6

Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual

Inductance

Assessment Problems
AP 6.1 [a] ig = 8e300t 8e1200t A
v=L

dig
= 9.6e300t + 38.4e1200t V,
dt

t > 0+

v(0+ ) = 9.6 + 38.4 = 28.8 V

[b] v = 0 when

38.4e1200t = 9.6e300t

or

t = (ln 4)/900 = 1.54 ms

[c] p = vi = 384e1500t 76.8e600t 307.2e2400t W

dp
= 0 when e1800t 12.5e900t + 16 = 0
[d]
dt
Let x = e900t

and solve the quadratic x2 12.5x + 16 = 0

x = 1.45,

t=

x = 11.05,

ln 1.45
= 411.05 s
900

t=

ln 11.05
= 2.67 ms
900

p is maximum at t = 411.05 s
[e] pmax = 384e1.5(0.41105) 76.8e0.6(0.41105) 307.2e2.4(0.41105) = 32.72 W
[f] imax = 8[e0.3(1.54) e1.2(1.54) ] = 3.78 A
wmax = (1/2)(4 103 )(3.78)2 = 28.6 mJ
[g] W is max when i is max, i is max when di/dt is zero.
When di/dt = 0, v = 0, therefore t = 1.54 ms.

61

62

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

AP 6.2 [a] i = C

d
dv
= 24 106 [e15,000t sin 30,000t]
dt
dt

= [0.72 cos 30,000t 0.36 sin 30,000t]e15,000t A,

ms = 31.66 mA,
[b] i
80

i(0+ ) = 0.72 A

ms = 20.505 V,
v
80

p = vi = 649.23 mW
[c] w =



1
Cv 2 = 126.13 J
2


1 t
i dx + v(0 )
AP 6.3 [a] v =
C 0

 t
1
3 cos 50,000x dx = 100 sin 50,000t V
0.6 106 0

[b] p(t) = vi = [300 cos 50,000t] sin 50,000t

= 150 sin 100,000t W,
[c] w(max) =

p(max) = 150 W



1
2
Cvmax
= 0.30(100)2 = 3000 J = 3 mJ
2

60(240)
= 48 mH
300
[b] i(0+ ) = 3 + 5 = 2 A
125  t
[c] i =
(0.03e5x ) dx 2 = 0.125e5t 2.125 A
6 0+
50  t
(0.03e5x ) dx + 3 = 0.1e5t + 2.9 A
[d] i1 =
+
3 0

AP 6.4 [a] Leq =

i2 =

25  t
(0.03e5x ) dx 5 = 0.025e5t 5.025 A
6 0+

i1 + i2 = i
AP 6.5 v1 = 0.5 106

 t
0+

v2 = 0.125 106

240 106 e10x dx 10 = 12e10t + 2 V

 t
0+

240 106 e10x dx 5 = 3e10t 2 V

v1 () = 2 V,

v2 () = 2 V

1
1
W = (2)(4) + (8)(4) 106 = 20 J
2
2

Problems
AP 6.6 [a] Summing the voltages around mesh 1 yields
di1
d(i2 + ig )
+8
+ 20(i1 i2 ) + 5(i1 + ig ) = 0
dt
dt
or
4

di1
di2
dig
4
+ 25i1 + 8
20i2 = 5ig + 8
dt
dt
dt

Summing the voltages around mesh 2 yields

16

di1
d(i2 + ig )
+8
+ 20(i2 i1 ) + 780i2 = 0
dt
dt

or
di1
di2
dig
20i1 + 16
+ 800i2 = 16
8
dt
dt
dt
[b] From the solutions given in part (b)
i1 (0) = 0.4 11.6 + 12 = 0;

i2 (0) = 0.01 0.99 + 1 = 0

These values agree with zero initial energy in the circuit. At innity,
i1 () = 0.4A;

i2 () = 0.01A

When t = the circuit reduces to

.. i1 () =

7.8
7.8
+
= 0.4A;
20
780

From the solutions for i1 and i2 we have

di1
= 46.40e4t 60e5t
dt
di2
= 3.96e4t 5e5t
dt
Also,

dig
= 7.84e4t
dt

Thus
di1
= 185.60e4t 240e5t
4
dt

i2 () =

7.8
= 0.01A
780

63

64

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

25i1 = 10 290e4t + 300e5t
8

di2
= 31.68e4t 40e5t
dt

20i2 = 0.20 19.80e4t + 20e5t

5ig = 9.8 9.8e4t
8

dig
= 62.72e4t
dt

Test:
185.60e4t 240e5t 10 290e4t + 300e5t + 31.68e4t 40e5t
+0.20 + 19.80e4t 20e5t = [9.8 9.8e4t + 62.72e4t ]
?

9.8 + (300 240 40 20)e5t

+(185.60 290 + 31.68 + 19.80)e4t = (9.8 + 52.92e4t )
?

9.8 + 0e5t + (237.08 290)e4t = 9.8 52.92e4t

?

