Global History Review I

Review Unit #1
Beginning Fundamentals
Physical Earth !erms
"atitude# lines that measure how far something is north or south of the Equator
"ongitude# lines that measure how far something is east or west of the Prime Meridian
E$uator# 0 degrees Latitude - it divides the Earth between North and South
Prime %eridian# 0 degrees Longitude - it (along with the International Dateline divides the Earth between East and !est
International &ateline# "#0 degrees Longitude - divides one da$ from another
Hemis'heres# half of the Earth (E%am&le' Northern (emis&here or Eastern (emis&here
Physical Features
Islands# isolate )ultures from other )ultures - su)h as *a&an
%ountains# a barrier to travel + se&arate )ultures - su)h as the (imala$as between ,hina and India
&eserts# a barrier to travel + se&arate )ultures - su)h as the Sahara in -fri)a
Rain(orests# a barrier to travel + se&arate )ultures - su)h as the -ma.on /ainforest in 0ra.il
Rivers# trans&ortation routes + sometimes through barriers - su)h as the Nile through the Sahara
River )alley# great &la)e to begin a )ivili.ation in an)ient times - su)h as the 1igris-Eu&hrates valle$
Plains# flat fertile lands + good for farming + often attra)t invaders - su)h as the Ste&&es of /ussia
Ice# &revents sea trade for mu)h of the $ear + su)h as in /ussia in earlier times
Elements o( *ulture
*ulture# the wa$ of life of a grou& of &eo&le
+ociety# the t$&e of &eo&le in a )ulture (e%' ra)e2 nationalit$2 religious identit$
,rt# the e%&ression of a )ulture3s ideas (e%' dan)e2 musi)2 ar)hite)ture
Geogra'hy# the land2 lo)ation2 and resour)es of a )ulture (e%' &h$si)al features2 )limate2 raw materials
"anguage# the )ommuni)ation s$stem of a )ulture (e%' al&habet-writing2 s&ee)h2 s$mbols
Religion# the organi.ed beliefs and rituals of a )ulture (e%' )eremonies2 holida$s2 forms of worshi&
Economy# the wa$ a )ulture gets the things it needs (e%' agri)ulture2 hunting2 manufa)turing2 trade
Politics# the government and laws of a )ulture (e%' leadershi&2 rules2 &rote)tion2 servi)es
*ustoms# the traditions of a )ulture (e%' holida$s2 )lothing2 )elebrations
*ultural &i((usion# when as&e)ts of one )ulture s&read to other )ultures
*ultural &iversity# to )oe%isten)e of elements of a variet$ of )ultures within a single )ulture
!ime %anagement
&ecade# a &eriod of "0 $ears
*entury# a &eriod of "00 $ears
B-*- . the time Before Christ on a timeline
,-&- . Anos Domini - 4In the 5ear of our Lord6
*7E- - Common Era + 1erm now used to re&la)e 4-7D78 - (07,7E7 re&la)es 407,78 9before )ommon era:
Review Unit #/
Early %an and River *ivili0ations
Early %an
Hunters and Gatherers# During the Paleolithi) Stage (;ld Stone -ge &eo&le wandered behind herds of
animals in sear)h of food7 1he men generall$ hunted + the women generall$ gathered berries2 nuts2 roots2 et)7
%igration# . ,urrent eviden)e &oints to the earliest &eo&le having lived in Africa7
- 1he$ migrated (moved to other &la)es in the world7
- Native -meri)ans migrated a)ross a land bridge from -sia to North -meri)a7
*ultural &i((usion# . -s &eo&le migrated and settled together2 their ideas mi%ed7
- Trade also )aused )ultural diffusion7
1eolithic Revolution
1eolithic Revolution# 1he )hange from hunting and gathering to herding and planting.
Results o( 1eolithic Revolution#
o Permanent <illages - Peo&le built homes and settled together in &ermanent villages7
o New 1e)hnolog$ - Peo&le had the time to develo& new tools and ideas to meet their needs7
o S&e)iali.ations of =obs - Less &eo&le were needed to &rodu)e food7 Some &eo&le too> on new roles (=obs7
*ivili0ations# . -s villages be)ame more develo&ed2 some turned into civilizations7
- ,ivili.ations )an be identified b$ having )ertain things'
- ?rban areas ()ities
- - writing s$stem
- organi.ed e)onom$
- -n organi.ed government (laws
River )alley *ivili0ations
2hy river valleys were great locations to start a civili0ation#
Irrigation# water for )ro&s and human use
1
3 main river valley civili0ations#
River *ivili0ation
Nile Eg$&t
1igris-Eu&hrates Sumer (Meso&otamia
Indus India
(uang (e (5ellow ,hina
,nnual Flooding# su&&lied fertile soil for )ro&s ea)h $ear
!rans'ortation# allowed for trade and )ultural diffusion
Food +u''ly# fish and other items + land animals )ame near to drin>
Im'ortant In(ormation
Fertile *rescent# area of fertile soil in the desert Middle East + from Sumer to the )oast of the
Mediterranean Sea
*unei(orm# writing s$stem used in Sumer + wedge sha&ed s$mbols
Hierogly'hics# writing s$stem used in Eg$&t + &i)ture s$mbols
Hammurabi4s *ode o( "aws# first written set of laws in histor$ + based on the 4e$e for an e$e8
&rin)i&le
%ohen5o &aro and Hara''a# two main urban )enters ()ities of India3s river valle$ )ivili.ation
6%iddle 7ingdom8# what the ,hinese )alled their land (the$ thought it was the )enter of life
Review Unit #9
*lassical *ivili0ations
*lassical *ivili0ations# ,ivili.ations that were so well organi.ed that the$ were able to )reate man$ things that we still
use toda$7
*HI1,
&ynasty# a line of rulers from the same famil$7 1he$ )ontinue to rule as long as the$ have the %andate o(
Heaven-
%andate o( Heaven# belief that the Em&eror was given the right to rule from the gods (similar to Euro&ean
Divine Right
Han &ynasty# "
st
ma=or D$nast$ of ,hina
- *ivil +ervice +ystem# required e%aminations for government &ositions7 E%ams based on tea)hings of
*on(ucius
- *on(ucianism# . dire)ted ,hinese so)ial life for hundreds of $ears
- 0ased on tea)hings of ,onfu)ius
- Ever$one should use good moral behavior
- (ave good edu)ational s$stem + to hel& have good government offi)ials
- @overnment offi)ials should rule b$ setting a good e%am&le of behavior for
the &eo&le
- !echnology# &a&er2 rudder2 wheel barrow
I1&I,
%aurya Em'ire "
st
ma=or em&ire in India
- *entrali0ed Government' ;ne of the first em&ires to run a government of )ommunities from one )entral lo)ation
- Bureaucracy' s$stem used within an organi.ed government (offi)ials2 &ro)edures2 rules2 et)7
GREE*E
*ity.+tates# . Because of its mountainous geograph and numerous islandsA @ree)e did N;1 form one large
Em&ire7 It was a )olle)tion of small Cit!"tates7 Ea)h was run li>e a small nation7 -thens and S&arta were the most
&owerful7 -thens be)ame the most im&ortant7
&emocracy# - form of government + citizens share the &ower to ma>e de)isions - 0egan in @ree)e (-thens
,le:ander the Great# 1oo> over most of the 4>nown world8 S&read @ree> )ulture (cultural diffusion to Eg$&t2
Persia2 and India
Hellenistic *ulture# - result of -le%ander the @reat mi%ing @ree> )ulture with the )ultures from Eg$&t2 Persia2 and
India
*ontributions# - Classical ar)hite)ture' straight lines2 basi) sha&es (square2 re)tangle2 triangle and )olumns for
su&&ort
Review Unit #3
Belie( +ystems
,1I%I+%
Belie(# Ever$ living and non-living thing has a s&irit7 - ver$ traditional )on)e&t in histor$7 !orshi&&ing of an)estors7
"ocation# Still found in some traditional societies of the world + often asso)iated with traditional -fri)an )ulture7
+HI1!;I+%
Belie(# S&irits of #ami dwell in man$ forms of the natural world
"ocation# a traditional belief s$stem of *a&an
HI1&UI+%
Pol$theisti)' (indus believe in man$ gods
Reincarnation# belief that the soul is reborn in the bod$ of another &erson or thing7
*aste +ystem# . (So)ial ,lass (ierar)h$ &eo&le are born into different Castes (so)ial )lasses
o the$ ma$ be born into a higher (if the$ are good or lower (if the$ are bad ,aste in the ne%t life
Ganges River# the hol$ river of (induism7 !orshi&ers bathe in the river to free themselves from sin7
2
7ey !erms# Barma2 Dharma2 ?&anishads2 0hagavad @ita
"ocation' 0egan in India7 Is mainl$ in India still toda$7
BU&&HI+%
Basic belie(s# all &eo&le suffer + ending desires will end the suffering2 rein)arnation + following the Eightfold Path will lead to Nirvana
1irvana# b$ leading the right >ind of life2 eventuall$ one )an rea)h a state of ultimate awareness + Nirvana
7ey !erms# Cour-Noble 1ruths2 Eightfold Path2 Siddhartha @autama
