)olo+" of E&u)a!on for Afr)a. Lon&on9
Geor+e Allen an& Un$n L!&.
So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. I-a&an9 Car&nal Press Lm!e&.
/orrs( I. C2<=>D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on9 An In!ro&u)!on.
Lon&on9 Geor+e Allen an& Un$n CPu-ls*ersD Lm!e&.
/us+rave( P.%. C2<=8D T*e so)olo+" of E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!an9
6u!ler an& Tanner L!&.
;"an( G.G( C2<5AD Tea)*er 6e*avor T*eor" an& ;esear)*9 Impl)a!on
for Tea)*er E&u)a!on( Mournal of Tea)*er E&u)a!on( No. 23( pp
2=3.2<A.
>5
UNIT 7 SOCIAL RELATIONS IN T3E CLASSROO2$
TEAC3ER AND CURRICULU2$ TEAC3ER
AND E;A2INATION
CONTENTS
2.0 In!ro&u)!on
2.0 O-'e)!ves
A.0 /an Con!en!
A.2 So)al rela!ons n !*e Classroom
A.2 T*e !ea)*er an& !*e Curr)ulum
A.A T*e !ea)*er an& E7amna!on
3.0 Con)luson
8.0 Summar"
4'0 INTRODUCTION
T*s un! presen!s -as) @no$le&+e a-ou! so)al rela!ons n !*e
)lassroom( !ea)*er an& )urr)ulum( as $ell as !ea)*er an& e7amna!on.
2'0 OB8ECTIVES
CaD Ds)uss so)al rela!ons n !*e )lassrooms
C-D S!a!e !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een !*e !ea)*er an& !*e )urr)ulum.
C)D Ds)uss !*e )auses of e7amna!on malpra)!)e n !*e e&u)a!onal
s"s!em.
9'0 2AIN CONTENT
9'4 Soci#l R"l#tion% in t1" Cl#%%roo&
In !*e so)al area( !*e )lassrooms serve !$o man fun)!ons. Frs!( !ran
"ou!* !o -e a-le !o perform a&ul! roles $*en !*e" -e)ome +ro$n ups. In
o!*er $or&s !*e" !ea)* -as) an& apple& s@lls $*)* are useful n !*er
la!er lfe. Sn)e !*ese s@lls !en& !o -e !*ose possesse& -" a&ul!s l@e !*e
!ea)*ers n !*e )lassroom $*o mpar!s !*ose s@lls !o !*e pupls n !*e
)lassroom. T*s s &one !*rou+* !*e a&op!on of several !ea)*n+ an&
>=
learnn+ mo&els !*a! $ll en*an)e *eal!*" n!era)!on -e!$een !*e
!ea)*er an& !*e pupls an& -e!$een pupls !*emselves.
Se)on&l"( )lassroom *elp !o &e!ermne $*)* s!u&en!s $ll perform
$*a! roles as a&ul!s. T*e" *elp !o sele)! an& sor! ou! s!u&en!s for
&fferen! roles an& o))upa!ons an& -e)ause &fferen! roles )arr"
&fferen! s!a!uses !*e" *elp !o &e!ermne so)al s!a!us of s!u&en!s as
a&ul!s. T*ese are )alle& !*e sele)!on of fun)!on of !*e )lassroom. T*s
s &one !*rou+* )r!)al s!u&" of !*e )*l&ren n !*e )lassroom !o
&s)over !*e areas of nee&s of !*e s!u&en!s. T*e )ounseln+ un! of !*e
s)*ool )arres ou! !*s opera!on n )on'un)!on $!* o!*er !ea)*ers n !*e
)lassroom $*o *ave &re)! ln@ an& n!era)!on $!* !*e s!u&en!s n !*e
)lassroom.
T*e $a" n $*)* a )lassroom s or+anBe& affe)!s !*e s!u&en!s as mu)*
as !*e !ea)*ers. T*e 1ual!" of !ea)*n+ an& a)a&em) performan)e( !*e
eff)en)" of !*e !ea)*er( !*e sBe an& e!*n) )ompos!on of !*e
)lassroom are all mpor!an! so)al nfluen)es on !*e lfe of !*e s!u&en!s.
6u! s!u&en!s &o no! a))ep! s)*ooln+ en!rel" passvel". Unl@e fa)!or"
$or@ers pro&u)!s( s!u&en!s n!erpre! an& pass 'u&+emen!s on !*e $a"
!*e" are pro)esse& !*rou+* !*e or+anBa!on. In some s)*ools !*ese
n!erpre!a!ons an& 'u&+emen!s are s*ape& -" s!u&en! )ul!ure. Su)* su-.
