Truyen Khoi 0242

Truyn khi
BI GING S 1 S TIT: 05

I. TN BI GING: NHNG KIN THC C BN QU TRNH
TRUYN KHI
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c cc khi nim ban u v bn cht ca cc qu trnh
truyn khi, phn loi qu trnh chun b cho qu trnh hc tip theo.
III. DNG V PHNG TIN GING DY:
- Gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b Truyn Khi.
- My chiu overhead hoc projector.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. nh ngha v phn loi (30 pht):
Trong cng nghip ha hc nhiu qu trnh sn xut da trn s tip xc trc
tip gia cc pha v s di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc. Qu trnh di
chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc khi hai pha tip xc trc tip vi nhau
gi l qu trnh truyn khi hay l qu trnh khuch tn, qu trnh ny ng vai tr
quan trng trong cng nghip ha hc, thc phm v cc ngnh cng nghip khc.
1- Hp thu l qu trnh ht kh (hi) bng cht lng, trong vt cht i t pha
kh vo lng.
Truyn khi
2- Chng l qu trnh tch cc hn hp lng thnh cc cu t ring bit, vt
cht i t pha lng vo pha hi v ngc li
3- Hp ph qu trnh ht kh (hi) bng cht rn xp, trong vt cht i t
pha kh vo pha rn.
4- Trch ly l qu trnh tch cc cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht rn bng
cht lng khc.
5- Kt tinh l qu trnh tch cht rn trong dung dch vt cht i t pha lng
vo pha rn.
6- Sy kh l qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt liu m vt cht i t pha rn hay
lng vo pha kh.
7- Ha tan l qu trnh vt cht i t pha rn sang lng.
2. Cc biu din thnh phn pha (45 pht):

Pha lng Pha hi (kh)
1. Phn khi lng
L
L
x
i
=
G
G
y
i
=
2. Phn mol
L
L
x
i
=
G
G
y
i
=
Truyn khi

Pha lng Pha hi (kh)
3. T s khi lng
i
i
L L
L
X
=
i
i
G G
G
Y
=
4. T s mol
i
i
L L
L
X
=
i
i
G G
G
Y
=
k
k
i
M
x
M
x
x
=
k
k
i
M
y
M
y
y
k k
i
M x
M x
x
.
.
=
k k
i
M y
M y
y
.
.
=
x
x
X
=
1

y
y
Y
=
1

x
x
X
=
1

y
y
Y
=
1

5. Cc lin h

X
X
x
+
=
1

Y
Y
y
+
=
1

Truyn khi

Pha lng Pha hi (kh)

X
X
x
+
=
1

Y
Y
y
+
=
1

Trong : L,G: sut lng mol pha lng, pha hi, kmol/h
G L, sut lng khi lng pha lng, pha hi, kg/h
i: cu t bt k ca hn hp
3. Cn bng pha (45 pht):
1. Khi nim v cn bng pha:
Gi s c hai pha u
x

v pha u
y
tip xc vi nhau v cc cu t phn b trong
chng l M. Gi s lc u ch c trong pha u
y
vi nng l y
M
cn trong pha
u
x

khng c cu t M, ngha l x
M
=0.
Khi cu t M s di chuyn t pha u
y

vo pha u
x
. Qu trnh khuch tn l
thun nghch nn khi trong pha u
x

c cu t M th lp tc c qu trnh di chuyn
ngc li. Nhng tc ca vt cht t pha u
y

vo pha u
x
ln hn t pha u
x

vo
pha u
y
. Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht thc hin n khi t cn bng ng,
ngha l vn tc thun nghch bng nhau. Lc ta c nng cu t M trong pha
u
x

t n cn bng. Gi xcb l nng cu t M trong pha u
x

t n cn bng
c lin h nh sau: xcb =f(y
M
)
Truyn khi
Nu nh y < ycb vt cht chuyn t pha u
x

vo pha u
y
Nu nh y > ycb vt cht chuyn t pha u
y

vo pha u
x

2. Quy tc pha:
Qui tc pha cho php xc nh c th thay i bao nhiu yu t m cn bng
khng b ph hy.
C =k - u +n
Trong : C - s bc t do
u- s pha trong h
k - s cu t c lp ca h
n s yu t bn ngoi nh hng ln cn bng ca h
3. Cc nh lut v cn bng pha:
nh lut Henry: i vi dung dch l tng p sut ring phn p ca kh
trn cht lng t l vi phn mol x ca n trong dung dch
p =H.x (1.2)
H l hng s Henry th nguyn l th nguyn ca p sut. Khi nhit tng
th H tng. Vi kh l tng phng trnh c biu din bng ng thng cn
vi kh thc l ng cong. Nu x nh th phng trnh (1.2) l ng thng.
nh lut Raoult:Ap sut ring phn ca mt cu t trn dung dch bng
p sut hi bo ha ca cu t ( cng nhit ) nhn vi nng phn mol
ca cu t trong dung dch
Truyn khi
p =P
bhi
.x (1.5)
Trong :
p - p sut hi ring phn ca cu t trong hn hp hi.
P
bhi
- p sut hi bo ha ca cu t cng nhit .
x - phn mol x ca cu t trong dung dch
ycb =(P
bhi
/P).x
ycb=(H/P).x =m.x
4. Qu trnh khuch tn (45 pht):
1. nh ngha:
Khi hai pha chuyn ng tip xc vi nhau do s cn tr ca pha ny i vi
pha kia, ngha l trn b mt phn chia pha to thnh hai lp mng. Ch chuyn
ng trong mng v trong nhn l khc nhau. Trong mng l chuyn ng dng v
th gi l khuch tn phn t cn nhn chuyn ng xay v gi l khuch tn i
lu. Khuch tn trong mng rt chm so vi trong nhn nn n quyt nh n qu
trnh khuch tn.
2. ng lc qu trnh:
Truyn khi

Qu trnh truyn khi gia cc pha xy ra mt cch t nhin khi nng
lm vic v nng cn bng ca cc cu t phn b trong mi pha khc nhau.
Hiu s gia nng lm vic v nng cn bng gi l ng lc khuch tn
hay ng lc truyn khi, c th biu din bng th (Hnh 1.2)
Nu tnh theo pha u
y
ta c ng lc: y y y
cb
= A hay l
cb
y y y = A
Nu tnh theo pha u
x
ta c ng lc: x x x
cb
= A hay l
cb
x x x = A
3. Phng trnh truyn khi v ng lc trung bnh:
Vn tc ca qu trnh no cng t l thun vi ng lc v t l nghch vi tr
lc. Phng trnh truyn khi c th biu din nh sau:
G =k
y
tF Ay
tb
= k
x
tF Ax
tb
(1.6)
Trong :
ky , kx l h s truyn khi tnh theo nng pha u
y
v u
x

Aytb , Axtb ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh.
F b mt tip xc pha, m
2

Truyn khi
t - thi gian truyn khi.
Khi ng cn bng l ng thng th ng lc trung bnh theo lgarit
theo pha u
y
v u
x
nh sau:

2
1
2 1
ln
y
y
y y
y
tb
A
A
A A
= A
2
1
2 1
ln
x
x
x x
x
tb
A
A
A A
= A
Ay
1
, Ay
2
, Ax
1
, Ax
2
l ng lc cui v u theo pha u
y
v u
x

5. Phng php tnh thit b truyn khi (30 pht ging dy, hng dn):
1. Tnh ng knh thit b:
0
785 , 0
V
D = (1.9)
trong : V lu lng pha u
y
, m
3
/s;
0
vn tc pha u
y
i qua ton b tit din thit b m/s
2. Tnh chiu cao thit b:
- Theo phng trnh chuyn khi:
Mun tnh theo phng trnh truyn khi trc ht phi xc nh h s truyn
khi k
y
, k
x
v ng lc trung bnh sau tnh b mt tip xc pha

tb y
y k
G
F
A
= Hay
tb x
x k
G
F
A
=
T tnh chiu cao thit b H. Nu l thp m th:
Truyn khi
F =oV , m
2
Hay l F =oHf , m
2

T rt ra:
f y k
G
H
tb y
. . A
= , m
f x k
G
H
tb x
. . A
= , m
trong : V- th tch lm vic ca thit b, m
3

o - b mt ring ca m, m
2
/m
3

f tit din ngang ca thit b, m
2

- Theo s bc thay i nng :

Trc ht phi xc nh c ng cn bng v ng lm vic. T
chng ta xc nh s bc l thuyt trn th N
lt
(c biu din trn th 1.3)
sau xc nh s mm thc t N
tt

lt
tt
N
N
= q - h s hiu chnh (hiu sut ngn) ly t 0.2 0.9

Chiu cao thit b c xc nh nh sau:
- i vi thp mm(a): ( 1)
tt
H h N = ,m
Truyn khi
h khong cch gia hai ngn, m
- i vi thp m(chm):
0 tt
H h N = ,m
h
0
chiu cao tng ng mt bc thay i nng
6. Hng dn gii bi tp (30 pht):
- Cc bc tin hnh bi ton.
- Cng thc s dng.
- Kt qu x l.
- Yu cu chung khi tin hnh bi ton cho chnh xc.
V. TNG KT BI
- Qu trnh truyn khi l qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t v tr ny sang v tr
khc.
- ng cn bng quyt nh n bn cht v ng lc cho ton b qu trnh
truyn khi.
- Yu cu nm vng cc cng thc tnh ton, bin i, quan h.
VI. CU HI V BI TP V NH
1. Hn hp lng cha 58,8% mol toluen v 41,2% mol tetracloruacarbon. Xc
nh t s khi lng X ca toluen.
2. Khng kh bo ha hi nc p sut 745mmHg nhit 34
0
C. Xc nh p
sut ring phn ca khng kh, phn th tch v phn khi lng ca hi nc
Truyn khi
trong hn hp khng kh hi nc v t s khi lng. Xc nh khi lng
ring ca khng kh-hi nc(so snh vi khng kh kh).
3. Xc nh lng axit sulfuric s dng lm kh khng kh trong iu kin
sau: Nng sut 500m
3
/h khng kh kh iu kin tiu chun. Hm lng m
ban u v cui ln lt l 0,016kg/kgkkk v 0,006kg/kgkkk. Hm lng
nc ban u trong axt l 0,6kg/kgaxt. Hm lng cui l 1,4kg/kgaxit.
Khng kh c lm vic p sut kh quyn.
4. Trn benzen vi nitrobenzen vi th tch bng nhau cho mi cu t. xc nh
khi lng ring ca hn hp, t s khi lng X ca nitrobenzen v nng
mole-th tch C.
VII. RT KINH NGHIM (V thi gian, ni dung,phng php, chun b...)
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Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t