"ocation# began in India - spread to ,hina2 *a&an2 and Southeast -sia
*;1FU*I,1I+%
based on the tea)hings of Confucius
&eo&le should lead a good2 moral life
edu)ation should be the wa$ &eo&le advan)e in so)iet$ ()ivil servi)e e%ams
,onfu)ianism em&hasi.es a )lear so)ial order7 Ever$ &erson has a )lear role in life7
7ey !erms# Cive Be$ /elationshi&s2 Cilial Piet$2 So)ial order
"ocation' ,hina
!,;I+%
begun b$ Lao 1.u
followers must follow Tao (the wa$
follow the wa$ of nature + don3t go against the wa$ of nature
Be$ 1erms' 5in and 5ang
<U&,I+%
Belie(s# monotheism + onl$ one @od @od will send a messiah (savior @ood behavior will be rewarded in $eaven
Sacred Texts: Torah laws and history of the Jews Ten Commandments rules of behavior
*HRI+!I,1I!=
Belie(s# monotheism @od did send a messiah (*esus ,hrist *esus was the son of @od %aith in @od will be rewarded ((eaven
+acred !e:ts# 0ible
"ocation# began in Middle East + spread b$ the /oman Em&ire throughout Euro&e (then on to rest of the world
I+",%
Belie(s# monotheism Cive Pillars of Caith (&ra$ D times a da$2 )harit$2 &ilgrimage2 /amadan fasting2 believe in -llah
+acred !e:ts# Euran (Boran
"ocation# begun in Middle East (Me))a b$ Mohammed - dominates the Middle East area toda$
! &hilosoph' using reason to understand wh$ things ha&&ened7
- So)rates2 Plato2 and -ristotle were great @ree> &hiloso&hers
- Bnowledge' @ree>s &ioneered mu)h thin>ing in medi)ine2 s)ien)e2 math2 and literature7
%U+"I%
"ocation#
o Middle East S&read throughout the Middle East2 Northern -fri)a2 and into India as Muslims s&read the religion of Islam
o -rabs were great fighters
o Muslims (-rabs tolerated *udaism and ,hristianit$ (the$ were 4of the boo>8 - but others had to )onvert
%uslims# -rabs who worshi&&ed the religion of Islam (Later - an$one who worshi&ed Islam
6Golden ,ge8# a time of &ea)e (no more e%&ansion and great learning
- the$ &reserved @ree> and /oman learning (the$ got it from )onta)t with the 0$.antine Em&ire
- )reated algebra
- develo&ed advan)ed medi)al >nowledge and &ra)ti)es
- @reat astronomers and s)ientists
"ocation# began in the Middle East + spread all over the world (Diaspora) + *srael is the *ewish homeland
Review Unit #>
Em'ires 1
TANG
"ocation# ,hina
*ontributions#
- first use of &a&er mone$
- porcelain' hard shin$ &otter$
*a&an studied the 1ang D$nast$ and )o&ied mu)h of the ,hinese )ulture (language2 0uddhism2 et)7
1he Sil> /oad began as a trading route between ,hina and the westFeventuall$ s&read to the Middle East
3
GUPTA
"ocation# India
(induism and the ,aste S$stem flourished (be)ame stronger under @u&ta rule
1he @u&ta Em&ire was one of India3s 4@olden -ge8
*ontributions#
o @u&tas were good at Math
o )reated the )on)e&t of 4Gero8 + and the decimal sstem
o )reated the numbers we use toda$ + Arabic Numerals (4-rabs8 too> them and
introdu)ed them to the Euro&eans
B=?,1!I1E
"ocation# the 4Eastern8 half of the old /oman Em&ire
Great "eader# *ustinian + )reated +ustinians Code ! a written set of laws
Its *hurch# ,hanged from /oman ,atholi) to Eastern ;rthodo% 4@ree>8 was the offi)ial language
Its im'ortance#
o 1he 0$.antine Em&ire &reserved mu)h of the old @ree> and /oman )ulture while barbarians destro$ed /ome
o It was 4in between8 the invaders from -sia and the rest of Euro&e
o it s&read learning and )ulture to /ussia and influen)ed /ussian life a great deal
%U+"I%
"ocation#
o Middle East S&read throughout the Middle East2 Northern -fri)a2 and into India as Muslims s&read the religion of Islam
o -rabs were great fighters
o Muslims (-rabs tolerated *udaism and ,hristianit$ (the$ were 4of the boo>8 - but others had to )onvert
%uslims# -rabs who worshi&&ed the religion of Islam (Later - an$one who worshi&ed Islam
6Golden ,ge8# a time of &ea)e (no more e%&ansion and great learning
- the$ &reserved @ree> and /oman learning (the$ got it from )onta)t with the 0$.antine Em&ire
- )reated algebra
- develo&ed advan)ed medi)al >nowledge and &ra)ti)es
- @reat astronomers and s)ientists
"ocation# began in the Middle East + spread all over the world (Diaspora) + *srael is the *ewish homeland
*HRI+!I,1I!=
Belie(s# monotheism @od did send a messiah (*esus ,hrist *esus was the son of @od %aith in @od will be rewarded ((eaven
+acred !e:ts# 0ible
"ocation# began in Middle East + spread b$ the /oman Em&ire throughout Euro&e (then on to rest of the world
I+",%
Belie(s# monotheism Cive Pillars of Caith (&ra$ D times a da$2 )harit$2 &ilgrimage2 /amadan fasting2 believe in -llah
+acred !e:ts# Euran (Boran
"ocation# begun in Middle East (Me))a b$ Mohammed - dominates the Middle East area toda$
! &hilosoph' using reason to understand wh$ things ha&&ened7
- So)rates2 Plato2 and -ristotle were great @ree> &hiloso&hers
- Bnowledge' @ree>s &ioneered mu)h thin>ing in medi)ine2 s)ien)e2 math2 and literature7
R;%E
Re'ublic# 0egan in /ome - form of government - )iti.ens elect representatives to ma>e de)isions for the &eo&le
!he Em'ire# E%&anded be$ond Ital$ to in)lude most of !estern Euro&e and the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea7
Pa: Romana# 1ime of &ea)e and &ros&erit$ for the Em&ire (Its @olden -ge
*ontributions# . Roman ,a-' 1welve 1ables' a -ritten set of laws for all )iti.ens to follow
- Arch' re&la)ed @ree> )olumns for su&&ort in ar)hite)ture
- ,atin language' used throughout the em&ire
! .rganization' 1he /omans >e&t &eo&le in the em&ire organi.ed' )ommon language2 laws2 mone$ s$stem
Review Unit #@
%iddle ,ges
A%edieval PeriodB
&,R7 ,GE+
Fall o( the Roman Em'ire#
- /oman Em&ire s&lit into H &arts
!estern Euro&e + Cell into the 4Dar> -ges8
Eastern Euro&e + 0e)ame the 0$.antine Em&ire
- !ithout /ome3s organization + !estern Euro&e fell a&art'
- unorgani.ed - unedu)ated - &oor
- 1here was no centralized government ! ea)h lo)al area was run on its own (0arbarian tribes
Roman *atholic *hurch#
- be)ame the onl$ organi.ed institution in Euro&e at this time
- had a hierar)h$ (Peo&lePriest0isho&-r)h 0isho&Po&e
4
- had ,hur)h rules that ever$one in Euro&e (,hristians followed
- heres + s&ea>ing out against the ,hur)h
- e/communication + being >i)>ed out of the ,hur)h
FranCish 7ingdom#
- Cran>s be)ame a an organi.ed and &owerful Bingdom state
0egan Ceudalism - a lo)al organi.ing s$stem with &ower based on land ownershi&
- -n im&ortant leader was ,harlemagne (be)ame the "
st
$ol Roman Emperor
FEU&,"I+%
Feudalism#
o it was based on the ownershi& of land + as well as binding obligations AloyaltyB between Lords
and <assals
o a s$stem that hel&ed to get Europeans organized again (though essentiall$ onl$ at the lo)al
level
o so)ial ' ever$one was &la)ed into a )ertain so)ial )lass (Nobles2 Mer)hants2 Peasants + and
the had to sta there
o &oliti)al ' the ,ord made all of the rules and a)ted as =udge and =ur$ (he was the government
o e)onomi) ' ever$one got what the$ needed through feudalism - ea)h &erson gave things and
re)eived things
o manorialism + the basis for feudal e)onom$ + based on the self-suffi)ient manor (land that a
Lord owned
*RU+,&E+
*rusades#
- hol$ wars fought between ,hristians and Muslims + for )ontrol of the 4(ol$ Lands8 (*erusalem
- the$ are im&ortant be)ause the helped Europeans to'
- be)ome better edu)ated "7 Learned Muslim ideas H7 found old 4@ree> and /oman8 learning
- in)reased their wealth were introdu)ed to new trade &rodu)ts ()otton2 sil>2 s&i)es2 )oloring d$es2 foods
- the$ hel&ed end Ceudalism
- New trade )reated new mar>ets (towns man$ serfs ran awa$ from manors to live in the new towns
I%P;R!,1! %E&I)," E)E1!+
Battle o( !ours# ,hristians sto&&ed the Muslim invasion of Euro&e (sto&&ed them in Cran)e + Muslims >e&t S&ain
Battle o( Hastings# Normans (!illiam the ,onqueror defeated the -nglo-Sa%ons
- the mi%ing of Norman )ulture with Anglo!"a/on )ulture )reated a new )ulture English
Hundred =ears 2ar# England vs7 Cran)e
- the longbow was first used ended the Bnights on horseba)> as the main wa$ of fighting in feudalism
- )annons (gun&owder was introdu)ed to Euro&ean warfare )astles were no longer useful for defense
