A SIP trunk is a service offered by an ITSP (Internet Telephony Service Provider) that permits

businesses that have a PBX installed to use Voice-over-IP (VoIP) also outside the enterprise
network by using the same connection as the Internet connection.
A SIP Trunk is a logical connection between an IP PBX and a Service Providers application
servers that allows voice over IP traffic to be exchanged between the two. When a call is placed
from an internal phone to an external number, the PBX sends the necessary information to the
SIP Trunk provider who establishes the call to the dialed number and acts as an intermediary for
the call. All signaling and voice traffic between the PBX and the provider is exchanged using
SIP and RTP protocol packets over the IP network.
If the number being called is a traditional PSTN telephone, the trunk provider routes the IP
packets to a PSTN Gateway that is closest to the number being called, to minimize possible long
distance charges. The provider can also terminate PSTN numbers, and route incoming calls for
those numbers back to the IP PBX over the SIP can also Trunk. This allows businesses to offer
local phone numbers in several geographical areas, but service them all from a single location.
If the number being called can be reached over a SIP Trunk, the call does not need to be routed
over the PSTN, but can be carried on the IP network end to end. Providers can deliver these calls
to their customers for very little cost, and many offer them at no charge. Some service providers
have agreements and exchange calls for each others customers directly over their IP networks.
Where no such agreements are in place, calls are routed over the PSTN, even though both
endpoints may ultimately be reachable over a SIP Trunk.
The SIP Trunk can be provided by the Internet Service Provider, or by an independent Internet
Telephony Service Provider. In fact, there can be several parties involved, each one providing a
different part of the service needed to deliver the end-to-end communication: Internet access, SIP
termination, PSTN gateway, etc.
Because a SIP Trunk is not a physical connection, there is no explicit limit on the number of
calls that can be carried over a single trunk. Each call consumes a certain amount of network
bandwidth, so the number of calls is limited by the amount of bandwidth that can flow between
the IP PBX and the providers equipment.