I. TN BI GING: HP THU (HP TH)
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c cc khi nim, kin thc c bn v qu trnh hp th,
phn loi v ng dng cng nh xc nh cc thng s c bn ca qu trnh.
- My chiu overhead hoc projector
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. Khi nim chung (30 pht):
1. nh ngha: hp th l qa trnh hp kh bng cht lng, kh c ht gi l
cht b hp th, cht lng dng ht gi l dung mi ( Cn gi l cht hp
th), kh khng b hp th gi l kh tr. Qa trnh hp th ng mt vai tr
quan trng trong sn xut ha hc, n c ng dng :
- Thu hi cc cu t qy
- Lm sch kh
- Tch hn hp thnh cu tring
- To thnh sn phm cui cng
2. Yu cu la chn dung mi:
- C tnh cht ha tan chn lc ngha l ch ha tan tt cu t cn tch ra
v khng ha tan cc cu t cn li hoc ch ha tan khng ng k. y
l tnh cht ch yu ca dung mi
- nht dung mi b. nht cng b cht lng chuyn ng cng d
tr lc s nh hn v h s chuyn khi s ln hn.
- Nhit dng ring b t tn nhit khi hon nguyn dung mi
- Nhit si khc xa vi nhit si ca cht ha tan nh vy s d tch
cu t ra khi dung mi.
- Nhit ng rn thp trnh c hin tng ng rn lm tc thit b
- Khng to thnh kt ta, khi ha tan trnh c tc thit b, v thu hi
cu t n gin hn
- t bay hi mt mt t
- Khng c i vi ngi, khng n mn thit b ni chung trong thc t
khng c dung mi no t c tt c cc tnh cht trn. Khi chn ta
phi da vo nhng iu kin c th ca sn xut. D sao i na th iu
kin th nht cng khng th thiu c trong bt c trng hp no.
2. Cn bng pha ho tan kh trong lng (30 pht):
ha tan ca kh trong cht lng l lng kh ha tan trong mt n v cht
lng. ha tan c th biu th bng kg/kg, kg/m
3
.g/lt.. ha tan ca kh
trong cht lng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh v cht lng, ph thuc vo nhit
mi trng v p xut ring phn ca kh trong hn hp.
Mun tnh ton c qa trnh hp thu cn phi bit ha tan ca kh trong
cht lng hay ni mt cch khc cn phi bit s ph thuc gia nng kh
trong hn hp kh v lng
S ph thuc c th biu th bng nh lut Henry-an tng nh sau: y
cb

=mx i vi kh l tng phng trnh (2.1) c dng ng thng. nh lut
Henry-antng kh ph hp vi kh thc khi nng ca kh khng ln lm v
ha tan nh .
i vi cc h thng khng tun theo nh lut Henry ta cng c th dng
phng trnh (2.1) nhng khi hng s cn bng m l mt i lng bin i
ph thuc vo nng x v ng cn bng y
cb
=mx l mt ng cong.
Khi tnh ton hp th, ngi ta thng dng nng phn mol tng i
trong trng hp ny ta c :
y =
Y
Y
1
v x=
X
X
1

Thay gi tr ca y v x vo phng trnh ta c :
Y=
X m
mX
) 1 ( 1

Nh vy trong ta Y X ng nng cn bng s lun lun l ng
cong.
3. Cn bng vt cht qu trnh hp th (60 pht):
Khi tnh ton hp th thng ngi ta cho bit lng hn hp kh nng u
v nng cui ca kh b hp th trong hn hp kh v trong dung mi
G
y
: lng hn hp kh i vo thit b hp th kmol/h.
Y
d
: nng u ca hn hp kh kmol/kmol kh tr.
Y
c
:nng cui ca hn hp kh kmol/kmol kh tr.
L
tr
:

lng dung mi i vo thit b kmol/h
X
d
: nng u ca dung mi kmol/kmoldung mi
X
c
: nng cui ca dung mi kmol/kmol dungmi
G
tr
:lng kh tr vo thit b kmol/h
Th lng kh tr c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
G
tr
=G
y
d
Y 1
1
= G
y
(1 - y
d
) (2.3)
V phng trnh cn bng vt liu l ;
G
tr
( Y
d
- Y
c
)

= L
tr
( X
c
- X
d
) (2.4)
T y ta xc nh lng dung mi cn thit
L
tr
=

G
tr
d c
c d
X X
Y Y

(2.5)
Lng dung mi ti thiu hp th c xc nh khi nng cui ca
dung mi t n nng cn bng, nh vy ta c:
L
trmin
=G
tr

d c
c d
X X
Y Y
max

(2.6)
X
cmax
-nng cn bng ng vi nng u ca hn hp kh
Nng cn bng lun lun ln hn nng thc t v th lng dung
mi thc t lun ln hn lng dung mi ti thiu thng ta ly lng dung mi
thc t ln hn ti thiu khong 20%
Lng dung mi tiu hao ring l :
l =
tr
tr
G
L
=
d c
c d
X X
Y Y
(2.7)
Nu ta vit phng trnh cn bng vt liu i vi khong th tch thit b
k t mt tit din bt k no vi phn trn ca thit b. Ta c:
G
tr
( Y - Y
c
) =

L
tr
( X - X
d
)
T y ta rt ra:
Y =
tr
tr
G
L
X +Y
c
-
tr
tr
G
L
X
d
(2.8)
Lng dung mi, lng kh tr cng nh nng u v nng cui l
nhng i lng khng i nn phng trnh (8) l phng trnh ng thng c
dng
Y = AX +B (2.9)
Trong : A =
tr
tr
G
L
v B=Yc

-
tr
tr
G
L
Xd
Phng trnh (2.9) gi l phng trnh nng lm vic ca qu trnh hp th.
4. Cc yu t nh hng n kch thc thit b trong qu trnh hp th (30
pht):
By gi ta xt s lin h gia lng dung mi v kch thc thit b. Mun th
ta hy da vo phng trnh chuyn khi. G
tk
=K
v
.F.Y
tb

Y
Y
c
A
4 A
X
d
X
c

Trong iu kin lm vic nht nh th lng kh b hp th Gtk l khng
i v c th coi h s chuyn khi K
v
l khng i
Nh vy b mt tip xc F ch c thay i tng ng vi s thay i ca
Ytb sao cho tch s FY
tb
l khng i
B mt F quyt nh kch thc thit b, do F thay i th kch thc
thit b thay i theo. Ta c th kho st s thay i ng lc trung bnh Y trn
th Y-X. R rng khi Xd, Yc

v

Xd

c nh th gi tr nng cui ca dung
mi quyt nh ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh, im cui ca ng lm vic
ch c dch chuyn t A n A4
V d: im A gn xc ng cn bng lc ng lc trung bnh s nh
nht . Nh vy tch s FY
tb
l khng i th F phi tng ln .
Trn th cng thy rng dc ca ng lm vic (
tr
tr
G
L
) lc ny b
nht, hay ni mt cch khc l lng dung mi b nht .Nu ng lm vic cng
dch v pha trc tung th ng lc trung bnh cng tng, ng vi n b mt tip
xc F cng gim v ta cng thy r l dc ung lm vic cng tng, lng
dung mi cng tng v n im A th lng dung mi s v cng ln nh vy ta
c th kt lun rng b mt tip xc t l nghch vi Ytb v do t l nghch vi
lng dung mi tiu tn .
ng OA v OA4 l hai ng gii hn. Nu chn lng dung mi t nht th
thit b s v cng cao nhng nu chn lng dung mi ln qu cho b mt F
nh th s khng kinh t hoc l chng thu c g v nng dung dich qu
long. V th khi chn ta phi chn iu kin thch hp nht theo cc ch tiu kinh
t k thut
5. S h thng hp th (30 pht):
Thng ngi ta thay h thng c mt thp cao bng nhiu thp ni tip
(theo kh cng nh cht lng). Cht lng c chuyn t thp n sang thp kia
nh bm. ly nhit ra trn ng cht lng i (i kh trn ng kh) gia cc
thp ngi ta t cc thit b lm ngui khi ni tip nhiu thp hp th th trong
mi thp c th thc hin tun hon cht lng. Trong s nh th kt hp vi
qu trnh nh (Hnh 2.5). Trong mi thp hp th cht lng chuyn ng theo chu
trnh kn. Cht lng t thp ra i vo bm v li c bm v thp y qua thit b
lm ngui ra khi chu trnh cht lng i vo chu trnh ti tip theo, theo ng i
ca cht lng. T thp cui(theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng )cht lng qua
thit b trao i nhit ri i vo thp nh, y kh ha tan c tch khi cht
hp th. Cht hp th ti sinh t thp nh i vo thit b trao i nhit, y n
cp nhit cho dung dch trc khi vo thp nh v tip tc qua thit b lm ngui,
ri vo thp u tin (theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng).

y chng ta ni nh bng chng, ngha l dng nhit un bc hi cht
ha tan trong dung mi.
Trong sn xut ta cn dng nhiu phng php nh khc v d nh kh
cacbonic sau khi hp th bng nc lnh bng cch gim p sut trn dung dch.
C s tnh ton ca phng php ny l da trn nh lut Rauolt
- Cng thc s dng.
- Mt s sai st mc phi khi tin hnh tnh ton bi ton.
- Kt qu x l.
V. TNG KT BI
- Hp thu l qu trnh s dng cht lng ly mt cht kh trong hn hp
kh..
- ng cn bng trong qu trnh hp thu l ng cong trong ta Y-X..

