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CSV Dec09
CSV Dec09
Regulars
Editorial 1194
December 2009 Science and Technology 1195
Year—12 Issue—142 Latest General Knowledge 1197
Inspiring Young Talent—
Topper : U.P. CPMT 2009 (11th Rank)—Shalu Mishra 1201
Science Tips 1203
Physics
Optic I (A) : Refraction at Plane Surfaces 1206
Solved Paper :
Editor Jammu and Kashmir Common Entrance Test, 2009 1216
MAHENDRA JAIN Typical Model Paper 1222
Typical Model Paper 1228
Chemistry
Solid State 1234
Solved Paper :
Jammu and Kashmir Common Entrance Test, 2009 1242
Typical Model Paper 1246
Typical Model Paper 1251
Zoology
Biological Catalysts 1257
Editor/Publisher is not responsible for
views, data, figures etc. expressed in the Disorders Caused by Protozoans 1262
articles by the authors. Nutrition 1265
—Editor Typical Model Paper 1272
Typical Model Paper 1275
No part of this publication can be
reproduced or transmitted in any form
Botany
without the prior written permission from
Secondary Growth in Thickness 1278
the publishers.
Mineral Requirements of Plant 1282
Family—Brassicaceae 1285
Typical Model Paper 1287
Typical Model Paper 1290
Edited, printed and published by Mahendra Typical Model Paper 1293
Jain for M/s. Pratiyogita Darpan, 2/11A,
Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA–2 and Biology
printed by him at Pratiyogita Darpan
Printing Unit, 5 & 6, Bye pass Road, Agra. Solved Paper :
Phone : 4053333, 2531101, 2530966 Jammu and Kashmir Common Entrance, Test, 2009 1297
Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570
E-mail : publisher@pdgroup.in Other Features
Website : www.pdgroup.in
Assertion and Reason Type Questions 1301
True or False 1304
Branch Office : Do You Know ? 1308
4845, Ansari Road, Correct Solution and Prize Winners of CSV Quiz No. 136 1313
Daryaganj, New Delhi–110 002 CSV Quiz Contest No. 139 1314
Phone : 23251844/66
General Awareness 1317
Until now, the champion planetary accumulates ice, and gets brighter. Source : Moon Society, NASA, National Space
Society, Solaren, Space Energy
rings in the Solar System were the so-
called, ‘Gossamer Rings’, surround- Only a Fine Line between Giant solar sails in orbit will beam
ing the Jupiter, the Solar System’s Genius and Madness energy in the form of microwaves
largest planet and Saturn’s E-ring. down to Earth without being depen-
Phoebe’s (Saturn’s moon) ring is far There is no great genius without dent on weather and seasons. One or
fainter than both and appears to com- some touch of madness. A new more satellites will orbit at 36,000 km
prise dust from rocks bashed off the research has found that there is above Earth’s surface (geostationary
little moon (Phoebe) by interplanetary indeed only a fine line between genius orbit). Orbit speed will be the same as
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C.S.V. / December / 2009 / 1200
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Inspiring Young Talent ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
‘‘Hardwork, guidance of teachers, practice of question-solving, support
of family and faith in God are the essential elements of my success.’’
—Shalu Mishra
Topper—U.P. CPMT 2009 (Rank-11)
[‘Competition Science Vision’ arranged an exclusive interview with Miss Shalu Mishra who has the
credit of being successful in U.P. CPMT with a high rank. In addition, she has also cleared other pre-
medical tests with high ranks viz., CBSE PMT (235 AIR), Manipal (203 AIR) and Uttarakhand PMT (86
Rank). For her brilliant success she deserves all praise and our heartiest congratulations. This important
interview is presented here in its original form.]
CSV—Congratulations on your CSV—What planning did you CSV—Did you make complete
brilliant success. make for preparation ? Please tell study of all topics or of some selective
Shalu—Thank you. something in detail. topics ?
CSV—Before knowing your result Shalu—I read all the topics but
what did you think about those who paid more attention to topics which
achieve top positions ? are usually asked in medical com-
Shalu—I used to think that top petitive exams.
rankers are very extraordinary, brilliant
Bio-Data
and hard working persons.
Name—Shalu Mishra
CSV—Achieving top position has
Father’s Name—Mr. Ram Kripal
come as surprise to you or were you
Mishra
confident of achieving it ?
Mother’s Name—Mrs. Shobha
Shalu—Yes, it has come as a Mishra
surprise. But I was confident of Educational Qualifications—
achieving a good rank in U.P. CPMT
— CSV is very much helpful H.S./Std. X—90·2% (City Montessori
2009. Inter College, Lucknow), 2005.
in understanding the basic con-
CSV—What do you think is the Inter/Std. XII—92% (City Montessori
cepts and is very useful in taking
secret of your success ? Inter College, Lucknow), 2007.
a quick review of all subjects.
Shalu—Hardwork, practice of Special Achievements—
Interview of toppers impart moti-
questions, correct guidance of my ● 11th rank in UP CPMT
vation and guidance.
teachers, support of my family and
—Shalu Mishra ● AIPMT CBSE (Mains) 235 (AIR)
faith in God.
● Manipal 203 (AIR)
CSV—In how many attempts did Shalu—I revised Biology many ● Uttarakhand PMT–86
you get this success ? times. For Physics and Chemistry I
Shalu—It was my third attempt. paid attention to the problems, asked CSV—How did you give final
CSV—What were the shortcom- in previous year medical entrance touches to your preparation ?
ings in your preparation for earlier exams. Shalu—During the final round of
attempts ? How did you make up for my preparation I revised all the impor-
CSV—How much time did you
them this time ? tant Biology topics, i.e., from which
devote daily and regularly for Physics,
Shalu—I did not pay much atten- more question had been asked in
Chemistry, Zoology and Botany ?
tion to Biology especially Botany. But earlier exams. For Physics and
this year I gave much preference to Shalu—My study hours were not Chemistry I went through 10 years
Biology during my preparation and fixed but atleast 3-4 hours a day. I question paper.
revised it many times. used to read 2 subjects a day, while
CSV—Did you prepare notes ?
