Periodic Function: T F L T F

SRI / Series / Fourier Series
1
PERIODIC FUNCTION

If its function values repeat at regular intervals of the independent variable.

Definition
If function f is define for every x and its properties is
) ( ) 2 ( t f L t f = +
then f is a periodic function.

period

Functions Period
x sin 2
x cos 2
nx sin
n
2

nx cos
n
2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 1
Sketch the graph of . x y sin =

Solution
y
x
2

Amplitude
x y sin =


2
Example 2
Sketch the graph of
). ( ) (
, 0 , sin ) (
+ =
< =
t g t g
t t t g

Solution
g(t)
t
0 2 3 4
1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 3
Sketch the graph of

) 2 ( ) (
. 2 , 2
, 0 ,
) (
+ =
<
<
=
t f t f
t t
t t
t f

Solution
f(t)
t
0 2 4 6

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 4
Define analytically the periodic function.
f(t)
t
4 10 13
3
3

Solution
) 13 ( ) (
. 13 10 , 3
, 10 4 , 7
, 4 0 , 4 / 3
) (
+ =
< <
< <
< <
=
t f t f
t
t t
t t
t f


3
Example 5
Sketch the graph of
) 2 ( ) (
. 2 , 0
, 0 , sin 2
) (
+ =
< <
< <
=
t f t f
t
t t
t f

Solution
f(t)
t
2
2 3 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 6
Sketch the graph of
) 9 ( ) (
. 9 7 , 0
, 7 4 , 5
, 4 0 , 3
) (
+ =
< <
< <
< <
=
t f t f
t
t
t
t f

Solution
f(t)
t
3
5
4 7 9


4
HARMONICS

Definition
A function f(x) expressed as a series of a number of different sine components.

Types
1. First harmonic or fundamental
- Largest period
- x A y sin
1
=

2. Second harmonic
- x A y 2 sin
2
=

3. Third harmonic
- x A y 3 sin
3
=

Generally
nx A y
n
sin =
where
- n : n-th harmonic
-
n
A : Amplitude
-
n
2
: Period


5
ODD & EVEN FUNCTION ON

Even Functions Even Functions
- If ) ( ) ( x f x f =
- Symmetrical about the y-axis.

Odd Functions
- If ) ( ) ( x f x f =
- Symmetrical about the origin.

Products Of Odd And Even Functions
- (even) (even) = (even)
- (odd) (odd) = (even)
- (even) (odd) = (odd)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 1
Show that is an even function.
2
) ( t t f =

Solution

2
) ( ) ( t t f = ) (
2
t f t = =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 2
Show that is an odd function.
3
4 ) ( x x f =

Solution
3
) ( 4 ) ( x x f = ) ( 4
3
x f x = =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 3
State whether the following functions are odd, even, or neither.
(a) x x cos
3
(b) x x 3 cos 2 cos
(c) nx xsin

Solution
(a) (odd) (even) = (odd)
(b) (even) (even) = (even)
(c) (odd) (odd) = (even)

6
Example 4
State whether the following functions are odd, even, or neither.
(a)
2 2

(b)
2 2

(c)
2
1
0 2 4 2 4
_ _

Solution
(a) even function
(b) odd function
(c) neither


7
FOURIER SERIES

Represent a period function in terms of sinus and/or cosines of different
frequencies.

Two basic theorem :
- dx x f dx x f ) ( ) ( =
- ) ( ) ( x f x f
dx
d
dx
d
=

) (x f of period 2
- write down as ) 2 ( ) ( + = x f x f

We may find the Fourier series of a function with period over periodic intervals
other than 2 .