9.8 52.92e4t = 9.8 52.92e4t

(OK)

Also,
8

di1
= 371.20e4t 480e5t
dt

20i1 = 8 232e4t + 240e5t

16

di2
= 63.36e4t 80e5t
dt

800i2 = 8 792e4t + 800e5t

16

dig
= 125.44e4t
dt

Test:
371.20e4t 480e5t + 8 + 232e4t 240e5t + 63.36e4t 80e5t
8 792e4t + 800e5t = 125.44e4t
?

(8 8) + (800 480 240 80)e5t

+(371.20 + 232 + 63.36 792)e4t = 125.44e4t
?

(800 800)e5t + (666.56 792)e4t = 125.44e4t

?

125.44e4t = 125.44e4t

(OK)

Problems

Problems
P 6.1

[a] i =

t<0

50t A

0 t 5 ms

0.5 50t A

5 t 10 ms

10 ms < t

[b] v = L

di
= 20 103 (50) = 1 V
dt

v = 20 103 (50) = 1 V

0 t 5 ms
5 t 10 ms

t<0

1V

0 < t < 5 ms

1 V

5 < t < 10 ms

10 ms < t

p = vi
p

t<0

(50t)(1) = 50t W

0 < t < 5 ms

(0.5 50t)(1) = 50t 0.5 W

5 < t < 10 ms

10 ms < t

 t

=
0

(50x) dx = 50

 t

=
0.005

w
P 6.2

x
2

t

 =

0

t<0
25t2 J

0 < t < 5 ms

(50x 0.5) dx + 0.625 103

25x 0.5x
2

t




0.005

+0.625 103

25t2 0.5t + 2.5 103 J

5 < t < 10 ms

10 ms < t

[a] 0 t 2 ms :
 t
1
1t
vs dx + i(0) =
5 103 dx + 0
i=
200 106 0
L 0

65

66

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

= 25x

t

 =

0

25t A

2 ms t < :
 t
1
(0) dx + 25(2 103 ) = 50 mA
i=
6
3
200 10
210
[b]

P 6.3

Note the initial current should be 1 A.

0t2s
 t
1
e4x
3 4x
iL =
3

10
e
dx
+
0
=
1.2
2.5 104 0
4

= 0.3 0.3e4t A,

0t2s

iL (2) = 0.3A
2s<t<


= 0.3e4(t2) A,

2st<


e4(x2) t
iL = 1.2
+ 0.3
4 2

t




+0

Problems

P 6.4

[a] v = L

di
dt

di
= 18[t(10e10t ) + e10t ] = 18e10t (1 10t)
dt
v = (50 106 )(18)e10t (1 10t)
= 0.9e10t (1 10t) mV,

t>0

[b] p = vi
v(200 ms) = 0.9e2 (1 2) = 121.8 V
i(200 ms) = 18(0.2)e2 = 487.2 mA
p(200 ms) = (121.8 106 )(487.2 103 ) = 59.34 W
[c] delivering
1
1
[d] w = Li2 = (50 106 )(487.2 103 )2 = 5.93 J
2
2
[e] The energy is a maximum where the current is a maximum:
diL
= 18[t(10)e10t + e10t ) = 18e10t (1 10t)
dt
diL
= 0 when
dt

t = 0.1 s

67

68

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

imax = 18(0.1)e1 = 662.2 mA
1
wmax = (50 106 )(662.2 103 )2 = 10.96 J
2

P 6.5

[a] 0 t 1 s :
v = 100t


x2 t
1 t
100x dx + 0 = 20 
i=
5 0
2 0

i = 10t2 A
1s t 3s :
v = 200 + 100t
i(1) = 10 A
.. i

1 t
(100x 200) dx 10
5 1

20

 t

 t

x dx 40

dx 10

10(t2 1) 40(t 1) 10

= 10t2 40t + 20 A
3s t 5s :
v = 100
i(3) = 10(9) 120 + 20 = 10 A
i

1 t
100 dx 10
5 3

= 20t 60 10 = 20t 70 A
5s t 6s :
v = 100t + 600
i(5) = 100 70 = 30
i

1 t
(100x + 600) dx + 30
5 5

20

 t
5

 t

x dx + 120

dx + 30

10(t2 25) + 120(t 5) + 30

10t2 + 120t 320 A

Problems
[b] i(6) = 10(36) + 120(6) 320 = 720 680 = 40 A,

6t<

[c]

P 6.6

[a] vL = L
..

di
= [125 sin 400t]e200t V
dt

dvL
= 25,000(2 cos 400t sin 400t)e200t V/s
dt

dvL
= 0 when
dt
.. t = 2.77 ms
Also

tan 400t = 2

400t = 1.107 +

etc.

Because of the decaying exponential vL will be maximum the rst time the
derivative is zero.
[b] vL (max) = [125 sin 1.107]e0.554 = 64.27 V
vL max = 64.27 V
t = (1.107 + )/400;

Note: When
P 6.7

[a] i

 t
1
30 sin 500x dx 4
15 103 0

2000

 t
0

sin 500x dx 4

cos 500x t

2000
 4
500
0

4(1 cos 500t) 4

4 cos 500t A

vL = 13.36 V

69

610

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[b]

vi = (30 sin 500t)(4 cos 500t)

120 sin 500t cos 500t

60 sin 1000t W
1 2
Li
2

1
(15 103 )16 cos2 500t
2

120 cos2 500t mJ

[60 + 60 cos 1000t] mJ.