CSV—From where did you get studying I usually preferred either
Shalu—Yes, I prepared notes of
the inspiration of choosing a medical Zoology or Botany with one of Physics
the topics which I used to forget and
career ? and Chemistry.
which appeared difficult to me.
Shalu—It was my dream to serve CSV—Out of the above four CSV—What was your attitude for
the poor people not getting proper subjects, to which subject did you give solving numerical questions ? What
treatment. So, I opted for a medical more weightage and why ? weightage did you give them ?
career. Shalu—I gave more importance Shalu—For solving numerical
CSV—From when did you start to Biology especially to Botany questions I gave weightage to prob-
the preparation for it ? because in all medical entrance lems which had come in earlier or
Shalu—I started my preparation examination Biology is given more previous year medical entrance
for medical entrance exams after preference than Physics and exams. I improved my calculation
Intermediate. Chemistry. speed.
Zoology
Important Points [ i1 < i2; v 2 > v1; μ2 < μ1; λ2 > λ1]
(i) If medium 1 is a vacuum (or, in practice air) we (v) In general speed of light in any medium is less
refer 1μ2 as the absolute refractive index of than its speed in vacuum. It is convenient to
medium 2 and denote it by μ2 or simply μ (If no define refractive index μ of a medium as
other medium is there). Speed of light in vacuum c
μ = =
(ii) We can write Snell’s law as Speed of light in medium v
(vi) As a ray of light moves from medium 1 to medium
2, its wavelength changes but its frequency
remains constant.
[μ2 > μ1 ; v1 > v2 ; λ1 > λ2]
μ2 μ1
(vii) 1 μ2 =
μ1
and 2μ1 =
μ2 [
∴ 1 μ2 = ]1
2 μ1
μ2 μ3 μ1
(viii) 1 μ2 = , 2 μ3 = and 3μ1 =
μ1 μ2 μ3
∴ 1 μ2 × 2 μ3 × 3 μ1 = 1
μ sin i = constant …(a) (ix) If the boundaries of the media are parallel to the
emergent ray ( cd ) although laterally displaced, is
For two media μ1 sin i1 = μ2 sin i2
μ2 sin i1
or = = μ
…(b)
μ1 sin i2 1 2
(iii) From the equation (a) we can see that i1 > i2.
If μ2 > μ 1, i.e., if a ray of light passes from rare
to denser medium it bends towards normal and
vice-versa.
(iv) Equation (b) can be written as
sin i1 v1 λ1 μ2
1 μ2 = = = =
sin i2 v 2 λ2 μ1
…(c)
μA sin iA = μE sin iE
So, i1 = i5
= Σ ti ( ) 1–
1
μi
‚ i = 1‚ 2 ………
If μA = μE
(5) Apparent depth and apparent shift through a
Refraction of Light at a Parallel Faced Slab parallel faced slab (with object in rarer medium)—The
(1) Deviation—When a ray of light passes obliquely object O (in air) when seen through a parallel faced slab of
through a parallel faced slab, then the deviation (D) of the thickness ( t ) and R. I. (μ) is seen to be at I, and apparent
ray in the slab is D = |i–r|
shift (OI) along normal
The deviation is zero for the emergent ray.
1
μ
= t ( ) 1–
(2) Lateral shift—A ray of light passing obliquely Note : Same relations are also true when the object in a
through a parallel faced slab of thickness ‘t ’ and absolute rarer medium is seen through a parallel faced slab.
R.I. μ, suffers a lateral shift (or displacement) in its path (6) Apparent depth of an object in rarer medium
= CE = x. when seen from within a denser medium (near normal
t rays)—When an object ‘O’ in rarer medium is seen from
x = sin (i – r ) within a denser medium (say
cos r
(3) Apparent depth and apparent shift through a water) then the image of ‘O’
slab—When an object ‘O’ in the denser medium of thick- appears to be raised upto I.
ness (t ) and absolute refrac- The real depth = AO
tive index (μ) is viewed Apparent depth = AI
almost normally to the sur- AO
face, from the outside rarer Now, = w μa
AI
(air) medium, then its image
is seen at I. AO is the real 1
=
depth of the object. AI is the μ
apparent depth and OI is (7) Critical angle (C)—For the ray travelling from the
called the apparent shift.
denser to the rarer medium (μ2 > μ1), for refraction at A,
Real depth
Now, μ = If i = C,
Apparent depth
AO t r = 90°
= =
AI AI
μ1 1
∴ Apparent depth, AI = t /μ sin C = =
μ2 1 μ2
Apparent shift, OI = ( ) ( )
t–
t
μ
=t 1–
1
μ or 1 μ2 =
1
sin C
(4) Multiple slabs—
If t 1, t2, t3 … are the Note : If the rarer medium is air μ1 = 1 and the denser
thicknesses of each of the medium has an absolute R. I. μ2 = μ. Then,
slabs and μ1, μ 2, μ 3 …
1
are the absolute refractive sin C =
indices of material of each μ
slab, then object ‘O’ (8) Total internal reflection—For a ray of light to
viewed from rarer (air) suffer total internal reflection, the necessary conditions
medium is sun at I. Then are :
as seen from air (i) The ray must travel from a denser to a
Apparent depth AO = Real depth rarer medium.
t1 t2 t3 AI = Apparent depth (ii) The angle of incidence in denser medium
A = + + +…
μ1 μ2 μ3 OI = Apparent shift should be greater than the critical angle.
Important Points
45° 90°
(i) For a thin prism A ≤ 10°, D = (μ – 1) A
45° 45°
90° 45° (ii) Grazing incidence for a prism
45° 45°
For grazing incidence i1 = 90°
Then, r1 = C
B A′ = critical angle for glass
A B′ of the prism
90° Then, A = (C + r2)
(iii) For refraction at face PR,
45° 45°
sin e
= μ
sin r2
(iv) Mirage—An optical illusion in deserts :
∴ sin e = μ sin r2
= μ sin (A – C)
(iv) For maximum devia-
tion by a prism the
angle of incidence
(a) must be 90°
or
(v) Looming—An optical illusion in cold countries :
(b) correspond to
grazing emergence.
Grazing emergence and TIR (total internal refrac-
tion) through a prism—When light ray falls on one
surface of a prism, it is not necessary that it will exit out
from the prism. It may or may not exit out as shown on next
page.