BlacC &eath# a form of &lague (disease that s&read qui)>l$ and >illed man$ Euro&eans
- hel&ed bring about the end of Ceudalism
serfs be)ame s)ar)e Lords &aid mone$ for their wor> (man$ then bought their freedom

Review Unit #D
Renaissance
!HE RI+E ;F *,PI!,"I+%
!hat Euro&eans re)eived on the ,rusades dramati)all$ )hanged Euro&e'
o LE-/NIN@'
new Muslim ideas (mu)h of it )ame from ,hinese ideas
old @ree> and /oman learning (&reserved b$ 0$.antine and Muslim Em&ires
o 1/-DE'
new trade &rodu)ts from Middle East and -sia )reated new mar>ets and in)reased wealth in Euro&e
Middle ,lass' businessmen2 )raftsmen2 mer)hants
- /an>ed between land owning Nobles and the Peasants
@uilds' organi.ations of tradesmen and artists
- 1he$ regulated their trade or art (set &ri)es2 hours2 standards
,a&italism' e)onomi) s$stem that re&la)ed feudalism
- 0ased on using mone + not land + for wealth
,ommer)ial /evolution' there was a dramati) )hange in the e)onom$ + from the land based Ceudal
E)onom$ to a mone$ based ,a&italism e)onom$ (mar>et s$stem
1he $anseatic ,eague formed to &romote and &rote)t trade for northern Euro&ean )ities
Italian )it$-states (<eni)e+@enoa+Na&les dominated trade between the Middle East and
Euro&e
5
RE1,I++,1*E
Renaissance# a 4rebirth8 of an)ient learning (@ree> and /oman2 as well as )ulture2 that had disa&&eared during the dar> ages
Italy# /enaissan)e began in Ital$' @reat lo)ation for tradetrade )reated wealth$ &eo&le (Patrons used wealth to
S&onsor great art
Medi)i Camil$' 0an>ers from Cloren)e great s&onsors of the /enaissan)e
Cloren)e' )enter of the /enaissan)e movement (be)ause of the Medi)i famil$ su&&ort
Po&e' lo)ated in /ome + also a great s&onsor of /enaissan)e art
Humanism# the new wa$ of thin>ing during the /enaissan)e
o less about religious themes (more about Man on Earth + not @od in (eaven
o more about ever$da$2 real life situations (secular 0 non religious)
,rt# less religious themes - &eo&le were more lifeli>e - s)enes were more about ever$da$ situations (humanismI
o perspective' a new te)hnique used to ma>e s)enes loo> more J dimensional (de&th
o Leonardo da <in)i' a 4/enaissan)e Man8 ()ould do man$ things well &ainted the 4Mona Lisa8 and
the 4Last Su&&er8
o Mi)helangelo' &ainted the )eiling of the 4Sistine ,ha&el8 and s)ul&ted 4David8
"iterature# less about religious themes - stories were written to entertain &eo&le (humanismI
o /enaissan)e literature began to be written in the vernacular (ever$da$ lo)al language of the &eo&le
o Sha>es&eare' wrote great stories and &la$s about ever$da$ human situations
o Ma)hiavelli' wrote 1he Prin)e + about how a ruler should rule over his &eo&le (rule b$ fear + not love
o Dante' Italian writer that wrote in Italian + not Latin + wrote the Divine ,omed$
Printing Press# invented b$ *ohann @utenberg
o 0oo>s be)ame more available ()hea&er tooI
o More &eo&le began to learn how to read
o Ideas s&read ver$ qui)>l$
o *udged b$ man$ historians to be the most signifi)ant te)hnologi)al develo&ment in histor$
Review Unit #E
Em'ires /
!;7UG,2, E%PIRE
<a'anese Feudalism' 1raditional *a&an was governed b$ shogunate (similar to Euro&ean feudalism
o EMPE/;/ + s$mboli) leader Shogun+ militar$ ruler (a)tual leader sammurai + warriors
o 0?S(ID; + term for *a&anese ,ode of ,ondu)t
o 1o>ugawa + name of the Shogun famil$ that )ontrolled *a&an for almost J00 $ears
<a'anese isolationism#
o *a&an3s island lo)ation )aused its )ulture to be isolated from other )ultures for man$ )enturies
o !hen new te)hnologies allowed foreigners to rea)h *a&an + *a&an3s leaders began a &oli)$ of isolationism + the$ )hose to remain
isolated from other )ultures
%;1G;" E%PIRE
"ocation# ,ame out of )entral -sia to ta>e over ,hina + s&read em&ire west to Middle East (largest land em&ire ever
7hans# leaders of the Mongols
o @enghis Bhan s&read and )reated the em&ire
o Bublai Bhan + made the em&ire stable and &ros&erous
+ilC Road# trade route lin>ing ,hina and the Middle East Mongols made it safe and &ros&erous
%arco Polo# Euro&ean e%&lorerKtrader that traveled to ,hina his stories later ins&ired Euro&ean e%&lorers to sail to the East
%I1G &=1,+!=
/e-established ,hinese rule in ,hina after the Mongol Em&ire
/e-established ethnocentrism in ,hina + the belief that their )ulture was better than all others
,FRI*,1 !RIB," E%PIRE+
Em'ires# @(-N- + M-LI + S;N@(-I
!raditional "i(e#
o Camil$,lan1ribe
o .ral Tradition' 1he histor$ of the tribe was &assed down b$ 4word of mouth8
%ansa %usa# great Mali leader + )onverted to Islam
!rade# -rabs )rossed the Sahara and traded salt to the -fri)ans for @old (-rabs introdu)ed Islam as well
%E+;,%ERI*,1 E%PIRE+
Em'ires# M-5- + -G1E, + IN,-
%aya# 5u)atan Peninsula area of Me%i)o @reat thin>ersar)hite)ture (&$ramid tem&les2 S)ien)e (JLD da$ )alendar
,0tecs# ,entral Me%i)o @reat warriors
Incas# @reat organi.ers ran an organi.ed governmental bureau)ra)$ - road builders
6
!hese civili0ations were considered to be advanced civilizations (or the western hemis'here
;!!;%,1 E%PIRE
"ocation# 1ur>ish Muslims too> over &arts of the old 4Muslim8 em&ire and the old 40$.antine8 em&ire
+ulieman the %agni(icent# was their great "ultan (leader
Im'act' 1he$ blo)>ed Euro&eans from traveling (for trade to the East (for)ing them to loo> for an all-water route + essentiall$
starting the -ge of Dis)over$ &eriod for !estern Euro&eans7 (e also allowed for religious toleran)e in his em&ire7
Review Unit #F
Global !rade
*HI1,
!echnology#
- rudder (hel& steer shi&s
- )om&ass (determine dire)tion $ou are going
?heng He# great ,hinese e%&lorer sailed as far awa$ as -fri)a
Results#
- ,hinese ethnocentrism (belief that their )ulture was better than an$one else3s )aused
e%&loration to end
the$ thought that no-one else had an$thing the$ wanted + so wh$ >ee&
e%&loringM
EUR;PE
!echnology#
o got rudder and )om&ass from the ,hinese
o got astrolabe (shows lo)ation2 astronomi)al tables2 and lanteen sail (to sail against the wind from the -rabs
o )reated good ma&s and good shi&s (,aravel themselves
2hy they e:'lored#
o 1he J @3s' @old2 @lor$2 and @od
@old' get ri)h
trade with other nations (wanted to find an all-water route to -sia
dis)over gold2 silver2 and other ri)h materials
@lor$' be)ome famous
be)ome the first to do or find something
)reate honor2 land2 and &ower for $our nation
@od' s&read religion (,hristianit$ to the natives
E((ects on Euro'eans#
o trade in)reased (&eo&le got ri)her
o )ommer)ial a)tivit$ in)reased + new mar>ets and a business )lasses of &eo&le were )reated
- 1ercantilism' e)onomi) &oli)$ of Euro&ean nations at this time (use )olonies to hel& the home nation get ri)h
o Euro&ean nations be)ame the most &owerful nations on Earth
E((ects on the rest o( the world#
o their land was ta>en awa$ from them (to ma>e )olonies b$ the Euro&eans
o man$ of the native &eo&le died
>illed fighting the Euro&eans
diseases
o the$ were for)ed to learn Euro&ean )ultural wa$s
+igni(icant E:'lorers#
o <as)o da @ama' first to sail around -fri)a to India
o ,hristo&her ,olumbus' tried to sail to India b$ going !est + a))identall$ 4dis)overed8 a new world
for the Euro&eans
o Cerdinand Magellan' his )rew were the first to sail around the world
Im'ortant !erms#
o *mperialism' the a)t of &owerful nations ta>ing over wea>er regions and totall$ dominating their )ulture
o Colonialism' the &oliti)al relationshi& between a &owerful 4mother )ountr$8 and its wea>er 4)olon$8
o 1ercantilism' the e)onomi) relationshi& between a mother )ountr$ and a )olon$ + the )olon$ hel&s ma>e mone$ for the mother )ountr$
+ the$ &rovide free raw materials and a mar>et for finished goods
o Triangle Trade' trading s$stem between Euro&e2 -fri)a2 and the new world + made mone$ for Euro&eans
o Columbian E/change' the world-wide e%)hange of &rodu)ts and ideas after the dis)over$ of the new world
*,+E +!U&=# +'anish Im'erialism#
Con2uistadors' S&anish militar$ leaders + ,orte. defeated the -.te)s + Pi.arro defeated the In)a
