Interference at Cellular Systems

Gunawan Wibisono
Agenda
Cellular Technology
Frequency Spectrum
Interferences
Interference Mitigation


Cellular Technology

Cellular Technology


Cellular Technology

Cellular Technology

Frequency Spectrum

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
9
ITU-R Reference Documents
[1] Recommendation M.1455: KEY
CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MOBILE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS-2000 (IMT-2000) RADIO
INTERFACES

[2] Recommendation SM.329-7: SPURIOUS
EMISSIONS

[3] Recommendation M.1225: GUIDELINES
FOR EVALUATION OF RADIO TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMT-2000

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
10
ITU-R IMT-2000s Key Characteristics
The IMT-2000 3G Radio Transmission
Technologies (RTT) evaluation process
required data on key RF characteristics.
They were defined in ITU-R
Recommendation. M.1455 [1]
The key RF characteristics that determine
a radios coexistence performance are
highlighted below (in the next slide)

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
11
Coexistence-Affecting Key RF
Performance Characteristics (1/2)

Radio Transmitter:
Transmit power & emission mask
ACLR*
Spurious Emissions
Frequency Accuracy & Stability

* ACLR = Adjacent Channel Leakage (power) Ratio

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
12
Coexistence-Affecting Key RF
Performance Characteristics (2/2)

Radio Receiver:
Sensitivity
Intermodulation sensitivity
Blocking
Spurious response
Selectivity

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
13
Transmitter Characteristics (1/5)

3.3.1 Emission Mask

The maximum transmit power and emission mask
should be stated (for both MS and BS).
If the proposed radio technology supports several
power classes, they should be specified as well.

Test results and a statement on the specified
emission mask(s) are required.
Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
14
Transmitter Characteristics (2/5)

3.3.2 ACLR

ACLR is defined as the attenuation of the transmit
power which is spilled into the adjacent channels
(due to filtering imperfections).
It is measured relative to the carrier signal power
and expressed as dBc attenuation values.
ACLR is a function of the frequency offset from the
assigned channel frequency.

Test results and a statement on the specified
ACLR are required.
Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
15
Transmitter Characteristics (3/5)

3.3.3 Spurious Emissions

ITU-R Recommendation M.329-7 [2] defines
spurious emissions as Emission on a frequency, or
frequencies, which are outside the necessary
bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced
without affecting the corresponding transmission of
information.
Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions,
parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and
frequency conversion products but exclude out-of-
band emissions.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
16
Transmitter Characteristics (4/5)

3.3.3 Spurious Emissions (contd)

Spurious emissions are generated by non-linear
components in the transmitter in the process of
carrier signal generation, mixing, modulation and
amplification.

Test results and a statement on the specified
performance levels for each type of spurious
emission are required.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
17
Transmitter Characteristics (5/5)

3.3.4 Frequency Accuracy and Stability

Frequency accuracy is expressed in PPM (parts per
million) and is a measure of the frequency deviation
from the assigned carrier frequency.
Frequency stability is a measure of this deviation that
is caused by operational time-varying factors such as
temperature, humidity etc.

Test results and a statement on the specified
frequency accuracy and stability are required.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
18
Receiver Characteristics (1/5)

3.3.5 Receiver Sensitivity

Reference [1] defines receiver sensitivity as the
minimum power, measured at the antenna port, at
which the frame error rate (FER) or bit error rate
(BER) are below a certain specified limit.
Sensitivity is a function of the information bit rate,
Eb/No, temperature and the receiver noise-figure
(NF).

Test results and a statement on the specified
receiver sensitivity levels are required.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
19
Receiver Characteristics (2/5)

3.3.6 Intermodulation Sensitivity

Defined as the levels of out-of-band interfering
signals that when mixed in the receiver front-end,
produce an in-band third order non-linearity product.

Test results and a statement on the specified
receiver intermodulation sensitivity levels are
required.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
20
Receiver Characteristics (3/5)

3.3.7 Receiver Blocking

Receiver blocking is the effect of a strong out-of-
band signal, present at the input of the receiver, on
the receivers ability to detect an in-band wanted
signal.
The blocking signal reduces the specified receiver
sensitivity by a certain number of dB's.

Test results and a statement on the specified
receiver blocking performance levels are required.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
21
Receiver Characteristics (4/5)

3.3.8 Spurious Response

Spurious response in a receiver occurs when
unwanted signals, having frequencies other than the
tuned frequency, produce a receiver output as if they
were wanted signals.
Spurious response is specified in terms of the
frequencies and signal levels that produce such
unwanted receiver output.

Test results and a statement on the specified receiver
spurious response performance are required.

Nov-11-2003
IEEE 802.20 Contribution # C802.20-03-99
22
Receiver Characteristics (5/5)

3.3.9 Selectivity

Receiver selectivity is a measure of the receivers
ability to reject signals from adjacent channels while
receiving a wanted signal on its tuned frequency.
Selectivity is specified as the ratio (in dB) of the
adjacent channel signal level to the assigned channel
signal level in which a reference BER/FER is
maintained.

Test results and a statement on the specified receiver
selectivity performance are required.