1. Thp mm c s dng hp thu hi benzen trong dng kh. Hn hp kh i
vo y thp c lu lng l 820m
3
/h, nng benzen l 2% theo th tch v
cn c hp thu l 95% lng benzen ny. Dung mi i vo nh thp c
nng 0.005 phn mol benzen v c phn t lng trung bnh 260. Lng
dung mi s dng bng 1,5 ln lng dung mi ti thiu. Thp lm vic p
sut 800mmHg v nhit 27
0
C. Phng trng cn bng cho qu trnh hp thu
l Y=0.125X (X,Y l nng tnh theo t s mol). Xc nh
- Lng dung mi s dng, kg/h
- S mm l thuyt ca thp hp thu.
2. Mt thp mm dng hp thu NH
3
vo nc t hn hp kh p sut
750mmHg nhit 24
0
C. Lu lng kh i vo thp l 16000m
3
/h. Hm lng
NH
3
ban u trong hn hp kh l 90g/m
3
hn hp kh. T l hp thu l 92%.
ng cn bng l ng thng c phng trnh l Y=0.31X. Lng dung mi
s dng bng 1.4 ln lng dung mi ti thiu.
- Tnh ng knh thp bit vn tc ca pha kh trong thp l 0.85m/s
- Tnh chiu cao thp bit hiu sut mm trung bnh bng 0.63
3. Benzen c hp thu trong mt thp hp thu hot ng ngc chiu. Lu
lng hn hp kh i vo thp l 4500m
3
/h p sut 760 mmHg, nhit l
30
0
C. Hm lng hi benzen trong hn hp l 4% (theo th tch). Thp hp thu
c 85% lng benzen. Dung mi ti sinh vo thp hp thu c nng
0,0015 kmol benzen / kmol dung mi. Phng trnh ng cn bng l Y
=
0,2X vi Y
, X l t s mol.
- Xc nh lng dung mi ti thiu v lng dung mi s dng bit
lng dung mi s dng bng 1,4 ln lng dung mi ti thiu.
- S bc thay i nng (s mm l thuyt) cho qu trnh hp thu.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t

I. TN BI GING: HP THU (HP TH) V HP PH
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c nguyn tc hot ng, cu to, hot ng v u nhc
im ca cc loi thit b s dng trong qu trnh hp thu v cc qu trnh khc
sau ny. ng thi hiu bit bn cht yu cu v khc nim c bn qu trnh
hp ph.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. Thp m (45 pht):
Thp m l mt thp hnh tr gm nhiu on ni vi nhau bng mt bch hay
hn. Trong thp ngi ta c y m, thp m c ng dng rng ri trong
k ngh ha hc hp th, chng ct, lm lnh. Ngi ta dng nhiu loi m
khc nhau, ph bin nht l loi m sau y: m vng (kch thc t 10-100
mm); m ht (kch thc t 20-100 mm); m xon - ng knh vng xon t
3 8 mm.chiu di dy nh hn 25m; m li bng g.
Yu cu chung ca tt c cc loi m l:
- B mt ring ln (b mt trong mt n v th tch bng m
2
/m
3
. K hiu
l )
- -Th tch t do ln, k hiu l V
td
.tnh bng m
2
./m
3
.
- -Khi lng ring b.
- -Bn ha hc .
Trong thc t khng c loi m no c th t tt c cc loi yu cu trn. V
th ty theo iu kin c th m ta chn m cho thch hp.
m li bng g thng c dng trong cc thp lm lnh hay dng trong
hp th khi khng cn tch trit lm
Ni chung khi cn phn tch cao th ngi ta chn cc loi m c kch
thc b v rng kch thc m cng b th b mt ring ca m cng ln, s
tip xc gia cc pha cng tt.
Thp m c nhng u im sau:
- Hiu sut cao v b mt tip xc kh ln
- Cu to n gin
- Tr lc trong thp khng ln lm
- Gii hn lm vic tng i rng
Nhng thp m c nhc im quan trng l kh lm t nhiu m. Nu
thp cao qu th, phn phi cht lng khng u. khc phc nhc im ,
nu thp cao qu th ngi ta chia m ra nhiu tng v c t thm b phn phn
phi cht lng i vi mi tng m.
Ch lm vic ca thp m.
Trong thp m cht lng chy t trn xung theo b mt m v kh i t
di ln phn tn u trong cht ln .
Trn c s phn tch v gii cc phng trnh khuych tn phn t v i
lu theo Capharp th qu trnh chuyn khi trong thp m khng ch c xc
nh bng khuych tn phn t m cn ph thuc nhiu vo ch thy ng
trong thp .
Cng nh khi lu th chuyn ng trong ng ty theo vn tc ca kh m
trong thp m cng c 3 ch thy ng l:
- Ch dng .
- Ch qu
- Ch xoy .
Khi vn tc kh b lc, ht phn t ln hn v vt lc l, Lc ny qu
trnh chuyn khi oc quyt nh bng khuych tn phn t . Tng vn tc ln
lc l tr nn cn bng vi lc ht phn t. Qu trnh chuyn khi lc khng
nhng ch c quyt nh bng khuych tn phn t m c khuych tn i lu.
Ch thy ng ny l ch qu . Nu tng vn tc kh ln na th ch
qu chuyn sang ch xoy , qu trnh chuyn khi s c quyt nh bng
khuych tn i lu
Nu ta tng vn tc kh n mt gii hn no th s xy ra hin tng o pha,
lc ny cht lng s chim ton b thp v tr thnh pha lin tc, cn kh phn tn
vo trong cht lng v tr thnh pha phn tn. Vn tc ng lc o pha gi l vn
tc o pha. Kh sc vo lng v to thnh bt v th trong giai on ny ch
lm vic trong thp gi l ch si bt. ch ny vn tc chuyn khi tng
nhanh ng thi tr lc cng tng nhanh.
Phng php tnh thp m - tnh ng knh thp ng knh thp
Tnh theo cng thc chung:
D =
W
V
X
785 , 0

2. Thp a (thp mm) (45 pht):
Thp a c ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut ha hc. Trong thp a
kh hn phn tn qua cc lp cht lng chuyn ng chm t trn xung di, s
tip xc pha ring bit trn cc a. So vi thp m th thp a phc tp hn do
kh lm hn v tn kim lai hn.
Chia thp a(mm) ra lm hai lai c ng chy chuyn, kh v lng chuyn
ng ring bit t a n sang a kia v khng c ng chy chuyn, kh v lng
chuyn ng t a n sang a kia theo cng mt l hay rnh. Trong thp a c
th phn ra nh sau thp chp, thp a li...
3. Khi nim hp ph (90 pht)
Hp ph l qu trnh ht kh (hi) hay cht lng bng b mt cht rn xp.
Cht kh hay hi b ht gi l cht b hp ph, cht rn xp dng ht kh hay
hi gi l cht hp ph v nhng kh khng b hp ph gi l kh tr.
Ty theo c trng ca qu trnh m chng ta phn bit cc loi hp ph sau y:
Hp ph ho hc l hp ph c km theo phn ng ho hc gia cht hp ph v
cht b hp ph.
Trong phm vi gio trnh ny chng ta khng xt n hp ph ho hc.
Hp ph khng km theo phn ng ho hc bao gm hp ph l hc v hp ph
kch ng.
Hp ph l hc c nhng c im sau:
1. Lc hp ph l lc Vandecvan, tc l lc ko tng h gia cc phn t. V
th hp ph l hc cn c gi l hp ph Vandecvan;
2. Qu trnh l thun nghch hon ton, cn bng t tc thi;
3. Nhit ta ra khng ng k;
4. C th l hp ph mt lp hay hp ph nhiu lp.
Hp ph kch ng c nhng c im sau:
1. To thnh hp cht c bit trn b mt cht hp ph gi l hp cht b
mt;
2. Qu trnh xy ra rt chm, t c cn bng phi c thi gian lu c khi
cn n hnh ngy;
3. Cn kch thch tng tc (nh sng, nhit);
4. Ta nhit ln tng ng vi nhit phn ng;
5. Rt kh nh;
Ngoi cc loi hp ph trn cn c ngng t mao qun. Trong trng hp ny hi
ngng t vo cc l nh ca cht hp ph xp.
Ch rng trong thc t tt c cc loi hp ph trn u c th xy ra ng
thi, nhng tu iu kin thc t m loi ny hay loi khc chim u th hn.
Qa trnh hp ph c ng dng :
1. Lm sch v sy kh. Khi lm sch v sy kh thng cht b hp ph
thng khng c gi tr. V d lm sch amoniac trc khi oxy ho, lm
sch H
2
trc khi hyrho, lm sch khng kh trong b phn chng kh
c, lm sch khng kh kh mi.
2. Tch nhng hn hp kh hay hi thnh nhng cu t. Khi tch cc hn hp
th cht b hp ph thng l cht qu. Mun thu c cc kh th sau
khi hp ph ta phi tin hnh qa trnh nh v tip theo l ngng t. V d
nh thu hi dung mi d bay hi, ly hn xng ra khi kh t nhin, tch
hn hp cacbuahyr t cc cht ring bit.
3. Tin hnh qu trnh xc tc khng ng th trn b mt phn chia ph.
Trong trng hp ny cht hp ph l cht xc tc. V d qa trnh oxy ha
NH
3
thnh oxytnit trn b mt bch kim, oxy ha SO
2
thnh SO
3
trn b
mt bch kim hay oxyt vanaium.
Nh vy, ta thy rng tr mc ch th 3, hai mc ch u ging nh mc
ch ca hp th nhng phm vi s dng hai phng php hp th v hp ph
khc nhau.
4. Cht hp ph (45 pht)
Yu cu cn bn ca cht hp ph l b mt ring phi ln. Hin ti ngi ta
hay dng than hot tnh v silicagel lm cht hp ph.
a. Than hot tnh.
Nguyn liu lm than hot tnh l nhng vt liu c cha cacbon, than
bn, xng ng vt
Tnh cht ca than hot tnh ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu u vo,
iu kin hot ha.Than hot tnh c th dng dng bt (50200) hay dng ht
kch thc 1-7mm. B mt hot ng biu din bng m
2
/g. Mt gam than hot tnh
c th t t 6001700m
2
.
Than hot tnh l mt cht hp ph rt tt, n c ng dng ch yu trong
thu hi dung mi hu c v lm sch kh.
Nhc im ca than hot tnh l d chy nhit cao, thng khng dng
than hot tnh nhit ln hn 200
0
C. khc phc nhc im ngi ta
trn silicaghen vi than hot tnh ca than.
b. Silicaghen:
Silicaghen l axit xilic kt ta khi cho tc dng H
2
SO
4
, hay HCl hay l
mui ca chng vi silicat natri kt ta em ra sch v sy nhit
115130
0
C n m 57%. Silicaghen c ng dng dng ht kch thc t
0,27mm. B mt ring t n 600m
2
/g. ng dng ch yu ca silicaghen l
sy kh (ht hi nc trong hn hp kh).
c. Hot v cht hp ph.
Hot l c trng cn bn ca ca cht hp ph. Ta phn bit hai loi
hot : hot tnh v hot ng.
a) Hot tnh. Hot tnh l lng cht b hp ph do mt n v th
tch hay mt n v khi lng cht hp ph ht c nhit v nng nht
nh ca cht b hp ph cho n khi t c cn bng.
b) Hot ng. Hot ng thng tnh bng thi gian hn l tnh
bng lng vt cht thu c. l khong thi gian k t khi cho hn hp khi i
qua lp cht hp ph n khi pha ng sau lp hp ph c xut hin cht b hp
ph trong pha kh i ra.
i vi than hot tnh th hot ng bng 8595% hot tnh, i vi
silicaghen th hot ng bng 6070% hot tnh.
V. TNG KT BI
- Thit b s dng trong qu trnh hp thu bao gm thit b dng a hay mm
hoc thit b dng m hay chm.
- Tng t nh qua trnh hp thu qu trnh hp ph ng vai tr rt ln trong
qu trnh kh mu, kh mi cc hp cht ha hc ni chung.
1. nh gi s khc, ging nhau gia qu trnh hp thu v qu trnh hp ph
trn c s bn cht truyn khi ca qu trnh.
2. Cu to c bn v y d ca mt thit b hp thu l g?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t

I. TN BI GING: HP PH V CHNG
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c kin thc c bn v qu trnh chng, phn loi qu
trnh, cn bng pha trong qu trnh, cc kin thc v bn cht, vai tr v cc
thng s trong qu trnh chng gin on. ng thi cc thit b hot ng
trong qu trnh hp ph.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. Thit b hp ph (60 pht)
a. Hp ph gin on.
Hp ph gin c th tin hnh theo 3 phng thc sau:
Phng php 4 giai an: Hp ph - Nh bng hi nc - Sy cht hp ph
bng khng kh nng - Lm lnh cht hp ph bng khng kh lnh .
Phng php 3 giai an: Hp ph - Nh bng cch t nng than bng kh
tr (kh b hp th i vo thit b ngng t) sau cho hi nc i qua - Lm lnh
cht hp ph bng khng kh lnh.