S&anish su))ess' " better wea&ons (gun&owder H hel& from other native tribes J Euro&ean diseases >illed millions
Encomienda "stem' S&anish govt7 gave S&anish )olonist &ermission to use natives as for)ed labor (slaves on &lantations
/oman ,atholi) ,hur)h' &la$ed an im&ortant role as a lin> between the &oor &easants and the S&anish government
New )ulture' the mi%ing of Native -meri)an2 Euro&ean2 and -fri)an )ultures )reated a new 4Latin -meri)an8 )ulture
So)ial ,lasses' the im&ortant so)ial identit$ was based on ra)e + not wealth7 Euro&eans had the most &ower
7
Review Unit #1G
!he Re(ormation
PRE.REF;R%,!I;1
Roman *atholic *hurch# had been the most &owerful organi.ation throughout Euro&e sin)e the fall of the /oman Em&ire
o until this time 0 no one dared to 2uestion the po-er and actions of the Church
o 1he ,hur)h had influen)e over the &eo&le'
S&irituall$ ' it )ontrolled a))ess to (eaven + &eo&le had to do what the ,hur)h told them to do
Politi)all$ ' 1he ,hur)h had influen)e over Bings and Eueens in Euro&e + laws too
E)onomi)all$ ' 1he ,hur)h )olle)ted a tithe (li>e a ta% + "0N of all members3 wealth
!HE REF;R%,!I;1
%artin "uther# @erman mon> who wrote 34 Theses (arguments against the /oman ,atholi) ,hur)h +
starting the /eformation
Protestants# &eo&le who agreed with Luther3s ideas and =oined in his 4&rotest8 against the ,hur)h
(,hristians in Euro&e be)ame divided into Roman Catholics or &rotestants
2hat they were 'rotesting about#
o that the ,hur)h was more interested in ma>ing mone$ than in saving &eo&le3s souls
it sold indulgences (&ie)es of &a&er that forgave &eo&le3s sins
o that the ,hur)h was too involved in secular (non-)hur)h related issues - su)h as &oliti)s
o that ,hur)h offi)ials )laimed to be the onl$ sour)e of religious truth + onl$ the$ )ould inter&ret @od3s word
Protestant belie(s#
o &eo&le )ould be saved b$ =ust having faith in @od + not in an$ other wa$s
o &eo&le didn3t need the ,hur)h3s inter&retation of @od3s word + the$ )ould read the 0ible for themselves
<ohn *alvin# another Protestant leader + introdu)ed the idea of &redestination ($our fate 9(eaven or (ell is &redetermined for $ou
*;U1!ER.REF;R%,!I;1
*ouncil o( !rent# meeting of ,hur)h offi)ials to &lan on how to fight the /eformation
*ounter.Re(ormation# the ,hur)h3s attem&t to get their members (hen)e mone$ and &ower ba)>
+t- Ignatious "oyola# began the *esuits (an order of Mon>sB traveled Euro&e tea)hing dis)i&line and learning to ,atholi)s
+'anish In$uisition# the ,hur)h in S&ain a)tuall$ used torture to &ersuade non-,atholi)s to be)ome ,atholi)
REF;R%,!I;1 E)E1!+
Henry )III# too> England awa$ from the /oman ,atholi) ,hur)h and )reated the -ngli)an ,hur)h (made himself the head of this )hur)h
&e(eat o( the +'anish ,rmada'
o S&ain3s nav$ (Phili& II invaded England (Eli.abeth I in order to for)e them to be)ome ,atholi) again7
o S&ain lost + lost its &osition as most &owerful nation in the world
o England won + began its )laim as the most &owerful nation in the world
!hirty =ears 2ar# war between the Northern nations of Euro&e (Protestant vs7 the Southern nations of Euro&e (,atholi)
RE+U"!+
new )hur)hes began in Euro&e + more im&ortant' there was no longer =ust one ,hur)h in Euro&e
the /oman ,atholi) ,hur)h lost mu)h of its &ower and )ontrol of Euro&ean affairs + Bings and Eueens gained &ower
&eo&le began to question man$ of the long standing beliefs the$ had been thin>ing about for man$ $ears
the &ower and )on)e&t of the individual in)reased + &eo&le began to believe the$ had )hoi)es in their lives
Review Unit #11
,bsolutism
!ER%+
&ivine Right# the Euro&ean belief that @od )hose who )ould be Bing or Eueen
(similar to ,hinese 1andate of $eaven
%onarchy# a t$&e of government run b$ a Bing or Eueen - the$ inherit their &ower from a famil$ member
,bsolutism# when a monar)h rules with total po-er (absolute po-er) + the$ do whatever the$ want to + the$ don3t )onsider the needs of their
&eo&le
INFLUENTIAL WRITERS
1iccolo %achiavelli# wrote a boo> )alled 1he Prin)e + said rulers should rule b$ having their sub=e)ts
fear them + not love them
!homas Hobbes# wrote a boo> )alled 1he Leviathan + said &eo&le were naturall$ unorgani.ed and
sim&le + the$ needed strong leaders
,B+;"U!E %;1,R*H+
=ou should Cnow#
1- where they were (rom
/- one thing they did (or their nation
9- how that thing a((ected their nation
8
,Cbar the Great#
"7 INDI-
H7 (e develo&ed one of India3s 4@olden -ges8 - a time of &ea)e and wealth
J7 1he @olden -ge made a &ea)eful and &ros&erous life for Indians of that time
Ferdinand and Isabella
"7 SP-IN
H7 1he$ s&onsored the vo$ages of ,olumbus
J7 1he dis)overies of ,olumbus brought great wealth and &ower to S&ain
*harles )
"7 SP-IN
H7 Led resistan)e against the invading ;ttoman Em&ire
J7 Be&t !estern Euro&e out of )ontrol of the ;ttoman Em&ire (>e&t it ,hristian + not Muslim
Phili' II
"7 SP-IN
H7 S&ent S&ain3s newl$ a)quired wealth defending ,atholi)ism in Euro&e during the /eformation and
,ounter-/eformation
J7 S&ain lost its &ower and be)ame a wea>er nation again
"ouis HI)#
"7 C/-N,E
H7 1a%ed the &oor &eo&le - but not the ri)h &eo&le - used the ta% mone$ to build the Pala)e of <ersailles
J7 Put too mu)h e)onomi) &ressure on the &oor &eo&le - man$ &eo&le starved
Peter the Great#
"7 /?SSI-
H7 (e tried to -esternize (moderni.e /ussia
J7 !estern artists2 s)ientists2 and tea)hers )ame and taught /ussians how to be more modern7
*,+E +!U&=# England
(-h it -as different from other nations)
%agna *arta# a do)ument that limited the po-ers of the Bings and Eueens in England
Parliament# originall$ a )ommittee of Nobles )reated to >ee& an e$e on the Bing3s a)tions
English *ivil 2ar#
- Bing ,harles I vs7 Parliament - fighting for )ontrol of &ower in England
- Parliament won (gained more &owers than the$ had before
- ,harles I e%e)uted + monar)h$ was abolished
- .liver Crom-ell (leader of Parliament too> over - The Common-ealth ran England for a few $ears
!he 6Restoration8# the monar)h$ was restored tem&oraril$ after the 4,ommonwealth8 did not wor> out too well
Glorious Revolution# /estored d$nast$ did not wor> out + !illiam and Mar$ as>ed to the throne + onl$ under the assum&tion that Parliament
now had more &ower than the monar)h$ + su&&orted b$ the English Bill of Rights
!oday# @reat 0ritain has a ,imited Constitutional 1onarch
- the Monar)h$3s &owers are limited b$ a written )onstitution
- Parliament has all of the real &ower now
Global History Review II
9
Review Unit #1/
,ge o( Revolutions
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
+cienti(ic %ethod# a &ro)ess used to answer s)ientifi) questions
- it hel&ed bring into question the )ommon a))e&tan)e that @od )aused ever$thing to ha&&en7
- Euestion the ,hur)h and -n)ient &hiloso&her2 su)h as -ristotle2 as the answer to all 7
*o'ernicus and Galileo#
- &roved the Sun was the )enter of the Solar S$stem ((elio)entri) 1heor$
- this &roved that the )hur)h )ould be wrong about something (the ,hur)h had said the Earth was the
)enter
- Perse)uted for beliefs7
Heliocentric !heory# 4sun-)entered8 theor$ - it raised the question2 4If the ,hur)h )ould be wrong about this
issue2 )ould it be wrong about other issuesM8 - su)h as divine rightM
,GE ;F E1"IGH!E1%E1!
A time -hen people -ere enlightened (e/posed) to ne- ideas and -as of thin5ing ! especiall about politics. *deas from the enlightenment led to political
revolutions such as the American6 %rench6 and ,atin American Revolutions.
,ge o( Reason# &eo&le used reason to guide them in their de)isions (this )omes from the s)ientifi) a&&roa)h to learning
Enlightenment thinCers#
- <ohn "ocCe#
all &eo&le have )ertain rights (Natural /ights' Life2 Libert$2 Pro&ert$
governments should &rote)t &eo&le3s rights
if the government does not + &eo&le )an overthrow the government
- ;ther Enlightenment thinCers'
<ean <ac$ues Rousseau'
"71here is a so)ial )ontra)t between &eo&le and govt7
H7 the ma=orit$ should rule7
Barron de %ontes$uieu' there should be a se&aration of &owers +e%e)utive2 =udi)ial2 legislative and Chec5s and Balances.