μ1 μ2 μ3
C
μ4
7. Water ( 4
μw =
3 )
is filled in a
B
beaker upto a height of 10 cm. A
plane mirror fixed at a height of 5 (A) Velocity of light in the second
cm from the surface of water. medium is 1·73 times the
A Distance of image from the mirror velocity of light in the I
(A) μ1 = μ2 (B) μ2 = μ3 after reflection from it of an object medium
(C) μ3 = μ4 (D) μ4 = μ1 O at the bottom of the beaker is—
(B) Velocity of light in the I
(A) 15 cm (B) 12·5 cm
3. A ray of light is incident at the medium is 1·73 times the
glass-water interface at an angle (C) 7·5 cm (D) 10 cm velocity in the II medium
i, it emerges finally parallel to the
8. A light ray from air is incident (as (C) The critical angle for the two
surface of water, then the value of
shown in figure) at one end of a media is given by iC = 3
μg would be—
glass fibre (refractive index μ = 1
1·5) making an incidence angle of (D) sin iC =
2
60° on the lateral surface, so that
it undergoes a total internal 11. A beam of light consisting of red,
reflection. How much time would green and blue colours is incident
it take to traverse the straight on a right angled prism. The
fibre of length 1 km ? refractive indices of the material
of the prism for the above red,
Air green and blue wavelengths are
1·39, 1·44 and 1·47 respectively.
60° The prism will—
Air Glass
(A) (4/3) sin i (B) 1/sin i A
(C) 4/3 (D) 1
4. A ray of light passes from vacuum
into a medium of refractive index (A) 3·33 μ sec (B) 6·67 μ sec
μ, the angle of incidence is found (C) 5·77 μ sec (D) 3·85 μ sec
to be twice the angle of refraction.
Then the angle of incidence is— 9. A glass prism of refractive index 45°
1·5 is immersed in water B C
(A) cos– 1 (μ/2)
(B) 2 cos – 1 (μ/2) B A (A) Separate part of red colour
θ from the green and the blue
(C) 2 sin– 1 (μ)
colours
(D) 2 sin– 1 (μ/2)
(B) Separate part of the blue
5. A ray of light falls on the surface colour from the red and
C
of a spherical glass paper weight green colours
(D) 1 cm above P
16. When light rays are incident on a
R
(B) tan – 1 ()1
μ
5. Energy stored per unit volume of circular path pointing away (A) OR gate (B) NOT gate
a parallel plate capacitor having from the centre (C) NOR gate (D) AND gate
plate area A and plate separation (D) Zero 17. Two particles of different masses,
‘d ’ when charged to a potential of 10. I 1 and I2 are the moments of initially at rest, start moving
V volts is— inertia of two circular discs about towards each other under their
(Air space in between the plates) their central axes perpendicular gravitational attraction. At an
to their surfaces. Their angular instant when the speeds of the
1 2 2 q2
(A) C V (B) frequencies of rotation are ω1 and particles are v and 2v, the speed
2 4C
ω2 respectively. If they are of the centre of mass is—
(C)
1
ε
2 0 () V
d
(D)
1
ε
2 0 ( ) V2
d2
brought in contact face to face
with their axes of rotation coin-
(A) Zero
(C) 1·5 v
(B) v
(D) 3v
● Determination of unit cell of a crystal—Atoms or ● The maximum available volume occupied by spheres
ions on corners, edges and faces of a unit cell are in these three types is :
shared by more than one unit cell. Fraction of an
atom or ion that occupies positions in a unit cell are π 2
(i) hcp = = 0·74
as : 6
π 2
Position of atom or Fraction of atom or ion (ii) fcc (ccp) = = 0·74
6
ion in unit cell in an unit cell
π 3
Corner 1/8 (iii) bcc = = 0·68
8
Edge 1/4
● Cubic close packing arrangement is called ABCABC
Face 1/2
… and that for hexagonal close packing is known as
Centre 1
ABAB …… . These are actually stacking patterns of
● Total number of atoms (N) per unit cell is given by spheres.
Nf Nc ● Interstitial voids—In hcp as well as ccp only 74% of
N = Nb + +
2 8
the available space is occupied by spheres. The
Nb = No. of atoms centered in the body of unit cell
remaining space is vacant and constitute interstitial
Nf = No. of atoms centered in the faces of unit cell
voids or spaces. These are of two kinds in three
Nc = No. of atoms of corners of unit cell
dimensional close packing.
● Each unit cell in simple cubic cell (scc) structure
would have : (i) Tetrahedral voids—In the close packing, the
1 number of tetrahedral voids is double the number
8 corners × = 1 atom or ions per unit cell
8 of spheres or there are two voids associated with
Example : CsBr, CsCl, CaCl2, NH4Cl etc. each sphere. If rvoid is the radius of the sphere
● Each body centered cubic unit cell has : that can fit into the void and rsphere is the radius
1 of sphere constituting the void then for the
8 corners × + 1 centre = 2 atoms or ions per unit cell
8 tetrahedral void.
Example : Na, K, Rb, Cr etc.
● Each face centered cubic unit cell has : rvoid
= 0·225
r sphere
1 1
8 corners × + 6 faces ×
8 2
(ii) Octahedral voids—In a close packing, the
= 4 atoms or ions per unit cell
number of octahedral voids is equal to the
Example : NaCl, Au, Pb, Pt etc.
number of spheres or there is only one octa-
● A cubic system (crystal) has 9 planes of symmetry,
hedral void associated with each sphere. Thus
13 axes of symmetry and 1 centre of symmetry. Thus
for octahedral voids
it has (9 + 13 + 1) 23 elements of symmetry.
rvoid
Close Packing of Spheres = 0·414
r sphere
● The close packing of constituents in two dimensions
are square close packing where only 52·4% of the ● The number of nearest neighbours in contact with a
available space is occupied by spheres and hexa- given sphere is known as coordination number of
gonal close packing where 60·4% space is occupied that sphere, which is 12 in hcp and ccp and 8 in bcc
by spheres : The latter type of packing is more arrangement.
efficient.