Phng php 2 giai an: Cho hn hp v khng kh nng i qua cht hp
ph m v nng (qu trnh hp ph vi qu trnh sy ng thi tin hnh), tip
theo l cho khng kh lnh vo - Nh bng hi nc than tr nn m v nng.
Phng php ny nng lng tiu tn t v nng sut cao.
b. Thit b tng si
Trong thi gian gn y tng si c p dng trong hp ph so vi hp
ph c lp cht hp ph ng yn th hp ph tng si c u im .
V chuyn ng mnh v trn ln nn khng c s phn lp cht hp ph gia
cc ht lm vic v cc ht cha lm vic ngha l khng c khu vc cht.
- Cng do khuy trn mnh nn nhit phn b u trong lp cht hp
ph do trnh c hin tng qu nhit
- Tr lc nh, nng sut ln.
- D vn chuyn trong dy truyn sn xut.
- ng thi hp ph tng si c nhc im sau:
- V c s trn ln cc ht cha lm vic v cc ht hp ph ri nn
ng lc ca qu trnh gim. Ht chng mn, i hi ht c bn c
hc cao.
Chng l phng php dng tch cc hn hp cht lng cng nh cc hn
hp kh lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu
t trong hn hp (ngha l khi cng mt nhit , p sut hi ca cc cu t khc
nhau). Trong trng hp n gin nht th chng v c c hu nh khng khc
nhau. Tuy nhin gia chng c ranh gii cn bn: trong trng hp chng th
dung mi v cht tan u bay hi, trng hp c c th ch c dung mi bay hi
cn cht tan khng bay hi.
Khi chng ta thu c nhiu sn phm v thng bao nhiu cu t ta s c
by nhiu sn phm. i vi trng hp hai cu t ta c: sn phm nh gm cc
cu t c bay hi ln v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi b cn sn phm
y gm cu t c bay hi b v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi ln .
Trong sn xut ta thng gp cc phng php chng sau y:
- Chng n gin: Dng tch cc hn hp gm c cc cu t c bay
hi rt khc nhau. Phng php ny thng dng tch s b v lm
sch cc cu t khi tp cht.
- Chng bng hi nc trc tip: Dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cht
kh by hi v tp cht khng bay hi, thng c ng dng trong
trng hp cht c tch khng tan vo nc.
- Chng chn khng: Dng trong trng hp cn h thp nhit si ca
cu t. V d nh trng hp cc cu t trong hn hp d b phn hy
nhit cao hay trng hp cc cu t c nhit si qu cao.
- Chng ct: Chng ct l phng php ph bin nht dng tch hon
ton hn hp cc cu t d bay hi c tnh cht ho tan mt phn hoc
ho tan hon ton vo nhau.
3. Cn bng pha qu trnh chng ct (45 pht):
Dung dch l tng l dung dch m trong lc lin kt gia cc phn t
cng loi v lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi bng nhau, khi cc cu t
ho tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no. Cn bng gia lng v hi hon ton tun
theo nh lut Rauolt.
Dung dch thc l nhng dung dch khng hon ton tun theo nh lut
Rauolt, s sai lch vi nh lut Rauolt l dng, nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t
khc loi nh hn lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi, sai lch l m nu lc
lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi ln hn lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi.
Trng hp cht lng ho tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no th p sut hi ca
mi cu t s gim i v p sut chung cu hn hp, nhit si ca hn hp
cng nh thnh phn ca cu t trong hi khng phi l mt hng s m thay i
theo thnh phn ca cu t trong dung dch. ng cong OMD l ng ni lin
cc im biu din cho thnh phn hi cn bng vi x. ng ny gi l ng
ngng t. ng cong OND l ng ni lin cc im ng vi thnh phn
x.ng ny gi l ng cong si.
Khu vc pha trn ng OMD l khu cc hi, khu vc di ng cong OND l
khu vc lng, khu vc gia hai ng cong l khu vc hn hp hi lng.

V d; ta c hn hp lng, c thnh phn x
1
v nhit t
1
(im S). un
nng hn hp n nhit t
2
(im N) khi s sut hin thnh phn hi x
2
cn
bng vi lng. Ta tip tc tng dn nhit th lng hi trong hn hp s tng
ln, lng lng gim i. Nu qu trnh ngng li t
1
ta thu c hn hp hi c
thnh phn x
4
<x
1
; nu ngng t ton b hn hp hi ta s c hn hp lng c
thnh phn ca cu t d bay hi l x
4
, bng cch lm nh vy ta tch hn hp
lng c nng x thnh hai hn hp lng c nng giu cu t d bay hi (x
4
)
v giu cu t kh bay hi (x
3
). C nh vy, nu ta tip tc cho bc hi mt phn
hn hp lng c x
1
v ngng t li ta c sn phm c nng cht d bay hi
cao hn tu theo yu cu. Cn phi ni rng, phng php chng ny khng phi
ch ng dng cho hn hp hai cu t m c th ng dng cho c hn hp nhiu
cu t (khi bay hi ca cc cu t khc nhau)
4. Chng n gin (45 pht):
1. Nguyn tc v s chng n gin.
Trong qu rnh chng n gin hi c ly ra ngay v cho
ngng t. V d lc u dung dch c thnh phn biu th
im C, khi un n nhit si hi bc ln c thnh phn
ng vi im p v trong hi khi no cng c nhiu cu t d
bay hi hn trong lng cho nn trong thi gian chng thnh
phn lng s chuyn dn v pha cu t kh bay hi.

Cui cng ta c cht lng cn li trong ni chng vi thnh phn l Cn v
thu c hn hp hi P,P
1
,P
2
P
n
thnh phn trung bnh ca hn hp hi biu th
im P
tb
.
Dung dch c cho vo ni chng. Hi to thnh vo thit b ngng t. Sau khi
ngng t v lm lnh n nhit cn thit cht lng i vo cc thng cha.
Thnh phn cht lng ngng lun lun thay i. Sau khi t c yu cu
chng, cht lng cn li trong ni c tho ra. Chng n gin c ng dng
cho nhng trng hp sau:
- Khi nhit si ca hai cu t khc nhau xa:
- Khi khng i hi sn phm c tinh khit cao:
- Tch hn hp lng ra khi tp cht khng bay hi :
- Tch s b hn hp nhiu cu t :
2. Tnh ton qu trnh chng n gin.
Lng hn hp u l F kg, thnh phn cu t d bay hi trong hn hp
u F x
.
Ti mt thi im bt k lng cht lng trong ni chng l W vi nng
l
x . Khi bc hi mt lng v cng nh dw th nng trong ni s gim i

mt lg W d v lng cht lng cn li trong ni l W d W . Nh vy lng cu
t d bay hi trong ni ti thi im ang xt l: ( dW W )(
x - dx ) v lng cu
t d bay hi chuyn vo pha hi l: W d y
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu i vi cu t d bay hi thi im ang xt l:
W d y x d x W d W x W ) ).( ( hay l
W d y x d W d x d W dW x x W x W
Lng dWd x rt b ta b qua n gin i ta c:
x y
dx
W
W d
F
W
x
x
F
W
x y
x d
W
W d

Tnh ton theo phng php th nh sau: tnh cc gi tr
x y
1
v t trn cc
gi tr x trn trc honh. Ni tt c cc im ta s c mt ng cong. Din tch
gii hn bi ng cong v F W x x , l S t : S
W
F
ln
- Cng thc s dng.
- Kt qu x l.
V. TNG KT BI
- Qu trnh chng ct l qu trnh phn tch hn hp nh s bay hi khc
nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp.
- Chng gin on l qu trnh l qu trnh m sn phm nh cho ly ra lin
tc v ni thay i theo thi gian..
- nh gi, kho st v cu to, hot ng v lm vic ca cc thit b hp
ph v la chn thit b ph hp.
- Yu cu v hot ng, tnh ton ca qu trnh chng n gin.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t


I. TN BI GING: CHNG CT
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c kin thc v s h thng, lm vic cn bng vt
cht trong qu trnh chng ct v vic tnh ton cc thng s, nh gi qu
trnh chng ct.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. S h thng v nguyn tc qu trnh chng luyn (60 pht):
Hi i di ln qua cc l ca a, cht lng chy t trn xung di theo cc
ng chy chuyn. Nng cc cu t thay i theo chiu cao ca thp, nhit
si cng thay i tng ng vi s thay i nng .
Trn a 1 cht lng cha cu t d bay hi nng x
1
, hi bc ln t a
c nng cn bng vi x
1
l y
1
, trong y
1
>x
1
, hi qua cc l i ln a 2
tip xc vi cht lng . Nhit ca a 2 thp hn a 1 cho nn mt phn
hi c ngng li, do nng x
2
l x
2
>x
1
. Hi bc ln t a 2 c nng
tng ng cn bng vi x
2
l y
2
. Hi t a 2 ln a 3 v nhit a 3 thp
hn, hi ngng t li mt phn, do cht lng trn a 3 c nng x
3
>x
2

Trn mi a xy ra qu trnh chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi. Do mt
phn cu t d bay hi chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi v mt phn t hn chuyn
t pha hi vo pha lng, lp li nhiu ln bc hi v ngng t nh vy, hay ni
mt cch khc, vi mt s a tng ng, cui cng trn nh thp ta thu c
cu t d bay hi dng nguyn cht v y thp ta thu c cu t kh bay hi
dng nguyn cht.
Theo l thuyt th mi a ca thp l mt bc thay i nng : thnh phn
hi khi ri khi a bng thnh phn cn bng vi cht lng khi i vo a. Do
theo l thuyt th s a bng s bc thay i nng . Thc t th trn mi a
qu trnh chuyn khi gia 2 pha thng khng t c cn bng
n gin ta tha nhn.
- S mol ca pha hi i t di ln bng nhau trong tt c tit din ca
thp.
- Hn hp u vo thp nhit si.
- Cht lng nhng trong thit b ngng c thnh phn bng thnh phn
hi ra khi nh thp.
- un si y thp bng hi t gin tip.
- S mol cht lng khng i theo chiu cao ca an ct v chng.
2. Cn bng vt cht (45 pht):
Phng trnh cn bng cho ton thp.
F =W +D (3.13)
Fx
F
=Wx
W
+Dx
D
(3.14)
Trong :
- F, W, D - sut lng nhp liu, sn phm y v nh, kmol/h
- x
F
, x
W
, x
D
- phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong nhp liu, sn phm y v
nh.
Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca an ct.