)oltaire# Personal freedoms2 religious toleran)e and freedom of the &ress and s&ee)h7
- wrote &la$s and stories that &o>ed fun of nobilit$ and absolute government7
*easar Beccaria + sto& the &ra)ti)e of torture and rights for &risoners7 41he &unishment should fit the )rime78
%ary 2ollstonecra(t + wanted womans rights
!heir in(luence# the ideas e%&ressed b$ Enlightenment thin>ers got &eo&le to )onsider )hanging their governments (from Monar)hies to /e&ubli)s
P;"I!I*," RE);"U!I;1+
Political Revolutions# when &eo&le began to )hange their >ind of government (from Monar)hies to /e&ubli)s
,merican Revolution#
- -meri)an )olonies bro>e awa$ from @reat 0ritain
- 1he$ followed *ohn Lo)>e3s ideas (0ritain was not &rote)ting the )olonists3 rights
- first time a modern nation ended a monar)h$ and started a /e&ubli)
(be)ame an e%am&le to &eo&le in other monar)hies
French Revolution#
- Cran)e was divided into J estates (,hur)h2 nobilit$2 and ever$one else
- &oor &easants were tired of the Bing (Louis O<I ta%ing them and not ta%ing the ri)h nobles7 1he >ing
and the queen ta%ed the &easants heavil$ and s&ent the mone$ on lu%urious &arties and their &ala)e in
<ersailles7
- Partiall$ ins&ired b$ the -meri)an /evolution2 the J
rd
estate revolted2 stormed the 0astille &rison and
)reated the De)laration of /ights of Man and the Cren)h ,onstitution using ideas from the
enlightenment7
- overthrowing (and e%e)uting a Bing was a big ste& in Euro&e + it motivated other &eo&le to thin> about
doing
- Robes'ierre )reated a di)tatorshi& and the /eign of 1error7
- e%e)uted man$ nobles (reign of terror + in)luding Bing Louis O<I and his wife Marie -ntoinette
- the new government was wea> and was later ta>en over b$ Na&oleon 0ona&arte
"atin ,merican Revolutions#
- Latin -meri)ans were tired of being )ontrolled b$ the S&anish2 Portuguese2 and Cren)h (mostl$ the S&anish
- 1he &eo&le in Latin -meri)a were divided in a so)ial )lass hierar)h$ with the Euro&ean born &eninsulares on the to&7
- the$ were ins&ired b$ the su))ess of the -meri)an and Cren)h /evolutions
- !oussaint "4;verture leads fist revolution against Na&oleans Cran)e and wins7 Dies in a Cren)h )ell7
- their revolutions were led b$ Simon 0olivar2 *ose de San Martin2 and Cather Miguel (idalgo
-
10
Review Unit #19
Reactions to Political Revolutions
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
1he new government of Cran)e (after the /evolution was wea> + Na&oleon too> over the government2 )rowned
himself Em&eror2 and made Cran)e strong again
o im&roved the e)onom$
o )reated &ubli) edu)ation
o )reated the Napoleonic Code (set of laws for ever$one to follow
o built a huge arm$
used the huge arm$ to ta>e over most of Euro&e
s&read the seeds of the Cren)h /evolution (demo)ra)$ to other areas of Euro&e
was eventuall$ defeated and banished to a far awa$ island (St7 (elena and died there
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
a meeting of Euro&ean leaders
o ,onservative ' to reorgani.e Euro&e the wa$ it was before Na&oleon too> over
&ut borders ba)> the wa$ the$ were (the leaders tried to turn ba)> the hands of time
reinstall >ings and Eueens that had been in &ower
o 0alan)e of Power ' don3t let an$ one nation in Euro&e get so &owerful again
1E3E# there were man$ small revolutions all over Euro&e that $ear
NATIONALISM

Uni(ying 1ationalism# when &eo&le that have )ommon binds de)ide to )ome together to form a new nation
o @E/M-N5' organi.ed b$ ;tto von 0ismar)>
o I1-L5' organi.ed b$ @iuse&&e @aribaldi
+e'arating 1ationalism# when different ethnic groups within a nation want to form their own + se&arate nations
o -?S1/I-' (ungarians2 Serbs2 @ermans2 and other small ethni) grou&s wanted their own nations
Inde'endence 1ationalism# when a )olon$ wants inde&enden)e from another &ower
o L-1IN -ME/I,-' wanted freedom from S&anish2 Portuguese and Cren)h )ontrol
*f ou alread have a nation 0 nationalism is the pride (patriotism) ou have for that nation
RUSSIA
was not affe)ted b$ the revolutionar$ ideas that were swee&ing the rest of Euro&e at this time
freed their serfs (finall$ in the middle of the "#003s - 1his )reated a huge &easant )lass that was ver$ &oor
LATIN AMERICA
after the revolutions + not mu)h )hanged
o the Euro&eans left
o ri)h land owners be)ame the new leaders (the$ &aid the militar$ to su&&ort them
o &oor &easants remained &oor &easants - the revolution had little affe)t on them
o rural (out in the )ountr$ gang leaders )alled caudillos terrori.ed &easants and )ontrolled large rural areas
o 1he /oman ,atholi) ,hur)h )ontinued to tr$ to >ee& &ea)e between the strong ()audillos and landowners and the wea> (&easants
%e:ican Revolution A1F1G.1F9GB
o ,auses'
!ealth was all going to a small u&&er )lass7
Se&aration of the ri)h and &oor )lasses is the most )ommon )ause for revolution7
/easons' over&o&ulation2 &oor living )onditions2 &oor wor>ing )onditions2 o&&ressive governments2 better trans&ortation
Leader (Dia. brutall$ su&&ressed all o&&osition
o /evolution led b$ Ga&ta (leader of southern Native -meri)ans + 4Pon)ho8 <illa (northern bandit
o /esults'
/ebels won + more rights and land to wor>ers and women
New ,onstitution' first Latin -meri)an )ountr$ to give good )hanges to the )ommon &eo&le
More Me%i)an )ontrol of trade and industr$ (not foreign 9S&anish: )ontrol
Review Unit #13
Industrial Revolution
TERMS
,gricultural Revolution# a change in the wa$ food was &rodu)ed (sometimes )alled the Agrarian /evolution
Industrial Revolution# a change in the wa$ things were made2 from ma>ing &rodu)ts b$ hand to ma>ing &rodu)ts using ma)hines
&omestic +ystem# ma>ing &rodu)ts b$ hand + in a home + b$ one &erson
Factory +ystem# ma>ing &rodu)ts b$ ma)hine + in a fa)tor$ + using man$ &eo&le (mass &rodu)tion
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
1ew %ethods# new ma)hines2 en)losed fields2 )ro& rotation2 better animal breeding
11
Results# - More food was &rodu)ed for &eo&le + using less wor>ers
- More food )aused the population to gro-
- E%-farm wor>ers moved out of the countr and into the cities + for new =obs in the fa)tories
INUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
> !hings a 1ation should have to be success(ul industrially#
- *a'ital (Investment mone$ - "abor Force (wor>ers - Raw %aterials
- !rans'ortation +ystem (/ivers2 ,anals2 /ailroads2 (arbors - %arCet for selling &rodu)ts
7reat Britain -as ver successful industriall 0 because it had a lot of the above items
EFFECTS ON SOCIET!
B,& . Urbani0ation too man$ &eo&le moved to the )ities+ too fastI over)rowded2 unsafe2 unhealth$
. Poor 2orCing *onditions unsa(e ma)hiner$ and buildings2 long wor> hours2 low &a$2 )hild labor
G;;& . Im'roved !rans'ortation Caster and safer
- Rising +tandard o( "iving + in general2 more &eo&le had =obs2 with regular &a$2 and )ould bu$ more things than before
REACTIONS TO T"E INUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
"aisse0.Faire#
. based on Adam"miths boo> 1he !ealth of Nations
- belief that governments should N.T interfere -ith business activities
- less regulation and laws is good for business
"iberalism vs- *onservatism#
- two different views about how so)iet$ should wor>
- ,onservatism '
o So)iet$ should tr$ to preserve the old -as of doing things
o favored the old Monar)hies
o wanted Nobles and the govt7 to )ontrol business de)isions
- Liberalism '
o -s times )hange + societies should change
o su&&orted the new /e&ubli)s
o Laisse.-Caire (no govt7 involvement in business
+ocial &arwinism#
- based on ,harles Darwin3s boo> ;n the ;rigin of S&e)ies
o outlining the 4theor$ of evolution8 (survival of the fittest
- So)ial Darwinism' Darwin3s survival ideas a&&lied to so)ial ideas'
o In business' do what ever $ou have to do to survive
o !ar' weed out the wea>er nations
o /a)e relations' used to =ustif$ ra)ism whi)h then in)reased
o So)ial Darwinism is fa>e s)ien)e
+ocial Re(orms#
- Sadler /e&ort' /e&ort on the abuses of )hild labor said it was N;1 a good thing for so)iet$
- ,hild Labor' Laws were &assed to get the >ids out of the fa)tories + and into &ubli) s)hools (whi)h began then
- 1rade ?nions' organi.ed wor>ers to demand better wor>ing )onditions (less hours2 better &a$2 safer )onditions
- Suffrage' e%tending the right to vote' first to all men + then to women as well
Global %igration# large groups of people moved from some places on Earth to others
Review Unit #1>
Im'erialism
I%PERI,"I+%
RE,+;1+ F;R I%PERI,"I+%
1ationalism + Prestige - ta>ing over other nations added to $our nation3s &ower
- 4So)ial Darwinism8 ' it was 4natural8 for strong nations to ta>e over wea>er ones (If $ou didn3t2 someone elseF
Political (militar$ + )olonies were im&ortant lo)ations to set u& overseas militar$ bases
- )olonies hel&ed &rovide &ower and se)urit$
%,I1 RE,+;1 Economic + get raw materials (natural resour)es for industr$
- establish new mar>ets for trade &rodu)ts
1EG,!I)E EFFE*!+ ;1 1,!I)E PE;P"E
Land and materials were stolen7
Natives for)ed to ada&t to Euro&ean )ultural or wa$s7 (laws2 religion2 language2 et)7