30 Mar. 1 Apr. 2004 Skopje
Measurement of Frequency, Field Strength
and Power Flux Density ADP
23
Measurement sites
Fixed installations. A suitable site for a fixed installation is
one where the fields of the emissions to be recorded will
be relatively undisturbed by local structures or terrain
features. Fixed sites are primarily used for measurements
at low frequencies (typically less than 30 MHz).
Mobile installations comprise of field strength measuring
equipment housed in a monitoring vehicle. Their
advantage compared to fixed installations is that they can
observe both the space and time distribution of field
strength. This property is particularly useful in the context
of VHF/UHF field-strength measurements, where
measurements need to be taken at variable heights.
Nevertheless, due to the propagation characteristics in
these bands, the antenna has to be adjusted to the direction
and polarization of the received signal.
30 Mar. 1 Apr. 2004 Skopje
Measurement of Frequency, Field Strength
and Power Flux Density ADP
24
Requirements for antennas
For frequencies below 30 MHz a vertical rod or wire antenna with an
overall vertical length of not more than 0.1 at the frequency of
interest, together with a counter poise is recommended. ITU-R SM.378
and P.845 provide instructions for the successful deployment of these
antennas.
In the frequency range between 30 MHz and 1000 MHz, a wideband
dipole or a directional antenna such as a dipole installed in a corner-
reflector or a parabolic reflector is recommended. It should be erected
at sufficient height above the ground, e.g. 10 m, and with appropriate
orientation for the azimuth of signal arrival and polarization. Where a
wide band of frequencies must be measured, a log-periodic antenna is
recommended.
For frequencies greater than 1 GHz, the antenna gain becomes an
increasingly important factor, because of the small effective aperture
and the high cable or waveguide loss. Thus, the installation of a horn
or log-periodic antenna in a parabolic reflector or another wide-
aperture collector is recommended. High gain antennas should also be
adjustable for maximum signal pick-up of the wanted emission.
30 Mar. 1 Apr. 2004 Skopje
Measurement of Frequency, Field Strength
and Power Flux Density ADP
25
Measurements along a route
Influenced by the local receiving conditions, the true values of the field
strength can significantly differ from the predicted ones. It is therefore
necessary they are verified by measurements in order to determine the
radio coverage of a large area.
All measurements must be recorded along with their geographical co-
ordinate data for locating the points of measurements and for mapping
the results that were gathered on the most accessible roads of the area
in question.
Digital network systems (such as GSM, DCS1800, UMTS, or DAB)
are sensitive to the effects of reflected reception. In this case, besides
measuring the signal level, the reception quality measurement, made
by the measurement of the bit-error ratio (BER) or channel impulse
response (CIR) measurement, is also necessary to evaluate the system
performance. Using special monitoring equipment which automatically
generates calls, these measurements can be made on operational digital
networks without any adverse effect.
30 Mar. 1 Apr. 2004 Skopje
Measurement of Frequency, Field Strength
and Power Flux Density ADP
26
Mobile field measurements
Due to the effect of reflected signals, the field strength along a route
shows severe fluctuation.
Reproducible field strength test results can be calculated from a large
number of raw data readings, by fitting the data to statistical
distributions. The number of sample points should be sufficient to
reveal the statistics of long-term fading and the sampling frequency
sufficiently high to determine the statistics of short-term fading of the
electric field strength.
For obtaining 1 dB confidence margin around the true mean value,
field strength samples should be taken every 0.8, over a 40 long
averaging interval (50 measured values within distance of 40
wavelengths).
Furthermore, the velocity of the monitoring vehicle must obey the
following relation:


where T
r
is the shortest time period required for the receiver to repeat
the measurement at a single frequency.