1 1
R
x
x
R
R
y
D
(3.16)
Vi
D
G
R
x
l ch s hi lu ca thp
Gx- lng lng c hi lu, kmol/h
Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca an chng.
W
x
R
L
x
R
R L
y
1
1
1
(3.17)
D
F
L , lng hn hp nhp liu so vi sn phm nh
3. Xc nh s a l thuyt (60 pht):
- Xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp
- V ng cn bng v cc ng lm vic.
- Gi tr Rmin c th xc nh theo th. T th hnh 3-9 ta thy :
F D
F D
F D
F D
x
x
x x
y x
x x
y y
R
R
tg A

* *
min
min
1
;
F F
F D
x
x y
y x
R
*
*
min

Nu gi R
x
l ch s hi lu thch hp ta c : R
x
=bR
xmin

Vn l chng ta xc nh lng R sao cho thch hp vi iu kin kinh t v
k thut, nu lng R qu b th thp v cng cao, iu ny kh thc hin, nu
lng hi lu ln th thit b c thp i nhng ng knh li to v sn phm nh
thu chng bao nhiu.
- Xc nh s mm l thuyt
- Cng thc s dng.
- Kt qu x l.
V. TNG KT BI
- S qu trnh chng ct c nhiu dng khc nhau nhng vn phi m
bo b phn quan trng nht l ni un, thp chng, thit b ngng t.
- Yu cu tnh ton, xc nh thng s qu trnh chng ct nh: nng , lu
lng cc dng, s mm l thuyt v ch s hi lu, nhit nhp liu.
1. Thp chng ct lin tc di p sut thng sn xut 300kg/h axit acetic vi
nng 70% mol. Nhp liu vo vi nng 29% mol. Sn phm nh l nc
cha 7% mol axit acetic. H s hon lu l 4. S mm thc tng ng vi mt bc
thay i nng l 2. Thp c gia nhit bng hi bo ha kh. Xc nh s
mm thc ca thp
2. Thp chng ct hn hp bezen - toluen. Nhp liu l 3000kg/h nng 30%
molbenzen sn phm nh thu c cha 5% mol toluen. Sn phm y cha
95% toluen. Tnh sut lng cc dng sn phm(kmol/h) v lng hi i vo thit
b hon lu bit t s hon lu bng hai ln t s hon lu ti thiu tnh
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t


I. TN BI GING: CHNG CT V TRCH LY
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c kin thc v cn bng nng lng trong qu trnh
chng ct v vic tnh ton cc thng s, nh gi qu trnh chng ct. ng
thi cc kin thc v bn cht, phn loi qu trnh trch ly.
- Gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b
Truyn Khi.
- My chiu overhead hoc
projector
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. Cn bng nng lng (90 pht):
a). Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b
un nng.

m f f D
Q Q Q Q
,
1
.
(3.31)
1
D
Q - nhit lng do hi t mang vo.
Q
f
Q
y
Q
D
Q
W

Q
D
2

Q
x
r D Q
D 1
1
. (3.32)
1
D - lng hi t, kg/s.
r - n nhit ho hi ca hi t, J/kg,.
Q
f
-nhit lng do dung dich u mang vo, w;
Qf =Fc
f
.t
f
W (3.33)
Trong :F - lng hn hp u,kg/s;
C
f
- nhit dung ring ca hn hp u, J/kg;
t
f
- nhit u ca hn hp,
0
C
,
f
Q - nhit lng do hn hp mang ra khi thit b v i vo thp chng. W.

, , ,
f f f
t FC Q . W (3.34)
trong :
,
f
C - nhit dung ring ca hn hp, J/kg.
,
f
t - nhit ca dung dch,
0
C.
Qm nhiet mt ra khI mi trng xunh quanh.W. ta c th ly Qm

bng 5
o
/
o
Q
D1
.thay cc gi tr tnh
D
1
=
r
t C t C F
f f f f
95 , 0
) (
., ,
.kg/s (3.35)
b)- Cn bng nhit ca thp. (xem hnh 3.11)
.
2
,
Qm Qw Qn Qx Q Q
D f
(3.36)
D
2
=
r
Q Qm Qw Qn
f
,

kg/s (3.37)
Trong : Q
m
nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh,W.
Q
n
nhit do hi mang ra,W.
Q
n
=D(1+R
x
), W (3.38)
D lng sn phm nh,kg/s.
Rx ch s hi lu thch hp.
- nhit lng ring ca hn hp
1
,
2
: Nhit lng ring ca cc cu t trong hn hp, J/kg.
a
1
,a
2 -
nng cc cu t trong hn hp khi lng.
Q
w
nhit do sn phm y mang ra,W.
Q
w
=t
w
C
w
W. (3.39)
W lng sn phm y, kg/s
Cw nhit dung ring ca sn phm y , J/kg
tw nhit sn phm y,
0
C
Qm nhit mt mt ra mi trng xunh quanh, ly bng 5 QD
2

Qx nhit lng do mi trng bn ngoi mang vo.W
Q
x
=R
x
DC
x
t
x
(3.40)
C
x
nhit dung ring ca cht lng hi lu.J/kg
T
x
nhit ca cht lng hi lu,
0
C
Q
f
xc nh theo cng thc 3.34
c) Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b ngng t.
Nu ch ngng t hi lu
DR
x
r=G
1
C
1
(t
2
t
1
) (3.41)
T y ta c lng nc lnh tiu tn l :
G
1
=
) (
1 2 1
t t C
DRxr
kg/s (3.42)
C
1
nhit dung ring ca nc nhit trung bnh ttb =0,5(t
1
+t
2
)
R n nhit ho hi J/kg
t
1
,t
2
nht vo v ra ca nc,
0
C
nu ngng t hon ton ta c :
P(1+Rx)r=G
2
C
1
(t
2
-t
1
) (3.43)
do lng nc tiu tn l
G=
) (
) 1 (
1 2 1
t t C
r Rx D
kg/s (3.44)
d) Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b lm lnh.
Nu l trng hp ngng t hi lu.
D[ r +C(
,
1
,
2
t t )]
) ( ) (
1 2 1 1
,
1
,
2
t t C G C t t D (3.45)
Trong , ngoi cc i lng bit ;
C nhit dung ring ca sn phm nh J/kg
t
1
,t
2
nhit u v cui ca sn phm nh,
0
C
G
0
,G
t
lng nc lanh tiu tn trong hai trng hp, kg/s
- Cng thc s dng.
- Kt qu x l.
3. Khi nim chung v trch ly (30 pht):
Trch ly l qu trnh rt cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht rn bng mt
cht lng khc. Khi trch ly cht ha tan trong cht lng gi l trch ly cht lng,
cn khi trch ly cht ha tan trong cht rn gi l trch ly cht rn.
Qu trnh trch ly c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip ha hc, thc phm
cng nh trong ngnh dc. V d tch axit acetic, du thc, ng vt
i vi bt c cht lng hay rn no vn chn dung mi cho thch hp l mt
vn cn thit. Tnh cht cn bn khng th thiu c l tnh ha tan c chn
lc ngha l dung mi phi ha tan tt cht cn tch m khng ha tan hoc ha
tan rt t cc cu t khc. Ngoi ra i vi dung mi trch ly cht lng th khi
lng ring ca n phi khc xa vi khi lng ring ca dung dch.
Khi trch ly thu c cu t nguyn cht ta cn tch dung mi ra, thng
ta tch bng phng php chng ct, v th t c yu cu tit kim nhit
lng trong khi hon nguyn ta cn chn dung mi c nhit dung b. Ngoi ra cn
phi c tnh cht thng thng khc nh: khng c, khng n mn thit b, khng
c tc dng ha hc vi cc cu t trong hn hp, r tin, d kim
4. S trch ly (60 pht).
c tin hnh qua ba giai on sau:
1.Giai on trn ln hai lu th: Dung mi v dung dch, ct t phn b chuyn t
dung dch vo dung mi. Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht cho n t c cn bng
gia hai pha.
2.Giai on tch hai pha ra, hai pha ny phn lp v tch ra d dng, mt pha gi
l dung dch trch gm dung mi v cu t phn b mt pha gi l raphinat gm
phn cn li ca dung dch, thng th cc cu t trong dung dch v dung mi u
t nhiu c tan ln vo nhau, v th trong hai pha thng l c c ba cu t.
3.Giai on hon nguyn dung mi: tch cu t phn b ra khi dung mi.
S nguyn tc ca qu trnh trch ly c th biu th hnh di y:

Tch hn hp lng bng phng php trch ly phc tp hn chng ct nhiu.
Nhng trong nhiu trng hp th trch ly chim u th tuyt i hoc l ch c
trch ly mi c kh nng tch hn hp thnh cu t c. Trch ly cht lng
thng c ng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
1. Qu trnh trch ly nhit thng cho nn c th dng tch cc cht d
b phn hy nhit cao.
2. Trng hp dung dch to thnh hn hp ng ph v dung dch gm cc
cu t c bay hi gn nhau.
3. Khi dung dch qua long th dng trch ly tit kim hn l chng ct.