● Close packing of constituents in three dimension are ● The geometrical arrangement of ions in ionic crystal
of three kinds namely : (i) Hexagonal close packing as well as coordination number depend upon the
(hcp), (ii) cubic close packing (ccp) also known as radius ratio, i.e., the ratio of the radii of the cations to
face centered cubic packing (fcc) (iii) Body centered anions. The ionic solids are found to have co-
cubic packing (bcc). ordination number 3, 4, 6, 8 etc.
f =
I×( ) 4 3
3
πr The electrical neutrality is maintained either by having
extra electrons or by changing the charge on some
a3 metal ions.
=
4
3
π() a 3
2
=
π
● Non-stoichiometric defects are of two kinds :
(A) Metal excess defects—Positive ions are in
a 3 6 excess. They occur in two ways :
For bcc lattice (i) F-centres—A negative ion may be missing
from lattice sites, leaving a hole, which is
f =
2× ( ) 4 3
3
πr
=
π 3
occupied by an electron, thereby maintaining
electrical neutrality. These defects are built
a 3 8 up in those solids which are likely to show
For fcc lattice Schottky defect. Their general formula is
f =
4× ( ) 4 3
3
πr
=
π
represented as AX1–δ, where δ is very small
fraction. The non-stoichiometric NaCl is
a 3
3 2 yellow, KCl is blue-lilac in colour. Anionic
sites occupied by electrons are known as F-
● Density of crystalline solid—It is defined as the centres. These compounds acts as n-type
ratio of mass and volume of a unit cell. of semiconductors.
n A/N n A n×A (ii) Interstitial cations and extra electrons—
ρ = = or Their general formula may be represented
V VN′ Na 3
as A1+δX. This defect is somewhat like the
where A is the mass number and N is Avogadro’s Frenkel defects, but there are no holes.
number. Extra positive ion occupies interstitial position
● Lattice constant (a ) and extra electron also occupies interstitial
1 1/3
a = (V)3 =
nA
Nρ ( ) position. Examples : ZnO, CdO, Fe2O3,
Cr2O3 etc.
(B) Metal deficiency defects—These are represen-
Imperfections in Solids ted by general formula, A1–δX. These defects are
● Electronic imperfection—The loss of electrons from generally shown by compounds of transition ele-
a covalent bond results in holes. This is known as ments, as they need change of valency. When a
intrinsic defect in solids. For example silicon, positive ion is missing from lattice site, and the
germanium arsenic etc. charge balance is maintained by an adjacent
● Doping—Addition of very small amount of foreign metal ion acquiring extra positive charge. Exam-
impurity in the host crystal is termed as doping. It ples : FeO, NiO, δ -TiO, FeS, CuI etc. They
increases electrical conductivity. Doping is of two constitute positive holes and, therefore, act as p-
kinds. type of semiconductors.
Example 1. An ionic solid AX has CsCl structure. Example 6. Prove that the percentage of space
° . What will be
The edge length of the unit cell is 4·04 A occupied by spheres in a simple cubic unit cell is
approximately 52·4%.
the distance of closest approach between A + and X– ?
Solution :
Solution :
length ‘a ’ :
a
(i) For simple cubic r =
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
Some Important Formulae
n×A Divide by cell volume,
● Density (ρ) of the crystal = gm cm– 3 V=a
3
NA × a3
● Neighbour distance (d ) and edge length (a ) for the unit
cell : Density of solid
( ρ)
(i) For simple cubic, d = a
● A cubic crystal has a total of 23 elements of symmetry
3 (i) Plane of symmetry = 3 + 6 = 9
(ii) For bcc d = a = 0·866 a
2 (ii) Axis of symmetry = 3 + 4 + 6 = 13
2 (iii) Centre of symmetry = 1
(iii) For fcc d = a = 0·707 a
2 Total = 9 + 13 + 1 = 23
Points to Remember
● Isomorphism—Two or more solids having similar crystalline absence of electric field, are called ferroelectric substances.
forms are called isomorphs. For example Na2SO 4 and For example barium titanate (BaTiO3), sodium potassium
Na2SeO4. The phenomenon is known as isomorphism. tartrate (Rochelle salt) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate
KNO3 and NaNO3 are not isomorphs as they have different (KH2PO4) are ferroelectric solids.
crystalline structures. ● Antiferroelectric substances—If the alternate dipoles are
● Polymorphism—A solid substance which exists in two or in opposite directions, then the net dipole moment will be
more than two crystalline forms, is called polymorphic. For zero and the crystal is called antiferroelectric. Example :
example sulphur can exist in many crystalline forms. It occurs lead zirconate (PbZrO3).
in allotropes. ● Superconductivity—The electrical resistance of metals
● Diamagnetic solids—Which are weakly repelled by the decreases with decrease in temperature and becomes
magnetic field and do not have any unpaired electron. almost zero near absolute zero. Material in this state is
● Paramagnetic substances—Which are attracted by external known as superconductor. This phenomenon was discovered
magnetic field. They possess unpaired electrons. They also by Kammerlingh Onnes in 1913 when he found that Hg
lose magnetism in absence of magnetic field. becomes superconducting at 4K. The temperature at which
● Ferromagnetic substances—Which are attracted by the a substance becomes superconductor is known as transi-
magnetic field and show permanent magnetism even in the tion temperature (Tc). Most metals have transition tem-
absence of magnetic field, e.g. , Fe, Co, Ni etc. perature between 2K—5K.
● Antiferromagnetic substances—Which are expected to ● Superconducting materials have great technological poten-
have paramagnetism or ferromagnetism on the basis of tial. These can be used in electronics, in building magnets,
unpaired electrons but actually they possess zero magnetic in power transmission and in levitation transportation
moment because equal number of unpaired electrons are (trains which run in air without rail).
aligned in opposite directions. For example : MnO, Mn2O3,
MnO2 etc. ● Zinc Blende structure—S 2 – ions have ccp arrangement
● Ferrimagnetic substances—They show small magnetic and Zn2+ ions occupy alternate tetrahedral voids. Coordi-
moment than expected. Here unequal number of unpaired nation numbers of Zn 2+ and S2 – ions are 4 : 4.
electrons are aligned in opposite directions e.g. , Fe3 O 4 , ● Fluorite structure—Ca 2 + ions in ccp and F– ions occupy all
ferrites. the tetrahedral voids; C.N. is 8 : 4.