Lo)al traditions were not )onsidered and histor$ was lost7
Lo)al e)onomies had to )hange to meet Euro&ean needs
,(rica 6+cramble (or ,(rica8 1EDG4s1F13
12
Euro'ean nations looCing (or 1- Raw %aterials /- %arCets (or their 'roducts 9- +oldiers (or army 3- "abor
- 40oer !ar8 ' Dut)h settlers (0oers vs7 0ritish for )ontrol of "outhern -fri)a
- !he Berlin *on(erence + Euro&ean nations me in 0erlin to divide -fri)a among themselves7 1he Euro&ean )ountries drew new boundaries in
-fri)a that did se&arated tribes and brought together rival tribes7 1his leads to man$ &roblems in -fri)a (Sudan2 /wanda in the future7
India + !as a 0ritish )olon$ - run b$ the 0ritish East India ,om&an$
- Se&o$ Mutin$' a rebellion of Indian soldiers (began be)ause of &or> and beef fat used in 0ritish !ea&ons given to Indian soldiers in the
0ritish -rm$ (Se&o$s lost
- *ewel in the ,rown + 0ritian largest )olon$2 added " million soldiers to arm$7
- 0ritish Im&erialism in India had man$ &ositive and negative effe)ts for the Indian Peo&le
Positive' - 0ritish attemted to eliminate the ,aste s$stem (and sati
- established law and order
- Modern medi)ine
- established s)hools
- )reated railroads and highwa$s
- single monetar$ unit
- single language (English MM
Negative' - Indians were se)ond )lass )iti.ens in their own )ountr$
- Laws favored the 0ritish
- segregation of 0ritish and Indians
- 0ritish for)ed Indians to &lant )ash )ro&s at the e%&ense of food )ro&s (this lead to famine and man$ Indian deaths
- single language (EnglishMM
*hina + ,hina had resisted foreigners for )enturies - ,hinese were ethnocentric (thought their )ulture was better than others
- ;&ium !ar ' 0ritain vs7 ,hina 0ritain won + 0ritish im&orted o&ium for teaF )reated a demand for trade7 1his for)ed ,hina to o&en u& to trade7
- 6+'heres o( In(luence8 ' sele)ted areas of ,hina where onl$ )ertain foreign &owers )ould trade
- 1ai&ing /ebellion ' ,hinese )iti.ens fought with their own government against the influ% of foreigners (millions died
- 0o%er /ebellions ' ,hinese )iti.ens fought foreign armies to get foreigners out of ,hina (lost
<,P,1E+E I%PERI,"I+% *a&an )hose to be the vi)tor instead of the vi)tim of im&erialism
1@GG4s + *a&an had )hosen a &oli)$ of isolationism
1EGG4s#
!reaty o( 7anagawa + -meri)an Matthew Perr$ for)ed *a&an to o&en u& to trade
%ei5i Restoration - *a&an )hose to end isolationism be)ome more 4westerni.ed8 (more industrial and militaristi)
<a'an began to Im'eriali0e + Because the need more ra- materials for their industr and militar
o +ino.<a'anese 2ar# ,hina vs7 *a&an *a&an too> some areas of ,hina
o Russo.<a'anese 2ar# /ussia vs7 *a&an *a&an won + first time an -sian nation defeated a Euro&ean &ower
Review Unit #1@
!he 2orld 2ars
2;R"& 2,R I
%,I1 *auses# *ountries had gained great armies through eh advances in the Industrial Revolution-
- Militarism' new industrial te)hnologies en)ouraged nations to )reate and sto)>&ile more and more wea&ons
- Im&erialism' ,ountries fought over )olonies and foreign territor$
- -llian)es' to balan)e the &ower + nations =oined sides with other nations to &rote)t one another
- Nationalism' ,om&etitive relationshi&s between Euro&ean &owers - 40alan)e of Power8
SP-/B - -ssassination' -r)hdu>e Cerdinand3s assassination s&ar>ed the allian)es into starting !orld !ar I
2ar(are# . 1ren)h !arfare# fighting too> &la)e in 4tren)hes8 (long dit)hes that hardl$ moved throughout the war
- new te)hnolog$ made fighting more terrible than ever (tan>s2 &oison gas2 tor&edoes2 heav$ artiller$
- &ropaganda' organi.ed information )reated to swa$ &ubli) o&inion on an issue + both sides used it
Results# . 1reat$ of <ersailles' Severel$ &unished @erman$7 @erman$ had to &a$ large amounts of re&arations (mone$ &aid for war damage2 limit its arm$2
give u& overseas )olonies2 and give u& land to Cran)e7
it indire)tl$ led to some of the causes o( 2orld 2ar II
- League of Nations' )reated to >ee& &ea)e in the world + ended u& being ver$ ineffe)tive
- New Euro&e' man$ of the old 4Em&ires8 and 4Bingdoms8 bro>en u& beginning of modern national states
BE!2EE1 !HE 2,R+
Hitler4s rise to 'ower#
@erman$3s &oor e)onomi) situation (h$&erinflation due to re&arations and the global sto)> mar>et )rash )aused them to loo> for a strong leader
(itler made &romises to the &eo&le'
- *obs ("7 in the -rm$ H7 in the fa)tories ma>ing militar$ su&&lies against the <ersailles 1reat$I
- @et their Pride ba)> ("7 get @erman$3s land ba)> H7 build u& the -rm$ again
Hitler4s Germany#
Totalita#ian Government + a t$&e of government with total )ontrol of all &arts of life (learning2 art2 literature2 et)7 Peo&le have no rights F su)h
freedom of s&ee)h2 freedom of &ress2 freedom of religion et)7 It is the o&&osite of a demo)ra)$7
Fascism# a t$&e of government that is totalitarian + and + ver nationalisti) ( a lot of national &ride
1a0i Ideas + Na.i3s were the &oliti)al &art$ that (itler )ontrolled and hel&ed him )ontrol @erman$
- wanted to develo& the Aran ra)e
- wanted to e%&and @erman territor$ throughout Euro&e
- used e%tensive propaganda to s&read their ideas and )ontrol the &eo&le
!he Holocaust + an event ta>ing &la)e during !!II + *ews and other minorities were )on)entrated and man$ >illed
13
- 7enocide + the mass >illing of a ra)e or )ulture of &eo&le
- (itler3s &lan'
"7 (arass and torment the *ews + ma$be the$ would leave on their own
H7 ,on)entrate them + &la)ed in )on)entration )am&s + se&arated them from 4@ermans8
J7 1he 4Cinal Solution8 + e%termination in mass numbers
2;R"& 2,R II
In Euro'e# 1he fo)us of the European &art of !!II was -llies against @erman$
*auses
- @erman -ggression' @erman$ >e&t re)laiming lands lost after !!I (/hineland2 -ustria2 Sudetenland2 Poland
- -&&easement' 0ritain and Cran)e >e&t allowing (itler to ta>e lands + because the did not -ant another -ar
!he 2ar
- Mobil !arfare' blitz5rieg (lightning war2 air war2 naval war
- Modern 1e)hnolog$' effe)tive use of air&lanes and tan>s2 ro)>ets introdu)ed2 develo&ment of atomi) bomb
- Be$ Events' 0attle of 0ritain2 @erman invasion of ?SS/2 Involvement of ?S2 D-Da$
Results
- @erman$' was divided u& b$ the -llies + @erman offi)ials tried at Nuremberg 1rials
- End of the s$stem of Euro&ean )olonies around the world (Euro&eans did not want to fight to defend them
- ?nited Nations was )reated (to re&la)e the ineffe)tive League of Nations
- 1he ,old !ar began + ?7S7 and the ?7S7S7/72 former allies2 turned on one another
In ,sia# 1he fo)us of the Asian &art of !!II was -llies against *a&an
*auses
- *a&anese Im&erialism' *a&an needed more raw materials and tried to e%&and into Borea2 ,hina2 S7E7 -sia7 1he ?S did not want *a&an to
e%&and Pearl (arbor atta)>
!he 2ar
- *a&anese abuses' Nan>ing and Borea + abuse against )iti.ens 0ataan + 40ataan Death Mar)h8 abused &risoners of war
- 4Island (o&&ing8' (ow the -llies a&&roa)hed *a&an - 1a>ing an island and for)ing *a&an to withdraw towards *a&an
- 1he ?nited States dro&s the -tomi) 0omb on (iroshima and Nagasa>i *a&an (>illing thousands of *a&anese + ending !!II
Results
- 1he ?7S7 occupied *a&an for P $ears - hel&ed them rebuild - made them )reate a demo)rati) st$le of government
Review Unit # 1D,
*ommunism in the U++R
;RIGI1+ ;F *;%%U1I+%
7arl %ar:' wrote 1he ,ommunist Manifesto + it des)ribed how ,ommunism (so)ialism should wor>
*ommunism# a )ombination of e)onomi) "ocialism and &oliti)al Totalitarianism - sometimes )alled a Command Econom (-here he government controls
all of the means of production and ma5es all of the economic decisions)
*;%%U1I+% I1 !HE U++R
Russian Revolution' in "Q"P2 /ussians revolted against the ,.ar3s rule + the$ )hanged to a ,ommunist government
*auses# . Life for &easants under the ,.ar was terrible
- Man$ /ussians were angr$ with the ,.ar for getting /ussia involved with !!I
- Bolshevi5s (/ussian ,ommunist Part$ offered 40read2 Land2 and Pea)e8
"enin4s U++R# ?nion of Soviet So)ialist /e&ubli)s - - bun)h of /e&ubli)s that were united b$ wor>ers in a so)ialist e)onom$
NEP' Lenin3s 4New E)onomi) Poli)$8 - Lenin reali.ed the $oung nation needed some elements of )a&italism in order to effe)tivel$ get
so)ialism ()ommunism started
+talin4s U++R# . "talinism + all as&e)ts of Soviet rule were dire)ted b$ Stalin and devoted towards his rule
- 1otalitarian State' the government had total )ontrol of all as&e)ts of life (art2 edu)ation2 musi)2 =obs2 et)
- Collectivization' Stalin3s &lan to im&rove agri)ultural &rodu)tion )olle)t farmland into one )ommon farm led to mass starvation
- 4 8ear &lan' Stalin3s &lan to im&rove industrial &rodu)tion (an attem&t to )at)h u& with the ?S-
- &urges' (ow Stalin got rid of an$one that was a threat to his &ower e%e)ution or )on)entration )am&s
- !!II' first signed a non-aggression &a)t with @erman$ (the$ s&lit Poland - later atta)>ed b$ @erman$
!HE *;"& 2,R
;rigins# after !!II + mutual distrust between the ?7S7 and the ?SS/ + &oliti)al differen)es - e)onomi) differen)es
