IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n o n P o w e r A p p a r a t u s a n d S y s t e m s , V o l . P A S - 1 0 3 , N o .

1 0 , O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4
A GEN ERA LIZED CIRCLE DIA GRA M A P P RO A CH FO R GLO BA L A N A LYS IS
O F T RA N S MIS S IO N S YS T EM P ERFO RMA N CE
G. B. P r i c e , Me m b e r , IEEE
T he S t a t e El e c t r i c i t y Co m m i s s i o n o f Qu e e n s l a n d , A u s t r a l i a
A b s t r a c t - T he gl o b a l r e s p o n s e o f a p o w e r s y s t e m t o
va r i a t i o n s i n t he n o d e c o n s t r a i n t s i s c o n s i d e r e d . T he
r e l a t i o n o f s p e c i fi c s y s t e m va r i a b l e s t o i r i d e p e n d e n t
n o d e p a r a m e t e r s i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a n u m e r i c a l
t e c hn i qu e w hi c h p r o vi d e s a ge n e r a l i za t i o n o f t he
e l e m e n t a r y p o w e r c i r c l e d i a gr a m . Cu r ve s w hi c h s ho w
s y s t e m p e r fo r m a n c e d u r i n g d i s t u r b a n c e s , t r a d e o ffs
b e t w e e n d e s i gn p a r a m e t e r s , vo l t a ge s t a b i l i t y l i m i t s a n d
m u l t i p l e p o w e r fl o V s o l u t i o n s a r e p r o d u c e d . T he t he o r y
o f t he m e t ho d i s p r e s e n t e d t hr o u gh ge o m e t r i c a l
c o n c e p t s , a n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h
s e ve r a l e xa m p l e s .
IT RDUCT IO N
P o w e r s y s t e m p l a n n i n g r e qu i r e s i n ve s t i ga t i o n o f
s y s t e m b e ha vi o u r fo r a w i d e r a n ge o f c o n d i t i o n s , t o
i n d i c a t e p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i ve s fo r e xp a n s i o n a n d t o
d e t e r m i n e t he d i ffe r e n t o p e r a t i n g c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s w hi c h
m a y r e s u l t . Exa m p l e s o f c o n ve n t i o n a l t e c hn i qu e s u s e d
t o a c hi e ve t hi s i n c l u d e c o n t i n ge n c y a n a l y s i s , n e t w o r k
o p t i m i i za t i o n a n d m u l t i m a c hi n e d y n a m i c s i m u l a t i o n .
T he s e a r e r e vi e w e d i n 1 1 ] .
T hi s p a p e r d e a l s w i t h p l a n n i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s w hi c h
a r e a p p r o a c he d c o n ve n t i o n a l l y t hr o u gh a l a r ge n u m b e r o f
p o w e r fl o w s t u d i e s . T o s o l ve s u c h p r o b l e m s t he a u t ho r
ha s d e ve l o p e d a c o m p u t e r p r o gr a m s p e c i fi c a l l y d e s i gn e d
t o p r o vi d e a gl o b a l vi e w o f s y s t e m p e r fo r m a n c e , s i m i l a r
t o t ha t p r o vi d e d fo r t w o - b u s s y s t e m s b y p o w e r c i r c l e
d i a gr a m s . T he p r o gr a m ha s b e e n u s e d r o u t i n e l y fo r
t r a n s m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g a t T he S t a t e El e c t r i c i t y
Co m m i s s i o n o f Qu e e n s l a n d s i n c e 1 9 7 8 .
T he a i m o f t he p r o gr a m i s t o c a l c u l a t e ho w a n y
s p e c i fi e d s y s t e m qu a n t i t y i s r e l a t e d t o a n y t w o
i n d e p e n d e n t n o d e p a r a m e t e r s . S u c h a r e l a t i o n s hi p m a y
b e vi s u a l i ze d a s a s u r fa c e i n t hr e e d i m e n s i o n s . T he
c o n t o u r m a p o f t hi s s u r fa c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t he va r y i n g
p a r a m e t e r s p r o vi d e s a u s e fu l t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t he r e l a t i o n s hi p . T he i m p o r t a n t
c o m p u t a t i o n a l a d va n c e p r e s e n t e d i n t hi s p a p e r i s a
r e l i a b l e p r o c e d u r e fo r d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n o f t he s e
c o n t o u r s . P r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s i n a hi ghe r o r d e r
p a r a m e t e r - s p a c e i s p o s s i b l e b u t ha s n o t b e e n a t t e m p t e d
a s t he t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ha s p r o ve d
a d e qu a t e i n p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t he m e t ho d .
Effi c i e n c y i s p a r a m o u n t i n i n ve s t i ga t i o n s w hi c h
r e qu i r e ge n e r a t i o n o f m a n y s y s t e m o p e r a t i n g p o i n t s .
T he p r o gr a m i n he r e n t l y t a ke s a d va n t a ge o f d a t a a n d
p r o c e s s e s c o m m o n t o c o n s e c u t i ve c a s e s . It
a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e s a s e qu e n c e o f c a l c u l a t i o n s
w hi c h w i l l m i n i m i ze c o m p u t a t i o n t i m e , b y i n i t i a l i zi n g
t he i t e r a t i o n fo r e a c h c a s e fr o m t he p r e vi o u s o p e r a t i n g
p o i n t i n t he s e qu e n c e .
8 4 W M1 0 29 - 5 A p a p e r r e c o m m e n d e d a n d a p p r o ve d
b y t he IEEE P o w e r S y s t e m En gi n e e r i n g Co m m i t t e e o f
t he IEEE P o w e r En gi n e e r i n g S o c i e t y fo r p r e s e n t a -
t i o n a t t he IEEE/P ES 1 9 8 4 W i n t e r Me e t i n g, Da l l a s ,
T e xa s , Ja n u a r y 29 Fe b r u a r y 3 , 1 9 8 4 . Ma n u s c r i p t
s u b m i t t e d S e p t e m b e r 1 5, 1 9 8 2; m a d e a va i l a b l e fo r
p r i n t i n g De c e m b e r 6 i 1 9 8 3 .
T he c o m p u t e r p r o gr a m d e ve l o p e d ha s e xc e l l e n t
c o n ve r ge n c e p r o p e r t i e s a n d i s u s e d fo r d e t e r m i n i n g t he
fe a s i b i l i t y o f p r o p o s e d t r a n s m i s s i o n s c he m e s . T he
c o n ve r ge n c e p r o p e r t y a l s o e n a b l e s p r e d i c t i o n s o f
vo l t a ge c o l l a p s e a n d m u l t i p l e p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s .
T hi s , c o m b i n e d w i t h a fl e xi b l e gr a p hi c a l d i s p l a y o f
r e s u l t s , p r o vi d e s t he b a s i s fo r a n e w u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
t he b e ha vi o u r o f t he s o l u t i o n s o f p o w e r fl o w e qu a t i o n s .
BA S IS O F T HE MET HO D, A N D A S IMP LE EXA MP LE
In ve r y ge n e r a l t e r m s , a n y s e t o f s t e a d y - s t a t e
p o w e r fl o w e qu a t i o n s c o n s t i t u t e s a s e t o f n n o n l i n e a r
c o n s t r a i n t fu n c t i o n s F c o n n e c t i n g a ve c t o r o f n
u n kn o w n s , u w i t h a ve c l o r o f m kn o w n p a r a m e t e r s , k:
F( u , k) = 0 . ( 1 )
Equ a t i o n ( 1 ) d e fi n e s t he r e s p o n s e o f u t o c ha n ge s
i n k . A s a ge n e r a l a i d t o e va l u a t i n g i m p o r t a n t
p r o p e r t i e s o f t hi s r e s p o n s e , fu n c t i o n s o f t he
fo r m T ( u ) k) a r e i n t r o d u c e d . T he n fo r e a c h p a r a m e t e r -
ve c t o r k , ( 1 ) d e fi n e s o n e o r m o r e va l u e s o f T .
T hi s p a p e r c o n c e n t r a t e s o n t he r e s p o n s e o f s u c h- a
"t a r ge t " fu n c t i o n t o s i m u l t a n e o u s b u t i n d e p e n d e n t
c ha n ge s i n j u s t t w o o f t he e l e m e n t s o f k , a l l t he
o t he r s b e i n g he l d c o n s t a n t . In s u c h a c a s e , T ( u , k) c a n
b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a fu n c t i o n o f o n l y t he s e t w o
p a r a m e t e r s . T he c o r r e s p o n d i n g s u r fa c e i n t hr e e
d i m e n s i o n s c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d i n t w o d i m e n s i o n s b y i t s
c o n t o u r m a p , i . e . b y c u r ve s u p o n w hi c h T i s
c o n s t a n t ,
d r a w n i n t he p l a n e o f t he va r y i n g p a r a m e t e r s .
Ea c h s u c h c u r ve i s d e fi n e d b y a s e t o f e qu a t i o n s o f
t he fo r m
V u , x, y , V ) =0 ( 2)
w he r e
u , x
y , '=t
x a n d y a r e t he va r i a b l e p a r a m e t e r s i n k
k' i s t he r e s u l t o f r e m o vi n g x a n d y fr o m k
g i s t he va l u e t a ke n b y T o n t he c o n t o u r .
y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Fo r e a c h va l u e o f t t he s e e qu a t i o n s d e fi n e a
c o n t o u r b e c a u s e t he y c o n t a i n n +2 u n kn o w n s ( u , x, a n d y )
a n d s p e c i fy o n l y n +l c o n s t r a i n t s ( t hr o u gh F a n d T ) , s o
t ha t n o t o n e s o l u t i o n , b u t a fa m i l y o f s o l u t i o n s l y i n g
o n a c o n t i n u o u s c u r ve r e s u l t s . A fa m i l y o f s u c h
c u r ve s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a s e t o f va l u e s o f t ,
c o i n s t i t u t e s a c o n t o u r m a p o f t he fu n c t i o n T w i t h
r e s p e c t t o x a n d y .
T he s i m p l e s t e xa m p l e o f s u c h c o n t o u r s i s t he p o w e r
c i r c l e d i a gr a m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a t w o - b u s s y s t e m
c o n s i s t i n g o f a ge n e r a t o r s u p p l y i n g a l o a d , a s
i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fi gu r e 1 . T he fo l l o w i n g va r i a b l e s a r e
d e fi n e d :
V t L0 : ge n e r a t o r vo l t a ge ( r e fe r e n c e p ha s o r )
V LtLe l o a d vo l t a ge a n d a n gl e
P l o a d a c t i ve p o w e r
Q : l o a d r e a c t i ve p o w e r
G- j IB
: c o m p l e x a d m i t t a n c e o f t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e .
Co n s i d e i i n g t he ge n e r a t o r a s t he s l a c k n o d e a n d t he
l o a d a s a P - Q n o d e , w e ha ve
n =2, u ( V ) , x
=
P , y =Q,
LI
T =V , k'= ( G, B, V .
L G
T he p o w e r fl o 'w e qu a t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o ( 1 )
a r e : ,
0 0 1 8 - 9 51 0 /8 4 /1 0 0 0 - 28 8 1 $ 0 1 . 0 0 1 9 8 4 IEEE
28 8 1
28 8 2
V , r
LO
( V I
LO )
GEN ERA T O R
t v~ ~ ILO ,
G - JB
P + j Q
Fi g. 1 T w o - b u s s y s t e m fo r p o w e r c i r c l e d i a gr a m .
2
V YV ( Gc o s O - Bs i n i ) - CV - P =0
G L L
2
V GV L( Bc o - s G+
Gs i n l O )
- BV L
- Q=0
) A D
( 3 )
T he e qu a t i o n o f t he p o w e r c i r c l e s d e r i ve d b y
e l i m i n a t i n g 0 fr o m ( 3 ) , a n d w hi c h d e fi n e s t he c o n t o u r
m a p o f t he t a r ge t fu n c t i o n
V L
, i s :
( P +CV ) 2 + ( Q+BV 2) 2 = ( G2+B2) V 2 V 2 ( 4 )
T he c i r c l e s a r e s ho w n i n Fi gu r e 2 fo r t he c a s e
G = 0 . 2, B 1 . 0 ,
V G
= 1 . 0 ,
w he r e
V L
r a n ge s fr o m 0 . 2 t o 1 . 2 p e r u n i t . T hi s l a r ge
vo l t a ge r a n ge i s n e c e s s a r y t o i l l u s t r a t e t he
r e l a t i o n s hi p s b e t w e e n t he c u r ve s a d e qu a t e l y .
