IGCSE: c) Biological Molecules Revision Guide 2.5 2.

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2.5: identify the chemical elements present in
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Carbohydrates and Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen,
and Oxygen (CHO Carl hates ovals)

Proteins: C,H,O + N (Carl hates ovals now)




2.6: Describe the structure of carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids as made up from smaller basic
units.

Carbohydrates: Starch & Glycogen from a sugar
or glucose to form monosaccharaides,
polysaccharides, disaccharides.

Proteins: from amino acids

Lipids: from 3 fatty acids and glycerol
2.7: Describe the tests for glucose and starch.

Starch: Drop of iodine then orange to black/blue.

Glucose: Add benedicts solution, heat then blue
to orange.


2.8: Understand the role of enzymes as biological
catalysts in metabolic reactions.

Metabolism: sum of chemical reactions in all our
cells.

Enzymes as biological catalysts: speed up
chemical reactions. (a protein acts on different
molecules and different shapes).
2.9: Understand how enzymes are affected by
changes in temperature, including due to
active site.

As the temperature increases, the active site
deforms effecting the breaking down of the
substrate. In theory, both shapes cant combine


2.10: Understand how enzymes are affected by
changes in pH and the effect on active site.

An extreme pH will denature the enzyme stopping
any reactions.
2.11: Describe experiments to investigate
how enzyme activity can be affected by
changes in temperature.

Add starch to amylase, heat the mixture and
time how long it takes for all the starch to be
broken-down. (if it turns black starch is still
present)