Energy Methods

MAE314 SolidMechanics
Y.Zhu
Strain Energy
A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly increasing load
The elementary work done by the load P as the rod
l b ll d i elongates by a small dx is
whichisequal totheareaof widthdx under theload
work elementary dx P dU = =
which is equal to the area of width dx under the load-
deformation diagram.
Thetotal work donebytheloadfor adeformationx
1
, The total work done by the load for a deformation x
1
,
whichresultsinanincreaseof strain energy intherod
energy strain work total dx P U
x
= = =

1
0
which results in an increase of strain energy in the rod.
1
x
In the case of a linear elastic deformation,
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
x P kx dx kx U = = =

Strain Energy Density
To eliminate the effects of size, evaluate the strain-
energy per unit volume,
dx P U
x

1
density energy strain d u
L
dx
A
P
V
U
x x
= =
=

1
0

y gy
x x
0
The total strain energy density resulting from the
As the material is unloaded, the stress returns to zero
deformation is equal to the area under the curve to
1
.
but there is a permanent deformation. Only the strain
energy represented by the triangular area is recovered.
R i d f h i d f i h i l Remainder of the energy spent in deforming the material
is dissipated as heat.
Strain-Energy Density
The strain energy density resulting from
setting
1
=
R
is the modulus of toughness.
The energy per unit volume required to cause
the material to rupture is related to its ductility
as well as its ultimate strength.
If the stress remains within the proportional
limit,
E
E
d E u
x x
2 2
2
1
2
1
0
1

= = =

The strain energy density resulting from
setting
1
=
Y
is the modulus of resilience.
Y
2

resilience of modulus
E
u
Y
Y
= =
2

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

In an element with a nonuniform stress distribution,
energy strain total lim
0
= = =

=


dV u U
dV
dU
V
U
u
V
For values of u <u
Y
, i.e., below the proportional
limit,
2
energy strain elastic dV
E
U
x

2
2

= =

Under axial loading d A dV A P Under axial loading, dx A dV A P
x
= =

=
L
dx
AE
P
U
0
2
2
0
L P
2
For a rod of uniform cross-section,
AE
L P
U
2
=
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
For a beam subjected to a bending load,

= = dV
EI
y M
dV
E
U
x
2
2 2 2
2
2

EI 2
Setting dV = dA dx,
M y M
L L

2 2 2
I
y M
x
=
M
dx dA y
EI
M
dx dA
EI
y M
U
L
A A

= =
2
0
2
2
0
2
2 2
dx
EI
M

=
0
2
For anend-loadedcantilever beam For an end loaded cantilever beam,
L P
dx
x P
U
Px M
L
3 2 2 2
= =
=

EI
dx
EI
U
6 2
0
= =

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses
For a material subjected to plane shearing
stresses,

xy

=
xy xy
d u
0
F l f i hi h i l li i For values of
xy
within the proportional limit,
G
G u
xy
xy xy xy
2
2
2
1
2
2
1

= = =
The total strain energy is found from

= dV u U

= dV
G
xy
2
2

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses

= = dV
GJ
T
dV
G
U
xy
2
2 2
2
2
2

For a shaft subjected to a torsional load,

GJ
G
2
2
2
Setting dV = dA dx,

L L
2 2 2
T
=

= =
L
L
A
L
A
T
dx dA
GJ
T
dx dA
GJ
T
U
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2 2
2 2

J
xy
=

= dx
GJ
T
0
2
Inthecaseof auniformshaft In the case of a uniform shaft,
GJ
L T
U
2
2
=
Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
Determine the reactions at A and B
fromafreebodydiagramof the from a free-body diagram of the
complete beam.
Develop a diagram of the bending
a) Taking into account only the normal
Integrate over the volume of the
p g g
moment distribution.
stresses due to bending, determine the
strain energy of the beam for the
loading shown.
beam to find the strain energy.
Apply the particular given
conditionstoevaluatethestrain
b) Evaluate the strain energy knowing
that the beam is a W10x45, P =40
kips, L =12 ft, a =3 ft, b =9 ft, and E
conditions to evaluate the strain
energy.
p , , , ,
=29x10
6
psi.
Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
Determine the reactions at A and B
fromafree-bodydiagramof the from a freebody diagram of the
complete beam.
L
Pa
R
L
Pb
R
B A
= =
L L
Develop a diagram of the bending
moment distribution.
v
L
Pa
M x
L
Pb
M = =
2 1
Sample Problem 1
Integrate over the volume of the beam to find
the strain energy.
d
M
d
M
U
b a

