CARBOHYDRATES

3 different categories
1. monosaccharides: simple sugars

a) trioses

ex. G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate)
CARBOHYDRATES
! all contain (C H

O)
! high energy compounds due to high
potential energy in C-H

empirical formula
2- 8 C atoms
(3C)
C
3
H
6
O
3

1

2

3

2
n





b) pentoses

ex i. ribose (in RNA)

ii. deoxyribose (in DNA)
CARBOHYDRATES
(5C)
C
5
H
10
O
5

C
5
H
10
O
4

c) hexoses

ex. glucose
exists in chain (linear) or ring structures


CARBOHYDRATES




(6C)
(crystallized)
C
6
H
12
O
6

(dissolved)
1

2

3

4

5

6

internal
rearrangement in
solution as C
1
joins
with C
5
1

2

3
4

5

6

+ H
2
O
- H
2
O
forms a(n) ________ linkage
ether
D glucose
isomers:
same molecular formula, but different structure

ex. fructose & galactose are isomers of glucose
all have same formula



CARBOHYDRATES




C
6
H
12
O
6

! - glucose # - galactose
fructose
stereoisomers
+
2. disaccharides
synthesized by condensation rxns
CARBOHYDRATES




#
glucose
glucose
+
glucose maltose
+
! -

H
2
O
1

2

3
4

5

6

1

2

3
4

5

6

ether linkage
+
! (1-4)
ether linkage ! (1-4)
1

2

3
4

5

6

!
H
2
O
CARBOHYDRATES
sucrose
+
glucose fructose
+
H
2
O
lactose +
glucose galactose
+
H
2
O
main transport
sugar in plants
disaccharride
found in milk
3. polysaccharides
polymers of 1000s of monosaccharides
ex. a) starch
short term energy storage in plants
long chains of glucose [" (1-4) ether linkages]
short branches
2. disaccharides (continued)
twisted into a helix
CARBOHYDRATES
3. polysaccharides(continued)
ex. b) glycogen
short term energy storage in
animals
like starch [" (1-4) ether
linkages] but highly branched
side chains [" (1-6) ether
linkages]

c) cellulose
makes up cell walls in plants
no side branches
forms long rigid molecules,
linked by # (1-4) ether linkages
indigestible to humans (fibre)
CARBOHYDRATES
3. polysaccharides (continued)
ex. d) chitin
modified cellulose with amide groups
very tough resistant molecule
forms cell wall of fungi & exoskeleton on insects
starch
glycogen
cellulose
HOMEWORK
Enzyme & Energy Quiz on
Monday