V. TNG KT BI
- Cn bng nng lng trong qu trnh chng ct ph thuc vo tng h
thng chng ct c th nhng ch yu l tnh cn bng vt cht cho ton b
cc thit b ph v thit b chnh..
- Yu cu tnh ton, xc nh thng s qu trnh chng ct nh: nng , lu
lng cc dng, s mm l thuyt v ch s hi lu, nhit nhp liu.
1. Thp chng ct hn hp bezen - toluen. Nhp liu l 3000kg/h nng 30%
molbenzen sn phm nh thu c cha 5% mol toluen. Sn phm y cha
95% toluen.
- Tnh sut lng cc dng sn phm nh v y(kmol/h).
- T s hon lu bng hai ln t s hon lu ti thiu tnh lng hi i vo thit
b hon lu
- Tnh din tch b mt trao i nhit v lng nc cn dng trong thit b
ngng t hon lu bit nhit u ca nc l 25
0
C cui l 50
0
C, h s
truyn nhit l 450W/m
2
.
0
C. p sut trong thp l p sut thng.
2. Thp chng ct hn hp metylic - nc Nhp liu l 5tn/h nng 32% mol
metylic. Sn phm nh thu c cha 95% mol metylic. Sn phm y cha 95%
mol nc. Din tch b mt trao i nhit l56m
2
. p sut trong thp l p sut
thng. Xc nh:
- Sut lng cc dng sn phm nh v y(kmol/h).
- Lng hi i vo thit b hon lu bit t s hon lu bng hai ln t s hon
lu ti thiu
- Lng nc cn dng trong thit b ngng t hon lu bit nhit ca nc
tng ln l 15
0
C.
- H s truyn nhit trong thit b ngng t.
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Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t

I. TN BI GING: TRCH LY V KT TINH
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c kin thc v phng php thc hin qu trnh trch ly.
ng thi cc kin thc v bn cht, phn loi qu trnh kt tinh.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. Trch ly mt bc (30 pht)
Trong qu trnh trch ly hn hp u v dung mi S cho vo thit b c cnh
khuy 1 y hn hp v dung mi trn ln nhau qu trnh tin hnh cho ti trng
thi cn bng sau hn hp i vo thit b lng 2 tch ra hai pha Q v P, tip
theo l qu trnh hon nguyn dung mi thu dung dch trch ly v dung dch
raphinat R. trong R cha nhiu cu t B v t A, ngc li E cha nhiu A v t B

Phng php ny t dng v c nhc im sau: thit b cng knh, tn
nhiu dung mi, tinh khit km.
2. Trch ly nhiu bc cho dng (30 pht):
Nhc im ca trch ly mt bc l khng th t c trch ly cao, trch ly
nhiu bc cho dng c th cho php ta thu c sn phm c tinh khit cao
hn.
Qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc cho dng thc hin nh sau: Hn hp u F v
dung mi S
1
cng cho vo thit b trch ly 1, sau khi t c cn bng ta tch ra
v thu c pha trch ly Q
1
, v raphinat P
1
, pha P
1
c tip tc cho vo thit b
trch ly 2 vi dung mi S
2
, sau thit b 2 ta thu c Q
2
v P
2
, pha P
2
tip tc i
vo thit b trch ly 3 vi dung mi S
3
v ta thu c pha Q
3
v P
3
, qu trnh tip
tc nh th cho n khi t c yu cu cn thit. Nh vy qu trnh trch ly
nhiu bc cho ging chnh l lp li nhiu ln qu trnh trch ly mt bc. S
trch ly biu th hnh 4.2.

Hnh 4.2. S trch ly nhiu bc cho dng
Qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc cho dng biu
th th tam gic Hn hp u biu th
im F, sau khi trn ln vi dung mi S
1
ta c
hn hp biu th im M
1
, khi t c trng
thi cn bng ta c hai pha Q
1
v P
1
, pha P
1

sau thit b 1 i vo thit b 2 vi lng dung
mi khc l S
2
, ca hn hp chng c biu
th im M
2
, y sau khi t c cn bng
ta thu c pha trch v pha raphinat biu th im Q
2
v P
2
, nu tip tc ta thu
c cc pha trch v pha raphint biu th cc im Q
3
, Q
4
v P
3
, P
4

Mi mt chu k ca mt qu trnh gi l bc trch ly l thuyt. T nhng iu
ni trn ta c th kt lun rng: trong trng hp trch ly nhiu bc cho
ging ta c th thu c mt sn phm c tinh khit cao khi khng cn nhiu
bc trch ly lm. V d y sau bn bc cu t A cn li trong raphint rt t.
Kt qu ca qu trnh trch ly ny khng ch ph thuc vo s bc trch ly m
cn ph thuc vo h s phn b k v lng dung mi chng dng trch ly.
3. Trch ly nhiu bc ngc chiu (30 pht).
a) S trch ly. Trch ly ngc chiu c th tin hnh trong cc thng khuy
trn hoc l trong thp. Trong mi trng hp trch ly ngc chiu l mt qu
trnh lin tc Dung dch u i vo u ny v dung mi i vo u kia. Hai pha
H nh 4.3 Bi eu th quatrnh trch ly
nhi eu bac cheo dong
B
F
S
A
Q1
P1
M
1
raphint v pha trch lin tc i ngc chiu nhau. Nh vy trong thit b dung
dch long nht s lun lun tip xc vi dung mi cha t cu t phn b nht,
dung dch m c nht s lun lun tip xc vi dung mi cha nhiu cu t
phn b nht iu m bo cho qu trnh trch ly hon ton hn.
Khi nghin cu trch ly mt bc, trch ly nhiu bc cho dng v trch ly
ngc chiu trong thng khuy lp ni tip theo chiu nm ngang ta khng cn
ch n chiu chuyn ng ca dung mi cng nh dung dch, iu khng
nh hng n vn k thut ca qu trnh. Nhng i vi trch ly ngc chiu
trong thng khuy lp theo chiu ng cng nh trong thp th ta phi ch n
chiu chuyn ng ca dung dch v dung mi. Lu th no c khi lng ring
ln hn gi l pha nng i t trn xung, lu th no c khi lng ring b hn
gi l pha nh i t di ln to nn s chuyn ng d dng ca cc lu th.
b) Xc nh s bc trch ly: mt nhit nht nh trch ly ngc chiu
c c trng bi cc thng s sau: s bc trch ly, lng tiu hao dung mi,
thnh phn dung dch raphint (R) v thnh phn ca dung dch trch (E). mt
iu kin nht nh bn thng s khng th chn t do c bi v chng ph
thuc ln nhau, c th chn hai thng s bt k cn hai thng s khc ph thuc
vo chng. Thng ta chn thnh phn ca dung dch raphint v ca dung dch
trch lm bin s c lp.

Hnh 4.5 S trch ly ngc chiu
4. Khi nim kt tinh (45 pht).
Kt tinh l qu trnh tch cht rn ho tan trong dung dch, l mt trong nhng
phng php ch yu thu c cht rn dng nguyn cht.
Kt tinh cc cht ho tan trong dung dch da vo ho tan hn ch ca cht
rn. Dung dch cha lng cht ho tan ln nht mt nhit nht nh gi l
dung dch bo ho nhit . Dung dch qu bo ho khng bn v cht ho
tan tha s c tch ra khi dung dch. Nc cn li sau khi tch tinh th gi l
nc ci. Cc tinh th c tch ra khi nc ci bng phng php lng, lc, ly
tm
5.1.1. ho tan.
ho tan ca mt cht l lng ti a
cht tan c trong mt n v dung mi
mt nhit nht nh. hotan c th
tnh bng g/l, g/kg, phn khi lng
ho tan ca mt cht ph thuc vo bn cht
ho hc ca n, tnh cht v nhit dung
mi. i vi mt s ln cht ho tan tng
khi nhit tng nhng cng c trng hp
ngc li l ho tan tng khi nhit
gim.
tin hnh qu trnh kt tinh ta to thnh nhng dung dch qu bo ho bng
nhng phng php sau:
Lm lnh dung dch ng dng cho cc cht c ho tan tng khi tng
nhit .
Q
t
Hnh 5.1 Quan hegia nong obao hoa vanhiet o
un bc hi mt phn dung mi ng dng cho cc cht c ho tan
tng hoc gim khng ng k khi gim nhit .
ho tan ca vt cht thng c xc nh bng thc nghim v c biu
din bng ng cong ph thuc gia ho tan v nhit , i vi mt s ln
cht to thnh tinh th ngm nc th ng cong c im gy (hnh 5.2). ho
tan ca cc cht nh th c th gim khi tng nhit .
Vn xc nh ho tan ca vt cht nhit nht nh c gi tr thc t
ln nhng cho n nay khng c cng thc no bo m chnh xc tnh ton
m tu theo trng hp c th ta ng dng nhng s liu thc nghim bit.
5.1.2. S to thnh th tch.
S to thnh th tch gm hai giai on: giai on to mm tinh th v giai
on pht trin mm tinh th thnh tinh th hon chnh.
V d: trn hnh 5.3, dung dch ch to thnh mm khi nng ca cht ho
tan ng vi im A. Gia ng bo ho 1 v ng bo ho 2 ch qu trnh pht
trin mm.
Vn tc to mm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nhit , cc phng php
khuy trn, tnh cht ca vt cht, nng cc tp cht.
Lng mm to thnh nh hng n kch thc tinh th. Khi s mm to
thnh t th tinh th s ln v ngc li khi mm to thnh nhiu th tinh th nh.
cho qu trnh to mm c d dng thng ngi ta cho thm vo dung dch
nhng tinh th cht ho tan cht no c cng cu trc tinh th nh nht ho
tan trong dung dch. Phng php ny c bit cn thit i vi dung dch kh
to mm mc d c bo ho rt ln. Qu trnh pht trin mm trong mi
trng ng yn (tc l qu trnh chuyn vt cht t pha lng vo pha rn) c
c l nh cc ging i lu v khuych tn trong dung dch.
5. Cc phng php kt tinh (90 pht).
Qu trnh kt tinh c th l gin on hay lin tc. Qu trnh gin on c
nhng nhc im: thit b cng knh, tn nhiu lao ng, tinh th khng u.
Qu trnh kt tinh lin tc c ng dng rng ri v ph bin trong cng nghip.
Nng sut ca qu trnh lin tc cao v kch thc tinh th thu c u n.
- Kt tinh c tch mt phn dung mi.
Phng php kt tinh ny c ng dng cho trng hp ho tan ca vt
cht thay i t khi nhit thay i. Ta c th thc hin tch dung mi bng hai
cch : un si (c c) hoc cho bay hi nhit thp hn nhit si ca dung
dch.
Phng php tch dung mi bng c c c nghin cu trn. thu
c tinh th khng nn c c n qu nng gii hn. Khng phi khi no
cng un dung dch n nng bo ho v rng khi rt dung dch vo thit b kt
tinh qu trnh kt tinh xy ra rt nhanh, iu dn n s to thnh tinh th rt b
v i khi c dung dch ng rn li. V th tu theo trng hp c th ta cn phi
bit nng gii hn ca c c (nng gii hn ch xc nh bng thc
nghim).
Kt tinh c tch dung mi bng cch cho bay hi nhit thp hn nhit
si c th chia thnh hai loi l bay hi t nhin v bay hi chn khng.
a) Bay hi t nhin thng c tin hnh trong thit b h. Loi thit b n
gin nht l 1 thng h hnh vung, bn trong c treo nhng tm bn hoc si ch
cho ht tinh th bm vo . Thit b ny thuc loi gin on nng sut thp.
Trong cng nghip ngi ta thng dng nhng loi thit b khc nh thit b thp
gi l thp kt tinh, thit b kt tinh loi mng, thit b kt tinh thng quay.
Qu trnh lm lnh c xy ra c l do s bay hi nhng ht nh cht lng
trong khng kh nh vo s chnh lch nhit gia khng kh v dung dch.
Tinh th to thnh cng vi nc ci c ly ra, ng thi qu trnh tch
dung mi bng cch cho bay hi p sut thng xy ra chm v i hi thit b
bay hi phi to.
Mng kt tinh. Mng kt tinh l mng h , trong c vt ti. Vt ti va lm
nhim v vn chuyn va lm nhim v khuy. Vt ti quay vi vn tc khng ln
lm (~2v/ph) trong thit b ny ch c lm lnh t nhin do bay hi t b mt
thong. Tuy th qu trnh kt tinh trong thit b ny vn nhanh hn thp kt tinh t
67 ln.
Loi thit b kt tinh thng quay l thng hnh tr ta trn con ln . Thng
t vi 1 gc nghing nh. gim mt mt nhit ngi ta cch nhit cho thng
hay l t trong thng v. trnh hin tng tinh th dnh vo thnh thng ngi
ta t ng hi pha di thng i trong trng hp b dnh.
Dung dch c a vo u ny thng, tinh th v nc ci cng ra u
kia, khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu vi dung dch, chiu dy lp cht lng,
lng tiu tn khng kh, nng lng tiu hao ph thuc vo tnh cht dung dch
v kch thc tinh th, kch thc ca thng cng ph thuc vo nhng tnh cht
y v i vi mi trng hp c th, ngi ta thng xc nh bng thc nghim.
b) Bay hi chn khng. Kt tinh c th bay hi chn khng c th thc hin
gin on trong thng c cnh khuy (hnh 5.5). Thng ni vi bm chn khng
tuye v thit b ngng t. Sau khi kt tinh ta tng p sut trong thit b n p sut
thng ri tho tinh th v nc ci.
Thit b kt tinh chn khng lin tc. Trong thit b ny tinh th cng tun
hon vi dung dch cho n khi no vn tc lng thng vn tc tun hon th tinh
th lng xung.
V th ta c th iu chnh kch thc tinh th bng cch iu chnh vn tc
tun hon dung dch.
- Kt tinh khng tch dung mi.
Thit b kt tinh c cnh khuy vi b phn lm lnh. Nhng thit b ny c
th lm vic lin tc hay gin on. Khi kt tinh gin on ta cho dung dch vo
y thit b, sau khi kt tinh xong nc ci v tinh th c tho ra pha di.
Khi kt tinh kin tc ngi ta lp nhiu thit b ni tip nhau, dung dch chy
t thit b ny qua thit b khc v c tho ra ng bn cnh. Nh c cu to
n gin nn loi thit b ny c ng dng kh rng ri.
V. TNG KT BI
- Phng php thc hin qu trnh trch ly rt a dng v c vai tr khc
nhau trong s dng, vic nh gi v s dng ng qu trnh trch ly ph
thuc vo tng mc ch yu cu c th ca tng qu trnh lm vic.
- Kt tinh l qu trinh lin tc km theo qu trnh c c nn n mang nhiu
nt tng t nh qu trnh c c nhng y l qu trnh lm vic rt phc
tp i hi nhiu thit b v h thng ph km theo.
1. nh gi, la chn cc phng php trch ly v ng dng c th ca
phng php trong thc t.
2. So snh, lin h v nu ln s khc bit ca qu trnh kt tinh v c
c t a ra thng s lm vic tiu bin cho qa trnh kt
tinh.
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Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t