● Piezoelectric solids—Some solids when subjected to the ● Antifluorite structure—Anions have ccp arrangement and
mechanical stress, produce electricity. This phenomenon is cations occupy all the tetrahedral voids; C.N. is 4 : 8 for
generally shown by polar crystals. Na2O.
● Pyroelectric solids—Certain crystals which on heating ● NaCl structure—Cl – ions have ccp arrangement and Na+
acquire electric charges on opposite faces, are known as ions occupy all the octahedral voids; coordination number of
pyroelectric substances. Na+ and Cl– is 6 : 6.
● Ferroelectric substances—Solids in which dipoles are ● CsCl structure—Cl – ions in cubic arrangement and Cs+ ions
spontaneously aligned in a particular direction, even in the occupy cubic voids. C.N. is 8 : 8.
(A) 4-nitrochlorobenzene 13. An organic compound A(C6H12) 21. A certain compound contains
which upon ozonolysis followed elements H, C, O and N in the
(B) 1-nitrochlorobenzene
by reduction gives an aldehyde mass ratio of 1 : 3 : 4 : 7. Its
(C) 3-nitrochlorobenzene (C2H4O) and ketone (C4H8O) molecular formula is—
(D) None of these is— (A) HCONH2
(A) 2-hexene (B) CH3COONH4
6. Hybridisation state of copper in
[Cu (NH3)4] 2+ ion— (B) 3-methyl-2-pentene (C) NH2CONH2
(C) 4-methyl-2-pentene (D) CH3NCO
(A) sp 3 (B) dsp 2
(D) 3-methyl-3-pentene 22. Chromyl chloride test is carried
(C) d 2sp 3 (D) sp 3d
out to confirm the presence of—
7. Arrange the following compounds 14. Which molecule does not show (A) SO42– (B) Cr3+
in order of increasing basicity— zero dipole moment ?
(C) Cl– (D) Cr3+ and Cl –
(A) BF 3 (B) NH3
(1) p-chloroaniline 23. 4·0g of argon (atomic mass = 40)
(C) CCl4 (D) CH4
(2) p-nitroaniline in a bulb at a temperature of TK
(3) p-methylaniline 15. CH3—CO—CH2CH2CH3 had a pressure P atm. When the
Conc. HNO3 bulb was placed in hotter bath at
(4) p-methoxyaniline ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CH3COOH a temperature 50 K more than
(5) Aniline + CH3CH2COOH the first one, 0·8g of a gas had to
(A) 4<3<5<1<2 The cleavage of C—C bond is be removed to get the original
(B) 3<4<5<2<1 according to— pressure. T is equal to—
(C) 2<1<5<3<4 (A) Saytzeff’s rule (A) 510 K (B) 200 K
(D) 2<5<1<4<3 (B) Hofmann’s rule (C) 2100 K (D) 73 K
29. Calculate velocity (cm s–1) of an to obtain it in solution ? (C) 8gCO 2 (D) 2gH 2
electron placed in third orbit of (A) CH3CN (B) C6H5CN
(C) [Fe(CN)6] 4– (D) NaCN 45. Amongst TiF62–, CoF63–, Cu 2Cl2
the hydrogen atom—
and NiCl 42– (atomic numbers
(A) 14·54 × 107 cm s–1 37. The compound with highest p Ka
Ti = 22, Co = 27, Cu = 29, Ni =
is expected to be—
(B) 7·32 × 107 cm s–1 28). The colourless species are—
(A) p-nitrophenol
(C) 2·50 × 107 cm s–1 (B) p-chlorophenol (A) CoF63– and NiCl42–
(D) 5·60 × 107 cm s–1 (C) p-methylphenol (B) TiF62– and CoF63–
(D) p-methoxyphenol (C) Cu 2Cl2 and NiCl42–
30. For obtaining blister copper, the
Cu 2S should be treated with— 38. The maximum s-character is (D) TiF62– and Cu 2Cl2
(A) Only FeS associated with the hybrid orbital
46. The constituents of stainless
of carbon of following compo-
(B) Only CuO steel are—
unds—
(C) FeS, CuO and Cu 2O (A) C2H6 (B) C2H4 (A) Cu + Sn + Fe
(D) Only Cu 2O (C) C6H6 (D) C2H2 (B) Fe + Mn
31. Which of the following reactions (C) Fe + Cr + Ni
39. Articles made of copper and
is favoured by increasing the bronze slowly tarnish in air and (D) Fe + Zn
temperature as well as the pres- turn green. The green colour is
sure ? 47. The reaction
due to the formation of—
(A) 2A(g) + 2B(g) C(g) + 3D (g) ; MnO4– + e – MnO42–
(A) Copper oxide
ΔH = –ve (B) Copper sulphide takes place in—
(B) A(g) + 2B(g) 2C(g) + 2D (g) ; (C) Copper oxalate (A) A basic medium
ΔH = +ve (D) Basic copper carbonate (B) An acid medium
1·03 D B (A) i =
Vapour pressure
27 29 Δ pcal
6. 13
Al is a stable isotope. 13
Al is
mobs
expected to disintegrate by— A (B) i =
mcal
(A) α-emission ΔTb(obs)
(C) i =
(B) β-emission ΔTb(cal)
(C) Positron emission D ΔTf (obs)
(D) i =
(D) 11H emission XB → ΔTf (cal)
● Kirchhoff (1815)—First indicated the occurrence of ● Active site is so shaped so that a substrate molecule
enzymes in living systems. or several molecules fit into it in a very specific way
● Louis Pasteur (1860)—Discovered that the fer- and is held in place by weak mechanical forces, such
mentation of food stuffs can be brought about by as hydrogen bonds.
yeast cells. ● Binding of the substrate to the enzyme causes a
● Kuhne (1878)—First gave the term ‘enzyme’. change in an enzyme’s shape. This phenomenon of
● Buchner (1897)—First prepared a pure extract of change in enzyme’s shape following binding of sub-
‘Zymase’ enzyme from yeast. strate is called ‘induced fit’. This induced fit theory is
● Nobel Laureate Sumner (1926)—First prepared supported by X-ray crystallographic evidence.
pure crystals of ‘urease’ enzymes from jack beans. ● Enzymes do nothing but speed up the rates at which
● Northrop (1930)—Prepared pure crystals of the the equilibrium positions of reversible reactions are
enzymes pepsin and trypsin respectively from gast- attained.
ric juice and pancreatic juice.