T he m a i n fe a t u r e s o f p o w e r c i r c l e d i a gr a m s a r e
d i s c u s s e d i n m o s t t e xt b o o ks o n p o w e r s y s t e m s
a n a l y s i s . O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i n t he c o n t e xt o f
t hi s p a p e r i s t he fa c t t ha t t he c u r ve s i n t e r s e c t ,
i n d i c a t i n g m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s o f ( 3 ) , a n d t ha t t he s e
i n t e r s e c t i o n s a r e m o s t fr e qu e n t i n t he vi c i n i t y o f a
c l e a r l y - d e fi n e d e n ve l o p e o u t s i d e w hi c h n o n e o f t he
c i r c l e s a r e fo u n d . T he e n ve l o p e d e fi n e s t he m a xi m u m
p o w e r t r a n s m i s s i o n c a p a b i l i t y o f t he s y s t e m fo r va r i o u s
a m o u n t s , o f r e a c t i ve s u p p o r t a t t he l o a d . T he a b s o l u t e
m a xi m u m p o w e r t r a n s fe r o c c u r s w he n t he l o a d r e s o n a t e s
w i t h t he t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t he p o i n t
o n t he e n ve l o p e w i t h a ve r t i c a l t a n ge n t . A l l t he s e
c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e a l s o s ho w n i n c o n t o u r m a p s d e r i ve d
fo r c o m p l e x p o w e r s y s t e m s .
CA LCULA T IO N O F CO N T O URS
In i t i a l P o i n t o n a Co n t o u r
It i s a s s u m e d t ha t fo r s o m e i n i t i a l va l u e s xo
a n d y o , o f t he p a r a m e t e r s x a n d y a c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r
fl o w p r o gr a m c a n b e u s e d t o o b t a i n a s o l u t i o n o f ( 1 )
fo r zj . T hi s s o l u t i o n i s d e n o t e d b y u o . In ge n e r a l
i t w i l l n o t ha ve t he r e qu i r e d va l u e t o f t he t a r ge t
fu n c t i o n T , a n d s o w i l l n o t l i e u p o n t he c o n t o u r . T o
fi n d a p o i n t o n t he c o n t o u r i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o
va r y X, y , a n d u s i m u l t a n e o u s l y fr o m t he i n i t i a l
va l u e s x0 , y ', u o , t o va l u e s w hi c h s a t i s fy ( 2) . T hi s
i s a c c o m p l i s he d i t e r a t i ve l y b y a m e t ho d o f s u c c e s s i ve
a p p r o xi m a t i o n s . T he p r o c e s s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
Fi gu r e 3 .
In Fi gu r e 3 P o r e p r e s e n t s t he i n i t i a l p o w e r fl o w
s o l u t i o n . A t
P o T a y l o r 's t he o r e m i s a p p l i e d t o o b t a i n
a n e xp r e s s i o n w hi c h d e fi n e s Lo ,
a l i n e a r a p p r o xi m a t i o n
t o t he c o n t o u r C i n t he s p a c e o f t he s o l u t i o n
p a r a m e t e r s i n , y a n d a . A n e w p o i n t P i
( 2l XI- y 1 )
i s d e r i ve d a s t he fo o t o f t he p e r p e n d i c u l a r
fr o m P o o n t o Lo
. A t P 1 T a y l o r 's t he o r e m i s a ga i n
a p p l i e d t o d e fi n e Ll , w hi c h i s a b e t t e r a p p r o xi m a t i o n
t o t he c o n t o u r t ha n
Lo
. T he fo o t o f t he p e r p e n d i c u l a r
fr o m P 1 , t o L 1 d e fi n e s a p o i n t P 2 ( MZ, x2, y 3 ) , w hi c h
i s c l o s e r t o t he c o n t o u r t ha n e i t he r P o o r P 1 . T hi s
p r o c e s s i s r e p e a t e d u n t i l c o n ve r ge n c e i s a c hi e ve d ,
w hi c h o c c u r s w he n t he c ha n ge fr o m o n e p o i n t t o t he n e xt
i s s m a l l e r t ha n s o m e p r e a s s i gn e d t o l e r a n c e . T he n e t
r e s u l t i n Fi g. 3 i s t ha t L3 i s t he t a n ge n t t o C a t t he
p o i n t P 4
. T he n u m e r i c a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t hi s
p r o c e s s u s e s l e a s t s qu a r e s p r o gr a m m i n g [ 21 a n d i s
d e s c r i b e d i n A p p e n d i x A .
Fi g. 2 P o w e r c i r c l e d i a gr a m fo r t w o - b u s s y s t e m
i n Fi gu r e 1 .
T A YLO R S ERIES A P P RO XIMA T IO N S
/ T O CURV E, BA S ED O N RES ULT S
O F P REV IO US IT ERA T IO N S
FIN A L T A YLO R S ERIES
p 0 A P P RO XIMA T IO N -
IN IA T A N GEN T T O CURV E.
S O LUT IO N P
P 4 CO N V ERGEN CE A CHIEV ED
A T P O IN T O F T A N GEN CY
O F L3 T O T HE CO N T O UR.
Fi g. 3 P r o c e s s o f o b t a i n i n g fi r s t c o n t o u r p o i n t .
S e qu e n c e o f P o i n t s o n a Co n t o u r
T he t a n ge n t t o t he c o n t o u r a t o n e p o i n t i s u s e d a s
a b a s i s fo r c a l c u l a t i n g a n o t he r p o i n t o n t he s a m e
c o n t o u r . T hi s p r o c e s s i n vo l ve s m o vi n g:
( i ) a s p e c i fi e d d i s t a n c e a l o n g t he t a n ge n t
( i i ) b a c k t o t he c o n t o u r , u s i n g a n i t e r a t i ve
p r o c e s s .
T hi s "p r e d i c t o r - c o r r e c t o r " p r o c e s s i s i l l u s t r a t e d
i n Fi gu r e 4 . He r e t he i n i t i a l p o i n t o n t he c o n t o u r i s
a s s u m e d kn o w n ( i t m a y ha ve b e e n d e r i ve d b y t he m e t ho d
o f t he p r e vi o u s s e c t i o n ) . T a y l o r 's t he o r e m i s a p p l i e d
t o fi n d t he t a n ge n t a t t hi s p o i n t a n d t hi s i s u s e d t o
d e fi n e a l i n e a r p r e d i c t i o n p o i n t a d i s t a n c e S
a l o n g t he
t a n ge n t . If t he c o n t o u r w e r e s t r a i ght t hi s p o i n t w o u l d
28 8 3
l i e o n i t . Be c a u s e o f n o n l i n e a r i t i e s i t d o e s n o t , a n d
a n i t e r a t i ve t e c hn i qu e i s u s e d t o c o r r e c t fo r t he
d e vi a t i o n o f t he t a n ge n t fr o m t he c o n t o u r . T o p r e ve n t
t hi s c o r r e c t i o n c o n ve r gi n g b a c k t o t he o r i gi n a l p o i n t ,
a p l a n e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t he t a n ge n t a n d w hi c h p a s s e s
t hr o u gh t he l i n e a r p r e d i c t i o n p o i n t i s s e t u p .
S u c c e s s i ve i t e r a t i o n s a r e c o n s t r a i n e d t o p r o d u c e p o i n t s
l y i n g o n t he p l a n e . T he i t e r a t i o n c o n ve r ge s t o t he
i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t he c o n t o u r w i t h t he p l a n e .
T he s e t o f e qu a t i o n s w hi c h d e fi n e t he i n t e r s e c t i o n
o f t he c o n t o u r w i t h t he p l a n e e qu a t i o n i s d e t e r m i n a t e ,
a n d i s s o l ve d b y a p p l y i n g t he N e w t o n - Ra p hs o n m e t ho d
w i t h t he l i n e a r p r e d i c t i o n p o i n t a s i n i t i a l s o l u t i o n
gu e s s . T hi s p r o c e s s i s d e s c r i b e d i n A p p e n d i x B.
S u b s e qu e n t c o n t o u r p o i n t s a r e fo u n d b y r e p e t i t i o n o f
t hi s p r o c e d u r e .
- . . _
IN IT IA L P O IN T O N CO N T O UR
IT ERA T IO N O N P LA N E,
CO N V ERGIN G T O
IN T ERS ECT IO N W IT H
CO N T O UR. -
P LA N E P ERP EN DICULA R
T O T A N GEN T
Fi g. 4 P r o c e s s o f o b t a i n i n g s u c c e s s i ve c o n t o u r p o i n t s .
CO MP UT ER P RO GRA M FO R CO IT O UR CA LCULA T IO N
Ge n e r a l De s c r i p t i o n
T o e n a b l e r e a l i s t i c s y s t e m s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d , a
c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w p r o gr a m i s u s e d t o c o n ve r t
s y s t e m d a t a i n t o n o d a l a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x fo r m , a n d t o
p r o vi d e t he b a s e c a s e s o l u t i o n
u O
u s e d fo r
i n i t i a l i zi n g t he c o n t o u r s . Up t o 3 0 n o d e s o f i n t e r e s t
a r e t he n s e l e c t e d , a n d t he c o r r e s p o n d i n g n o d a l
a d m i t t a n c e m a t r i x i s o b t a i n e d b y a n e t w o r k r e d u c t i o n
p r o c e s s fr o m t he o r i gi n a l o n e . T hi s p r o c e s s i s
a n a l o go u s t o t ha t u s e d a s t he b a s i s fo r n e t w o r k
m o d e l l i n g i n m u l t i m a c hi n e d y n a m i c s i m u l a t i o n
p r o gr a m s . T he r e d u c e d m a t r i x, , t o ge t he r w i t h d a t a w hi c h
s p e c i fy t he va r i a b l e p a r a m e t e r s , t a r ge t fu n c t i o n , a n d
c e r t a i n s u b s i d i a r y p a r a m e t e r s , i s s u b m i t t e d t o t he
c o n t o u r c a l c u l a t i o n p r o gr a m , w hi c h p r o d u c e s a gr a p hi c a l
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ( e g. o n a gr a p hi c s t e r m i n a l o r a d i gi t a l
p l o t t e r ) a n d a d e t a i l e d r e c o r d o f n o d a l qu a n t i t i e s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t he r e d u c e d s y s t e m . V o l t a ge s a n d l i n e
fl o w s i n a n y p a r t o f t he ' o r i gi n a l s y s t e m c a n b e
o b t a i n e d fr o m t he n o d e vo l t a ge c o m p o n e n t s u s i n g m a t r i x
fa c t o r s d e r i ve d i n t he n e t w o r k r e d u c t i o n p r o c e s s . T he
o ve r a l l p r o c e s s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t he fl o w d i a gr a m o f
Fi gu r e 5.
Di s c u s s i o n o f Co n s t r a i n t T y p e s
A t e a c h n o d e i n d i vi d u a l c o n s t r a i n t s a r e s p e c i fi e d
r a t he r t ha n "b u s - t y p e s " a s i n c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w
p r o gr a m s . T hi s a l l o w s c o n s i d e r a b l e fl e xi b i l i t y ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y fo r r e m o t e c o n t r o l o f n o d e qu a n t i t i e s a n d
i n c l u s i o n o f u n u s u a l n o d e c o n s t r a i n t s w hi c h m a y b e
r e qu i r e d fo r p a r t i c u l a r i n ve s t i ga t i o n s . T he
c o n s t r a i n t s w hi c h ha ve b e e n fo u n d m o s t u s e fu l a r e gi ve n
i n T a b l e I.
Co n s t r a i n t #1 i s u s e d a t vo l t a ge - r e gu l a t e d n o d e s .
Co n s t r a i n t #2 i s u s e d t o r e p r e s e n t t he V - Q
c ha r a c t e r i s t i c o f s t a t i c r e a c t i ve c o m p e n s a t o r s .