2
2
2
1
AD portion Over the
dx x
Pa
dx x
Pb
dv
EI
dx
EI
U
b a

=
+ =


2 2
0
2
0
1
1 1
2 2
x
L
Pb
M =
1
AD, portion Over the
( ) b a
b a P b a a b P
EI
dx x
L EI
dx x
L EI
+ =

+ =

=

2
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2
2
0 0
3 3 2
1
2 2
v
L
Pa
M =
2
BD, portion Over the
( )
EIL L
EI

2 2
6
3 3 2
EIL
b a P
U
6
2 2 2
=
in 108 in 36 a
in. 144 kips 45
= =
= =
b
L P
EIL 6
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) in 144 in 248 ksi 10 29 6
in 108 in 36 kips 40
4 3
2 2 2

= U
4 3
in 248 ksi 10 29
in. 108 in. 36 a
= =
= =
I E
b
( )( )( )
kips in 89 . 3 = U
Strain Energy for a General State of Stress
Previously found strain energy due to uniaxial stress and plane
shearing stress. For a general state of stress,
( ) + + + + +
1
( )
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y x x
u + + + + + =
2
1
With respect to the principal axes for an elastic, isotropic body,
( ) [ ]
1
2 2 2
( ) [ ]
2 1
2
2
1
2 2 2
+ =
+ + + + =
d v
a c c b b a c b a
u u
E
u
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] distortion to due
1
change volume to due
6
2 1
2 2 2
2
= + + =
= + +

=
a c c b b a d
c b a v
u
E
v
u


( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
12
a c c b b a d
G
Basis for the maximum distortion energy failure criteria,
2
( ) specimen test tensile a for
6
2
G
u u
Y
Y
d d

= <
Work and Energy Under a Single Load
Strain energy may also be found from
the work of the single load P
1
,

1
x

=
0
dx P U
For anelasticdeformation
Previously, we found the strain
energy by integrating the energy
For an elastic deformation,
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
0 0
1 1
x P x k dx kx dx P U
x x
= = = =

density over the volume.
For a uniform rod,
dV dV u U
2
= =

0 0
Knowing the relationship between
force and displacement,
( )
AE
L P
dx A
E
A P
dV
E
dV u U
L
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
= =

p ,
L P L P
AE
L P
x
2
1 1 1
1
1

=
AE E 2 2
0
AE
L P
AE
L P
P U
2
1 1
1
2
1
=

=
Work and Energy Under a Single Load
Strain energy may be found from the work of other types
of single concentrated loads.
Transverse load Bending moment Torsional couple
y P dy P U
y
1 1
2
1
1
= =

M d M U
1 1
2
1
1
= =

T d T U
1 1
2
1
1
= =

EI
L P
EI
L P
P
6 3
3 2
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
0
=

EI
L M
EI
L M
M
2
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
0
=

JG
L T
JG
L T
T
2
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
0
=

Deflection Under a Single Load
If the strain energy of a structure due to a
single concentrated load is known, then the
equality between the work of the load and
b d fi d h d fl i energy may be used to find the deflection.
Strain energy of the structure,
2 2
( ) ( ) [ ] l P l P
AE
L F
AE
L F
U
BD BD BC BC
2 3 3 2
2 2
364 0
8 . 0 6 . 0
2 2
+
+ =
l L l L
BD BC
8 . 0 6 . 0 = =
From the given geometry,
( ) ( ) [ ]
AE AE
364 . 0
2
= =
Equating work and strain energy,
From statics,
P F P F
BD BC
8 . 0 6 . 0 = + =
Pl
y P
AE
L P
U
B
364 . 0
2
1
2
= =
AE
Pl
y
B
728 . 0 =