Problems

[c] Absorbing power:

P 6.8

Delivering power:

t 2 ms

0 t ms

3 t 4 ms

2 t 3 ms

[a] i(0) = A1 + A2 = 0.04

di
= 10,000A1 e10,000t 40,000A2 e40,000t
dt
v = 200A1 e10,000t 800A2 e40,000t V
v(0) = 200A1 800A2 = 28
Solving, A1 = 0.1

and A2 = 0.06

Thus,
i = 0.1e10,000t 0.06e40,000t A,

t0

v = 20e10,000t + 48e40,000t V,

t0

[b] If p = 0 then either i = 0 or v = o. Suppose i = 0:

i = 0.1e10,000t 0.06e40,000t = 0
.. 0.1e30,000t = 0.06 so t = 17.03 s
This answer is impossible! So assume that v = 0:
v = 20e10,000t + 48e40,000t = 0
Then,

20e30,000t = 48

..

t = 29.18 s

This answer makes sense; therefore, the power is 0 at t = 29.18 s.

611

612
P 6.9

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[a] From Problem 6.8 we have
A1 + A2 = 0.04
Now, we add the second equation for the coefcients:
200A1 800A2 = 68
A1 = 0.06;

Solving,
Thus,

A2 = 0.1

i = 0.06e10,000t + 0.1e40,000t A
v = 12e10,000t 80e40,000t A

t0

t0

0.06e10,000t = 0.1e40,000t

[b] i = 0 when

.. e30,0000t = 5/3 so

t = 17.03 s

Thus,
i > 0 for

0 t 17.03 s

v = 0 when

i < 0 for

and

17.03 s t <

12e10,000t = 80e40,000t

.. e30,0000t = 20/3 so

t = 63.24 s

Thus,
v < 0 for 0 t 63.24 s

and

v > 0 for

63.24 s t <

and

63.24 s t <

Therefore,
p < 0 for

0 t 17.03 s

(inductor delivers energy)

p > 0 for

17.03 s t 63.24 s

(inductor stores energy)

[c] The energy stored at t = 0 is

1
1
w(0) = L[i(0)]2 = (20 103 )(40 103 )2 = 16 J
2
2
The power for t > 0 is
p = vi = 6e50,000t 8e80,000t 0.72e20,000t
The energy for t > 0 is
w=


0

p dt =


0

50,000x

6e

dx


0

80,000x

8e

dx


0

0.72e20,000x dx

8
0.72
6

= 16 J
50,000 80,000 20,000

Thus, the energy stored at t = 0 equals the energy extracted for t > 0.

Problems
P 6.10

613

i = (B1 cos 1.6t + B2 sin 1.6t)e0.4t

i(0) = B1 = 5 A
di
= (B1 cos 1.6t + B2 sin 1.6t)(0.4e0.4t ) + e0.4t (1.6B1 sin 1.6t + 1.6B2 cos 1.6t)
dt
= [(1.6B2 0.4B1 ) cos 1.6t (1.6B1 + 0.4B2 ) sin 1.6t]e0.4t
v=2

di
= [(3.2B2 0.8B1 ) cos 1.6t (3.2B1 + 0.8B2 ) sin 1.6t]e0.4t
dt

v(0) = 28 = 3.2B2 0.8B1 = 3.2B2 4

.. B2 = 32/3.2 = 10 A

Thus,
i = (5 cos 1.6t + 10 sin 1.6t)e0.4t A,
v = (28 cos 1.6t 24 sin 1.6t)e0.4t V,
i(5) = 1.24 A;

t0
t0

v(5) = 3.76 V

p(5) = (1.24)(3.76) = 4.67 W

The power delivered is 4.67 W.
P 6.11

For 0 t 1.6 s:
1 t
3 103 dx + 0 = 0.6 103 t
iL =
5 0
iL (1.6 s) = (0.6 103 )(1.6) = 0.96 mA
Rm = (20)(1000) = 20 k
vm (1.6 s) = (0.96 103 )(20 103 ) = 19.2 V

P 6.12

p = vi = 40t[e10t 10te20t e20t ]

W=


0

p dx =


0

40x[e10x 10xe20x e20x ] dx = 0.2 J

This is energy stored in the inductor at t = .