Co n s t r a i n t #3 e n a b l e s i n c r e m e n t s i n l o a d s a n d l o s s e s t o
b e d i s t r i b u t e d b e t w e e n s e ve r a l p o w e r s o u r c e s , p r o vi d i n g
fo r m o r e r e a l i s t i c l i n e fl o w s d u r i n g d i s t u r b a n c e s t ha n
T a b l e I. N o d e Co n s t r a i n t s fo r P o w e r S y s t e m Mo d e l
N o . De s c r i p t i o n o f Co n s t r a i n t
1 Co n s t a n t vo l t a ge m a gn i t u d e
2 V o l t a ge d r o o p w i t h i n j e c t e d r e a c t i ve
3 Co n s t a n t a c t i ve p o w e r w i t h l o a d s ha r i n g
4 Co n s t a n t r e a c t i ve p o w e r
5 V o l t a ge d e p e n d e n t a c t i ve p o w e r
6 V o l t a ge d e p e n d e n t r e a c t i ve p o w e r
t he "s l a c k n o d e "' r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . T he fo r m o f t hi s
c o n s t r a i n t i s
P k=p k+ c e L
( 5)
w he r e k i s t he n o d e n u m b e r
P O k
i s t he b a s e c a s e i n j e c t e d p o w e r
P k
i s t he d i s t u r b e d s y s t e m i n j e c t e d p o w e r
c i s a c o n s t a n t , w i t h
i
c
k=
1
L i s t he i n c r e m e n t i n l o a d s a n d l o s s e s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t he b a s e c a s e .
N o t e t ha t L i s a s o l u t i o n va r i a b l e j u s t a s i s t he
s l a c k n o d e p o w e r i n t he c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w s y s t e m
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . T hi s p r o vi d e s a ve r y d i r e c t w a y o f
c a l c u l a t i n g l o s s e s . Co n s t r a i n t #3 r e d u c e s t o t he
r e qu i r e m e n t o f c o n s t a n t i n j e c t e d p o w e r i f c k i s ze r o .
If o n l y o n e #3 c o n s t r a i n t w i t h n o n ze r o c k i s a p p l i e d ,
t he s l a c k n o d e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s r e ga i n e d .
Co n s t r a i n t #h fi xe s r e a c t i ve i n j e c t i o n a t a b u s .
Co n s t r a i n t s #5 a n d #6 s p e c i fy l o a d - vo l t a ge d e p e n d e n c e
i n t he fo r m
P =P ( V /V ) a , Q =
Qo( V /V o )
( 6 )
GRA P HICA L
O UT P UT
Fi g. 5 Fl o w d i a gr a m s ho w i n g s y s t e m fo r c o n t o u r
c a l c u l a t i o n
V a r i a b l e s , P a r a m e t e r s a n d T a r ge t Fu n c t i o n s
T he "u n kn o w n " ve c t o r u i n ( 1 ) c o m p r i s e s
( i ) t he n o d e vo l t a ge c o m p o n e n t s w i t h t he e xc e p t i o n
o f t he qu a d r a t u r e c o m p o n e n t a t t he r e fe r e n c e
n o d e , w hi c h i s fi xe d a t ze r o ;
( i i ) t he l o a d +l o s s i n c r e m e n t , L.
28 8 4
T he "kn o w n " ve c t o r k c o m p r i s e s a l l s y s t e m
p a r a m e t e r s . T he va r i a b l e c o m p o n e n t s ( x a n d y ) w hi c h
ha ve b e e n fo u n d u s e fu l , i n c l u d e t ho s e s ho w n i n T a b l e
II. T he va r y i n g p a r a m e t e r s m a y b e a n y t w o o f t he s e , a t
t he s a m e o r d i ffe r e n t n o d e s . T he t a r ge t fu n c t i o n c a n
b e a n y o n e o f t ho s e l i s t e d i n T a b l e III. It s ho u l d b e
n o t e d t ha t t he c o n t e n t s o f T a b l e s I, II, a n d III a r e
n o t e xha u s t i ve , a n d t ha t a n y c o n s t r a i n t s , va r i a b l e
p a r a m e t e r s a n d t a r ge t fu n c t i o n s m a y b e u s e d w i t ho u t
d e t r a c t i n g fr o m t he e ffe c t i ve n e s s o f t he c o n t o u r
c a l c u l a t i o n a l go r i t hm .
T a b l e II - V a r i a b l e P a r a m e t e r s fo r Co n t o u r
S p e c i fi c a t i o n
N o . De s c r i p t i o n o f P a r a m e t e r
1 N o d e vo l t a ge m a gn i t u d e
2 In j e c t e d p o w e r
3 In j e c t e d r e a c t i ve
4 S hu n t c o n d u c t a n c e
5 S hu n t s u s c e p t a n c e
6 V o l t a ge a n gl e o f o n e n o d e
r e l a t i ve t o a n y o t he r
T a b l e III T a r ge t Fu n c t i o n s fo r Co n t o u r
S p e c i fi c a t i o n
N o . De s c r i p t i o n o f T a r ge t Fu n c t i o n
1 N o d e vo l t a ge m a gn i t u d e
2 In j e c t e d p o w e r
3 In j e c t e d r e a c t i ve
- 4 V o l t a ge a n gl e o f o n e n o d e
r e l a t i ve t o a n y o t he r
5 T o t a l s y s t e m p o w e r l o s s
Co n t o u r P r o d u c t i o n S e qu e n c e
T he n u m b e r a n d s p a c i n g o f t he c o n t o u r s a n d t he
r a n ge o ve r w hi c h t he y w i l l b e d i s p l a y e d i s d e t e r m i n e d
b y s p e c i fy i n g m i n i m u m , m a xi m u m a n d i n c r e m e n t fo r t i n
( 2) , t o ge t he r w i t h m i n i m u m a n d m a xi m u m va l u e s fo r x a n d
y . T he p r o gr a m d e t e r m i n e s w hi c h c o n t o u r va l u e i s
c l o s e s t t o t he t a r ge t fu n c t i o n va l u e o f t he b a s e c a s e
s o l u t i o n , a n d a t t e m p t s t o c o n ve r ge t o a p o i n t o n t ha t
c o n t o u r . If s u c c e s s fu l t he p r o gr a m s t e p s a l o n g t hi s
c o n t o u r u n t i l e i t he r
( i ) o n e o f t he x, y b o u n d a r y va l u e s i s r e a c he d ; o r
( i i ) a c l o s e d c u r ve i s o b t a i n e d .
Fi g. 6 Co n t o u r P r o d u c t i o n S e qu e n c e . T he p o i n t
"O " i s t he b a s e c a s e s o l u t i o n .
In c a s e ( i ) , t he p r o gr a m r e t u r n s t o t he i n i t a l
p o i n t o n t he c o n t o u r a n d s t e p s i n t he o p p o s i t e
d i r e c t i o n , a ga i n u n t i l a b o u n d a r y i s r e a c he d . T he n
( a n d a l s o i n c a s e ( i i ) ) , a n e w c o n t o u r i s i n i t i a l i ze d
fr o m t he fi r s t p o i n t o f t he c u r r e n t c o n t o u r , a n d t he
c u r ve - t r a c i n g p r o c e s s i s r e p e a t e d . T he s e qu e n c e o f
c o n t o u r p r o d u c t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fi gu r e 6 .
Co n ve r ge n c e Mo n i t o r i n g
T he p e r fo r m a n c e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s c l a i m e d fo r t he
c o m p u t e r p r o gr a m d e p e n d p a r t l y o n a u t o m a t i c m o n i t o r i n g
o f r a t e s o f c o n ve r ge n c e . T he c o n ve r ge n c e p r o p e r t i e s o f
t he p r o gr a m a r e c o n t r o l l e d b y t he fo l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s :
EP S = a l l o w a b l e e r r o r i n i n d i vi d u a l c o m p o n e n t s
o f r i ght - s i d e o f e qu a t i o n s d u r i n g
i t e r a t i ve s o l u t i o n .
IRCJ = fl a g t o s p e c i fy w he n a fr e s h Ja c o b i a n
m a t r i x i s c a l c u l a t e d a n d fa c t o r i ze d fo r
u s e i n i t e r a t i ve s o l u t i o n s .
IMA X= m a xi m u m n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s a l l o w e d fo r
s o l u t i o n c o n ve r ge n c e .
IT R = m a xi m u m n u m b e r o f t r i e s a t c o n ve r gi n g t o
a n e w c o n t o u r p o i n t ( d e a l i n g w i t h hi gh
c u r va t u r e b y ha l vi n g t he s t e p s i ze s u s e d
i n t he l i n e a r p r o j e c t i o n p ha s e ) .
Co n s i d e r a b l e s a vi n gs i n c o m p u t a t i o n a r e a c hi e ve d b y
u s i n g t he s e c a n t b e t w e e n t w o p r e vi o u s c o n t o u r p o i n t s
r a t he r t ha n t he t a n ge n t a t t he l a s t p o i n t fo r l i n e a r
p r e d i c t i o n o f t he n e xt p o i n t . T hi s i s b e c a u s e t he
t a n ge n t m u s t b e c o m p u t e d b y m a t r i x o p e r a t i o n s b u t t he
s e c a n t c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y a s i m p l e d i ffe r e n c i n g
p r o c e s s . T he p r o gr a m t he r e fo r e n o r m a l l y o p e r a t e s i n
t hi s m o d e . Fu r t he r s a vi n gs a r e m a d e b y a vo i d i n g
r e c o m p u t a t i o n o f t he Ja c o b i a n m a t r i x o f t he e qu a t i o n s
w hi c h d e fi n e t he c o n t o u r e xc e p t w he n n e c e s s a r y , a s
i n d i c a t e d b y a u t o m a t i c m o n i t o r i n g o f t he n u m b e r o f
i t e r a t i o n s r e qu i r e d t o c o n ve r ge t o e a c h c o n t o u r
p o i n t ; w he n t he n u m b e r e xc e e d s IRCJ t he Ja c o b i a n i s
a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e c o m p u t e d a n d r e fa c t o r i ze d . Exp e r i e n c e
s u gge s t s t ha t IRCJ s ho u l d b e s e t t o a b o u t ha l f IMA X.
Du r i n g t he i t e r a t i o n t o c o n ve r ge t o a c o n t o u r p o i n t
( e i t he r t he fi r s t o r s u b s e qu e n t p o i n t s ) t he r e s i d u a l
ve c t o r c o m p o n e n t s fo r t he n o n l i n e a r e qu a t i o n s i n vo l ve d
( s e e A p p e n d i c e s ) a r e c he c ke d a ga i n s t EP S . T he
i t e r a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d c o n ve r ge d w he n a l l t he
r e s i d u a l s a r e s m a l l e r t ha n EP S . Fo r s y s t e m s w i t h
i n j e c t e d p o w e r s o f t he o r d e r o f 1 p e r u n i t EP S = . 0 0 0 1
i s a t t a i n a b l e w i t hi n a fe w c o n s t a n t Ja c o b i a n
i t e r a t i o n s . In t he e ve n t o f t he fa i l u r e o f t he
a l go r i t hm t o c o n ve r ge i n a n a t t e m p t t o fi n d a n e w p o i n t
( i . e . n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s > IMA X) t he s o l u t i o n p r o c e s s
i s r e p e a t e d , t hi s t i m e w i t h r e c o m p u t a t i o n a n d
fa c t o r i za t i o n o f t he Ja c o b i a n m a t r i x a t e a c h
i t e r a t i o n . If t hi s fa i l s t he l i n e a r p r o j e c t i o n
s t e p s i ze i s ha l ve d a n d t he p r o c e d u r e r e p e a t e d . T hi s i s
d o n e a m a xi m u m o f IT R t i m e s . It s ho u l d b e n o t e d t ha t
t hi s p a r t o f t he p r o gr a m i s o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y
n e c e s s a r y . T he fo l l o w i n g va l u e s o f p a r a m e t e r s ha ve
b e e n fo u n d t o fi t t he m a j o r i t y o f a p p l i c a t i o n s :
EP S = . 0 0 0 1 , IMA X= 8 , IRCJ = 4 i , IT R = 4 .
In t he s e ve r a l y e a r s u s e o f t hi s p r o gr a m n , t he
m e t ho d d e s c r i b e d a b o ve , p r o p e r Zy a p p l i e d , ha s n e ve r
fa i l e d t o c o n ve r ge i n a n y p hy s i c a l l y m e a n i n gfu l n e t w o r k
s i t u a t i o n .
T he o n l y e xc e p t i o n t o t hi s o b s e r va t i o n c o n c e r n s
t ho s e c a s e s i n w hi c h - o n e o f t he n e t w o r k n o d e vo l t a ge s
i s ze r o fo r a gi ve n s y s t e m o p e r a t i n g p o i n t . Di ve r ge n c e
i n t hi s c a s e o c c u r s b e c a u s e o f t he s i n gu l a r i t y i n t he
m a t he m a t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t s u c h a p o i n t .