Therefore in generally :
of period ) (x f L 2 , then ) 2 ( ) ( L x f x f + =

Each cycle is completed in L 2 seconds.
The frequency f hertz given by
L
f
2
1
= .
If the angular velocity radians per second, is defined by f 2 = , then
L 2
2
=
L
=

Definition

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a a x f
where and are Fourier coefficients.
n
a a ,
0 n
b

In generally

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
x
L
n
b x
L
n
a a x f

In Long Notation
L + + + = x a x a a x f 2 cos cos
2
1
) (
2 1 0
L + + + x b x b 2 sin sin
2 1

where
x b x a sin cos
1 1
+ : 1
st
harmonic
x b x a 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
+ : 2
nd
harmonic
nx b nx a
n n
sin cos + : n-th harmonic

period
2L


8
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS (FULL RANGE)

Fourier Series of Period 2 Fourier Series of Period 2L
Periodic
Function
) 2 ( ) (
. 0 ), (
, 0 ), (
) (
2
1
+ =
<
<
=
x f x f
x x f
x x f
x f

) 2 ( ) (
. 0 ), (
, 0 ), (
) (
2
1
L x f x f
L x x f
x L x f
x f
+ =
<
<
=

0
a

dx x f a ) (
1
0

=
L
L
dx x f
L
a ) (
1
0

n
a
nxdx x f a
n
cos ) (
1

=
L
L
n
xdx n x f
L
a cos ) (
1

=
L
L
dx x
L
n
x f
L
cos ) (
1

F
o
u
r
i
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s

n
b
nxdx x f b
n
sin ) (
1

=
L
L
n
xdx n x f
L
b sin ) (
1

=
L
L
dx x
L
n
x f
L
sin ) (
1

in each case K , 3 , 2 , 1 = n

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 1
Obtain a Fourier series to represent the following periodic function.

). 2 ( ) (
. 0 , 3
, 0 , 0
) (
+ =
<
<
=
x f x f
x x
x
x f

Solution
= L

=
=
dx x f
dx x f
L
a
L
L
) (
1
) (
1
0

2
3
0
2
3 1
2
3 1
3 ) 0 (
1
2
0
2
0
0

+ =

x
xdx dx


9

= =
nxdx x f nxdx x f
L
a
L
L
n
cos ) (
1
cos ) (
1

+ =

0
0
cos 3 cos ) 0 (
1
nxdx x nxdx

Integration by tabular method!
Sign
dx du /
dv
+

3x

nx cos

3

nx
n
sin
1

0

nx
n
cos
1
2

) 1 (cos
3
) 1 (
3
0 cos
3
sin
3 1
cos
3
sin
3 1
2
2 2
0
2
=
+ =
+ =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x

= =
nxdx x f nxdx x f
L
b
L
L
n
sin ) (
1
sin ) (
1

+ =

0
0
sin 3 sin ) 0 (
1
nxdx x nxdx

Sign
dx du /
dv
+

3x

nx sin

3

nx
n
cos
1

0

nx
n
sin
1
2

) (cos
3
0 0 sin
3
cos
3 1
sin
3
cos
3 1
2
0
2

n
n
n
n
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x
=
+ =
+ =


10
) 1 (cos
3
2
=
n
n
a
n

: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n

= =
2 2
1 6
) 1 1 (
3
n n
a
n

: K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n 0 ) 1 1 (
3
2
= =
n
a
n

) (cos
3
n
n
b
n
=
: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n
=
n n
b
n
1
3 ) 1 (
3

: K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n
= =
n n
b
n
1
3 ) 1 (
3

So Fourier series is

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a a x f

=
+
=
+
+ +
+ + =
1
1
1
2
sin
) 1 ( 3
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 6
4
3
3 sin
3
1
2 sin
2
1
sin 3 3 cos
9
1
cos
6
4
3
n
n
n
n
nx
n
x n
x x x x x
L L

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 2
Given
). 2 ( ) (
. 0 , sin
, 0 , 0
) (
+ =
<
<
=
x f x f
x x
x
x f

(a) Sketch the graph of f(x) over 3 3 x .
(b) Then, find the Fourier series.