614
P 6.13

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[a] v(20 s) =
v(20 s) =
=
v(40 s) =
=

12.5 109 (20 106 )2 = 5 V

(end of rst interval)

106 (20 106 ) (12.5)(400) 103 10

5 V (start of second interval)
106 (40 106 ) (12.5)(1600) 103 10
10 V (end of second interval)

[b] p(10s) = 62.5 1012 (105 )3 = 62.5 mW,

i(10s) = 50 mA,

v(10 s) = 1.25 V,

p(10 s) = vi = 62.5 mW,

p(30 s) = 437.50 mW,

v(30 s) = 8.75 V,

[c] w(10 s) = 15.625 1012 (10 106 )4 = 0.15625 J

w = 0.5Cv 2 = 0.5(0.2 106 )(1.25)2 = 0.15625 J
w(30 s) = 7.65625 J
w(30 s) = 0.5(0.2 106 )(8.75)2 = 7.65625 J
P 6.14

iC = C(dv/dt)
0 < t < 0.5 :
vc = 30t2 V
iC = 20 106 (60)t = 1.2t mA
0.5 < t < 1 :
vc = 30(t 1)2 V
iC = 20 106 (60)(t 1) = 1.2(t 1) mA

i(30 s) = 0.05 A

Problems
P 6.15

[a] 0 t 5 s
1
= 2 105
C

C = 5 F
v = 2 105

 t
0

4 dx + 12

v = 8 105 t + 12 V

0 t 5 s

v(5 s) = 4 + 12 = 16 V
[b] 5 s t 20 s
v = 2 10

 t

5106

2 dx + 16 = 4 105 t + 2 + 16

v = 4 105 t + 18V

5 t 20 s

v(20 s) = 4 105 (20 106 ) + 18 = 10 V

[c] 20 s t 25 s
v = 2 10

 t

20106

6 dx + 10 = 12 105 t 24 + 10

v = 12 105 t 14 V,

20 s t 25 s

v(25 s) = 12 105 (25 106 ) 14 = 16 V

[d] 25 s t 35 s
v = 2 105

 t

25106

v = 8 105 t 4 V,

4 dx + 16 = 8 105 t 20 + 16
25 s t 35 s

v(35 s) = 8 105 (35 106 ) 4 = 24 V

[e] 35 s t <
v = 2 10

v = 24 V,
[f]

 t
35106

0 dx + 24 = 24

35 s t <

615

616
P 6.16

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

v = 10 V,

t 0;

C = 0.8 F

v = 40 e1000t (50 cos 500t + 20 sin 500t)V,

t0

[a] i = 0, t < 0
dv
= 1000e1000t (50 cos 500t + 20 sin 500t)
[b]
dt
e1000t (25,000 sin 500t + 10,000 cos 500t)
=

e1000t (50,000 cos 500t + 20,000 sin 500t

+25,000 sin 500t 10,000 cos 500t)

=
i

(40,000 cos 500t + 45,000 sin 500t)e1000t

dv
= (32 cos 500t + 36 sin 500t)e1000t mA
C
dt

[c] no
[d] yes, from 0 to 32 mA
[e] v() = 40 V
1
1
w = Cv 2 = (0.8 106 )(40)2 = 640 J
2
2
P 6.17

[a] i =

400 103
t = 8 104 t
5 106

i = 400 103
=

 5106
0

5 t 20 s
8 10 t dt +
4

2
4t

8 10

0 t 5 s

5106



0

 15106
5106

400 103 dt

+400 103 (10 106 )

8 104 ( 12 )(25 1012 ) + 4 106

5 C

 20 s
 30 s
5 s
1
8 104 x dx +
0.4x dx +
(104 x 0.5) dx
[b] v =
0.25 106 0
5 s
20 s

 5 s
20 s
30 s




1
4 2 
2

+(5000t 0.5t) 
=
4 10 t 
+0.4t 
6
0.25 10
0
5 s
20 s

1
[1 106 + 6 106 10.5 106 + 8 106 ] = 18V
0.25 106

Problems
50 s

1
2
(5000t 0.5t) 
[c] v(50 s) = 18 +
6
0.25 10
30 s

= 18 +

1
(12.5 106 + 10.5 106 ) = 10V
6
0.25 10

1
1
w = Cv 2 = (0.25 106 )(10)2 = 12.5 J
2
2
P 6.18

[a]


1
0.5 106

2000t
3e

100 10

500106

2000

50 103 e2000t dt 20

500106



0

20

50(1 e1 ) 20 = 11.61 V

1
Cv 2
2

= 12 (0.5)(106 )(11.61)2 = 33.7 J

[b] v() = 50 20 = 30V

1
w() = (0.5 106 )(30)2 = 225 J
2
P 6.19

1
1
[a] w(0) = C[v(0)]2 = (0.25) 106 (50)2 = 312.5 J
2
2
4000t
[b] v = (A1 t + A2 )e
v(0) = A2 = 50 V
dv
dt

4000e4000t (A1 t + A2 ) + e4000t (A1 )

(4000A1 t 4000A2 + A1 )e4000t

dv
(0) = A1 4000A2
dt
i=C
..

dv
,
dt

i(0) = C

dv(0)
dt

i(0)
400 103
dv(0)
=
=
= 16 105
6
dt
C
0.25 10

.. 16 105 = A1 4000(50)
Thus, A1 = 16 105 + 2 105 = 18 105

V
s

617

618

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[c] v = (18 105 t + 50)e4000t
i=C
i

P 6.20

d
dv
= 0.25 106 (18 105 t + 50)e4000t
dt
dt

d
[(0.45t + 12.5 106 )e4000t ]
dt

(0.45t + 12.5 106 )(4000)e4000t + e4000t (0.45)