)ul!ure s more l@el" !o -e forme& n -oar&n+ s)*ools $*ere s!u&en!s
s*are all aspe)!s of lfe n !*e )lassroom !*an n a &a" s)*ool. 6u! even
f a full" &evelope& s!u&en! )ul!ure &oes no! form n a )lassroom !*ere
are l@el" !o -e a vare!" of a&'us!men!s !o s)*ool amon+ +roups of
s!u&en!s. Some!mes !*ese +roups s*are !es of fren&s*p( e!*n)( or+n
or smlar a+e( n!eres!s or a-l!es. Su)* +roups an& !*e nforma!on of
a s!u&en! su-.)ul!ure prov&e s!u&en!s $!* roles an& e7pe)!a!on $*)*
are al!erna!ves of !*e off)al roles as !*e !ea)*er +roups an& rules n !*e
)lassroom. T*s su-.)ul!ure -n&s s!u&en!s !o+e!*er $!* !es of lo"al!"
an& )ons!ran!s !o !*e -e*avour !o some e7!en! $!* unoff)al rules n
no)!urnal or+anBa!ons. T*e formal or+anBa!on of !*e )lassroom also
ma@es a -& for !*e lo"al!" of !*e s!u&en! !o !*e so)e!".
9'2 T1" T"#c1"r #nd t1" Curriculu&
Curr)ulum *as -een varousl" &efne& -" man" au!*or!es n !*e fel&
of e&u)a!on. Par! of $*)* s*all -e e7amne& n !*s )on!e7!.
/us+rave C2<=8D &efne& )urr)ulum as !*ose learnn+ e7peren)es or
su))esson of su)* learnn+ e7peren)es !*a! are purposefull" or+anBe&
-" su)* formal e&u)a!onal a+en!s as s)*ools. Su)* e7peren)e ma" no!
!a@e pla)e $!*n !*e e&u)a!onal or+anBa!on !*a! plans !*em. From
ones ve$pon! ! represen!s !*e effe)! !*a! !*e s)*ool *opes !o *ave
>>
upon !s pupls. 6la@emore an& Coo@se" un&ers!an& )urr)ulum as !*e
@no$le&+e !au+*! n s)*ool lessons or n)lu&e& n some o!*er $a"s n
!*e !me!a-le( su)* as pro'e)! $or@. In a&&!on !o !*s off)al
)urr)ulum( !*ere s also a *&&en )urr)ulum. T*e *&&en )urr)ulum
means !*e *&&en ams of s)*ools an& !ea)*ers. S)*ool lfe !ea)*
su-serven)e !o au!*or!" an& !me @eepn+ for e7ample an& !*ese !*n+s
)an -e re+ar&e& as par! of !*e *&&en )urr)ulum !ea)*er )an !ea)* !*e
off)al )urr)ulum( -u! also +ve an &ea of !*e !e)*n1ues ne)essar" !o
pass e7amna!ons. No! all !ea)*ers )omple!el" re&u)e !*er su-'e)!s !o
-are -ones( -u! mus! +ve *n!s on !*e -es! $a"s !o ans$er e7amna!on
1ues!ons. T*ese messa+es $*)* s!u&en!s nee& f !*e" are !o -e
a)a&em)all" su))essful are also par! of !*e *&&en )urr)ulum.
Off)al )urr)ula are !o a lar+e e7!en! so)all" nfluen)e&( !*a! s !*e"
are &eas an& @no$le&+e $*)* *as -een s*ape& -" )er!an so)al +roups
.e. e&u)a!ons!s( pol)" ma@ers( pol!)ans $*)* *ave effe)!s on
o!*ers Cs!u&en!s an& !ea)*ersD. I! s poss-le !o s!u&" s)*ool @no$le&+e
so)olo+)all"( !*erefore( -e)ause ! s par! of so)e!"Gs +eneral )ul!ure
an& &eas. Some people su++es! !*a! s)*ool )urr)ulum serve !*e ves!e&
n!eres!s of po$erful so)al +roups.