I. TN BI GING: SY KH
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c bn cht, vai tr v cc thng s khng kh m v tnh lc
hc qu trnh, qu trnh tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca qu trnh sy.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
Trong cng nghip ha cht, qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt liu (lm kh vt liu) l
rt cn thit. ty theo tch cht v m ca vt liu, ty theo yu cu v mc lm kh
vt liu ngi ta thc hin mt trong cc phng php tch nc ra khi vt liu sau y.
1. Phng php c hc: dng my p, lc, ly tm v.v tch nc, phng ny
dng trong trng hp khng cn tch nc trit m ch lm kh s b vt
liu.
2. Phng php ha l: dng mt ha cht ht nc trong vt liu. v d dng
canxi-clorua, axit sunfuric phng php ny tng i t v phc tp, ch yu
l ht nc trong hn hp kh.
3. Phng php nhit: dng nhit lm bc hi nc trong vt liu, phng php
ny c s dng rng ri.
Qu trnh lm bot hi nc ra khi vt liu bng nhit gi l sy. Ngi ta phn bit
ra sy t nhin v sy nhn to. Sy t nhin tin hnh ngoi tri, dung nng lng mt
tri lm bay hi nc trong vt liu. Mc ch ca qu trnh sy l lm gim khi
lng ca vt liu (gim cng chuyn ch) ; lm tng bn (cc vt liu gm s, g),
bo qun c tt.
Sy l qu trnh khng n nh, m ca vt liu thay i theo thi gian v khng
gian sy.
Trong phn tnh lc hc, ta s tm c mi quan h gia cc thng s u v
cui ca vt liu sy v tc nhn sy da theo phng trnh cn bng vt liu v cn
bng nhit lng, t ta xc nh c thnh phn vt liu, lng tc nhn sy v
lng nhit cn thit.
Trong phn ng lc hc ta s nghin cu quan h gia s bin thin ca m
vt liu vi thi gian v cc thng s ca qu trnh, v d nh tnh cht v cu trc ca
vt liu, kch thc vt liu, cc iu kin thy ng lc hc ca tc nhn sy t ta
xc nh c ch sy, tc sy v thi gian sy thch hp.
2. Khng kh m (60 pht):
1 Khi nim v hn hp khng kh m
Hn hp khng kh v hi nc cn gi l hn hp khng kh m. Sau y l mt
s khi nim t trng cho hn hp khng kh m.
2. m tuyt i ca khng kh.
m tuyt i ca khng kh l lng hi nc cha trong 1m
3
khng kh m
tc l v ch s th bng khi lnghi nc trong hn hp khng kh m. m tuyt
i thng k hiu l
h ,
[kg/m
3
].
3. m tng i ca khng kh.
m tng i ca khng kh hay cn gi l bo ha hi nc l t s gia
lng hi nc cha trong 1m
3
khng kh vi lng hi nc trong khng kh bo
ha hi nc cng nhit v p sut, thng k hiu:
4. Hm m ca khng kh m: hm m ca khng kh l lng hi nc cha trong 1 kg
khng kh kh. K hiu: Y , {kg/kg kk kh}
kkk
h
Y
kgkkk kg
p p
p
Y
bh
h
/ . 622 , 0

5. Nhit lng ring ca khng kh m: nhit lng ring ca khng kh m c xc
nh bng tng s nhit lng ring ca khng kh kh v hi nc trong hn hp.
H=1000t +Y (2493 +1,97t) 10
3
j/kgkkk (7.5)
hoc H=(1000+1,97.10
3
Y )t +2493.10
3
Y j/kgkkk (7.6)
6. im sng: Gi s ta c mt hn hp khng kh m cha bo ha hi nc. cho lm
lnh hn hp khng kh ny vi iu kin l hm m Y khng i. nhit ca hn hp
gim dn xung n mt mc no th hn hp t c trng thi bo ha ( =1 ).
nu ta tip tip tc gim nhit th hn hp bt u xut hin nhng ht xng m do
hi nc bo ha gi l nhit im sng, k hiu l t
s
. vy, im sng l gii hn
ca qu trnh lm lnh khng kh m vi hm m khng i.
7. Nhit bu t: Nu nh ta c th cho nc bay hi trong khng kh vi iu kin
on nhit, tc l qu trnh bay hi nc ch xy ra do nhit ca khng kh cung cp, ta
khng cp thm nhit v cng khng rt bt nhit i, th trong sut qu trnh bay hi
nhit ca khng kh gim dn, hm m tng dn, n khi khng kh bo ha hi nc
th nc ngng bay hi, nhit ny gi l nhit bu t, thng k hiu l t.
Nhit c nhit k bnh thng gi l nhit bu kh. Hiu s gia nhit
khng kh(nhit bu kh) v nhit bu t c trng cho kh nng ht m ca
khng kh, ngi ta con gi l th sy

= t - t

(7.8)
trong t- nhit khng kh (bu kh)
3. Biu H-Y khng kh m (45 pht):
th thnh lp p sut kh quyn bng 745mmHg, gc hp bi hai trc chnh
ca th l 135
o
cu to theo gc t nh vy s dng th c d hn.
Hm m x ghi trn trc honh, cc ng thng Y song song vi trc tung trn
th ch v cc ng thng Y cn trc Y thng khng v. nhit lng ring H ghi
trn trc tung, cc ng thng H song song vi trc Y .
Ngoi hai trc chnh trn, trn th con thm cc ng ng nhit (t = const),
ng m tng i khng i( = const ) v ng p sut hi nc ring phn Ph
ng thng t. ng thng t = const v theo phng trnh (7.5),cho cc gi tr
t= const phng trnh c dng ng thng tng i vi H v Y , cho Y mt vi tr s
ta s v c (hnh 7.2).
dc ca ng ng nhit tng dn khi nhit tng v h s gc ca phng
trnh l (2463:1,97t)10
3
cho nn khi nhit tng th h s gc s tng.
ng =const. ng ny v theo phng trnh (16-3), cho mt vi gi tr
snhit ng vi =const ri xc nh Y ta c giao im ca ng t =const v Y
=const, ni cc giao im ny li ta c ng cong =const . cc ng cong
=const xut pht t mt im nm trn trc tung (Y =o v t =-273
oC
). Khi nhit
n 99,4
oC
(nhit ca hi nc bo ha p sut 745mm) ng =const s gn nh
song song vi ng Y =const,
ph hay Y , khi ng thng s l ng thng song song vi ng Y =const
ng p sut ring phn P
h
. p sut hi ring phn ch ph thuc Y : Ph =
Pbh=f(x), theo (7.3), ta c:
Ta thy quan h gia P
h
v Y c dng gn nh ng thng (khi Y nh), tr s Ph

ghi
trn trc bn phi ca th (hnh 7.3).
4. S nguyn l lm vic ca my sy bng khng kh (45pht)
S nguyn l lm vic ca my sy bng khng kh c m t trn hnh 7.8.
Vt liu ban u cn ang m cho qua ca v nh b phn vn chuyn ( bng ti,
xe gong) a qua phng sy ri qua ca ra ngoi. Khng kh bn ngoi c qut hut
a vo caloriphe si ri vo phong sy. Tai caloriphe si khng kh c un nng
n nhit cn thit, khi vo phng sy khng kh tip xc vi vt liu, cp nhit cho
nc trong vt liu bc hi ra ngoi.
Hi nc
G
,
x
Gc
,
x
c
Khong kh nong ra
Hnh 7.8. S osay khong kh