(1800t 0.05 + 0.45)e4000t

(0.40 1800t)e4000t A,

5(12 + 8) = 4 H
44 = 2 H
15(8 + 2) = 6 H
36 = 2 H
6 + 2 = 8H

P 6.21

3020 = 12 H
80(8 + 12) = 16 H
60(14 + 16) = 20 H
15(20 + 10) = 20 H
Lab = 5 + 10 = 15 H

P 6.22

[a]

i(t) =
=
=
i(t) =

1 t

12ex dx + 6
2 0
x

6e

t




+6

6et 6 + 6
6et A,

t0

t0

Problems
[b] i1 (t) =
=
=
i1 (t) =
[c] i2 (t) =
=
=
i2 (t) =

1 t

12ex dx + 2
3 0
x

4e

t




+2

4(et 1) + 2
4et 2 A,

t0

1 t

12ex dx + 4
6 0
x

2e

t




+4

2(et 1) + 4
2et + 2 A,

t0

[d] p = vi = (12et )(6et ) = 72e2t W

w


0

=
=

p dt =


0

72e2t dt


e2t 
72


36 J

1
1
[e] w = (3)(2)2 + (6)(4)2 = 54 J
2
2
1
1
[f] wtrapped = (3)(2)2 + (6)(2)2 = 18 J
2
2
wtrapped = 54 36 = 18 J

checks

[g] Yes, they agree.

P 6.23

[a] io (0) = i1 (0) + i2 (0) = 4 A

[b]

io

t

e4x 
1t
 +4

160e4x dx + 4 = 16
10 0
4 0

4(e4t 1) + 4 = 4e4t A,

t0

619

620

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[c]

d
(4e4t ) = 128e4t V
dt

va

vc

va + vb = 128e4t + 160e4t

32e4t V
1 t

32e4x dx + 1
3 0

i1

i1
[d] i2

i2

2.67e4t 2.67 + 1

2.67e4t 1.67 A,

1 t
32e4x dx + 3
6 0

1.33e4t 1.33 + 3

1.33e4t + 1.67 A,

t0

t0

1
1
1
[e] w(0) = (3)(1)2 + (6)(3)2 + (8)(4)2 = 92.5 J
2
2
2
1
[f] wdel = (10)(4)2 = 80 J
2
[g] wtrapped = 92.5 80 = 12.5 J
P 6.24

vb = 160e4t V
io = 4e4t A
p = 640e8t W
w=

 t
0

640e8x dx = 640


e8x t
= 80(1 e8t ) W
8 0

wtotal = 80 J
w(0.2) = 80(1 e1.6 ) = 63.85 J
Thus,
% delivered =

63.85
(100) = 79.8%
80

Problems
P 6.25

P 6.26

1 1
5
+ =
4 6
12

.. Ceq = 2.4 F

1
4
1
+
=
4 12
12

.. Ceq = 3 F

1
4
1
+ =
24 8
24

.. Ceq = 6 F

621

Work from the right hand side of the circuit, simplifying step by step:
1. 48 F in series with 16 F : 1/C = 1/16 + 1/48 ..
C = 12 F
The voltages add in series, so the 12 F capacitor has a voltage of 20 V,
negative at the top.
2. Previous 12 F in parallel with 3 F : C = 12 + 3 = 15 F
The voltage is 20 V, negative at the top.
3. Previous 15 F in series with 30 F :
1/C = 1/15 + 1/30 ..
C = 10 F
The voltages add in series, so the 10 F capacitor has a voltage of 10 V,
positive at the right.

622

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

4. Previous 10 F in parallel with 10 F : C = 10 + 10 = 20 F
The voltage is 10 V, negative at the top.
5. Previous 20 F in series with 5 F and 4 F :
1/C = 1/20 + 1/5 + 1/4 ..
C = 2 F
The voltages in series add: 5V 10V + 30V = 25V positive at the top.
The equivalent capacitance is 2 F with a voltage of 25 V, positive at the top.

P 6.27

[a]

vo

=
=
[b] v1

[c] v2

[d] p

 t
1
20 106 ex dx + 10
2 106 0
x

10e

t




+10

10et V,

t0

t

1
6 x 

(20

10
)e
 +4
3 106
0

6.67et 2.67 V,

3.33et + 2.67 V,

vi = (10et )(20 106 )et

200 106 e2t

=

t0

200 106 e2t dt

2t
6 e

200 10





0

100 106 (0 1) = 100 J

106 )(4)2 + 12 (6 109 )(6)2

1
(3
2

132 J

[f] wtrapped

t0

t

1
6 x 
(20

10
)e
 +6
6 106
0

[e] w

106 )(8/3)2 + 12 (6 106 )(8/3)2

1
(3
2

32 J

Problems
CHECK: 100 + 32 = 132 J
[g] Yes, they agree.
P 6.28

C1 = 10 + 2 = 12 F
1
1
1
+
=
C2
12 8

..