Solution
3 2 2 3
x
f(x)


11
dx x f a ) (
1
0

[ ]
[ ]
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
cos
1
sin ) 0 (
1
0
0
0
=
=
=
+ =

x
xdx dx

nxdx x f a
n
cos ) (
1

+ =

dx nx x dx nx
0
0
cos sin cos ) 0 (
1

[ ]
[ ]
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
+ =
+ + =
1
1
1
1
1
) 1 cos(
1
) 1 cos(
2
1
1
) 1 cos(
1
) 1 cos(
2
1
) 1 sin( ) 1 sin(
2
1
) sin( ) sin(
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
n n n
n
n
n
n
x n
n
x n
dx x n x n
dx x nx x nx

] ) sin( ) [sin(
sin cos
2
1
x b a x b a
bx ax
+ =
Trigonometric Identity

Valid only for being non-zero. So we need to look at separate case when . ) 1 ( n 1 = n

K , 7 , 5 , 3 = n : 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
=
+
+
+
+
=
n n n n
a
n

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n :
+
+
+
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
n n n n
a
n
+
=
1
1 2
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
n
n
n n


12
1 = n ; xdx x a cos sin
1
0
1

0 ) 1 1 (
4
1
2 cos
2
1
2
1
2 sin
2
1
0
0
= =
=
=
x
xdx

nxdx x f b
n
sin ) (
1

[ ]
+
+
+
+
=
+ =
+ =
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin(
2
1
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin(
2
1
) 1 cos( ) 1 cos(
2
1
sin sin sin ) 0 (
1
0
0
0
n
n
n
n
n
x n
n
x n
dx x n x n
dx nx x nxdx

Trigonometric Identity
] ) cos( ) [cos(
sin sin
2
1
x b a x b a
bx ax
+ =

Similar with .
n
a

Valid only for being non-zero. So we need to look at separate case when . ) 1 ( n 1 = n

K , 7 , 5 , 3 = n : ( ) 0 0 0
2
1
= =
n
b

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n : 0 ) 0 0 (
2
1
= =
n
b

1 = n : xdx x b sin sin
1
0
1

2
1
) 0 0 0 (
2
1
2
2 sin
2
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
0
0
=
+ =
=
=
x
x
dx x


13
So Fourier series is

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a a x f
+ + + =
+ =
=
L x x x
nx
n
x
even n
4 cos
15
1
2 cos
3
1 2
sin
2
1 1
2 cos
1
1 2
sin
2
1 1
2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 3
Sketch the following function.
). 2 ( ) (
. 1 0 ,
, 0 1 , 0
) (
+ =
<
<
=
x f x f
x x
x
x f

Then, find the Fourier series.

Solution
2 1 1 2 3
x
f(x)

=
=
1
1
0
) (
1
1
) (
1
dx x f
dx x f
L
a
L
L

2
1
2
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
=
=
+ =

x
dx x dx


14
=
L
L
n
dx x
L
n
x f
L
a
cos ) (
1

+ =

1
0
0
1
1
cos
1
cos 0
1
1
dx x
n
x dx x
n

Sign
dx du /
dv
+

x

x n cos

1

x n
n
sin
1

0

x n
n
cos
1
2 2

) 1 (cos
1
1
0
cos sin
cos sin
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
0
2 2
=
+ =
+ =
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
x n
n
x n x

=
L
L
n
dx x
L
n
x f
L
b
sin ) (
1

+ =

1
0
0
1
1
sin
1
sin 0
1
1
dx x
n
x dx x
n

Sign
dx du /
dv
+

x

x n sin

1

x n
n
cos
1

0

x n
n
sin
1
2 2

) (cos
1
0 0
sin cos
sin cos
2 2
1
0
2 2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x n
n
x n x
=
+
=

15
) 1 (cos
1
2 2
=
n
n
a
n

: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n

= =
2 2 2 2
1 2
) 1 1 (
1
n n
a
n

: K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n 0 ) 1 1 (
1
2 2
= =
n
a
n

) (cos
1
n
n
b
n
=
: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n
= =
n n
b
n
1 1
) 1 (
1

: K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n
= =
n
b
n
1 1
) 1 (
1

So the Fourier series,

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
x
L
n
b x
L
n
a a x f

=
+
=
+
+ +
+ + + =
1
1
1
2 2
2
sin
) 1 (
1
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 2
4
1
3
3 sin
2
2 sin
sin
1
25
5 cos
9
3 cos
cos
2
4
1
n
n
n
n
x n
n
x n
x x
x
x x
x
L L