● Lock and Key or Template hypothesis was given by Catalytically Active RNA Molecule
Emil Fischer (1894) and modified by Koshland
(1971). It is now known that RNA molecules can act as
catalysts of reactions, sometimes involving themselves
Properties of Enzymes as substrate. When they involve non-self RNA mole-
cules as substrate, as some do, they can be regarded
● Enzymes possess the following major properties : as enzymes in the full sense. Such as Ribozyme is
1. All are globular proteins. catalytically active RNA molecule. Their discovery in
2. Being proteins, they are coded for by DNA. 1981 has widened the extension of the term ‘enzyme’
3. Their presence does not alter the nature or pro- beyond proteins. Several ribozymes are self-splicing
perties of the end product(s) of the reaction. introns, causing speculation as to their possible roles
4. They are very efficient and a very small amount as intermediates in the evolution of biological systems
of enzyme brings about the change of a large from prebiotic ones.
amount of substrate.
5. They are highly specific, i.e. , an enzyme will Mechanism of Enzyme Action
generally catalyse only a single reaction. ● Enzymes are very specific and it was suggested by
6. The catalysed reaction is reversible. Fischer that this was because the enzyme had a
Michaelis Constant
At any one instant, the proportion of enzyme mole-
cules bound to substrate will depend upon the sub-
Enzyme/products Enzyme + products strate concentration. As this is increased, the initial
complex velocity of the reaction ( v0) on addition of enzyme
leaving active site
increases upto a maximum value, v max at which sub-
strate level the enzyme is said to be saturated (all
(b)
active sites maximally occupied) and no further addition
of substrate will increase v0. The value of substrate
3 1
concentration at which v0 = 2 v max is known as the
4
Michaelis constant (Km ) for the enzyme substrate
5
reaction. Low K m indicates high affinity of the enzyme
Substrate for the substrate.
43
20 ● Such changes lead to an unfolding of the peptide
chains (denaturation) and a uncomitant loss of
24 25 26
enzymatic activity, solubility and other properties,
characteristic of the active enzyme.
● Because enzyme molecules are generally globular
proteins, their shape and functions may affected by
pH changes in the aqueous environments.
● Temperature increase will raise the rate of collision of
Fig. : (a) Fischer’s ‘lock and key’ hypothesis of enzyme and substrate molecules, thus increasing the
enzyme action. (b) A more realistic diagram- rate of enzyme-substrate (ES) complex formation and
matic representation of an enzyme—substrate raising the reaction rate.
complex. The positions of the amino acids of ● This is opposed by increased enzyme denaturation
the active site are numbered according to their as the optimum temperature for the reaction is
position in the primary structure of the enzyme. exceeded.
● Below 35°C, the bonds that determine protein shape ● One of the most important, coenzyme in the cell is
are not flexible enough to permit the shape change the hydrogen acceptor Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide
necessary for substrate to fit into reactive site. (NAD+) is made from a B-Vitamin.
● Below 35°C, the bonds that determine protein shape ● Some enzyme (e.g. , Aspartase) bind just one very
are not flexible enough to permit the shape change specific substrate molecule; others bind a variety of
necessary for substrate to fit into active site. Above the same kind (e.g., all terminal peptide bonds in the
40°C, the bonds are too weak to hold the protein in case of exopeptidases). The difference arises from
proper position and maintain its shape. When proper the degree of stereospecificity of the enzyme.
shape is lost, the enzyme is destroyed, this loss of
shape is called denaturation. ● Many need an attached prosthetic group or a diffu-
● Most enzymes also have a pH optimum, usually sible coenzyme for activity. In such enzymes the pro-
between 6 and 8. When the pH is too low, the H+ ions tein component is termed the apoenzyme and the
combine with the R–groups of the enzyme’s amino whole functional enzyme-cofactor complex is termed
acids, reducing their ability to bind with substrate. the holoenzyme.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Enzymes that catalyse ender- (C) Isomerases 3. Enzymes which catalyse reac-
gonic synthesis coupled with (D) Transferases tions involving electron trans-
exergonic hydrolysis of ATP, 2. Which of the following functions fer, are called—
are— as coenzyme ? (A) Transferases
(A) Lyases (A) Tocopherol (B) Retinol (B) Hydrolases
(B) Ligases (C) Riboflavin (D) All of these (Continued on Page 1264 )
3. Components of cellular compounds and orga- Derived fats—These are formed when neutral and
nelles—Pentose sugar ribose is a component of ribonu- conjugated fats are hydrolysed. Hence, these are fat-like
cleic acids (RNA) energy carriers, such as adenosine alcohols, usually called lipoids or steroids. The most
triphosphate (ATP) and certain coenzymes, such common steroids are sterols. Cholesterol is the main
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD). Another sterol found in blood plasma and cell membranes. Bile
pentose sugar deoxyribose is a component of deoxyribo- acids, sex hormones, vitamin D, ergosterol, hormones of
nucleic acid (DNA). The RNA and DNA are in turn com- adrenal cortex are examples of sterols.
ponents of ribosomes and chromosomes respectively.
Uses of fats—Fats serve a variety of functions :
4. Formation of Amino Acids—Amino acids may be
1. Like carbohydrates, fats are also used as ‘fuel
formed from intermediates of carbohydrate ketabolism.
substances’. Their caloric value is 9·4 k cal and
5. Heteropolysaccharides—These consist of modi- physiological fuel value is 9 k cal.
fied monosaccharide units. They form the following
2. There are important food—reserves and produce
important substances :
more energy on oxidation than glycogen.