C2 = 4.8 F

vo (0) + v1 (0) = 5 + 25 = 20 V
[a]

v2

[b] vo

[c] v1

 t
1

1.92 103 e20x dx + 20

4.8 106 0

400

20(e20t 1) + 20

20e20t V,


e20x t
+20
20 0

1
8 106

t0
 t
0

1.92 103 e20x dx 5


e20x t
5
240
20 0

12(e20t 1) 5

12e20t 17 V,


e20x t
+25
160
20 0

8(e20t 1) + 25

8e20t + 17 V,

t0

 t
1
1.92 103 e20x dx + 25
12 106 0

t0

623

624

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[d] i1

[e] i2

d
[8e20t + 17]
dt

10 106

10 106 (20)8e20t

1.6e20t mA,

2 106

2 106 (20)8e20t

t>0

d
[8e20t + 17]
dt

= 0.32e20t mA,
t>0
20t
CHECK: i1 + i2 = 1.92e
mA = io
P 6.29

[ 12 (8 106 )(5)2 + 12 (10 106 )(25)2 + 12 (2 106 )(25)2 ]

[a] w(0) =

3850 J

=
[b]

vo () =

17 V

v1 () =

17 V
[ 12 (8 106 )(17)2 + 12 (12 106 )(17)2 ]

w() =

2890 J

=
[c] w =


0

(20e20t )(1.92 103 e20t ) dt = 960 J

CHECK: 3850 2890 = 960 J

960
100 = 24.9%
[d] % delivered =
3850
[e] w(40 ms) =

(20e20t )(1.92 103 e20t ) dt


e40t 0.04
0.0384
40 0

960 106 (1 e1.6 ) = 766.2 J

% delivered =
P 6.30

 0.04

766.2
(100) = 79.8%
960

From Figure 6.17(a) we have

1 t
1 t
v=
i + v1 (0) +
i dx + v2 (0) +
C1 0
C2 0


 t
1
1
+
+
i dx + v1 (0) + v2 (0) +
v=
C1 C2
0

Problems


Therefore
P 6.31

1
1
1
=
+
+ ,
Ceq
C1 C2

625

veq (0) = v1 (0) + v2 (0) +

From Fig. 6.18(a)

i = C1

dv
dv
dv
+ C2 + = [C1 + C2 + ]
dt
dt
dt

Therefore Ceq = C1 + C2 + . Because the capacitors are in parallel, the initial

voltage on every capacitor must be the same. This initial voltage would appear on
Ceq .
dio
dt

P 6.32

5{e2000t [8000 sin 4000t + 4000 cos 4000t]

2000e2000t [2 cos 4000t + sin 4000t]}

dio +
(0 ) = 5[1(4000) + (2000)(2)] = 0
dt
dio
v2 (0+ ) = 10 103 (0+ ) = 0
dt
+
+
v1 (0 ) = 40io (0 ) + v2 (0+ ) = 40(10) + 0 = 400V
P 6.33

vc

vL

vo

P 6.34

0.625 106

 t
0

16,000x

1.5e

dx

 t
0

0.5e

150(e16,000t 1) 200(e4000t 1) 50

150e16,000t 200e4000t V
dio
25 103
dt

4000x

dx 50

25 103 (24,000e16,000t + 2000e4000t )

600e16,000t + 50e4000t V

vc vL

(150e16,000t 200e4000t ) (600e16,000t + 50e4000t )

750e16,000t 250e4000t V,

[a] 2

di2
dig
+ 16
+ 32i2 = 0
dt
dt

16

di2
dig
+ 32i2 = 2
dt
dt

[b] i2 = et e2t A
di2
= et + 2e2t A/s
dt

t>0

626

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

ig = 8 8et A
dig
= 8et A/s
dt
.. 16et + 32e2t + 32et 32e2t = 16et
[c] v1

di2
dig
2
dt
dt

4(8et ) 2(et + 2e2t )

34et 4e2t V,

t>0

Also
[d] v1 (0) = 34 4 = 30 V;
di2
dig
v1 (0) = 4 (0) 2 (0)
dt
dt
= 4(8) 2(1 + 2) = 32 2 = 30 V
Yes, the initial value of v1 is consistent with known circuit behavior.
P 6.35

[a] Yes, vo = 20(i2 i1 ) + 60i2

[b] vo

20(1 52e5t + 51e4t 4 64e5t + 68e4t )+

60(1 52e5t + 51e4t )

20(3 116e5t + 119e4t ) + 60 3120e5t + 3060e4t

vo

5440e5t + 5440e4t V

[c] vo

L2

d
d
(15 + 36e5t 51e4t ) + 8 (4 + 64e5t 68e4t )
dt
dt
5t
4t
5t
2880e + 3264e 2560e + 2176e4t

vo

5440e5t + 5440e4t V

[a] vg

5(ig i1 ) + 20(i2 i1 ) + 60i2

5(16 16e5t 4 64e5t + 68e4t )+

P 6.36

d
di1
(ig i2 ) + M
dt
dt

16

20(1 52e5t + 51e4t 4 64e5t + 68e4t )+

60(1 52e5t + 51e4t )
=

60 + 5780e4t 5840e5t V

[b] vg (0) = 60 + 5780 5840 = 0 V

Problems
[c] pdev

v g ig

960 + 92,480e4t 94,400e5t 92,480e9t +

627

93,440e10t W
[d] pdev () = 960 W
[e] i1 () = 4 A;