#o-o$u C2<<3D sees )urr)ulum as su-'e)!s l@e Ar!*me!)( P*"s)al
!rann+( 0s!or"( ;el+ons ns!ru)!on( Geo+rap*"( Na!ure s!u&"(
Domes!) S)en)e( Nee&le$or@( Coo@er" an& so for!* !*a! are -en+
!au+*! n !*e s)*ool -" !*e !ea)*er. I! )an !*erefore +enerall" -e nferre&
!*a! )urr)ulum s !*e )arefull" planne& )ourse of ns!ru)!on !ransm!!e&
n !*e s)*ool -" !*e !ea)*er for !*e &evelopmen! of -o"s an& +rls.
S)*ool )urr)ular &ffers a +rea! &eal n )on!en! an& am( even -e!$een
&fferen! levels of !*e same )oun!r"Gs e&u)a!onal s"s!em. A! !*e
prmar" level )on!en! s usuall" $&e.ran+n+ an& some a!!emp! s ma&e
!o n!e+ra!e all !*ese @no$le&+e. 6u! as s!u&en!s pro+ress !o se)on&ar"
an& !er!ar" levels )on!en! -e)omes narro$er or spe)alBe& an& !*e
su-'e)!s are !au+*! n sola!on from one ano!*er. T*ere s +rea!
&s!n)!on( !*erefore -e!$een n!e+ra!e& !"pes of )urr)ulum an&
spe)alBe& or fra+men!e& !"pes. Some people -eleve !*a! !*e
se)on&ar" s)*ool )urr)ulum( par!)ularl" !*e @n& n*er!e& from !*e
6r!s* s"s!em s !oo spe)alBe& an& !*a! n!e+ra!e& approa)* s*oul& -e
en)oura+e&. I! s ar+ue& !*a! an overspe)alBe& )urr)ulum lea&s !o
+aps n un&ers!an&n+ -e!$een !*e varous su-'e)!s. T*e *s!or" or
+eo+rap*" s!u&en! for e7ample ma" @no$ l!!le of $*a! fello$ s!u&en!s
&o n p*"s)s or )*ems!r" an& !*e lan+ua+e s!u&en! ma" @no$ no!*n+
of e!*er of !*ese fel&s. ;a!*er !*an -en+ s*o$n !*e $orl& as ! s(
some ar+ue( !*e s!u&en!s s +ven a fra+men!e& ar!f)al ve$ of
><
@no$le&+e $*)* &oes no! allo$ *m !o ma@e valua-le )onne)!ons
-e!$een &eas.
So far $e *ave -een e7amnn+ !*e so)al for)es of $or@ on !*e
)urr)ulum $*)* +overn !*e $a"s n $*)* &s)plne emer+e as so)al
s"s!ems. T*ese &s)plnes are !au+*! !o !ea)*ers n unvers!es or
)olle+es an& !*e" n !*er !urn &e)&e $*a! par! of !*e su-'e)! ma!!er an&
!*e or+anBn+ !*eores or )on)ep!s s*all -e !au+*! !o !*er pupls. T*ere
s !*erefore( a lon+ seres of ln@ -e!$een !*e resear)* $or@er a! !*e
e&+e of )on!emporar" @no$le&+e an& !*e !ea)*er n a prmar" s)*ool.
An a&&!onal fa)!or $*)* mus! -e !a@en n!o a )urr)ulum s !*a!
!ea)*ers rarel" &e!ermne !*e +oals of !*er s)*ools $*)* are )ul!urall"
&efne&. In !*s $a"( )on!rol over $*a! s a)!uall" !au+*! s &v&e&
-e!$een !*ose $!*n an& !*ose $*o are ou!s&e !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em.
9'9 T1" T"#c1"r #nd EE#&in#tion
In ever" learnn+ pro)ess( -o&" of @no$le&+e s !ransm!!e& an&
re)eve& for !*e purpose of repro&u)!on -" !*e -enef)ares $*en !*e
nee& arses. T*s s as)er!ane& !*rou+* evalua!on( assessmen! an&
e7amna!on. T*ere s pe&a+o+)al an& an&ro+o+)al rela!ons*p
-e!$een !*e !ea)*er an& !au+*!. T*e !ea)*er !ransm!s a -o&" of
@no$le&+e n!o !*e learners usn+ varous )on!en!s n !*e )urr)ulum !o
-e verfe& la!er on !*rou+* e7amna!on. T*e s!ren+!*( $ea@nesses an&
po$er of re)ep!on of @no$le&+e )onfrme& !*rou+* !*e )ons!an! an&
pero&)al assessmen! an& e7amna!on of !*e s!u&en!s for sele)!on(
or+anBa!on an& pla)emen! of !*e s!u&en!s n !*e r+*! la&&er $!*n !*e
e&u)a!onal s"s!em an& emplo"men! fel&.