Anticoagulant heparin; blood group substances, such
3. Fat deposited in layers provides thermo-insulation
as A, B and Rh antigens of erythrocytes. Lubricant hyalu-
and protection against pressure.
ronic acid present in the synovial fluid of the joints,
cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor. 4. Conjugated lipids are components of membrane
systems of cells, connective tissues and myelin of
Protective coats, such as glycocalyx, that covers the nerve fibres.
intestinal epithelium and mucus which covers all mucous
membranes. Man can synthesize most of the fatty acids in his body
from the food taken. A few fatty acids are not synthesized
Luteinizing hormone that causes ovulation, formation in body and must be present in the diet. These are called
of corpus luteum and secretion of female sex hormone. essential fatty acids. They include linoleic, linolenic
Cells can absorb only monosaccharides from tissue and arachidonic acids. They are present in unsaturated
fluid. Therefore, all disaccharides and polysaccharides of vegetable oils, such as groundnut oil, sunflower oil etc.
food are broken down into their monomers in the gut
before being absorbed in blood. This is their digestion.
Proteins
Since their synthesis is a condensation (= dehydration) Proteins account for about 14% part of living and
process, their digestion is ‘hydrolysis process’. 75% part of dead and dried animal body. These are the
major components of the body and are more important for
Lipids anabolism (architecture, growth and repair of body), than
Three categories of lipids occur in animal food, i.e., for ketabolism (energy production).
simple, compound and derived. There are compounds of C, H2 and O2 but in addition,
Simple lipids—These are neutral or true fats and these essentially contain about 16% nitrogen and may
compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but the ratio also contain traces of sulphur, phosphorus, iodine, iron
of H2 and O 2 is never 2 : 1 unlike water. A molecule of fat etc.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. a-1, 4 glycosidic bonds are bro- 2. Conversion of glucose into glyco- 3. Vitamin D is also called—
ken when— gen in liver is called— (A) Calciferol (B) Ascorbic acid
(A) Lipid is digested by lipase (A) Glycogenolysis (C) Retinol (D) Folic acid
(B) Protein is digested by pepsin 4. Which of the following is a poly-
(B) Glycogenesis
(C) Starch is digested by amy- saccharide ?
lase (C) Glycolysis (A) Glucose (B) Maltose
(D) None of the above (D) Gluconeogenesis (C) Glycogen (D) Sucrose
8. The following are needed for (C) Stratum spinosum 25. If a curly haired man marries a
blood-clotting in mammals— (D) Stratum corneum straight haired woman, they have
8 children, what will be the pro-
(A) Ca ++ and Vitamin E 16. Only rods are present in the eyes portion of curly hair and straight
(B) Ca ++ and Vitamin K of one of the following animals— hair in them ?
(C) Ca ++ and Vitamin A (A) Pigeon (B) Squirrel (A) 1 : 6 (B) 3 : 5
(D) K+ and Vitamin K (C) Fowl (D) Owl (C) 5 : 3 (D) 3 : 1
Cork (Phellem)
A
Cork cambium
Epiblema (Phellogen)
Cortex
Endodermis Cortex
Pericycle
Endodermis
Cambium Pericycle
arce
Xylem Secondary
xylem
Phloem
Cambial ring Primary
xylem
B C Primary phloem
Fig. : Secondary growth in dicot root : Secondary phloem
(A) Radial vascular bundles in root showing cambial Cambium medullary ray
groups just below the phloem Fig. : Cambial ring producing secondary vascular tissue
(B) Figure showing origin of cambial rings Mature root showing secondary vascular tissue and
(C) Formation of complete cambium ring periderms
Heart wood
(Duramen)
light in weight.
Annual ring
Phellem
Medullary
ray Phellogen Phelloderm
Fig. : Activity of cork cambium showing formation of
Fig. : A part of wood enlarged to show annual rings Phellem and Phelloderm
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Plants with little or no secondary 5. Derivatives of vascular cambium 9. Cambium causes growth in—
growth are— give rise to— (A) Girth (B) Periphery
(A) Dicot (B) Herbaceous (A) Only xylem (C) Leaves (D) Length
(C) Deciduous (D) Evergreens (B) Only phloem
10. Age of plant can be calculated
(C) Xylem and phloem
2. The narrow band of meristematic by—
(D) Xylem, phloem and vascular
tissue between the xylem and (A) Measuring its height
rays
phloem is the— (B) Counting lateral branches
(A) Pith meristem 6. Cork cambium in a dicot root is (C) Counting annual rings
derived from—
(B) Cortex meristem (D) All of these
(A) Hypodermis (B) Epidermis
(C) Cork cambium (C) Pericycle (D) Cortex 11. Which one of the tissue is pre-
(D) Vascular cambium 7. Intrafascicular cambium is situa- sent in periderm ?
3. Wood is common name of— ted— (A) Xylem (B) Bast
(A) Cambium (A) In between vascular bundles (C) Phellum (D) Duramen
(B) Vascular bundles (B) Inside vascular bundles 12. Functional xylem in dicot stem
(C) Outside the vascular bundle is—
(C) Phloem
(D) In pith
(D) Secondary xylem (A) Spring wood
8. Secondary phloem is nearer to— (B) Autumn wood
4. Growth rings are generally well (A) Secondary xylem
marked in trees growing in— (C) Heart wood
(B) Cambium
(A) Nainital (B) Mumbai (C) Cortex (D) Sap wood
(C) Chennai (D) New Delhi (D) Pith (Continued on Page 1296 )
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HINDI EDITION IS ALSO AVAILABLE
Living organisms require a supply of large number of called functional or metabolic elements rather than
substances from outside. This supply is called nutrition. essential elements (Bollard and Butler, 1966). This de-
The substances may be of inorganic or organic in nature. signation indicates that an element is metabolically active;
Inorganic plant requirements are obtained directly or a functional or metabolic demand may or may not be
indirectly from soil. As the sources of these inorganic essential.
requirements are minerals, the elements are known as Again according to Epstein (1972), an element is
mineral nutrients and the nutrition is called mineral considered essential if (a) in its absence the plant is
nutrition. Nutrient elements that are required for the unable to complete a normal life cycle, or (b) that element
growth and development of plants are known as is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite.
essential elements. By the first criterion, if a plant is unable to produce viable
seed when deprived of that element, the element is
Criteria of Essentiality of Elements deemed essential. By the second criterion, an element
About 30 elements can be detected by modern such as magnesium would be considered essential
analytical techniques (either atomic absorption because it is a constituent of the chlorophyll molecule and
spectrometry or atomic emission spectrometry) in plants chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
and as many as 60 have been reported in one or another Essential Elements
tissue. Not all elements present in plant tissues are
required for plant growth. Even though the mechanism of At present 17 chemical elements are known to be
absorptions of molecules and ions by plant cells are essential for the growth of all higher plants. In the
selective and plant cells can accumulate some and absence of each essential element, plants develop
exclude other, the discrimination process is not perfect. deficiency symptoms.