Hn hp khng kh sau khi sy xong i theo chiu ht ca qut thot ra ngoi.
i khi cn b sung nhit khng kh sy, ngi ta dng caloriphe b sung cp
nhit cho khng kh ngay ti phng sy.
Trn s hnh 7.8 caloriphe c un nng bng hi nc hoc caloriphe un
nng bng khi l. Trong trng hp vt liu khng s bn, khng yu cu cao v hnh
thc v mu sc, th ngi ta dng tc nhn sy l khi l. Khi khng cn caloriphe
m ch c l t l nhin liu v phng trn khi l vi khng kh lnh h nhit
khi l trc khi vo phong sy.
V. TNG KT BI
- Sy l qu trnh bay hi ra khi vt liu bng phng php nhit v ty theo
phng php nhit s dng m cc qu trnh sy khc nhau.
- Gin Ranzim l gin thc nghim gip xc nh cc trng thi khng khi
m da trn cc d liu v thng s lm vic ca khng kh.
1. Xc nh cc thng s khng kh m bit nhit khng kh m 30
0
C m 70%.
2. Xc nh cc thng s khng kh m bit nhit khng kh m 30
0
C th sy 10
0
C.
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Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t

I. TN BI GING: SY KH
II. MC TIU:
Ngi hc nm c bn cht, qa trnh tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca qu
trnh sy, cc thng s ng hc v phng thc sy ca qu trnh
IV. NI DUNG BI GING
1. Cn bng vt liu trong my sy bng khng kh (45 pht)
Ta t mt s k hiu:
Gd,Gc - lng vt liu trc khi vo v sau khi ra khi my sy, kg/s;
Gk lng vt liu kh tuyt i i qua my sy, kg/s;
c d
x x , - m vt liu trc v sau khi sy, tnh theo % khi lng vt liu t;
c d
X X , - m vt liu trc, sau khi sy, tnh theo % khi lng vt liu kh tuyt
i;
W- lng m c tch ra khi vt liu khi qua my sy, kg/s;
L - lng khng kh kh tuyt i i qua my sy, kgkkk/s;
Y
o
hm m khng kh trc khi vo caloriphe si kg/kg kkk;
Y
1
,Y
2
hm m ca khng kh trc khi vo my sy ( sau khi qua caloriphe si) v
sau khi ra khi my sy kg/kg kkk;
Trong qu trnh sy, ta xem nh khng c hin tng mt mt vt liu, do
lng vt liu kh tuyt i coi nh khng b bin i trong sut qu trnh. vy lng vt
liu kh tuyt i i qua my sy:
100
100
100
100 c
c
d
d k
x
G
x
G G

=
=
T rt ra:
d
c
c d
x
x
G G
=
100
100

c
d
d c
x
x
G G
=
100
100
(7.14)
Lng m tch ra khi vt liu trong qu trnh sy tnh theo cng thc:
W =Gd Gc

(7.15)
Thay gi tr ca G
2
trong cng thc (7.14) vo cng thc (7.15) ta c:
c
c
d
d
d
c d
c
x
x x
G
x
x x
G W
=
100 100
(7.16)
Lng khng kh kh i qua my sy:
Cng ging nh vt liu kh tuyt i, ta xem nh lng khng kh kh tuyt i
i qua my sy khng b mt mt trong sut qu trnh sy.
Khi qu trnh lm vic n nh, lng khng khi i vo my sy mang theo mt
lng m l LY
1
. sau khi sy xong, lng m bc ra khi vt liu l W do khng kh
sy c thm mt lng m l W.
Vy, nu lng m trong khng kh ra khi my sy l LY
2
th ta s c phng
trnh cn bng vt liu sau:
LY
1
+W =LY
2
(7.17)
s kg
Y Y
W
L /
1 2
= (7.18)
i lng L l lng khng kh kh cn nhit l bc hi w kg m trong vt
liu. vy lng khng kh kh cn thit lm bc hi 1 kg m trong vt liu:
kgm kg
Y Y
L
l /
1
W 1 2
= = (7.19)
Cn bng nhit lng trong my sy bng khng kh.
Ta k hiu:
Q - nhit lng tiu hao chung cho my sy, W
Qs - nhit lng si nng khng kh caloriphe si, W
Qb - nhit lng b sung trong phng sy, W
Q =Qs +Qb =L(H
2
H
0
)
2. Phng thc sy (45 pht):
1. Sy l thuyt: trong sy l thuyt coi cc i lng nhit b sung v nhit tn tht u
bng khng ngha l 0 0
1 1
= A = = = = = hay q q q C q
m vc v b
.
Trong thc t nu gp trng hp nhit b sung bng nhit tn tht q C q
b
= +
1
, do
0 = A cng coi nh sy l
thuyt.
2. Sy c b sung nhit trong
phng sy:
3. Sy t nng khng kh gia
chng:
4. Sy tun hon kh thi:
5. Sy tun bng khi l:
3. ng hc qu trnh sy (90 pht):
Trng thi lin kt m trong vt liu.
1. Lin kt hp th n phn t: lp n phn t hi m b hp ph b mt v cc l
mao qun ca vt liu, lc lin kt ny rt ln, lng m nh nhng rt kh tch biu
th bng on OA trn th hnh 7.18.
2.Lin kt hp ph a phn t (cn gi l hp ph ha l), lc lin kt ca phn m
ny cng kh ln biu th bng on AB, khi sy thng ch tch mt phn ca phn
m ny.
3. Lin kt mao qun, phn m ny do lc ht mao qun ca cc mao qun nh (r <
10
-5
cm) th hin bng on BC, lc lin kt ca phn m ny khng ln lm khi sy c
th tch c ht.

C
O
X
c
X
M ien
hut am
A
B
Mi en say
Mi en bay hi
Hnh 7.18. othquan hegia oam can
bang vaoam cua khong kh
4. Lin kt kt dnh, phn m ny l do nc bm trn b mt vt liu hoc trong cc
mao qun ln, m ny c to thnh khi ta nhng t vt liu, lc lin kt khng ng
k nn d tch.2. ng cong sy v ng cong tc sy:
- on AB: giai on t nng vt liu, nhit vt liu tng ln n nhit bu
t tng ng vi trng thi khng kh lc sy, m vt liu thay I khng ng k,
tc sy tng nhanh n tc cc i.
- on BK
1
: giai on tc sy khng I (ng tc), m vt liu gim nhanh
v u n theo mt ng htng (on BK
1
trn ng cong sy), nhit vt liu
khng i v vn bng nhit bu t.
- on K
1
C: giai on tc sy gim dn nhng u (ng chm l ng l
thuyt), nhit ca vt liu tng ln dn, m gim dn n m cn bng nhng
mc gim chm hn giai on trn. im C tng ng vi m cn bng khi t
m cn bng th nhit ca vt liu bng vi nhit ca tc nhn sy.
Tnh thi gian sy
a. Giai on tc gim dn
tnh thi gai ny ta da vo phng trnh vt liu v phng trnh tc say. Theo
phng trnh vt liu ta c:
dW=-GK.DX
thay vo phng trnh (7.46)ta c
( )
cb c
X X K
Fd
X Gd
Fd
dW
= =

Hoc
( )
cb
c
X X
X d
F K
G
d
=
Trong
G- lng vt liu say(vt liu kh tuyt i), kg/h du tr chng t m ca vt liu
gim dn theo thi gian
Trong khi say m X
2
ca vt liu thng khng t n trng thi cn bng. Do
xc nh thi gian say trong giai on ny ta ly tch phn phng trnh trn trong gii
hn t m ti hn X
k
n m cui X
c
ca

vt liu ( X
2
<X
cb
)v t = 0 n =
2

} }

=
0
2
1
X
X cb c
X X
X d
FK
G
d
Rt ra thi gian say cho giai on hai
cb
cb
c
X X
X X
FK
G
=
2
1
1
ln ,h (7.47)
b. Giai on tc khng i
Theo th ng cong tc say ta nhn tjhy tc say trong giai on mt khng
i v bng tc say im ti hn tc l im u ca giai on hai. Do ta c th
a vo phng trnh(4.46) xc nh tc say cho giai on mt.
Nh trn ta c
Fd
X Gd
X X K
Fd
G
U
cb c
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
Ta thay m bt k X trong phng trnh bng m ti hn X
K
th ta s c
( )
cb K c
X X K
Fd
X Gd
=
rt ra
( )
cb k c
X X
X d
F K
G
d
=
Ly tch phn hai v t m ban u X
1
n m ti hn X
kv
t t = 0 n =
1
th
s c phng trnh thi gian say cho giai on mt:
} }

=
0
2
1
X
X cb k c
X X
X d
FK
G
d
Rt ra
cb
k
k
c
X X
X X
FK
G
=
1
1
ln ,h (7.48)
Thi gian sy ca qu trnh l=
1
+
2

cb
cb
cb
k
k
c
X X
X X
X X
X X
FK
G
=
2
1 1
1
ln ln ,h (7.49)
- Cng thc s dng.
- Kt qu x l.
V. TNG KT BI
- Phng thc sy bao gm qu trnh sy l thuyt v sy thc t c c im v
gin khc nhau.
1. Qu trnh sy tun hon 80% lng kh thi vi cc s liu sau
Nng sut (theo nhp liu)ca thit b sy l 1,5 tn/h. Sy t m u 47% n m
cui 5% (tnh theo vt liu t)
- Khng kh mi bn ngoi vo c hm nhit l 50kJ/kgkkk, m l 70%
- Khng kh ra khi thit b sy c hm nhit l 260kJ/kgkkk, m l 80%
- Xc nh lng khng kh mi b sung v nhit lng tiu hao cho qu trnh sy
2. Mt thit b sy l thuyt c nng sut 1000kg/h theo nhp liu c m u l 50%
sy n m cui l 8%(tnh theo vt liu t). c trang b caloriphe s dng hi
nc bo ha c p sut 19,62.10
4
Pa. Khng kh mi bn ngoi vo c hm nhit l
50kJ/kgkkk, m l 70%. Khng kh ra khi thit b sy c hm nhit l 260kJ/kgkkk,
m l 80%. Xc nh:
- Lng khng kh kh cn thit cho thit b sy.
- Lng nhit v hi t cn thit caloriphe bit nhit tht thot bng 15% lng nhit
hu ch.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Ngy...thng..nm
T b mn duyt Gio vin

Phm nh t

Truyen Khoi 0242

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Truyn khi

= q - h s hiu chnh (hiu sut ngn) ly t 0.2 0.9

x . Khi bc hi mt lng v cng nh dw th nng trong ni s gim i

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