16
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS (ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS)

Fourier Series of Period 2 Fourier Series of Period 2L
0
a

0
0
) (
2
dx x f a
=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2

n
a
0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n

=
=
L
L
n
dx x
L
n
x f
L
dx x n x f
L
a
0
0
cos ) (
2
cos ) (
2

E
v
e
n

F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

n
b
0 0

0
a
0 0
n
a
0 0
F
o
u
r
i
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s

O
d
d

F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

n
b
0
sin ) (
2
nxdx x f b
n

=
L
n
xdx n x f
L
b
0
sin ) (
2

=
L
dx x
L
n
x f
L
0
sin ) (
2

in each case K , 3 , 2 , 1 = n

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 1
Given a periodic function
). 2 ( ) (
. 0 , 5
, 0 , 5
) (
+ =
<
<
=
x f x f
x
x
x f

(a) Sketch the graph of f(x).
(b) Determine whether f(x) is an even, odd or neither function.
(c) Show that ) cos 1 (
10
n
n
b
n
= .
(d) Obtain the Fourier series.
(e) Calculate the sum of the series
L +
5
1
3
1
1


17
Solution

(a)
x
f(x)
2 2
5
5

(b) The given function is an odd function.

(c)
=
L
n
dx x
L
n
x f
L
b
0
sin ) (
2

) cos 1 (
10
cos
5 2
sin 5
2
0
0
n
n
nx
n
dx nx
=
=
=

(d) Since f(x) is an odd function,
0
0
= =
n
a a .

) cos 1 (
10
n
n
b
n
=
: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n [ ]
= =
n n
b
n
1 20
) 1 ( 1
10

: K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n [ ] 0 1 1
10
= =
n
b
n

+ + + =
+ + =
1
1 1
0
1 2
) 1 2 sin( 20
5 sin
5
1
3 sin
3
1
sin
20
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
n
n
x n
x x x
nx b nx a a x f
L

18
(e) When

2
= x ; 5 ) (
2
=
f

Thus,
L
L
+ =
+ + + =
=
+
=
5
1
3
1
1
4
) 1 (
5
1
) 1 (
3
1
1
20
1 2
) 1 ( 20
5
1 2
) 1 2 sin( 20
) (
1
1
1
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
f

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 2
A periodic function defined as
) 2 ( ) (
0 4 4
0 4 4
) (

+ =
< +
< +
=
x f x f
x x
x x
x f

(a) Sketch the graph of the function.
(b) Determine whether the function is an even odd or neither function.
(c) Then, find the Fourier series.
(d) By choosing an appropriate values for x, deduce the sum of the infinite series
L + + + +
49
1
25
1
9
1
1

Solution
(a)
x
f(x)
2 2
4

(b) The given function is an even function.

(c) Since the function is an even function, 0 =
n
b .

+ =
0
0
) 4 4 (
2
dx x a
4 4
2
4 2
0
2
=
+ = x x

19
+ =
0
cos ) 4 4 (
2
nxdx x a
n

Sign
dx du /
dv
+

4 4 + x

nx cos

4

nx
n
sin
1

0

nx
n
cos
1
2

) cos 1 (
8
cos
4
sin
1
) 4 4 (
2
2
0
2
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x
=
+
=

K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n : [ ]
= =
2 2
1 16
) 1 ( 1
8
n n
a
n

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n : [ ] 0 1 1
8
2
= =
n
a
n

+ =
+ + + + =
+ + =
1
2
1 1
0
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 16
2
5 cos
25
1
3 cos
9
1
cos
16
2
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
n
n
x n
x x x
nx b nx a a x f
L

(d) When
0 = x ; 4 4 ) 0 ( 4 ) 0 ( = + = f
Thus,

L + + + + =
+ =
+ =
=
49
1
25
1
9
1
1
8
) 1 2 (
1 16
2 4
) 1 2 (
) 0 )( 1 2 cos( 16
2 ) 0 (
2
1
2
1
2
n
n
n
n
n
f