864
[km/h]
[MHz] [s]
r
v
f T

30 Mar. 1 Apr. 2004 Skopje

Measurement of Frequency, Field Strength
and Power Flux Density ADP
27
Coordination data
A European cooperation agreement (Vienna Agreement of June 30, 2000 on frequency
coordination) has among others stated the following measurement procedure in cases of
disagreement concerning the results of evaluation related to a specific coordination
request, to facilitate the enhancement of existing networks and in cases of harmful
interference between stations in border regions in the VHF/UHF ranges. Results of
field-strength measurements shall be exchanged, and therefore the measurement
procedures have been standardized.
Measurement sites shall be selected so that there are no reflecting objects or as few as
possible within ten times the wavelength (10). Visual contact with the transmitting
antenna should exist where possible.
Depending on the conditions of measurement different records of the measurement
including the setup must be made, so that the results are reproducible. The whole
equipment shall be specified.
In cases of fixed point measurement the height of the measurement antenna(s),
measured from the ground, has to be varied between three and ten meters. Within this
range the highest field strength value shall be recorded, as well as the height of the
antenna where this value was measured. This value has to be regarded as being a field
strength value at a height of ten meters.
A record of every measurement setup and every measurement must be stored in a data
base. All data relevant to explain the measurement results have to be recorded for later
calculations.
Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika
MOBILE OPERATORS IN INDONESIA
(FDD / Paired Band)
30/05/2014 DG POSTEL
Notes:
Reference: Number of subscribers: Annual report of operators year 2008, Ditjen
Postel.
28
Telkomsel Indosat XL Axiata Hutch CPT Axis
Starting of
operation
1995 1994 1996 2004 2004
Number of
subs (end of
2008)
65,300,000 36,500,000 26,000,000 4,501,000 3,000,000
Standard GSM/UMTS
/HSPA
GSM/UMTS
/HSPA
GSM/UMTS
/HSPA
GSM/UMTS
/HSPA
GSM/UMTS
/HSPA
Frequency
Band (MHz)
900/1800/
2100
900/1800/
2100
900/1800/
2100
900/1800/
2100
900/1800/
2100
Bandwidth 40 MHz FDD 40 MHz FDD 20 MHz FDD 15 MHz FDD 20 MHz FDD
Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika
BAND PLAN GSM-900/1800
30/05/2014 DG POSTEL
BAND PLAN GSM-900
ISAT TSEL
890 900 MHz
Uplink Downlink
907.5 915
XL ISAT TSEL XL
935 945 952.5 960
BAND PLAN GSM-1800
1745
XL ISAT TSEL NTS TSEL ISAT HCPC TSEL
1710 1717.5 1722.5 1730 1750 1765 1775 1785 MHz
1805 1812.5 1817.5 1825 1845 1860 1870 1880 1840 MHz
Uplink
Downlink
29
Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika
IMT-2000 (UMTS) BAND PLAN
30/05/2014 DG POSTEL
BAND PLAN IMT-2000 (UMTS)
1955
Hutch
CPT
AXIS TSEL
INDOSAT
1920 MHz
2110 2145 MHz
1925
2115
1930
2120
1935
2125
1940
2130
XL
1945
2135
1950
2140
1965
2155
1960
2150
1975
2165
1970
2160
1985
2175
1980
2170
PCS-1900 DL
1990
2180
2000
2180
2010
2200
IMT Satellite Component
Guard
band
30
Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika
MOBILE AND FWA OPERATORS IN
INDONESIA
(FDD / Paired Band)
30/05/2014 DG POSTEL
Notes:
Bakrie Esia: 4 carrier 1.23 MHz di West Java, DKI, Banten,
Telkom: 4 carrier 1.23 MHz exclude West Java, DKI, Banten
Reference: Number of subscribers: Annual report of operators year 2008, Ditjen Postel.
31
SAMPOE
RNA TI
MOBILE-
8
BAKRIE
TELECOM
TELKOM
FLEXI
INDOSAT
STARONE
SMART
Starting of
operation
1985 1990s 1990s 2002 2002 2004
Number of
subs
(Y:2008)
N/A 3,004,400 7,300,000 12,725,000 761,589 N/A
Standard CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
Frequency
Band (MHz)
450 850 850 850 850

1900
Bandwidth 3.69 MHz
FDD
4.92 MHz
FDD
4.92 MHz
FDD
4.96 MHz
FDD
2.26 MHz
FDD
6.15 MHz
FDD
Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika
BAND PLAN CDMA-850
30/05/2014 DG POSTEL
BAND PLAN CDMA-850
37 78 119
835
Sub Band ex AMPS-A
160 201 242 283 384 425 466
880
507 548 589 630
Sub Band ex AMPS-B
835
890
BAKRIE TELKOM Rsv MOBILE-8 Rsv ISAT
Wilayah Layanan: Jakarta, Banten dan Jawa Barat
TELKOM BAKRIE Rsv MOBILE-8 Rsv ISAT
Wilayah Layanan: Nasional, selain Jakarta, Banten dan Jawa Barat
Uplink Downlink
Tiap raster channel AMPS 30 kHz, 1 kanal CDMA = 41 kanal AMPS = 1.23 MHz
MHz
MHz
1019
32
Interferences at Cellular Technology
CDMA BTS Tx interfering WCDMA Rx
CDMA MS Tx interfering WCDMA Rx
CDMA MS Tx interfering WCDMA UE Rx
CDMA BTS Tx interfering WCDMA UE Rx
WCDMA Tx interfering CDMA BTS Rx
WCDMA UE Tx interfering CDMA BTS Rx
GSM/WCDMA UE Tx interfering CDMA MS Rx
GSM/WCDMA UE Tx interfering CDMA MS Rx



Interference
To evaluate interference implications
Qualitative method
direct implication into devices
Quantitative method
Simulation (many application tool can be used)
Monitoring/Drive test
Interference
Interfering at 900 MHz
Interference
Interfering at 1900 MHz
Interference
Interference from adjacent channel are
Out of band emission (OOBE)
Adjacent channel selectivity (ACS)
Interference

Interference


Co-Exist Spectrum

Co-Exist Spectrum


Co-Exist Spectrum

Co-Exist Spectrum

Co-Exist Spectrum


Closing
Co-exist spectrum for two systems is allowed,
if the rejection spectrum is satisfied the
minimum requirement
Some methods to get the minimum rejection
requirement are power amplifier, filter, and
antenna isolation