EL4 MP LE - V O LT A GE DIP FO LLO W IN G GEN ERA T IO N LO S S
Fi gu r e 7 r e p r e s e n t s p a r t o f t he N o r t h Qu e e n s l a n d
p o w e r s y s t e m t o ge t he r w i t h c e r t a i n p l a n n e d
d e ve l o p m e n t s . T he
l o a 4 s
s ho w n a r e s u p p l i e d fr o m Hy d r o
s t a t i o n s a t Ka r e e y a a n d Ba r r o n Go r ge , a n d a l s o fr o m
c o a l - fi r e d s e t s a t Gl a d s t o n e a n d o t he r s t a t i o n s m o r e
r e m o t e . In t he p a r t o f t he s y s t e m s ho w n , a l a r ge
a m o u n t o f r e a c t i ve c o m p e n s a t i o n i s u s e d t o s e c u r e
a d e qu a t e vo l t a ge l e ve l s . O f i n t e r e s t i n t hi s s t u d y i s
t he e ffe c t o f l o s s o f ge n e r a t i o n a t Ba r r o n Go r ge o n t he
vo l t a ge a t t he m a j o r l o a d c e n t r e a t Ca i r n s , i n t he c a s e
w he r e fo u r Ka r e e y a s e t s a n d o n e Ba r r o n Go r ge s e t a r e
o p e r a t i n g i n i t i a l l y . N o t e t ha t , a s t he Ba r r o n Go r ge
s e t m a y i n i t i a l l y b e p r o d u c i n g a n y p o w e r fr o m ze r o t o
t he fu l l - l o a d va l u e , l o s s o f ge n e r a t i o n fr o m a n y o f a
r a n ge o f o p e r a t i n g p o i n t s i s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d .
T he r e fo r e c o n t o u r s o f c o n s t a n t Ca i r n s vo l t a ge
r e fe r r e d t o r e a l a n d r e a c t i ve ge n e r a t i o n a t Ba r r o n
Go r ge a r e d r a w n o n t he MW /MV A r p l a n e i n Fi gu r e 8 .
T hr e e l o c i o n w hi c h t he Ba r r o n Go r ge s e t m a i n t a i n s i t s
t e r m i n a l vo l t a ge a t 1 . 0 4 , 1 . 0 5 a n d 1 . 0 6 p e r u n i t
r e s p e c t i ve l y a r e a l s o s ho w n . T he s e t hr e e c u r ve s d e fi n e
a c c e p t a b l e p r e fa u l t o p e r a t i n g p o i n t s . T he o p e r a t i n g
d i a gr a m o f t he Ca i r n s s e t i s s u p e r i m p o s e d o n t he
c o n t o u r s . N o t e t ha t Fi gu r e 8 gi ve s t he t r a n s m i s s i o n
c ha r a c t e r i s t i c p r i o r t o t a p c ha n ge r a c t i o n , a n d a s s u m e s
t ha t t he ge n e r a t o r s t a ke u p l o a d i n c r e m e n t s i n
p r o p o r t i o n t o t he i r r a t i n gs . T he l o a d s i n t he vi c i n i t y
C
C2
r [ 6 0 BA RRO N
GO RGE
- 2- I""CA IRN S
KA REEYA
7 2
N O T ES
27 5kV . LIN ES -
1 3 2kV . LIN ES
T O T A L S T A T IO N
CA P A CIT IES | _1 0 _
GIV EN IN MW . 1 0
IIN GHA M
28 8 5
o f Ca i r n s ha ve , b a s e d o n s y s t e m t e s t s , b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d
a s vo l t a ge - d e p e n d e n t , w i t h
p = p o ( V /V O ) 1 * 4 , Q
=
QO ( V /V O ) 3 * 5 ( 7 )
Fi gu r e 8 s ho w s t ha t fo r a ge n e r a t i o n o f 3 0 MW a n d
m a c hi n e t e r m i n a l vo l t a ge o f 1 . 0 5 p e r u n i t , t he Ca i r n s
vo l t a ge i s 1 . 0 24 p e r u n i t '. A t n o - l o a d , t he o r i gi n i n
Fi gu r e 8 , t he Ca i r n s vo l t a ge i s 0 . 9 6 7 p e r u n i t . T hu s
c o m p l e t e l o s s o f t he Ba r r o n Go r ge s e t fr o m fu l l l o a d a t
1 . 0 5 p e r u n i t t e r m i n a l vo l t a ge w i l l c a u s e a d i p o f 5. 7 %
i n t he Ca i r n s vo l t a ge . Fr o m Fi gu r e 9 c a n b e r e a d t he
r e a c t i ve i n j e c t i o n s r e qu i r e d a t Ca i r n s t o ke e p t he
Ca i r n s vo l t a ge c o n s t a n t d u r i n g ge n e r a t i o n fl u c t u a t i o n s
a t Ba r r o n Go r ge . A t fu l l l o a d t he t o t a l r e a c t i ve
i n j e c t i o n a t Ca i r n s i s - 3 1 MV A r . T o m a i n t a i n t he s a m e
vo l t a ge o f 1 . 0 24 p e r u n i t a t n o - l o a d a t o t a l i n j e c t i o n
o f +1 0 MV A r i s r e qu i r e d . T he d i ffe r e n c e , t o b e
s u p p l i e d b y a r e a c t i ve c o m p e n s a t i o n d e vi c e i s 4 1 MV A r .
CA IRN S V O LT A GE ( p . u . )
0 . 9 6 0 . 9 8 1 . 0 0 _4 1
0
LEA DIN G LA GGIN G
REA CT IV E O UT P UT ( MV A r )
Fi g. 8 Co n t o u r s fo r vo l t a ge d i p c a l c u l a t i o n .
CA IRN S REA CT IV E
CO MP EN S A T IO N ( MV . A r )
4 0 ,
[ M EJl
P l a n n e d N o r t h Qu e e n s l a n d P o w e r S y s t e m .
LEA DIN G LA GGIN G
REA CT IV E O UT P UT ( MV A r )
Fi g. 9 Co n t o u r s fo r c a l c u l a t i o n o f r e a c t i ve p o w e r
o u t p u t t o o ffs e t vo l t a ge d i p d u e t o ge n e r a t i o n l o s s .
A P P LICA T IO N T O MULT IP LE P O W ER FLO W S O LUT IO N S
Ba c kgr o u n d
Mu l t i p l e p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s o c c u r w he n m o r e t ha n
o n e s e t o f n o d e vo l t a ge c o m p o n e n t s s a t i s fy t he s a m e
n o d e c o n s t r a i n t s [ 3 , 4 1 . Fo r t u n a t e l y w he n t w o s u c h
s o l u t i o n s a r e kn o w n i t i s u s u a l l y o b vi o u s w hi c h o f
t he s e r e p r e s e n t s t he m o r e r e a l i s t i c o p e r a t i n g
c o n d i t i o n . Ho w e ve r s o m e s y s t e m s p o s s e s s s o l u t i o n s
c l o s e t o ge t he r fo r w hi c h t hi s i s n o t t he c a s e . In s u c h
c a s e s s p e c i a l t e c hn i qu e s m u s t b e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e
w hi c h o f t he s o l u t i o n s i s fe a s i b l e [ 51 . A s i gn i fi c a n t
p r o b l e m i n t hi s a r e a i s t ha t a d d i t i o n a l s o l u t i o n s m a y
e xi s t w hi c h a r e n o t fo u n d b y t he p o w e r fl o w p r o gr a m , s o
t ha t fe a s i b l e s o l u t i o n s m a y e s c a p e d e t e c t i o n . Eve n i n
t he e xha u s t i ve s e a r c h m e t ho d [ 6 1 t he a b s e n c e o f
s o l u t i o n s i s i n fe r r e d fr o m d i ve r ge n c e o f t he a l go r i t hm ,
m a ki n g p r e c i s e l o c a t i o n o f s o l u t i o n e xi s t e n c e
b o u n d a r i e s d i ffi c u l t . Fi g. 7
28 8 6
T he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m a vo i d s d i ve r ge n c e b y a l w a y s
m o d i fy i n g t he n o d e p a r a m e t e r s i n a d i r e c t i o n i n w hi c h a
s o l u t i o n i s kn o w n t o l i e . Co n s e qu e n t l y i t c a n b e u s e d
t o m a p s y s t e m p e r fo r m a n c e o ve r a ve r y w i d e r a n ge ,
o b t a i n i n g w ho l e fa m i l i e s o f n e t w o r k s o l u t i o n s ve r y
e ffi c i e n t l y .
A n Exa m p l e o f "Gl o b a l " S y s t e m P e r fo r m a n c e
T he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m i s a p p l i e d t o fi n d t he
o p e r a t i n g p o i n t s a c hi e va b l e i n t he s y s t e m o f Fi gu r e 7 ,
fo r va r i a t i o n s i n t he i n j e c t e d a c t i ve a n d r e a c t i ve
p o w e r a t Ba r r o n Go r ge . S u c h c u r ve s ha ve b e e n gi ve n
b e fo r e ( Fi g. 8 ) , b u t n o w t he MW a n d MV A r s c a l e s a r e
c o n s i d e r a b l y e xp a n d e d s o t ha t c l o s e d c u r ve s a r e
p r o d u c e d . T he r e s u l t i s s ho w n i n Fi gu r e 1 0 , w hi c h i s
a n a l o go u s t o Fi gu r e 2. Ho w e ve r b e c a u s e o f t he
c o m p l e xi t y o f t he s y s t e m i n vo l ve d t he c o n t o u r s o f
Fi gu r e 1 0 e xhi b i t fe a t u r e s , s u c h a s l o o p s a n d
n o n c o n ve xi t y , n o t fo u n d fo r t w o - b u s s y s t e m s .
Eve r y p o i n t t hr o u gh w hi c h a c u r ve p a s s e s r e p r e s e n t s
a p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n . W he n e ve r t w o o r m o r e c u r ve s
c r o s s , m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s e xi s t . Do u b l e s o l u t i o n s
c r o w d t o ge t he r i n t he vi c i n i t y o f t he u n d e r e xc i t e d
s t a b i l i t y l i m i t o f t he m a c hi n e , a n d e l s e w he r e , t o
i n d i c a t e MW a n d MV A r t r a n s fe r l i m i t s ; o u t s i d e t he
e n ve l o p e s o d e fi n e d n o s o l u t i o n s e xi s t . Do u b l e
s o l u t i o n s a r e a l s o fo u n d a t t he b a s e o f e a c h l o o p a n d
w he r e t he l o o p s c r o s s o t he r c o n t o u r s . A l a r ge n u m b e r
o f c o n t o u r s c o n ve r ge a t ( 3 20 MV A r , 4 4 MW ) , i m p l y i n g a
l a r ge s o l u t i o n m u l t i p l i c i t y . In t he vi c i n i t y o f t hi s
p o i n t t he s y s t e m s t a t e i s ve r y s e n s i t i ve t o n o d e
p a r a m e t e r va r i a t i o n s .
Fi gu r e 1 0 s ho w s a gr a d u a l e vo l u t i o n fr o m o n e c u r ve
t o t he n e xt , a n d a l s o c a s e s i n w hi c h t he c ha r a c t e r o f
t he c u r ve s m a y c ha n ge s u d d e n l y a n d d r a m a t i c a l l y . Fo r
e xa m p l e , b e t w e e n t he o u r ve s fo r Ca i r n s vo l t a ge s o f 0 . 7 0
a n d 0 . 6 5 p e r u n i t a l o o p a n d a l o n g n a r r o w s p u r
a p p e a r . T hi s i s a n e xa m p l e o f "b i fu r c a t i o n "l i n t he
s o l u t i o n s o f t he p o w e r fl o w e qu a t i o n s .
Fi n a l l y i t s ho u l d b e n o t e d t ha t a t ( 3 1 4 MV A r , 1 3 8
MW ) o n t he c o n t o u r fo r 0 . 8 5 p e r u n i t ( p o i n t "A " i n Fi g.
1 0 ) t he vo l t a ge a t In gha m i s ze r o , a n d t he c o n s e qu e n t
w
0
z
0
Ir -
z
0
F-
z
w 0 6
0
0 .
0 L
s i n gu l a r i t y i n t he m a t he m a t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n p r e ve n t s
p r o gr a m c o n ve r ge n c e a t t hi s p o i n t .