20
Example 3
Find the Fourier series for the function defined by
2
4 ) ( x x f = , 2 2 x

Solution
This is an even function, so
0 =
n
b

=
L
L
dx x f
L
a ) (
1
0

3
16
3
16
16
2
1
3
8
8
3
8
8
2
1
3
4
2
1
) 4 (
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
=
=
=
x
x
dx x

OR
=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2

3
16
0
3
8
8
3
4
) 4 (
2
2
2
0
3
2
0
2
=
=
=
x
x
dx x

=
L
n
dx x
L
n
x f
L
a
0
cos ) (
2

=
2
0
2
cos ) 4 (
2
2
dx x
L
n
x


Sign
dx du /
dv
+

2
4 x

x
n
2
cos

x 2

x
n
n 2
sin
2

+

2

x
n
n 2
cos
4
2 2

0

x
n
n 2
sin
8
3 3


21

) (cos
16
0 0 0 sin
16
cos
16
0
2
sin
) 2 ( 8
2
cos
) 2 ( 4
2
sin
) 4 ( 2
2 2
3 3 2 2
2
0
3 3 2 2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
n
x
n
n
x
x
n
n
x
=
+ =
=

K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n :
=
2 2 2 2
1 16
) 1 (
16
n n
a
n

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n :
=
2 2 2 2
1 16
) 1 (
16
n n
a
n

+ + =
+ =
+ + =
=
+
=
L x x x
x
n
n
x
L
n
b x
L
n
a a x f
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
3
cos
9
1
cos
4
1
2
cos
16
3
8
2
cos
) 1 ( 16
3
8
sin cos
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOURIER SERIES FOR HALF RANGE SERIES

The given function over only half of the range.

Can be extend as an
1. Odd function half-range sine series
2. Even function half-range cosine series
3. Neither function half-range series

The Fourier coefficients,
n
a a ,
0
and
n
b for half range series are same as the
Fourier coefficients for odd and even functions.


22
Example
Given
) 2 ( ) (
0 , 2 ) (
+ =
< < =
x f x f
x x x f

y
x

2

Solution
(a) Half-range cosine series
cosine terms

0
a

n
a
0 =
n
b

y
x

2

(b) Half-range sine series
sine terms
0
0
= a
0 =
n
a

n
b

y
x

2

(c) Half-range series
cosine terms
sine terms

0
a

n
a

n
b

y
x

2


23
Example 1
A function is defined by ) (x f
). 2 ( ) (
. , 3
, 0 , 0
) (
2
2
+ =
< <
<
=
x f x f
x
x
x f

y
x

3
2

Represent the function as
(a) half-range sine series,
(b) half-range cosine series.

Solution
(a) Half-range sine series is an odd function
y
x

3
2
3

So 0
0
= =
n
a a

0
sin ) (
2
nxdx x f b
n

+ =

2
cos cos
6
cos
3 2
sin 3 sin 0
2
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
n
n
n
nx
n
nxdx nxdx

: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n
= =
n n
b
n
1 6
) 0 1 (
6


24
Because of the
2
n
, we need to look at alternate even values of . n
= n 2, 6, 10, :
=
n n
b
n
2 6
)) 1 ( 1 (
6

= n 4, 8, 12, : 0 ) 1 1 (
6
=
=
n
b
n

So the half-range Fourier sine series,

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a a x f
+ + + =
+ + + =
L
L
5
5 sin
3
3 sin
2 sin sin
6
5
5 sin
3
3 sin
2
2 sin 2
sin
6
x x
x x
x x x
x

(b) Half-range cosine series is an even function
y
x

3
2

So 0 =
n
b

0
0
) (
2
dx x f a

[ ]
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3 0
2
2
2
2 /
0
=
=
=
+ =

x
dx dx


25
0
cos ) (
2
nxdx x f a
n

+ =

2
sin sin
6
sin
3 2
cos 3 cos 0
2
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
n
n
n
nx
n
nxdx nxdx

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n : 0 ) 0 0 (
6
= =
n
a
n

Because of the
2
n
, we need to look at alternate odd values of n.