- the H sides never a)tuall$ fought ea)h other instead the$ )om&eted with ea)h other in man$ different wa$s
- the H sides' ?S + )a&italism + demo)ra)$ + N-1; vs7 ?SS/ + )ommunism + totalitarian + !arsaw Pa)t
How the *old 2ar was 6(ought8
- Multinational allian)es (N-1; v7 !arsaw Pa)t2 es&ionage2 brin>smanshi&2 s&a)e ra)e2 arms ra)e2 &ro&aganda2 surrogate wars (Borea2
<ietnam2 -fghanistan2 foreign -id
In the U++R# . after !orld !ar II + Soviets 4>e&t8 )ontrol of eastern Euro&ean territor$ the$ liberated from the @ermans
- these satellite nations formed the Eastern Bloc behind the 4Iron ,urtain8 (!arsaw Pa)t militar$ allian)e
%a5or Events# Marshall PlanK1ruman Do)trine + 0erlin -irlift + S&a)e /a)e + 0erlin !all + ,uban Missile ,risis DRtente
Fall o( the U++R
*auses# . a $ounger Mi>hail @orba)hev re&la)ed a series of older generation leaders
- introdu)ed reforms' 7lasnost + 4o&enness8 to new ideas from outside &erestroi5a +4restru)turing8 govt7
- Poor E)onom$' too mu)h sa)rifi)ing 4butter for guns8 1he govt7 s&ent too mu)h on militar$ + not enough on the &eo&le
- too mu)h su&&ort of 4satellite8 nations
- ,hallenges to ,ommunism b$ &rotesters - (ungar$ ("QDL - ,.e)hoslova>ia ("QL# PolandKSolidarit$ ("Q#Q
- re&ubli)s of ?SS/ bro>e u&' first had industrial stri>es - some re&ubli)s de)lared inde&enden)e (be)ame new nations
14
1ew nations#
. /ussia be)ame the largest and most influential of the newl$ inde&endent nations (the old /e&ubli)s
- 0oris 5eltsin be)ame the new demo)rati)all$ ele)ted leader
- the transition from a so)ialist to a )a&italist e)onom$ was diffi)ult + mu)h &overt$ e%ists - the e)onom$ is struggling
- with-in /ussia + the region of ,he)hn$a is tr$ing to brea> awa$ into an inde&endent nation + /ussia won3t let it
- 5eltsin has sin)e been re&la)ed b$ <ladimir Putin

*;%%U1I+% I1 *HI1,
!he *hinese Re'ublic# - the government of ,hina before )ommunism )ame to &ower
- it had re&la)ed the dnasties in ,hina (the$ were letting too man$ foreigners in
- it was begun b$ Sun 5i%ian -fter he died2 *aing *ieshi re&la)ed him as head of the Nationalists
Rise o( *ommunism# - ,ommunism was attra)tive to the &easant )lasses (the same as in /ussiaI
- ,ommunism in ,hina was led b$ Mao Gedong
- 1he Nationalists defended their rule from the ,ommunists in the ,hinese ,ivil !ar
- Mao led the ,ommunists on 1he Long Mar)h
"7 to train as fighters H7 to learn ,ommunism J7 to re)ruit su&&orters
- the war had to sto& as *a&an invaded during !!II - after2 the ,ommunists defeated the Nationalists
- ,hina be)ame ,ommunist (Peo&le3s /e&ubli) of ,hina - the Nationalists fled to 1aiwan
%ao4s *hina# - @reat Lea& Corward' Mao3s attem&t to im&rove the e)onom$ in ,hina - it failed
- ,ultural /evolution' Mao3s attem&t to strengthen ,ommunism in ,hina - it failed
(/ed @uard 9Student su&&orters:2 Little /ed 0oo>2 anti-intelle)tuals
&eng4s *hina# - Deng Oio&ing re&la)ed Mao Gedong - he saw ,hina needed to )hange from Mao3s stri)t wa$s to survive
- Deng introdu)ed economic reforms - but N;1 political )hanges
- allow some &rivate ownershi& ()a&italism - some foreign )om&anies in ,hina
- Deng )rushed a student demonstration against ,ommunism in 1iananmen Square
Recent *hina# - toda$ ,hina is run b$ (u *intao (H00J
- (ong Bong was given ba)> to ,hina from @reat 0ritain in "QQP (it3s )a&italist wa$s influen)e southern ,hina
- a ma=or fo)us of ,hina is to redu)e the &o&ulation growth rate (the$ tr$ to limit families to " )hild
*;%%U1I+% I1 ;!HER P",*E+
7orea# . North was ,ommunist + South was not
- Borean !ar' North invaded the South
- South su&&orted b$ the ?nited Nations
- neither side won (stalemate
)ietnam - <ietnam had been a Cren)h )olonial &ossession
- ?nder (o,hi Minh the Cren)h were driven out
- 1he Cren)h divided <ietnam before the$ left' North was )ommunist - South not
- North atta)>ed the South - the South was su&&orted b$ the ?nited States+ unsu))essfull$7 North won + too> over
*uba# had been a S&anish )olon$ + turned over to the ?7S7 after S&anish -meri)an !ar + be)ame an -meri)an &la$ land ("QD03s
- ,ommunist rebels led b$ Cidel ,astro too> over and made ,uba )ommunist ("QDQ -meri)an interests were for)ed out
- ,uban Missile ,risis' Soviets &ut nu)lear missiles in ,uba ("QLH -meri)a demanded their removal
- the )losest the world has )ome to a nu)lear war (?S vs7 ?SS/
- Cidel ,astro still runs )ommunist ,uba + but its failing e)onom$ leads some to believe )ommunism ma$ not last there
Review Unit #1E
Post 22II 1ationalism
Follo$in% WWII & 'an( E)#o*ean colonial *ossessions $e#e c+allen%ed ,( native *o*)lations
,FRI*,
1ationalist movement# - man$ -fri)an )olonies demanded inde&enden)e after !!II - some )ame &ea)efull$2 others not
- 7radualism + the &oli)$ of granting )olonies inde&enden)e as the$ be)ame read$ to run them
- @hana + &ea)eful transition under Bwame N>rumah
- Ben$a + violent transition under *omo Ben$atta
*ontinued economic ties# man$ former )olonies )ontinued an e)onomi) )onne)tion with their &revious )olonial &ower
- 0ritish ,ommonwealth + an e)onomi) allian)e between @reat 0ritain and its former )olonies
Political Instability# new -fri)an nations are &lagued with &roblems )on)erning the stabilit$ of their &oliti)al s$stems (govt7
- Ethni) /ivalries' tribal identities often )ome in )onfli)t with one another within a nation
Nigeria' man$ ,ivil wars have ta>en &la)e be)ause tribes )an not agree on a govt7
/wanda' a)ts of geno)ide b$ (utu tribe against 1utsi tribe (be)ame refugees in other nations
!he ,'artheid Issue# Apartheid ' the offi)ial government &oli)$ of se&arating ra)es of &eo&le in a nation
- the most famous e%am&le too> &la)e in the nation of South -fri)a
15
- the minorit$ white &o&ulations ruled over the ma=orit$ bla)> &o&ulation
- led b$ Nelson Mandela + the -fri)an National ,ongress (-N, &ushed for reform
- 0isho& Desmond 1utu organi.ed international &ressure on South -fri)a3s white government to )hange
- President C7!7DeBler> (white began )hanges to eventuall$ allow bla)>s to vote
- "QQS + Nelson Mandela ele)ted President of South -fri)a + -&artheid ended
I1&I,
British *olonial Rule# India had been a 0ritish )olon$ for man$ $ears + run b$ the 0ritish East India ,om&an$
- the 4Se&o$s8 (Indian soldiers in the 0ritish arm$ revolted in the Se&o$ Mutin$
1ationalist %ovement# 1he Indian National ,ongress ((indus and the Muslim League (Muslims &ushed for inde&enden)e
- led b$ Mohandas @andhi6 Indians used non.violent methods to get inde&enden)e
passive resistance' &ea)eful wa$s of &rotesting against something (mar)hes2 bo$)otts2 stri>es
civil disobedience' brea>ing a law on &ur&ose + to get attention for $our )ause
Inde'endence' @reat 0ritain granted Inde&enden)e to India in "QSP 0?1 + onl$ if India was divided u&I
- India needed to be partitioned (divided be)ause the (indus and Muslims )ould not get along together
(indus' got the middle se)tion + whi)h be)ame the modern nation of India
Muslims' got a se)tion in the !est and one in the East + be)ame !est Pa>istan and East Pa>istan
(In "QP" East Pa>istan won a war with !est Pa>istan + it be)ame the inde&endent 0angladesh
Recent 1ews# - India remained non!aligned (did not ta>e sides in the ,old !ar
- India2 Pa>istan2 and 0angladesh are all fighting an over&o&ulation struggle
- Disagreements over )ontrol of the region of Bashmir )ould lead to a destru)tive (nu)lear war between
India and Pa>istan
+;U!HE,+! ,+I,
)ietnam' (ad been &art of Cren)h Indo-,hina - fought the Cren)h and defeated them (0attle of Dienbien&hu
- North be)ame )ommunist (under (o,hi Minh - invaded the demo)rati) South (later su&&orted b$ ?7S7
- north won toda$ <ietnam is one )ommunist nation
*ambodia# 1he )ommunist Bhmere /ouge + led b$ Pol Pot + )ommitted a)ts of geno)ide against its own &eo&le (intelle)tuals
%yanmar# -ung San Suu B$i has led demonstrations against the o&&ressive militar$ government there + she3s been arrested
Review Unit # 1F
Recent 2orld *on(licts
P;"I!I*," H;!+P;!+
7orea# ,onfli)t between the North (,ommunist and the South (Demo)rati)
!aiwan# ,ommunist ,hina )laims the island and threatens to ta>e over the Demo)rati) island nation of 1aiwan (?7S7 su&&orted
*hechnya# 1he tin$ region of ,he)hn$a wants to brea> awa$ from /ussia and form its own nation - /ussia does not agree
7ashmir# India and Pa>istan are fighting over )ontrol of Bashmir7 Ea)h side has nu)lear wea&ons2 and vows to use them
!ibet# what began as an ethni) )onfli)t against 0uddhist has turned into a &ro-inde&enden)e movement for 1ibetans against ,hina
,(ghanistan# ?nited States for)es are tr$ing to se)ure and su&&ort the new demo)rati)all$ ele)ted government
E!H1I* H;!+P;!+
BalCan %ts-# Ethni) Serbs were >illing (geno)ide ethni) Muslims in 0osnia and other areas7 N-1; and ?N for)es are there
1orthern Ireland# Irish ,atholi)s are angr$ that 0ritish led Protestants still )ontrol Northern Ireland7 I/- has used terrorism7
!he 67urds8# nomadi) Burds living in various Middle Eastern nations (Iraq2 Iran2 1ur>e$2 S$ria are often treated with violen)e
!HE %I&&"E E,+!
