EEE C364/INSTR C 364

Analog Electronics
Lecture 19
13-03-2012
Filters ?
FILTERS
On the basis of magnitude response, filters are
classified as:
1. Low Pass
2. High Pass
3. Band Pass
4. Band Reject or notch
5. All Pass
Filter Response
Filter response
V
i
(t)= 0.8 sin e
0
t +0.5 sin 4e
0
t +0.2 sin 16e
0
t
frequency
time
Filter Types
1. Passive Filters- R , L, and C
2. Active Filters Amplifiers without
inductors
Restrictions with Active filters:
Limited by opamp response
Frequency below MHz range
At high frequencies filters are
implemented with RLC.
Transfer function
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 1
1
1
0 1 1
1
0
....
.....

as defined is
b s b s b s b
a s a s a s a
s D
s N
s H
s H
X
X
s H
n
n
n
n
m
m
m
m
i
+ + + +
+ + + +
= =
=

Where N(s) and D(s) are suitable polynomials of s with real coefficients and with degrees
m and n.
The degree of the denominator determines the order of the filter (first order, second order,
etc).
The roots of the equation N(s)=0 is called zeros of H(s), denoted by z
1
, z
2
, z
3
..z
m
.
The roots of the equation D(s)=0 is called poles of H(s), denoted by p
1
, p
2
, p
3
p
n
Factoring N(s) and D(s) in terms of respective roots we can write
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
n n
m
b p s p s p s
z s z s z s
H s H
m
0
2 1
2 1
0
a
H where
.......
......
=


=
( )
( )
( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
. j2 1 at pair pole conjugate A
origin at the zero
/ 10 2
10 2 1 10 2 1
10 2
/ 1 / 1
3
0
3 3
3
2 2
0

=
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
= =
A
V V H
j s j s
s
s H
LC s L R s
s
L
R
RCs LCs
RCs
V
V
s H
i