= n 1, 5, 9, , :
= =
n n
a
n
1 6
) 1 0 (
6

= n 3, 7, 11, :
= =
n n
a
n
1 6
)) 1 ( 0 (
6

So the half-range Fourier cosine series,
+ =
+ + + =
1
1 2
) 1 2 cos(
) 1 (
6
2
3
5
5 cos
3
3 cos
cos
6
2
3
) (
n
n
n
x n
x x
x x f
L

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 2
Find the half-range Fourier cosine and sine series for
x x f = ) ( , < x 0 .

Solution
(a) Half-range cosine series
y
x
2 2

So . 0 =
n
b


26
0
0
) (
2
dx x f a

=
=
0
2
0
2
2
2
x
xdx

0
cos
2
nxdx x a
n

) 1 (cos
2
) 1 (
1
0 cos
1
sin
2
cos
1
sin
2
2
2 2
0
2
=
+ =
+ =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x

K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n ;

= =
2 2
1 4
) 1 1 (
2
n n
a
n

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n ; 0 ) 1 1 (
2
2
= =
n
a
n

+ + + =
+ + =
1
2
1 1
0
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 4
2
25
5 cos
9
3 cos
cos
4
2
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
n
n
x n
x x
x
nx b nx a a x f
L


27
(b) Half-range sine series
y
x
2 2

So 0
0
= =
n
a a

0
sin
2
nxdx x b
n

) (cos
2
0 0
sin cos 2
sin cos 2
2
0
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nx
n
x n x
=
=

: K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n
= =
n n
b
n
1
2 ) 1 (
2

: K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n
= =
n n
b
n
1
2 ) 1 (
2


=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a a x f
n
nx
x x x
x
x x x x
n
sin
) 1 ( 2
4
4 sin
3
3 sin
2
2 sin
sin 2
4 sin
4
2
3 sin
3
2
2 sin sin 2
1
+
=
+ + =
+ + =
L
L

n 1 =


28
Example 3
Determine a half-range Fourier cosine series for
x x f 2 ) ( = , < x 0 .

Solution
Cosine series is an even series, so 0 =
n
b

0
0
) (
2
dx x f a [ ]

2
2
2
2
0
2
0
= = =
x xdx

0
cos 2
2
nxdx x a
n

) 1 (cos
4
) 1 (
1
0 cos
1
sin
4
cos
1
sin
4
2
2 2
0
2
=
+ =
+ =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nx
n
nx
n
x

K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n :

= =
2 2
1 8
) 1 1 (
4
n n
a
n

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n : 0 ) 1 1 (
4
2
= =
n
a
n


=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a a x f
+ + + =
1 n
2
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 8
25
5 cos
9
3 cos
cos
8
n
x n
x x
x
L


29
Example 4
Find the half-range Fourier sine series for
2
) ( x x f = , 1 0 < x .

Solution
Half-range sine series is an odd function, so 0
0
= =
n
a a
y
x
2 1 1 2
=
=
1
0
2
0
1
sin
1
2
sin ) (
2
dx x
n
x
dx x
L
n
x f
L
b
L
n

Sign
dx du /
dv
+

2
x

x n sin

x 2

x n
n
cos
1

+

2

x n
n
sin
1
2 2

0

x n
n
cos
1
3 3

+ +
+ +
=
) 1 (cos
2 cos
2
2 cos 2 cos
2
2
0 0
cos 2 sin 2 cos
2
cos 2 sin 2 cos
2
3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 2
1
0
3 3 2 2
2
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x n
n
x n x
n
x n x

K , 5 , 3 , 1 = n :
= =
2 3 3 3
4 1 2 8 2
n n n n
b
n

K , 6 , 4 , 2 = n :
=
n n n
b
n
1 2
) 1 1 (
2 1
2
3 3

So the half-range Fourier sine series,

=
+ + =
1 1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
x n b x n a a x f
= L
3
3 sin
3
4
3
1
2
2 sin
sin
4
1
2
2 3 2
x x
x

Periodic Function: T F L T F

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Periodic Function: T F L T F

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