A p p l i c t i o n
t o S m a l l - Di s t u r b a n c e S t a b i l i t y
Us i n g t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m , t e r m i n a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d
Ja c o b i a n m a t r i c e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d fo r o p e r a t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s fo r w hi c h c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w p r o gr a m s
m a y fa i l t o c o n ve r ge . T hr o u gh a p p r o p r i a t e n u m e r i c a l
t e c hn i qu e s b a s e d o n s y s t e m e i ge n va l u e s ( e g. d o m a i n
s e p a r a t i o n [ 7 ] ) t he s t a b i l i t y o f t he s e o p e r a t i n g p o i n t s
fo r s m a l l d i s t u r b a n c e s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . T he c o n t o u r
p r o gr a m t he r e fo r e e xt e n d s t he r a n ge o f s y s t e m
c o n d i t i o n s t o w hi c h t he s e t e c hn i qu e s c a n b e a p p l i e d .
In p r i n c i p a l , t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m c o u l d b e u s e d t o
p l o t l o c i o n w hi c h t he r e a l p a r t o f a n y s p e c i fi e d
e i ge n va l u e i s c o n s t a n t ; b o u n d a r i e s o f s t a b l e s o l u t i o n
r e gi o n s w o u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o c o n t o u r s fo r ze r o r e a l
p a r t . T hi s a p p l i c a t i o n w o u l d p r o vi d e a ge n e r a l i za t i o n
o f t he t e c hn i qu e o f d o m a i n s e p a r a t i o n fr o m c o n t r o l
s y s t e m va r i a b l e s t o a n y s y s t e m p a r a m e t e r s , i n c l u d i n g
t he e ffe c t o f va r y i n g s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n p o i n t s .
CO N CLUS IO N S
T he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m i s a ge n e r a l i za t i o n o f t he
p o w e r c i r c l e d i a gr a m . It ha s b e e n u s e d i n p l a n n i n g
s t u d i e s a t t he S . E. C. Q. fo r s e ve r a l y e a r s , a n d ha s b e e n
c he c ke d a ga i n s t p o w e r fl o w a n d d y n a m i c s i m u l a t i o n
c o m p u t e r p r o gr a m s m a n y t i m e s , a l w a y s w i t h go o d
a gr e e m e n t .
It s m a j o r a d va n t a ge s fo r r o u t i n e w o r k a r i s e fr o m
t he a b i l i t y t o fo r m u l a t e c o n c i s e l y a n d s o l ve
e ffi c i e n t l y p r o b l e m s r e qu i r i n g l a r ge n u m b e r s o f r e l a t e d
p o w e r fl o w s . T he a l go r i t hm u s e d t o a c hi e ve t hi s ha s
e xc e l l e n t c o n ve r ge n c e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d e n a b l e s
c o he r e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e l e va n t r e s u l t s .
Co n s e qu e n t l y t he p r o gr a m c a n b e u s e d t o i n ve s t i ga t e
m u l t i p l e p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s a n d d i s p l a y t he i r
r e l a t i o n s hi p i n t e r m s o f o ve r a l l s y s t e m p e r fo r m a n c e .
S u c h a "gl o b a l " vi e w o f s y s t e m p e r fo r m a n c e ha s n o t b e e n
p r e vi o u s l y a va i l a b l e . T he a p p l i c a t i o n o f t hi s m e t ho d
p r o vi d e s fo r n e w i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f p o w e r s y s t e m
c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s u n d e r n o r m a l a n d fa u l t c o n d i t i o n s .
> - \< ~ ~ ~ ~ CA IRN S
'\ V O LT A GE
3 . 0 0 4 . 0 0 5. 0 0 6 . 0 0
REA CT IV E IN JECT IO N A T BA RRO N GO RGE
( LA GGIN G MV . A r )
Fi g. 1 0 T he r e s p o n s e o f t he N o r t h Qu e e n s l a n d P o w e r S y s t e m t o MW a n d MV A r i n j e c t i o n s a t Ba r r o n Go r ge .
A CO W LEDGEMEN T S
T he a u t ho r w i s he s t o t ha n k Mr G J Fr a n c i s fo r
s u gge s t i n g t he n e e d fo r t hi s i n ve s t i ga t i o n . T he w o r k
w a s c a r r i e d o u t w i t hi n t he S . E. C. Q. T r a n s m i s s i o n
P l a n n i n g S e c t i o n a n d t he a u t ho r t ha n ks hi s c o l l e a gu e s
fo r t he i r e n c o u r a ge m e n t a n d s u p p o r t .
REFEREN CES
1 1 B. S t o t t , "Re vi e w o f Lo a d - Fl o w Ca l c u l a t i o n
Me t ho d s . " IEEE P r o c e e d i n gs vo l 6 2, N o . 7 ,
Ju l y 1 9 7 4 , p p 9 1 6 - 9 29 .
[ 21 C. L. La w s o n a n d R. J. Ha n s o n , S o l vi n g Le a s t S qu a r e s
P r o b l e m s , P r e n t i c e - Ha l l , In c . , En gl e w o o d Cl i ffs ,
N . J. , 1 9 7 4 .
1 3 1 B. K. Jo hn s o n , "Ext r a n e o u s a n d Fa l s e Lo a d - Fl o w
S o l u t i o n s . " IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s o n P o w e r A p p a r a t u s
a n d S y s t e m s , vo l P A S - 9 6 , n o . 2, Ma r c h/A p r i l 1 9 7 7 ,
p p . 524 - 53 4 .
[ h4 A . J. Ko r s a k, "O n t he Qu e s t i o n o f S t a b l e Lo a d - Fl o w
S o l u t i o n s . ? " IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s o n P o w e r A p p a r a t u s
a n d S y s t e m s , vo l P A S - 9 1 , Ma y /Ju n e 1 9 7 2, p p 1 0 9 3 -
1 1 0 0 .
[ 51 Y. T a m u r a , H. Mo r i , S . Iw a m o t o "Re l a t i o n s hi p
Be t w e e n V o l t a ge In s t a b i l i t y a n d Mu l t i p l e Lo a d - Fl o w
S o l u t i o n s i n El e c t r i c P o w e r S y s t e m s . ? " IEEE P ES
S u m m e r Me e t i n g, 8 2 S M 3 57 - 2, S a n Fr a n c i s c o , Ju l y ,
1 9 8 2.
[ 6 1 Y. T a m u r a , K. Ib a a n d S . Iw a m o t o , Y"A Me t ho d fo r
Fi n d i n g Mu l t i p l e Lo a d - Fl o w S o l u t i o n s fo r Ge n e r a l
P o w e r S y s t e m s . ? ? IEEE P ES W i n t e r Me e t i n g, A 8 0 0 4 3 -
0 , N e w Yo r k, Fe b r u a r y 1 9 8 0 .
1 7 1 R. H. Cr a ve n , H. R. O u t hr e d , F. J. Eva n s a n d V . A .
S t r o e v, "? Mu l t i - m a c hi n e S t a b i l i t y A n a l y s i s Us i n g
t he N e w t o n - Ra p hs o n Lo a d Fl o w a n d t he Do m a i n
S e p a r a t i o n Me t ho d , P a r t II. " P r o c e e d i n gs o f t he
9 t h P ICA Co n fe r e n c e , N e w O r l e a n s , Ju n e 1 9 7 5,
p p . 1 6 5- 1 7 0 .
A P P EN DIXA N UMEICA L MHO D FO R FIRS T P O IN T
O N CO N T UR
A c o n t o u r i s d e fi n e d b y ( 2) . De fi n e
w = ( u , x, y ) ,
C= ( F, T ) ,
g= ( O , . . . O , t )
s o t ha t ( 2) b e c o m e s ( o m i t t i n g k' a s i t i s c o n s t a n t )
G ( w ) = g
28 8 7
s e qu e n c e o f p o i n t s zw O , w l , W 2, . . . e t c . , d e fi n e d b y
w o
=
w o ;
W fm fl 2m E xm ( A 5)
w he r e xm i s t he s ho r t e s t ve c t o r fo r w hi c h w m +1 l i e s
m
u p o n
t he l i n e a r
c o n t o u r - a p p r o xi m a t i o n
b a s e d o n
z
T hu s x m i n i m i ze s i x n s u b j e c t t o
m m m
H( w ) x = b m
w i t h b t he m i s m a t c h ve c t o r :
b i = g - G( w M) .
( A 6 )
( A 7 )
It i s s ho w n i n [ 21 , Cha p . 20 t ha t xm s o d e fi n e d c a n
b e e xp r e s s e d i n t he fo r m
m m m
x = H* ( W ) b . ( A 8 )
He r e H* ( w ) i s a n ( n +2) x( n +l ) m a t r i x i n d e p e n d e n t
o f b , a n d w hi c h b e ha ve s a s a "p s e u d o - i n ve r s e ? ?
fo r Hl ( w ) i n t hi s p r o b l e m . Re fe r e n c e 1 21 c o n t a i n s
l i s t i n gs o f FO RT RA N s u b r o u t i n e s fo r o b t a i n i n g t he
s o l u t i o n ( A 8 ) . It s ho u l d b e n o t e d t ha t , j u s t a s i n t he
s o l u t i o n o f a s e t o f l i n e a r e qu a t i o n s i t i s n o t
n e c e s s a r y t o c a l c u l a t e t he i n ve r s e m a t r i x e xp l i c i t l y ,
i n t he p r e s e n t c a s e H* i s n e ve r c a l c u l a t e d e xp l i c i t l y ,
b u t o n l y s t o r e d a s a s e r i e s o f m a t r i x fa c t o r s . Us i n g
( A 8 ) t he i t e r a t i ve s c he m e ( A 5) i s w r i t t e n
m f- l m i m m
z =w +H* ( W ) Eg- G( w ) J ( A 9 )
T hi s i s o b vi o u s l y s i m i l a r t o a N e w t o n - Ra p hs o n
i t e r a t i o n . In m o s t c i r c u m s t a n c e s i t i s u n n e c e s s a r y t o
r e c a l c u l a t e H* ( o r i t s fa c t o r s ) e ve r y i t e r a t i o n .
Co n ve r ge n c e i s qu a d r a t i c i f H* i s r e c a l c u l a t e d a n d
l i n e a r i f i t i s n o t .
A P P EN DIXB N UMICA L MET HO D FO R S UCCES S IV E
P O IN T S O N CO N T O UR
T he e qu a t i o n o f t he t a n ge n t t o t he c o n t o u r a t
w l ,
a p o i n t o n t he c o n t o u r , i s
W = +7f
Xa l ( Bi )
He r e X i s a n y r e a l n u m b e r , a n d
a l
i s a u n i t
ve c t o r i n t he d i r e c t i o n o f t he c o n t o u r a t w , a n d i s
t he r e fo r e d e fi n e d ( t o w i t hi n a c ha n ge o f s i gn ) b y
( A l )
A s s u m e t he i n i t i a l s o l u t i o n
u o
o b t a i n e d w i t h t he
p o w e r fl o w p r o gr a m fo r p a r a m e t e r - va l u e s
xo
a n d
y o
l i e s c l o s e t o t he c o n t o u r ; w r i t e
w 0 ( u o , x0 , y O )
In a n e i ghb o u r ho o d o f 'w 0 , G c a n b e e xp a n d e d i n a
m u l t i va r i a b l e T a y l o r s e r i e s :
G( W ) =G( W 0 ) +H( w 0 ) ( W - w 0 ) + hi ghe r o r d e r t e r m s . ( A 2)
He r e H( w ) i s a n ( n - l ) x( n +2) Ja c o b i a n
d e fi n e d b y
H
i
=
a Gi 3 /a w
=l , . i . . , n +l ; j =l , . . . , n +2
m a t r i x,
( A 3 )
H( W j 1 ) a ,
= O ,
l a ,
= 1
It c a n b e s ho w n t ha t
a ,
i s fo r m e d a s
o f t he c a l c u l a t i o n o f t he fa c t o r s o f H* .
o f t he hy p e r p l a n e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o
a ,
d i s t a n c e s fr o m i t i s
( B2)
a b y - p r o d u c t
T he e qu a t i o n
a n d a t a
( B3 )
w he r e o d e n o t e s t he s c a l a r p r o d u c t . T he i n t e r s e c t i o n
o f t he p l a n e ( B3 ) a n d t he c o n t o u r t he r e fo r e s a t i s fi e s
t he e qu a t i o n s
GC( w ) = g
a l o
= a 0 W +
52 - 1 -
( t 4 )
T he l i n e a r a p p r o xi m a t i o n t o t he c o n t o u r , b a s e d o n
W n , i s fo u n d b y p u t t i n g G( w ) = g fr o m ( A l ) i n ( A 2)
a n d n e gl e c t i n g hi ghe r o r d e r l e r m s . - It fo l l o w s t ha t a n y
p o i n t
z o n t he l i n e
Lo
( d e fi n e d i n t he t e xt ) s a t i s fi e s
n +l e qt u a t i o n s ,
H( 0 ) ( w - t o ) = g
-
G( w o ) .