Palestine Issue# - *ewish Israelis and Muslim -rabs (Palestinians are fighting over )ontrol of the same &ie)e of land
- the *ews )laim the land was &romised to them b$ @od2 and that it3s their homeland + the$ were >i)>ed out
of the land b$ the /omans nearl$ H000 $ears ago - the$ )all the land Israel
- the -rabs moved in when the *ews were >i)>ed out + the$ sa$ it belongs to them be)ause the$ have been living
there for the last H000 $ears - the$ )all the land Palestine + the$ are su&&orted b$ neighboring -rab nations
- 9ionism' a movement begun b$ worldwide *ews in the "#003s to get their homeland ba)>
- following !!II ( in &art be)ause of the (olo)aust + an international effort to )reate a *ewish state in Palestine
began - 0ritain3s 0alfour De)laration began the &ro)ess of allowing this to ha&&en
- In "QSP the ?7N7 &artitioned Palestine + some land went to *ews of the world + some reserved for Palestinians
- "QS# *ews de)lared the inde&endent nation of Israel+ -rab nations atta)>ed Israel in su&&ort of the Palestinians
- there have been a total of S -rabKIsraeli wars - Israel has never lost
- PL;' Palestine Liberation ;rgani.ation + used terrorism to get Palestinian land ba)> + 5assir -rafat was leader
- In "QPQ Eg$&t be)ame the first -rab nation to re)ogni.e Israel3s right to e%ist ,am& David -))ords signed
- 1oda$' the$ tr$ &ea)e attem&ts + radi)als on both sides often disru&t the &ea)e &ro)ess
T Palestinians' want a self governing nation
T Israelis' want to live &ea)efull$ and se)urel$
Iranian . 1he ?S &la)es Shah /e.a Pahlavi in &ower in Iran7 1he shah was a terrible leader who mistreated the &eo&le and s&ent mone$ on
Revolution# himself7
- Islami) Cundamentalists + led b$ -$atollah Bhomeini + overthrew the Shah of Iran in "QPQ
- the$ also overtoo> the -meri)an Embass$ + ta>ing -meri)ans hostage
- an Islami) Cundamentalist state (theo)ra)$ was )reated + traditional Muslim laws and &ra)ti)es re&la)ed se)ular ones
IranIIra$ 2ar# - begun over a border dis&ute (a))ess to Persian @ulf - Iran also wanted to s&read the fundamentalist movement
- after # $ears ("Q#0-"Q## nothing mu)h a))om&lished b$ either side + e%)e&t mass deaths of soldiers
Persian Gul( - "QQ0 + Iraq + under Saddam (ussein + invaded Buwait "7 a))ess to dee& water &ort H7 Buwait3s oil reserves
16
2ar# - ?nited Nations ,oalition Cor)es (led b$ the ?7S7 drove Iraq out of Buwait
- Saddam (ussein was left in &ower + remained a threat to &ea)e in the region and the world
U-+-IIra$ 2ar# . ?7S7 led atta)> on Iraq to remove Saddam (ussein from &ower
- (ussein )a&tured + his government to&&led
- stabili.ation of the new nation will be a diffi)ult tas>
Review Unit #/G
2orld Economic Issues
E*;1;%I* +=+!E%+
%arCet Economy# - business owned b$ &rivate )iti.ens + the 4mar>et8 ma>es the de)isions + @reat 0ritain2 *a&an (often )alled capitalism or free mar5et
*ommand Economy# business owned b$ the 4&eo&le8 (through the govt7 + govt7 offi)ials ma>e the de)isions + ,uba2 N7 Borea
(often )alled socialism or communism
%i:ed# uses some of both Mar>et and ,ommand (govt7 often )ontrols 4big8 businesses and influen)es ma=or e)onomi) de)isions
I1!ER1,!I;1," !R,&I1G ,GREE%E1!+
1,F!,# (North -meri)a Cree 1rade -greement attem&ting to ma>e trade easier between ,anada2 Me%i)o2 and the ?nited States
;PE*# (;rgani.ation of Petroleum E%&orting ,ountries - man$ of the oil &rodu)ing nations of the world
- the$ )ontrol how mu)h oil is &rodu)ed whi)h )ontrols the &ri)e of oil on the world mar>et
Euro'ean Union# (E? - attem&ts to ma>e trade and )ommer)e easier between member nations of Euro&e
1;R!H vs- +;U!H
1orth# nations in the northern hemis&here are generall more industrial2 wealth$2 and modern
+outh# nations in the southern hemis&here are generall less develo&ed2 &oorer2 and more traditional
- the$ are often )alled developing nations (the$ used to be )alled 1hird !orld Nations
- little modern te)hnolog$ - often de&endent on a single )ash )ro& - international debt
- la)> of industr$ (no )a&ital2 &oor raw materials2 few 4s>illed8 wor>ers2 unstable government
RI+E ;F ,+I,1 E*;1;%I* *;%%U1I!=
Re.emergence o( <a'an# - -fter !!II + *a&an had been destro$ed &h$si)all$ and e)onomi)all$
- ?7S7 occupied *a&an and hel&ed it rebuild - also &rovided it a mar>et for its )hea& industrial goods
- *a&anese develo&ed their own industrial st$le ()o&ied good industrial ideas from other nations and develo&ed and im&roved
their own )on)e&ts "7 em&lo$ee teamwor> H7 roboti)s
- the *a&anese government often &rovided e)onomi) assistan)e (tariffs2 embargoes to industries
- over the $ears *a&an develo&ed a favorable balance of trade with the ?nited States
(the$ sold more to us than the$ bought from us
,sian !igers# . the ra&idl$ develo&ing nations in -sia (1aiwan2 South Borea2 (ong Bong2 Singa&ore - man$ follow the *a&anese industrial model
Review Unit #/1
Global Issues
!HE U1I!E& 1,!I;1+
United 1ations# ;rgani.ed after !!II to "7 Bee& &ea)e in the world and H7 -ssist develo&ing nations with &roblems
General ,ssembly# made u& of all ?N member nations - have general dis)ussions about world issues
+ecurity *ouncil# "D nations at a time+D of whi)h are &ermanent members(allies of !!II - authori.es use of for)e or san)tions
International ,ssistance ;rgani0ations# &rovide e)onomi) assistan)e to develo&ing nations' ?NI,EC2 !orld 0an>2 IMC2 !(;
!R,&I!I;1 vs- %;&ER1I?,!I;1
Man$ )ultures fa)e )onfli)t as modern wa$s begin to re&la)e traditional values
<a'an# while the$ readil$ a))e&t modern2 es&e)iall$ western wa$s2 the$ still strive to >ee& more traditional values
%iddle East# the influ% of western values has )ollided with traditional religious laws and )ustoms
G";B," %IGR,!I;1
-s in the &ast2 grou&s of &eo&le sometimes &a)>-u& and move from their homeland to other areas of the world
Reasons# E)onomi) ;&&ortunit$' tr$ing to find a wa$ to ma>e more mone$2 get ahead in the world2 e)onomi) se)urit$ for famil$
,ivil ?nrest' some &eo&le leave to get awa$ from areas of violen)e (/wanda for e%am&le
Politi)al ;&&ression' some leave in order to get more &oliti)al freedoms
+!,!U+ ;F 2;%E1 ,1& *HI"&RE1
2omen# . women in man$ traditional )ultures are often treated as inferior to men
- women in man$ Muslim )ultures are often restri)ted in their a)tions
*hildren# - man$ )hildren are for)ed to wor> in terrible wor>ing )onditions as nations begin to industriali.e
- *nfanticide' >illing of )hildren at birth or a ver$ earl$ age + often be)ause of traditional or e)onomi) reasons
+*IE1*E ,1& !E*H1;";G=
Green Revolution# changing the -a traditional communits farm0introduction of modern agricultural technologies (more food:)
In(ormation ,ge# ,om&uters and the Internet now &rovide volumes of information in a ver$ qui)> time
+'ace ,ge# mu)h s&a)e te)hnolog$ has been used in the world + satellites &redi)t weather2 monitor the Earth2 assist in navigation and )ommuni)ation
%edical !echnology# we )an live longer lives now' "7 better &revention of si)>ness H7 0etter )ures for those that get si)>
G";B," PR;B"E%+
*n addition to the follo-ing definitions 0 ever student should 5no- a place -here the problem is ta5ing place 0 a cause of the problem 0 an effect the
problem has on the place 0 and a possible solution to the problem
!errorism' the organi.ed hurting2 s)aring or >illing of inno)ent &eo&le in order to get attention for a )ause
1uclear Proli(eration' the s&reading of nu)lear wea&ons2 te)hnolog$2 or materials + often illegall$
1uclear +a(ety# some nations don3t o&erate nu)lear fa)ilities safel$7 ,onstru)tion and maintenan)e need to be regulated
,cid Rain# ,hemi)all$ &olluted rain that destro$s &lant and animal life
Urbani0ation# &eo&le moving into )ities too qui)>l$ + the )ities )an3t >ee& u& with building homes or &roviding servi)es
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;ver'o'ulation# some &la)es on Earth have too man$ &eo&le for the amount of livable land the$ have
Endangered +'ecies' some animals and &lants are )lose to be)oming e%tin)t
&e(orestation# destru)tion of the rainforest
&eserti(ication# the s&reading of a desert into arable lands
E'idemics# the s&read of diseases + often un)ontrollabl$
Pollution# dis&osing of waste into the environment (air2 land2 water mainl$
2orld Hunger# in some &la)es2 some &eo&le do not get enough nourishment to maintain their health + or their life

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