Gen.

Velocities
Hamiltonian
Constants of Motion
Trick
Orb. Eq. 1
Orb. Eq. 2
Polar eq. for orbit
Param. eq. for radial mom.
Orbital Equations
Hamiltonian
Orb. Eq. 1
Polar eq. for orbit
Kepler / Coulomb
Define:
Orb. Eq. 1 Orb. Eq. 2
Param. eq. for radial mom.
Determined by examining minimum
periodicity of polar equation for the orbit:
For fixed l and E, rmin and rmax are the
intercepts of the radial phase space
trajectory with the r-axis.
Bound Orbits
0
Bound orbits generally do not close.
Orbit is closed if is rational
multiple of :
Radial cuts give trajectories in Phase
Space of Radial Coordinate (fixed l,
different values of E)
Phase-Space Orbits
0
Bound Trajectories in Full Phase Space lie
on torus-like surfaces, arranged in nested
fashion. Easily visualized in the x,y,pr space
(tori shown for fixed l, different values of E)
Parametric solution of a
phase-space trajectory on
x,y,pr space given by
Projection to xy plane gives orbits in space
(Bold curve is one
possible orbit with
fixed E, l and initial
angle)
To find Frequencies (to be proved later in course):
Frequencies
For Bound ordbits, radial and angular
coordinates are periodic in time, but with
generally different periods:
Defines two angular frequencies (dependent
on E and l):

Calculate (*) :
0

Invert to Obtain

Take derivatives (**):
Re-express Jr in
terms of E.
* Using orbital Equations :
** Note that :
Frequencies for Kepler-Coulomb
Using orbital Equations :
Polar eq. for orbit
Integral :
From previous definitions:
Invert:
Gives:
Note, using previous defs:
Param. eq. for radial momentum