In 1939, Arnon and Stout suggested the following Essential nutrient elements of higher plants and their
criteria for demonstration of essentiality of elements— concentrations considered adequate for normal
(i) A deficiency of the element makes it impossible for growth (Hopkins, 1995)
the plant to complete the vegetative or reproductive stage
of its life cycle. Concentration
Elements Chemical in Dry matter
(ii) Such deficiency is specific to the element and can Symbol (m mol/kg)
be prevented or corrected only by supplying this element.
Macronutrients
(iii) The element is directly involved in the nutrition of
Hydrogen H 60,000
plants quite apart from its possible effects in correcting
Carbon C 40,000
some unfavourable microbiological or chemical condition
Oxygen O 30,000
of the soil or other culture media.
Nitrogen N 1,000
Arnon and Stout’s criteria of essentiality is quite Potassium K 250
controversial. Chlorine is listed as an essential element. Calcium Ca 125
But it has been shown (Broyer et al ., 1954) that bromine Magnesium Mg 80
can substitute for it in some plants. Thus, we see that Phosphorus P 60
according to the second criterion, regarding complete Sulphur S 30
specificity of an element, would mean that chlorine cannot Micronutrients
be accepted as an essential element. In addition to satisfy Chlorine Cl 3·0
Arnon and Stout’s first criterion, if the element can be Boron B 2·0
shown to have a role in plant metabolism, then it would Iron Fe 2·0
appear justifiable to declare that the element is essential. Manganese Mn 1·0
Accepting this view Wilson and Nicholas (1967) Zinc Zn 0·3
established cobalt as an essential element in two species Copper Cu 0·1
of higher plants. Another suggestion relating to the criteria Nickel Ni 0·05
of essentiality is that some elements might better be Molybdenum Mo 0·001
1. Nitrogen Nitrate ion (NO3–) or Constituents of amino acids, proteins, Stunted growth, leaf fall, chlorosis
Ammonium ion (NH4+) nucleotides, coenzymes, hormones (yellowing), anthocyanin formation,
(cytokinin, indole-3-acetic acid), delayed flowering in agricultural crops.
chlorophylls.
2. Phosphorus Phosphoric acid Components of sugar phosphate, nucleic Premature leaf fall, anthocyanin
(H3PO 4), Primary acids, coenzymes, phospholipids etc. It formation, intense green colouration of
orthophosphate has key role in ATP involved reactions. leaves, necrotic spots and malformation
(H2PO 4–) or secon- of leaves; yield of fruits and seeds is
dary orthophosphate markedly reduced; decrease in the rate of
(HPO42–) protein synthesis.
3. Sulphur Sulphate (SO42–) Constituents of amino acids (cysteine, Generalized chlorosis, extensive develop-
cystine, methionine), lipoic acid, ment of root system, hard woody stem.
coenzyme A, thiamin, biotin, etc.
4. Potassium Potassium ion (K + ) or Required as a cofactor for 40 or more Stems become shortened and weakened,
Potassium carbonate enzymes; it has a role in stomatal mottling or chlorosis of leaves; inhibition
(K2CO3) movement; maintains electroneutrality in of starch and protein synthesis, carbo-
plant cells. hydrate metabolism, increase in the
respiratory rate.
5. Calcium Calcium ion (Ca2+) A constituent of the middle lamella of cell Necrosis (dead tissue) of root and shoot
wall as calcium pectate; required as a tips, growth of meristematic regions
cofactor by some enzymes involved in the inhibited.
hydrolysis of ATP and phospholipids;
plays a role in the mitotic spindle
formation.
6. Magnesium Magnesium ion (Mg2+) A component of the chlorophyll Leaf chlorosis in the interveinal regions,
molecules; an activator for RubisCo; leaf tips turned up.
required to stabilize ribosome structure;
required non-specifically by large number
of enzymes involved in phosphate
transfer and oxidation reactions in Krebs
cycle.
7. Chlorine Chloride ion (Cl–) Required for photosynthetic reactions Reduced growth, wilting of leaf tips and a
involved in oxygen evolutions, mainte- general chlorosis.
nance of electrical neutrality across
membrane.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is the floral 2. Brassica nigra belongs to family— (C) Reticulate venation
formula of Brassica campestris ? (A) Ranunculaceae (D) All of these
(A) % O→ K 4 C4 A2 + 4 G (1) (B) Chenopodiaceae
4. The botanical name of ‘garden
+ – (C) Papaveraceae
cress’ is—
(B) % O→ K2 + 2 C2 + 2 A6 (2)
(D) Brassicaceae
(A) Pisum sativum
+ – 3. Which of the following is/are (B) Lepidium sativum
(C) ⊕ O→ K2 + 2 C4 A 2 + 4 G (2) correct regarding leaf charac-
(C) Iberis amara
+ – teristic of family Brassicaceae ?
(D) Capsella bursa-pastoris
(D) % O→ K3 + 3 C4 + 2 A 6 G (2)
(A) Exstipulate
+ – (B) Sessile (Continued on Page 1289 )
ANSWERS
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HINDI
EDITION
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Second Prize
1. Gagandeep Singh
C/o Dayaram Verma
L–971, Shastri Nagar, Meerut
U.P.–250 004
2. Romesh Nongmeikapam
Koirou Thongju Part–2
Imphal East
P.O.–Canchipur
Manipur–795 003
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second prize winners. Useful for Various Competitive Exams.
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RESULT
No. of questions attempted..........................................
No. of correct answers.................................................
No. of wrong answers...................................................
Marks obtained.............................................................
ANSWER FORM
Q. No. A B C D Q. No. A B C D
1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.