( A 4 )
T he p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n t he t e xt p r o d u c e s a
T hi s s e t o f n +2 e qu a t i o n s i n n +2 u n kn o w n s i s s o l ve d
b y t he N e w t o n - Ra p hs o n m e t ho d w i t h t he l i n e a r p r e d i c t i o n
p o i n t W 1 +
s a l
a s t he i n i t i a l s o l u t i o n gu e s s . T he
Ja c o b i a n m a t r i x i s H a u gm e n t e d b y t he r o w
a ,
w hi c h i s
c o n s t a n t d u r i n g t he i t e r a t i o n . In m o s t a p p l i c a t i o n s i t
i s u n n e c e s s a r y t o c a l c u l a t e t hi s Ja c o b i a n m a t r i x e ve r y
i t e r a t i o n o r e ve n a t e ve r y p o i n t o n t he c o n t o u r , e xc e p t
i n r e gi o n s o f hi gh c u r va t u r e .
O t j o ( w
-
w i )
=
S 2
28 8 8
Di s c u s s i o n
R. H. Cr a ve n ( T he S t a t e El e c t r i c i t y Co m m i s s i o n o f Qu e e n s l a n d , Br i s b a n e ,
Qu e e n s l a n d , A u s t r a l i a ) : Mr . P r i c e ha s p r e s e n t e d i n a c l e a r a n d c o n c i s e
m a n n e r t he fo r m u l a t i o n a n d i m p l e m e n t a i o n o f a c o m p u t e r p r o gr a m fo r
t he p r o d u c t i o n o f c o n s t a n t va l u e c o n t o u r s o f a s p e c i fi e d p o w e r s y s t e m
va r i a b l e i n a s p a c e d e fi n e d b y t w o o t he r p o w e r s y s t e m va r i a b l e s . T hi s
p r o gr a m ha s b e e n u s e d e xt e n s i ve l y a t T he S t a t e El e c t r i c i t y Co m m i s s i o n
o f Qu e e n s l a n d fo r p o w e r s y s t e m s t u d i e s . O n e o f t he m o s t u s e fu l a p p l i c a -
t i o n s o f t he p r o gr a m ha s b e e n i n p r e d i c t i n g t he e ffe c t o f fl u c t u a t i n g l o a d s
o n t he p o w e r s y s t e m . T he p r o gr a m a l l o w s t he vo l t a ge e xc u r s i o n a t a n y
s p e c i fi e d n o d e i n t he p o w e r s y s t e m t o b e d e t e r m i n e d fo r a gi ve n
MW /MV A r t r a j e c t o r y o f a fl u c t u a t i n g l o a d ( s u c h a s a m i n e w i n d e r o r
d r a gl i n e ) l o c a t e d a t a n o t he r b u s b a r i n t he p o w e r s y s t e m .
W o u l d Mr . P r i c e p l e a s e c o m m e n t o n t w o a s p e c t s c o n c e r n i n g t he a p -
p l i c a t i o n o f t he a l go r i t hm . Fi r s t l y , c a n t he p r o gr a m b e e xt e n d e d t o a l l o w
t he r e a l a n d r e a c t i ve p o w e r fl o w i n a p a r t i c u l a r t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n t he
p o w e r s y s t e m t o b e t he s p e c i fi e d x, y p a r a m e t e r s o f t he c o n t o u r p l o t ?
S e c o n d l y , t he a l go r i t hm a s p r e s e n t e d c o n s i d e r s t r a n s fo r m e r t a p p o s i t i o n s
a s fi xe d . W o u l d t he a u t ho r s e e t he i n t r o d u c t i o n o f va r i a b l e t a p s a s a u s e fu l
e xt e n s i o n t o t he p r o gr a m o r s ho u l d t hi s a s p e c t b e ha n d l e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g
a n u m b e r o f c o n t o u r p l o t s fo r a va r i e t y o f i n i t i a l o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ?
Ma n u s c r i p t r e c e i ve d Fe b r u a r y 21 , 1 9 8 4
W . F. T i n n e y ( Co n s u l t a n t , P o r t l a n d , O R) : T he i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t hi s n e w
c o m p u t a t i o n a l m e t ho d p r o m p t s a n u m b e r o f qu e s t i o n s a b o u t i t s i m -
p l e m e n t a t i o n , ve r i fi c a t i o n , a n d p e r fo r m a n c e . Ho w fa s t i s t he p r o gr a m
d e ve l o p e d b y t he a u t ho r ? O n w ha t s i ze n e t w o r ks i s i t ge n e r a l l y u s e d ?
Ha ve t e s t b e e n p e r fo r m e d o n t he a c c u r a c y o f t he p r o gr a m ? T o w ha t s t a n -
d a r d ha s t he c o m p u t e r c o d e b e e n w r i t t e n , a n d i s i t t r a n s p o r t a b l e ?
T he m e t ho d i t s e l f i s i n t e r e s t i n g b e c a u s e i t u s e s l o c a l ge o m e t r y t o o b -
t a i n gl o b a l i n fo r m a t i o n a b o u t p o w e r s y s t e m b e ha vi o r . T hi s i s a n u n e x-
p e c t e d s y n t he s i s o f n o r m a l l y s e p a r a t e m o d e s o f a n a l y s i s . Ho w d o e s t he
m e t ho d d e a l w i t h t he l i m i t s a n d d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i n he r e n t i n p o w e r s y s t e m s ?
p a r t i c u l a r e xa m p l e s a r e m a c hi n e p e r fo r m a n c e l i m i t s a n d l o a d - t a p - c ha n ge r
o p e r a t i o n .
A qu e s t i o n w hi c h a r i s e s i n t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s , i s w he t he r t he
n e t w o r k s o l u t i o n s p r o d u c e d a r e a l l r e a l i s t i c o r n o t . T he r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y
t ha t , i f n o n u n i qu e s o l u t i o n s fo r a n e t w o r k s t a t e a r e c l o s e t o ge t he r a t o n e
t i m e d u r i n g a s t u d y , t he p r o gr a m m a y c ho o s e t he 'w r o n g' s b l u t i o n a t
t ha t t i m e , a n d t he r e a ft e r r e m a i n 'l o c ke d - o n t o ' a b r a n c h o f s o l u t i o n s w i t h
a b n o r m a l vo l t a ge s a n d l i n e fl o w s . Ca n t he a u t ho r p r o vi d e a n y i n s i ght
i n t o t hi s p r o b l e m ? T he d i s c u s s i o n o f Fi g. 1 0 o f t he p a p e r s u gge s t s t ha t
t he m e t ho d m a y b e u s e d t o p e r fo r m fa u l t s t u d i e s u s i n g fu l l p o w e r fl o w
fa c i l i t i e s a n d i n c l u d i n g l o a d vo l t a ge d e p e n d e n c e . Is t hi s t he c a s e , a n d
ha s t he a u t ho r a n y e xp e r i e n c e w i t h s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n s ? Fi n a l l y , d o e s t he
m e t ho d s u gge s t a w a y t o d i s t i n gu i s h b e t w e e n p o w e r fl o w d i ve r ge n c e
b e c a u s e o f i n a d e qu a t e a l go r i t hm ve r s u s s o l u t i o n n o n e xi s t e n c e ? Co u l d
i t b e a p p l i e d w he n t hi s o c c u r s i n c o n t i n ge n c y c a s e s t u d i e s u s e d fo r
t r a n s m i s s i o n r e l i a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s ?
Ma n u s c r i p t r e c e i ve d Fe b r u a r y 22, 1 9 8 4
Y. T a m u r a , H. Mo r i a n d S . Iw a m o t o ( W a s e d a Un i ve r s i t y , T o ky o ,
Ja p a n ) : T he a t u t ho r i s t o b e c o n gr a t u l a t e d o n a d e ve l o p m e n t o f a n e w
l o a d fl o w t e c hn i qu e . T he t e c hn i qu e d e ve l o p e d w o u l d b e s i gn i fi c a n t l y a p -
p l i e d t o t he m u l t i p l e l o a d fl o w s o l u t i o n p r o b l e m .
W e w o u l d l i ke t o ha ve t he a u t ho r s ' c o m m e n t s o n t he fo l l o w i n g:
1 ) Fi g. 1 0 s ho w s a l a r ge s o l u t i o n m u l t i p l i c i t y a t ( Q=3 20 MV a r ,
P 4 4 MW ) . O u r s i m u l a t i o n e xp e r i e n c e ha s s ho w n t ha t s u c h a gr o u p
o f t he s o l u t i o n s m a y b e m e a n i n gfu l i n a m a t he m a t i c a l s e n s e , b u t i t
i s m e a n i n gl e s s fr o m a n e n gi n e e r i n g p o i n t o f vi e w [ W I] .
T ha t i s w hy
m o s t o f t he m ha ve a n a n gl e o ve r 9 0 d e gr e e s t ho u gh ha vi n g t he s a m e
va l u e s i n vo l t a ge m a gn i t u d e , i . e . , t he y a r e n o n fe a s i b l e s o l u t i o n s .
T he r e fo r e , i t w o u l d b e m i s l e a d i n g t ha t t he fi gu r e ha s t he c o n t o u r s
c o n c e r n i n g o n l y vo l t a ge m a gn i t u d e . Is i t n o t n e c e s s a r y t o d r a w t he
c o n t o u r s fo r t he vo l t a ge a n gl e s i n o r d e r t o o ve r c o m e t he o b s t a c l e ?
2) It i s o f gr e a t i n t e r e s t t o fi n d t he s p u r - b i fu r c a t i o n . W e w o u l d l i ke t o
kn o w w ha t s o r t o f c o n d i t i o n s w i l l p r o d u c e s u c h a b i fu r c a t i o n i n
a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t he l o a d c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s Eq. ( 7 ) .
3 ) S i n c e t he s e a r c h fo r t he fi r s t p o i n t o n t he c o n t o u r ( A P P EN DIXA )
i s c a r r i e d o u t b y t he N e w t o n - Ra p hs o n m e t ho d u s i n g t he p s e u d o -
i n ve r s e , t he c o n ve r ge n c e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t he t e c hn i qu e w o u l d b e c o m e
b e t t e r i f t he o p t i m a l m u l t i p l i e r A
i s u s e d [ W 2J, a s w e p r o p o s e
b e l o w .
De fi n i t i o n
d . : ve c t o r i n t he r e c t a n gu l a r c o o r d i n a t e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o G
W : ve c t o r i n t he r e c t a n gu l a r c o o r d i n a t e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
: ve c t o r i n t he r e c t a n gu l a r c o o r d i n a t e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o W
T he l o a d fl o w e qu a t i o n fo r t he s a m p l e s y s t e m fo r t he e xa m p l e s y s t e m
i n Fi g. 1 i s gi ve n b y Eq. ( Cl ) , u s i n g t he r e c t a n gu l a r c o o r d i n a t e s .
=A )
=
( C1 )
w he r e , G - f p fo L (
LfL)
Q@
r o L, fL)
e 2L+ r 2
L L
ac 2. P , b 24 Q
2w
e
L4 V c o s e . fL4 V s i n e
t _=
e
;
G( w ) = ,
) =~ ~ ~ =
=
( C2)
( C3 )
( C4 )
( C5)
Eq. ( C1 ) i s a s i m u l t a n e o u s qu a d r a t i c e qu a t i o n , s o i t i s r e p r e s e n t e d
b y Eq. ( C6 ) [ W 3 ] .
; = C A )
f
e Le L
e LfL
e La
e LD8
f
La
fLo i
fL fL
a a
a D
20
( C6 )
Ca r r y i n g o u t a T a y l o r 's e xp a n s i o n fo r Eq. ( C6 ) a r o u n d W o , w e
o b t a i n Eq. ( C7 ) .
= o ) + H( w o ) + G( A i - w )
n a m e l y ,
( C7 )
- ( w o ) - - ( i o ) A w = 0 ( o
Re p l a c i n g A V V i n Eq. ( C8 ) b y P A W , Eq. ( C8 ) i s gi ve n b y t he fo l l o w -
i n g e qu a t i o n .