T*ere *ave -een )on!nuous a!!a)@s upon !*e varous s"s!ems of
assessmen! an& evalua!on of realBa!on of @no$le&+e n our s)*ools
an& o!*er e&u)a!onal ns!!u!ons. T*ese a!!a)@s are upon all forms of
$r!!en e7amna!ons a! !*e elemen!ar"( se)on&ar" an& unvers!" levels
$*e!*er !*e la& &o$n pro)e&ure for !*e )on&u)! *ave -een o-'e)!vel"
follo$e& !o n'e)! !*e r+*! spr!s n!o !*e e&u)a!onal s"s!em.
Con!nuous assessmen! as one val& form of evalua!on *as -een
n!ro&u)e& a! all levels from !*e nfan! s)*ool !o !*e unvers!". 6u! !*e
&an+ers n all !*s are o-vous. In&us!rals!s an& o!*er s!a@e*ol&ers n
!*e emplo"men! mar@e! )omplan !*a! s)*ool a)*evemen! an&
assessmen! n)reasn+l" -ear l!!le or no rela!on !o !*e prva!e an&
pu-l) ns!!u!ons re1uremen!s( par!)ular for pra)!)al fel&s l@e
en+neern+( !ea)*n+( -an@n+ an& so for!*. Paren!s of -r+*! )*l&ren
are of!en un*app" !*a!( a! !*e en& of !*e &a"( !*er offsprn+ seem !o -e
no -e!!er off !*an man" of !*e less -r+*! )*l&ren &ue !o !*e
unsa!sfa)!or" )on&u)! of e7amna!ons. Unvers!es an& )olle+es of
<0
*+*er e&u)a!on *ave of!en -een *ear& !o )omplan a-ou! !*e nferor
levels of a!!anmen! s*o$n -" !*er "earl" en!ran!s. Some see@ a re!urn
!o a )er!f)a!e n s)*ools !*a! $oul& ma!)* !*e )ompulsor" as $ell as
op!onal elemen!s of !*e ol& General S)*ool Cer!f)a!e( $!* passes
re1ure& n a-ou! fve su-'e)!s -efore )er!f)a!es $oul& -e a$ar&e& an&
so on. T*ese are !errf"n+ ssues n !*e rela!ons*p -e!$een !*e !ea)*er
)urr)ulum mplemen!a!on an& e7amna!on resul!s.
A)!uall"( s)*ool a)*evemen! s also rela!e& !o !*e so)o.e)onom)
s!a!us of !*e )*l&Gs faml". In !*e o-serva!on of !*e role of !*e faml"
!o !*e )*l&Gs rea&n+ a-l!" for e7ample( llus!ra!e !*s pon!. Faml"
s!a!us *as a &re)! -earn+ on !*e )*l&Gs o$n es!ma!e of *s s)*ool
$or@ a-l!" as ! rela!es !o !*e !ea)*er performan)e on !*e fel&. T*ere
are also "oun+s!ers $*ose un&er a)*evemen! s as a resul! of
mala&'us!men! an& some spe)f) learnn+ pro-lem( -u! !*e ma'or!" of
un&era)*evers are &ra$n from se+men!s of so)e!"( $*ere aspra!ons
&ffer from !*ose of !*e s)*ool. T*e s)*ool &oes no! offer !*em an
oppor!un!" !o &o !*e !*n+s !*e" $an! !o &o or !o -e !*e person !*e"
$an! !o -e. Our s)*ools mus! )ome !o !erms $!* !*ese "oun+s!ers !o
a)*eve !*e am of 1ual!a!ve e&u)a!on. T*ese "oun+s!ers a&op!
un$an!on s!ra!e+es !o pass e7amna!ons -" all means $!* !*e
)oopera!on of !*e !ea)*ers $*o are e7pe)!e& !o -e !*e )us!o&ans of
@no$le&+e an& s@lls. All e7amna!on n s)*ools s a re.&re)!on(
a!!!u&nal )*an+e an& refo)usn+ !o mee! up $!* !*e nee&e& aspra!ons
an& re1uremen!s of !*e so)e!" a! lar+e.
In "our o$n opnon $*a! are !*e )auses of e7amna!on malpra)!)esL
You ma" ls! "our o$n opnons.
6'0 CONCLUSION
In !*s un!( so)al rela!ons n !*e )lassroom( !ea)*er an& )urr)ulum
an& !ea)*er an& e7amna!on $ere &s)usse&.