i2 () = 1 A;

ig () = 16 A;

p5 = (16 4)2 (5) = 720 W

p20 = 32 (20) = 180 W
p60 = 12 (60) = 60 W


..
P 6.37

pabs = 720 + 180 + 60 = 960 W



pdev =

pabs = 960 W

[a] Rearrange by organizing the equations by di1 /dt, i1 , di2 /dt, i2 and transfer the
ig terms to the right hand side of the equations. We get
4

di1
di2
dig
+ 25i1 8
20i2 = 5ig 8
dt
dt
dt

di2
dig
di1
+ 80i2 = 16
20i1 + 16
dt
dt
dt

[b] From the given solutions we have

di1
= 320e5t + 272e4t
dt
di2
= 260e5t 204e4t
dt
Thus,
4

di1
= 1280e5t + 1088e4t
dt

25i1 = 100 + 1600e5t 1700e4t

8

di2
= 2080e5t 1632e4t
dt

20i2 = 20 1040e5t + 1020e4t

5ig = 80 80e5t
8

dig
= 640e5t
dt

628

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

Thus,
1280e5t + 1088e4t + 100 + 1600e5t 1700e4t 2080e5t
+1632e4t 20 + 1040e5t 1020e4t = 80 80e5t 640e5t
?

80 + (1088 1700 + 1632 1020)e4t

+(1600 1280 2080 + 1040)e5t = 80 720e5t
?

80 + (2720 2720)e4t + (2640 3360)e5t = 80 720e5t

8

(OK)

di1
= 2560e5t + 2176e4t
dt

20i1 = 80 + 1280e5t 1360e4t

16

di2
= 4160e5t 3264e4t
dt

80i2 = 80 4160e5t + 4080e4t

16

dig
= 1280e5t
dt

2560e5t 2176e4t 80 1280e5t + 1360e4t + 4160e5t 3264e4t

+80 4160e5t + 4080e4t = 1280e5t
?

(80 + 80) + (2560 1280 + 4160 4160)e5t

+(1360 2176 3264 + 4080)e4t = 1280e5t
?

0 + 1280e5t + 0e4t = 1280e5t



P 6.38

[a] L2 =
N1
=
N2
[b] P1 =

P1 =

L1
=
L2

(0.09)2
= 50 mH
(0.75)2 (0.288)

288
= 2.4
50

L1
0.288
=
= 0.2 106 Wb/A
2
N1
(1200)2

P2 =
P 6.39

M2
k 2 L1

(OK)

L2
0.05
=
= 0.2 106 Wb/A
2
N2
(500)2

L1
= 2 nWb/A;
N12

P12 = P21 =

P2 =

L2
= 2 nWb/A;
N22

M
= 1.2 nWb/A
N1 N2

P11 = P1 P21 = 0.8 nWb/A

M = k L1 L2 = 180 H

Problems
P 6.40

629

7.2
M
= = 0.8
[a] k =
L1 L2
81

[b] M = 81 = 9 mH



N1 2
N12 P1
L1
= 2
=
[c]
L2
N2 P2
N2
..

N1
N2

2

27
=9
3

N1
=3
N2
P 6.41

[a] M = k L1 L2 = 0.8 324 = 14.4 mH

P1 =

L1
36 103
=
= 900 nWb/A
N12
(200)2

d11
P11
=
= 0.1;
d21
P21

P21 = 10P11

P1 = P11 + P21 = 11P11

P11 =

1
P1 = 81.82 nWb/A
11

P21 = 10P11 = 818.18 nWb/A

N2 =

M
14.4 103
=
= 88 turns
N1 P21
(200)(818.18 109 )

L2
9 103
=
= 1162.19 nWb/A
N22
(88)2
[c] P11 = 81.82 nWb/A [see part (a)]
22
P22
[d]
=
12
P12

[b] P2 =

P12 = P21 = 818.18 nWb/A

P22 = P2 P12 = 1162.19 109 818.18 109 = 344.01 nWb/A
344.01
22
= 0.4205
=
12
818.18
P 6.42

[a] Dot terminal 1; the ux is up in coil 1-2, and down in coil 3-4. Assign the
current into terminal 4; the ux is down in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot terminal 4.
Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3.
[b] Dot terminal 2; the ux is up in coil 1-2, and right-to-left in coil 3-4. Assign the
current into terminal 4; the ux is right-to-left in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot
terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3.

630

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

[c] Dot terminal 2; the ux is up in coil 1-2, and right-to-left in coil 3-4. Assign the
current into terminal 4; the ux is right-to-left in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot
terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3.
[d] Dot terminal 1; the ux is down in coil 1-2, and down in coil 3-4. Assign the
current into terminal 4; the ux is down in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot terminal 4.
Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3.