X- Q( Qo ) - H( w o ) 'kw - = 0 ( C
-
G( w o ) - A * H( t o ) t w
-
2 i t a w ) = Q( C
8 )
1 9 )
De fi n i n g ve c t o r s a , b , a n d c a s
a n
b ==
b
[ n
n
=, - G ( w 0 )
= - H A w
= - G(H*
( Cl 1 )
Eq. ( CI0 ) c a n b e w r i t t e n a s
a + a b +
g<
c = O ( C1 2)
28 8 9
In o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e
Iz,
t he fo l l o w i n g c o s t fu n c t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d .
n
F =2i ( a i + u b 1 + u 2c . ) 2 - Mi n i m i ze ( C1 3 )
T he o p t i m a l
i & *
o f Eq. ( C1 3 ) c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y s o l vi n g t he fo l l o w -
i n g e qu a t i o n .
O F_
( C1 4 )
T he r e fo r e , Eq. ( A 9 ) c a n b e w r i t t e n u s i n g t he o p t i m a l m u l t i p l i e r j i
a s fo l l o w s :
A m +l A m m . . M. .
w m l w m + U
MH
Lw
) E
_
( - W m )
I ( CS )
REFEREN CES
[ W I] Y. T a m u r a , K. Ib a , a n d S . Iw a m o t o , "A Me t ho d fo r Fi n d i n g
Mu l t i p l e Lo a d Fl o w S o l u t i o n s fo r Ge n e r a l P o w e r S y s t e m s ", IEEE,
P ES W i n t e r Me e t i n g, A 8 0 0 4 3 - 0 , N e w Yo r k, Fe b r u a r y 1 9 8 0 .
[ W 21 S . Iw a m o t o a n d Y. T a m u r a , "A Lo a d Fl o w Ca l c u l a t i o n Me t ho d
fo r Il l - Co n d i t i o n e d P o w e r S y s t e m s '4 , IEEE T r a n s . P o w e r A p p .
S y s t . , vo l . P A S - 1 0 0 , n o . 4 , p p . 1 7 3 6 - 1 7 4 3 , A p r i l 1 9 8 1 .
[ W 3 J S . Iw a m o t o a n d Y. T a m n u r a , "A Fa s t Lo a d Fl o w Me t ho d Re t a i n -
i n g N o n l i n e a r i t y ", IEEE T r a n s . P o w e r A p p . S y s t . , vo l . P A S - 8 7 ,
p p . 1 3 1 4 - 1 3 1 8 , Ma y 1 9 6 8 .
Ma n u s c r i p t r e c e i ve d Fe b r u a r y 22, 1 9 8 4
Ga r y B. P r i c e : T he c o m p u t e r p r o gr a m d e ve l o p e d t o i m p l e m e n t t he
m e t ho d s d e s c r i b e d i n t he p a p e r , w a s o r i gi n a l l y w r i t t e n i n FO RT RA N
o n a DEC P DP - 1 0 m a i n fr a m e . O n t ha t m a c hi n e i t i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h
FO RT RA N IV a n d FO RT RA N 1 0 c o m p i l e r s . It w a s t r a n s fe r r e d t o a
UN IV A C 1 1 8 2 m a i n fr a m e i n 1 9 8 3 , w he r e , a ft e r n o r m a l m o d i fi c a t i o n
o f fi l e - ha n d l i n g p r o c e d u r e s a n d gr a p hi c a l o u t p u t , i t i s n o w u s e d w i t h
t he UN IV A C FO RT RA N 7 7 c o m p i l e r . T hi s ve r s i o n i s e xp e c t e d t o b e
c o m p a t i b l e w i t h o t he r FO RT RA N 7 7 c o m p i l e r s . T he c o d e i t s e l f i s c a r e fu l -
l y c o m m e n t e d s o t ha t e ve r y s u b r o u t i n e i s s e l f- e xp l a n a t o r y . S u b r o u t i n e s
n o t w r i t t e n b y t he a u t ho r a r e a va i l a b l e i n t he l i t e r a t u r e , a n d w e r e u s e d
s u c c e s s fu l l y w i t ho u t m o d i fi c a t i o n .
Co m p u t a t i o n t i m e d e p e n d s o n n e t w o r k s i ze , n u m b e r o f c o n t o u r s p l o t -
t e d , t he s t e p - s i ze s p e c i fi e d b y t he u s e r , a n d t he i n d e p e n d e n t va r i a b l e l i m i t s
i m p o s e d . Fi g. 1 0 o f t he P a p e r c a l c u l a t e d 2, 50 0 p o w e r - fl o w s o l u t i o n s o f
a fu l l y r e p r e s e n t e d 8 - b u s s y s t e m ( i . e . , w i t h c o m p u t a t i o n fo r 56 b r a n c he s )
i n 1 0 CP U m i n u t e s o n a
P DP - KLIO .
T hi s i s a n e xt r e m e c a s e ; s t u d i e s
p e r fo r m e d fo r t he Qu e e n s l a n d p o w e r s y s t e m w i t h t hi s p r o gr a m t y p i c a l -
l y u s e a fu l l y - c o n n e c t e d 20 - b u s e qu i va l e n t o f a 20 0 - b u s p o w e r fl o w . T e n
c o n t o u r s e a c h w i t h b e t w e e n 1 0 a n d 20 p o i n t s i s n o r m a l . S u c h a c a s e r u n s
i n s e ve r a l CP U s e c o n d s .
In ge n e r a l c o m p u t a t i o n t i m e fo r t he p r o gr a m i n n o r m a l c a s e s i s n e gl i gi -
b l e c o m p a r e d w i t h t he t i m e r e qu i r e d fo r d a t a s p e c i fi c a t i o n . T he u s e o f
a fu l l n e t w o r k m a ke s d i r e c t t i m i n g c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o r d i n a r y p o w e r fl o w
s t u d i e s m i s l e a d i n g. T he p r o gr a m u s e s a fu l l - n e t w o r k i m p l e m e n t a t i o n
b e c a u s e t he l e a s t - s qu a r e s a l go r i t hm s o b t a i n e d fr o m t he l i t e r a t u r e a r e n o t
p r o gr a m m e d t o t a ke a d va n t a ge o f s p a r s e m a t r i c e s . T he r e a s o n i s t ha t
t he y u s e Ho u s e ho l d e r t r a n s fo r m a t i o n s t o p e r fo r m m a t r i x o p e r a t i o n s a n d
t he s e p r o d u c e m u c h m o r e fi l l - i n t ha n Ga u s s i a n e l i m i n a t i o n . T he c o m -
p e n s a t i n g b e n e fi t i s , t ha t Ho u s e ho l d e r t r a n s fo r m a t i o n s a r e n u m e r i c a l l y
ve r y s t a b l e . ( T he y u s e o n l y r o t a t i o n o f t he s p a c e o f m a t r i x c o l u m n -
ve c t o r s ) . T he y a r e a l s o t he "n a t u r a l " w a y t o d e t e r m i n e t he t a n ge n t ve c -
t o r a s t he n u l l s p a c e o f t he l o c a l Ja c o b i a n m a t r i x. T o u s e s p a r s i t y i n t he
p r o gr a m r e qu i r e s t ha t t he s e r o u t i n e s b e r e p l a c e d b y e qu i va l e n t o n e s w hi c h
u s e o n l y Ga u s s i a n e l i m i n a t i o n . T hi s w o u l d l e a d t o a s i gn i fi c a n t i n c r e a s e
i n t he s p e e d o f t he p r o gr a m , a n d a l l o w i t s u s e fo r fu l l - s i ze n e t w o r ks .
T he a c c u r a c y o f t he p r o gr a m ha s b e e n t e s t e d e xt e n s i ve l y . P o w e r fl o w s
ha ve b e e n p e r fo r m e d t o d u p l i c a t e i t s r e s u l t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t o c o n fi r m
t ha t i f gi ve n a p p r o p r i a t e s t a r t i n g p o i n t s , t he c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w
w i l l c o n ve r ge t o a n y o f t he m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s p r e d i c t e d b y t he Co n t o u r
P r o gr a m . T e s t s ha ve b e e n p e r fo r m e d t o c o m p a r e s y s t e m vo l t a ge s , i n t he
p r e s e n c e o f a fl u c t u a t i n g P - Q l o a d , p r e d i c t e d b y t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y p r o -
gr a m a n d t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m . A c t u a l s y s t e m t e s t s ha ve b e e n u s e d t o
ve r i fy t he p e r fo r m a n c e o f t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m i n c a s e s w he r e i t s r e s u l t s
fo r m e d t he b a s i s o f qu a l i t y - o f- s u p p l y c l a u s e s i n c o n t r a c t s w i t h l a r ge m i n -
i n g c o m p a n i e s . N o d e fi c i e n c y i n t he m e t ho d o l o gy o f t he p r o gr a m ha s
e ve r b e e n i n d i c a t e d b y s u c h t e s t s .
T r e a t m e n t o f t he d i s c o n t i n u t i e s i n p o w e r s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n , fo r e xa m -
p l e , m a c hi n e p e r fo r m a n c e l i m i t s a n d t a p c ha n ge r o p e r a t i o n , p r e s e n t fu n -
d a m e n t a l c ha l l e n ge s fo r a n y p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n t e c hn i qu e . Li m i t s m a y
b e ha n d l e d m o s t e a s i l y , s i m p l y b y t r a c ki n g t he va l u e o f t he l i m i t e d
va r i a b l e s a l o n g e a c h c o n t o u r , a n d n o t i n g t he l o c a t i o n s a t w hi c h a n y
l i m i t e d va r i a b l e e n t e r s i t s i n fe a s i b l e r e gi o n . T he l o c u s o f s u c h p o i n t s fo r
a l l o f t he c o n t o u r s d i vi d e s t he c o n t o u r p l a n e i n t o t w o r e gi o n s , i n o n l y
o n e o f w hi c h a l l c o n s t r a i n t s a r e s a t i s fi e d . T hi s a p p r o a c h i s u s e fu l i f t he
s e n s i t i vi t y o f s o l u t i o n s t o t he l i m i t va l u e s i s o f i n t e r e s t .
A d i ffe r e n t a p p r o a c h t o l i m i t e d va r i a b l e s i s n e c e s s a r y i n c a s e s w he r e
t he l i m i t s m u s t b e s t r i c t l y e n fo r c e d a t a l l s o l u t i o n s . T he l i m i t e d va r i a b l e s
a r e m o n i t o r e d s o t ha t w he n a va r i a b l e r e a c he s a l i m i t , a n d w o u l d i n -
c r e a s e b e y o n d t he l i m i t fu r t he r a l o n g t he c o n t o u r , i t i s fi xe d a t t he l i m i t .
T hi s r e qu i r e s t he fr e e i n g o f a n o t he r va r i a b l e t o m n a i n t a i n t he c o r r e c t
b a l a n c e o f i n d e p e n d e n t va r i a b l e s a n d c o n s t r a i n t s . T hi s
p r o c e s s
i s w e l l
kn o w n fr o m c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w s t u d i e s . T he r e s u l t i s a d i s c o n -
t i n u i t y i n t he c o n t o u r . A s t he c o n t o u r fo r t he n e w s y s t e m i s t r a c e d ,
d e r i va t i ve s a r e m o n i t o r e d fr o m p o i n t t o p o i n t t o d e t e r m i n e w he t he r , i f
t he va r i a b l e w e r e fr e e d , i t w o u l d b e m o ve d i n a fe a s i b l e d i r e c t i o n fo r
t he n e xt p o i n t . T hi s p r o c e s s a c hi e ve s a n a u t o m a t i c s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f t he
fe a s i b l e r e gi o n s o f t he s e ve r a l c o n t o u r p l a n e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o d i ffe r e n t
( l i m i t e d a n d u n l i m i t e d ) c a s e s o f t he s a m e p o w e r s y s t e m .