2. So)al rela!ons n !*e )lassroom9 In !*e )lassroom !*e "ou!* are
!rane& !o -e a-le !o perform a&ul! roles $*en !*e" -e)ome +ro$n
ups an& !o learn -ass an& apple& s@lls $*)* are useful n !*er
la!er lfe.
<2
2. Curr)ulum )omprses of learnn+ e7peren)es purposefull"
or+anBe& -" formal e&u)a!onal a+en!s as s)*ools !o -e use& -"
!*e !ea)*ers !o !ransform -o"s an& +rls from ra$ ma!erals !o
refne& ones !o -e a-le !o par!)pa!e )ons!ru)!vel" n !*e so)e!al
fun)!ons. T*ere s *&&en )urr)ulum n !*e s)*ool !o -e use& -"
!*e !ea)*er !o )omplmen! !*e off)al )urr)ulum n !*e !rann+
of -o"s an& +rls.
A. Tea)*ers an& e7amna!on are )losel" rela!e&. In ever" learnn+
pro)ess( -o&" of @no$le&+e s !ransm!!e& an& re)eve& for !*e
purpose of repro&u)!on -" !*e -enef)ares $*en !*e nee&
arses. T*s s !*e purpose of evalua!on( assessmen! an&
e7amna!on -" !*e !ea)*er n !*e s)*ool.
<'0 SU22ARY
In un! four!een( so)al rela!ons n !*e )lassroom( !ea)*er an&
)urr)ulum an& !ea)*er an& e7amna!on $ere summarBe&. T*e
)lassroom s*oul& -e a )en!er for 1ual!" !ea)*n+ an& a)a&em)
performan)e( !*e eff)en)" of !*e !ea)*erJ !*e sBe an& e!*n)
)ompos!on of !*e )lassroom are all mpor!an! so)al nfluen)es on !*e
lfe of !*e s!u&en!s. T*e n!erpre!a!ons an& 'u&+emen!s of so)al
rela!on n !*e )lassroom are s*ape& -" s!u&en! )ul!ure an& su-.)ul!ure.
Tea)*er n !*e )lassroom )anno! opera!e effe)!vel" $!*ou! usn+
)urr)ulum( $*)* n)lu&e& !*e !me!a-le( -o&" of @no$le&+e( an& s@lls
su)* as pro'e)! $or@ an& *&&en )urr)ulum !o fos!er proper !ea)*n+
an& learnn+ n !*e )lassroom. Tea)*er an& e7amna!on as also
&s)usse& as !$o ssues )onne)!n+ ea)* o!*er n ever" learnn+ pro)ess.
T*e !ea)*er n !*e s)*ool use e7amna!on !o measure !*e s!ren+!*(
$ea@nesses an& po$er of re)ep!on of @no$le&+e )onfrme& !*rou+* !*e
)ons!an! an& pero&)al assessmen! an& e7amna!on of !*e s!u&en!s for
sele)!on( or+anBa!on an& pla)emen!.
CaD Ls! an& e7plan !*e fun)!ons of a !ea)*er n !*e )lassroom.
C-D E7amne !*e so)al &"nam)s n !*e )lassroom $!* referen)e !o
peer +roups.
C)D Defne Curr)ulum an& e7plan !s usefulness n !*e
!ransforma!on of a so)al -en+ $!*ou! -lems* !o -e)ome an
a))ep!a-le mem-er of a lar+er so)e!".
<2
C&D Enumera!e !*e roles of a !ea)*er n !*e era&)a!on of
E7amna!on /alpra)!)e from our e&u)a!onal s"s!em n N+era.
#enne!*( 6. e!Gal C2<>2D A So)olo+" of E&u)a!on for Afr)a. Lon&on9
Geor+e Allen an& Un$n L!&.
So)olo+" of E&u)a!on. I-a&an9 Car&nal Press Lm!e&.
/orrs( I. C2<=>D T*e So)olo+" of E&u)a!on9 An In!ro&u)!on.
Lon&on9 Geor+e Allen an& Ur$n CPu-ls*ersD Lm!e&.
/us+rave( P.%. C2<=8D T*e so)olo+" of E&u)a!on. Grea! 6r!an9
6u!ler an& Tanner L!&.
;"an( G.G( C2<5AD Tea)*er 6e*avor T*eor" an& ;esear)*9 Impl)a!on
for Tea)*er E&u)a!on( Mournal of Tea)*er E&u)a!on( No. 23( pp
2=3.<A.
<A

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EDU 202 SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION

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