P 6.43

[a]



1
P11
P22
P11
= 1+
1+
= 1+
2
k
P12
P12
P21
Therefore
P12 P21
k2 =
(P21 + P11 )(P12 + P22 )



1+

P22
P12

Now note that

1 = 11 + 21 = P11 N1 i1 + P21 N1 i1 = N1 i1 (P11 + P21 )
and similarly
2 = N2 i2 (P22 + P12 )
It follows that
(P11 + P21 ) =
and

1
N 1 i1


(P22 + P12 ) =

2
N 2 i2

Therefore
12 21
(12 /N2 i2 )(21 /N1 i1 )
k2 =
=
(1 /N1 i1 )(2 /N2 i2 )
1 2
or
k=





 21
12


[b] The fractions (21 /1 ) and (12 /2 ) are by denition less than 1.0, therefore
k < 1.
P 6.44

[a] vab = L1

di
di
di
di
di
+ L2 + M + M = (L1 + L2 + 2M )
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

It follows that
[b] vab = L1

Lab = (L1 + L2 + 2M )

di
di
di
di
di
M + L2 M = (L1 + L2 2M )
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

Therefore Lab = (L1 + L2 2M )

Problems
P 6.45

631

When the switch is opened the induced voltage is negative at the dotted terminal.
Since the voltmeter kicks upscale, the induced voltage across the voltmeter must be
positive at its positive terminal. Therefore, the voltage is negative at the negative
terminal of the voltmeter.
Thus, the lower terminal of the unmarked coil has the same instantaneous polarity as
the dotted terminal. Therefore, place a dot on the lower terminal of the unmarked
coil.

P 6.46

[a] vab = L1
0 = L1

di2
d(i1 i2 )
+M
dt
dt

di2
d(i1 i2 )
d(i2 i1 )
di2
M
+M
+ L2
dt
dt
dt
dt

Collecting coefcients of [di1 /dt] and [di2 /dt], the two mesh-current equations
become
di1
di2
+ (M L1 )
vab = L1
dt
dt
and
di1
di2
0 = (M L1 )
+ (L1 + L2 2M )
dt
dt
Solving for [di1 /dt] gives
di1
L1 + L2 2M
vab
=
dt
L1 L2 M 2
from which we have


vab =

L1 L2 M 2
L1 + L2 2M

.. Lab =



di1
dt

L1 L2 M 2
L1 + L2 2M

[b] If the magnetic polarity of coil 2 is reversed, the sign of M reverses, therefore
Lab =
P 6.47

L1 L2 M 2
L1 + L2 + 2M

[a] W = (0.5)L1 i21 + (0.5)L2 i22 + M i1 i2

M = 0.85 (18)(32) = 20.4 mH

W = [9(36) + 16(81) + 20.4(54)] = 2721.6 mJ
[b] W = [324 + 1296 + 1101.6] = 2721.6 mJ
[c] W = [324 + 1296 1101.6] = 518.4 mJ
[d] W = [324 + 1296 1101.6] = 518.4 mJ

632

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

P 6.48

[a] M = 1.0 (18)(32) = 24 mH,

i1 = 6 A

Therefore 16i22 + 144i2 + 324 = 0,



Therefore i2 =
2

2

9
2

i22 + 9i2 + 20.25 = 0

20.25 = 4.5

Therefore i2 = 4.5 A
[b] No, setting W equal to a negative value will make the quantity under the square
root sign negative.
P 6.49

When the button is not pressed we have

C2

dv
d
= C1 (vs v)
dt
dt

or
(C1 + C2 )

dvs
dv
= C1
dt
dt

dvs
dv
C1
=
dt
(C1 + C2 ) dt
Assuming C1 = C2 = C
dvs
dv
= 0.5
dt
dt
or
v = 0.5vs (t) + v(0)
When the button is pressed we have

Problems

C1

dv
dv
d(v vs )
+ C3 + C2
=0
dt
dt
dt

..

C2
dv
dvs
=
dt
C1 + C2 + C3 dt

Assuming C1 = C2 = C3 = C
1 dvs
dv
=
dt
3 dt
1
v = vs (t) + v(0)
3
Therefore interchanging the xed capacitor and the button has no effect on the
change in v(t).
P 6.50

With no nger touching and equal 10 pF capacitors

v(t) =

10
(vs (t)) + 0 = 0.5vs (t)
20

With a nger touching

Let

Ce = equivalent capacitance of person touching lamp

Ce =

(10)(100)
= 9.091 pF
110

Then

C + Ce = 10 + 9.091 = 19.091 pF

.. v(t) =

10
vs = 0.344vs
29.091

.. v(t) = (0.5 0.344)vs = 0.156vs

633

634
P 6.51

CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance

With no nger on the button the circuit is

C1

dv
d
(v vs ) + C2 (v + vs ) = 0
dt
dt

when

C1 = C2 = C

(2C)

dv
=0
dt

With a nger on the button

C1

d(v vs )
d(v + vs )
dv
+ C2
+ C3
=0
dt
dt
dt

(C1 + C2 + C3 )

when

dvs
dvs
dv
+ C2
C1
=0
dt
dt
dt

C1 = C2 = C3 = C

(3C)

dv
=0
dt

.. there is no change in the output voltage of this circuit.