Fo r vo l t a ge fl u c t u a t i o n s w hi c h a r e s u ffi c i e n t l y r a p i d , O LT C
t r a n s fo r m e r s d o n o t c ha n ge t a p p o s i t i o n s . T hi s i s t he c a s e i n t he vi c i n i t y
o f t he
m i n i n g
l o a d s m e n t i o n e d b y Dr . Cr a ve n . S e n s i t i vi t y t o t he fr e qu e n t
vo l t a ge s w i n gs e xp e r i e n c e d i n s u c h l o c a t i o n s w o u l d c a u s e e xc e s s i ve w e a r
o n t a p c ha n ge r e qu i p m e n t . In s t e a d , vo l t a ge i s c o n t r o l l e d b y m e a n s o f
l o c a l l y ge n e r a t e d r e a c t i ve p o w e r fr o m t he s y n c hr o n o u s m a c hi n e s u s e d
i n t he m i n i n g e qu i p m e n t . T he s e ha ve a d j u s t a b l e c o n t r o l l e r s w hi c h w e r e
d e s i gn e d w i t h t he he l p o f c o n s t a n t - t e r m i n a l - vo l t a ge P - Q c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s
p r o vi d e d b y t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m . It w a s fo r s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n s , w he r e
t a p c ha n gi n g d o e s n o t o c c u r , t ha t t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m w a s o r i gi n a l l y
d e vi s e d . ,
- Dr . Cr a ve n s u gge s t s t w o w a y s t o i n c l u d e O LT C t r a n s fo r m e r s i n t he
p r o gr a m . Ea c h o f t he s e i s a p p r o p r i a t e u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
S u p p o s e t ha t t a p - c ha n gi n g i s r e qu i r e d t o m a i n t a i n c o n s t a n t vo l t a ge
a t c e r t a i n n e t w o r k n o d e , a n d t ha t t he d i s c r e t e s t e p s b y w hi c h t he O LT C
t r a n s fo r m e r s a c hi e ve t hi s , m a y s a fe l y b e i gn o r e d . T he n t he t r a n s fo r m e r
t a p r a t i o m a y b e t r e a t e d a s a c o n t i n u o u s , i n d e p e n d e n t va r i a b l e w i t h u p -
p e r a n d l o w e r l i m i t s . T he s e l i m i t s m a y b e ha n d l e d i n e i t he r o f t he w a y s
n o t e d a b o ve . T hi s r e qu i r e s t he l o a d s w i n gs b e ve r y s l o w c o m p a r e d t o
t he c ha r a c t e r i s t i c o p e r a t i n g t i m e o f t he t a p p i n g t r a n s fo r m e r .
If, o n t he o t he r ha n d , t he d i s c r e t e n a t u r e o f t he t a p - c ha n gi n g i s i m -
p o r t a n t , s y s t e m b e ha vi o r d e p e n d s o n t he e xa c t t i m i n g o f t he l o a d s w i n gs
r e l a t i ve t o t he o p e r a t i n g c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t he t a p - c ha n gi n g m e c ha n i s m .
T he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m i s n o t a p p r o p r i a t e fo r s u c h a s t u d y b e c a u s e o f t hi s
t i m e d e p e n d e n c e . W ha t c a n b e d o n e , i s t o p r o d u c e o n e s e t o f c o n t o u r s
fo r e a c h t a p p o s i t i o n , a n d t o c o m p a r e a n d c o n t r a s t t he s e d i a gr a m s .
Dr . Cr a ve n a s ks a s p e c i fi c qu e s t i o n a b o u t e xt e n s i o n o f t he r a n ge o f
a va i l a b l e c o n t o u r c o o r d i n a t e s , t o i n c l u d e r e a l a n d r e a c t i ve l i n e fl o w s .
T hi s i s a c hi e ve d b y s p e c i fy i n g t he r e l a t i o n s ( 2) i n t he p a p e r fo r t he d e s i r e d
s y s t e m , i n t he fo r m :
F. ( u - k )
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=
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w he r e n i s t he n u m b e r o f i n d e p e n d e n t va r i a b l e s ( c o m p o n e n t s o f u ) . T he s e
n - l e qu a t i o n s d e fi n e a c o n t o u r b e c a u s e t he y c o n t a i n n u n kn o w n s . T he
c o n t o u r i s a c u r ve i n t he n - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e o f u . T hi s c u r ve c a n b e
m a p p e d o n t o a p l a n e b y a t r a n s fo r m a t i o n .
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T he fl o w o f p o w e r i n t o o n e e n d o f a t r a n s m i s s i o n i s c o m p l e t e l y d e t e r -
m i n e d b y t he ( c o m p l e x) vo l t a ge s a t i t s e n d s , a n d i t s a d m i t t a n c e
p a r a m e t e r s . Fo r a l i n e b e t w e e n b u s e s k a n d m , r e p r e s e n t e d b y a s hu n t
a d m i t t a n c e t o gr o u n d o f Yp <O p a t e a c h e n d o f a s e r i e s a d m i t t a n c e
YS <
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t he r e a l a n d r e a c t i ve p o w e r fl o w i n g fr o m k t o m a r e r e s p e c t i ve -
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t he p r o gr a m r e qu i r e s n o d e r i va t i ve s fo r t he c o o r d i n a t e fu n c t i o n s Xa n d
Y, a s i t u s e s t he s e o n l y a ft e r e a c h c o n t o u r p o i n t i s p r o d u c e d .
T he qu e s t i o n o f t he m e a n i n g o f m u l t i p l e p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s , i n a n
e n gi n e e r i n g s e n s e , ha s b e e n r a i s e d m a n y t i m e s i n t he p a s t . T he hi gh s o l u -
t i o n m u l t i p l i c i t y a t s o m e p o i n t s i n Fi g. 1 0 p r o m p t s t hi s qu e s t i o n a n e w .
Me s s r s . T a m u r a , Mo r i a n d Iw a m o t o ve n t u r e t he o p i n i o n t ha t s o l u t i o n s
w i t h a n gl e s "o ve r 9 0 d e gr e e s . . . a r e n o n fe a s i b l e s o l u t i o n s ". P r e s u m a b l y
t he y a r e r e fe r r i n g t o t he a n gl e s a c r o s s s p e c i fi c t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s e xc e e d i n g
9 0 d e gr e e s , a s i t i s e a s i l y p o s s i b l e fo r t he e xt r e m e vo l t a ge a n gl e s i n a l a r ge
p o w e r t r a n s m i s s i o n gr i d t o b e m o r e t ha n 9 0 d e gr e e s a p a r t . T he 9 0 d e gr e e s
"l i m i t " i s b a s e d o n s y n c hr o n i zi n g p o w e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , u s i n g t he "c o n -
s t a n t vo l t a ge b e hi n d t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e ", i n a n i s o l a t e d , r a d i a l n e t w o r k.
T hi s a p p r o xi m a t i o n i s n o t va l i d fo r m o d e r n p o w e r s y s t e m s , w hi c h ha ve
m a n y ge n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n s , e xt e n s i ve i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n , d y n a m i c l o a d s , a n d
c o m p l e x c o n t r o l s t r a t e gi e s fo r s t a b i l i t y e n ha n c e m e n t . Ei ge n va l u e a n a l y s i s
t a ki n g a l l o f t he s e fa c t o r s i n t o a c c o u n t i s n e c e s s a r y , i f t he s t e a d y - s t a t e
s t a b i l i t y o f p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s i s t o b e e ffe c t i ve l y a n a l y ze d .
It i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e a l i ze t ha t p o w e r fl o w a n a l y s i s d e a l s w i t h vo l t a ge s
a n d l i n e fl o w s i n n e t w o r ks s u p p l i e d b y i d e a l i ze d s o u r c e s , a n d s u p p l y i n g
i d e a l i ze d l o a d s . N o m o d e l i n g o f t he s o u r c e s a n d l o a d s i s i n c l u d e d , a n d
n o t i m e d e p e n d e n c e i s e m p l o y e d . Co n s e qu e n t l y , t he s o l u t i o n s p r o d u c -
e d , i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r c a s e a p p l y t o a n y A C n e t w o r k w i t h t he gi ve n
p a r a m e t e r s , r e ga r d l e s s o f w he t he r i t i s c ha n gi n g i n t i m e . T hu s i t i s c e r -
t a i n l y p o s s i b l e t o p e r fo r m p o w e r fl o w a n a l y s i s o n a n e t w o r k s t a t e w hi c h
i s t r a n s i e n t i n t he s e n s e t ha t t e r m i n a l c o n d i t i o n s a r e c ha n gi n g. T hi s i s
d o n e r o u t i n e l y d u r i n g s i m u l a t i o n s fo r t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y . Du r i n g l a r ge
n e t w o r k d i s t u r b a n c e s , e xt r e m e vo l t a ge s , l i n e fl o w s , a n d ge n e r a t o r o u t -
p u t s o c c u r . T ho u gh t he s e c o n d i t i o n s d o n o t p e r s i s t fo r l o n g, t he c o r -
r e s p o n d i n g n e t w o r k s t a t e s ha ve a r e a l e xi s t e n c e , a n d a r e , d e s p i t e t he i r
e xt r e m e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s , a m e n a b l e t o p o w e r fl o w a n a l y s i s . In c o n t r a s t
t o c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w p r o gr a m s , t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m i s a b l e t o
s o l ve s u c h c a s e s .
T he m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s o f Fi g. 1 0 s ho u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d i n t he l i ght
o f t he a b o ve r e m a r ks : t ha t i s , a s p o s s i b l e m o m e n t a r y n e t w o r k s t a t e s
t hr o u gh w hi c h a s y s t e m m a y p a s s i n r e s p o n s e t o a d i s t u r b a n c e . Fo r e x-
a m p l e , a t p o i n t A i n Fi g. 1 0 , t he vo l t a ge a t o n e o f t he n o d e s i n t he s y s t e m
i s ze r o . Ce r t a i n l y t he c o r r e s p o n d i n g s y s t e m s t a t e i s u n s t a b l e ; b u t a fa u l t
a t t he b u s i n qu e s t i o n c o u l d p r o d u c e t ha t s t a t e m o m e n t a r i l y .
It ha s b e e n s u gge s t e d t ha t c o n t o u r s o f c o n s t a n t a n gl e b e p l o t t e d t o
he l p i n t e r p r e t t he fe a s i b i l i t y o f t he p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s o b t a i n e d b y t he
p r o gr a m . T hi s ha s b e e n d o n e i n t he p a s t fo r s t u d i e s a t S . E. C. Q. , a n d
i t i s i n d e e d a n i n t e r e s t i n g w a y t o p r e s e n t a p i c t o r i a l vi e w o f t he l i m i t s
o f s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n .
T w o fu r t he r qu e s t i o n s r a i s e d b y T a m u r a e t a l . a r e a n s w e r e d a s fo l l o w s .
T he s p u r b i fu r c a t i o n s o f Fi g. 1 0 o c c u r a s l i m i t i n g c a s e s o f l o o p s . Un d e r
a p p r o p r i a t e c o n d i t i o n s t he s e i n d i c a t e vo l t a ge i n s t a b i l i t y , w he r e a s m a l l
c ha n ge i n s y s t e m c o n d i t i o n s c a n l e a d t o s u d d e n , l a r ge c ha n ge s i n l o a d
vo l t a ge s a n d ge n e r a t o r a n gl e s . T he s e d o n o t o c c u r i n p u r e l y l i n e a r s y s t e m s ,
b e i n g c a u s e d i n t hi s c a s e b y n o n l i n e a r l o a d vo l t a ge c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s . A t
p r e s e n t t he r e i s n o w a y t o p r e d i c t i n g t he s e p o i n t s w i t ho u t r e c o u r s e t o
t he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m .
N o c o n ve r ge n c e d i ffi c u l t i e s ha ve e ve r b e e n e xp e r i e n c e d w i t h t he p r o -
c e s s d e s c r i b e d i n A p p e n d i x A . T he r e s e e m s t o b e n o r e a s o n , t he r e fo r e ,
t o a t t e m p t t o e n ha n c e i t s c o n ve r ge n c e p r o p e r t i e s b y m e a n s o f t he "o p -
t i m a l m u l t i p l i e r " m e t ho d .
Mr . T i n n e y a s ks a n i n t e r e s t i n g qu e s t i o n a b o u t t he p o s s i b i l i t y o f m u l t i p l e
n e t w o r k s o l u t i o n s d u r i n g t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s . It s e e m s p r o b a b l e
t ha t , i f n o s w i t c hi n g o c c u r s , t he s e qu e n c e o f s o l u t i o n s i s u n l i ke l y t o j u m p
fr o m o n e s o l u t i o n b r a n c h t o a n o t he r . Ho w e ve r , w he n s w i t c hi n g d o e s
o c c u r , t he r e m a y b e s e ve r a l p o s t - s w i t c hi n g n e t w o r k s t a t e s w hi c h a r e c a n -
d i d a t e s fo r t he s o l u t i o n a l go r i t hm t o c ho o s e . If a c o n s t a n t - a d m i t t a n c e
e qu i va l e n t n e t w o r k i s u s e d , e . g. , b e t w e e n fa u l t o c c u r r e n c e a n d c l e a r i n g,
t he qu e s t i o n o f m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s ( a n d s o l u t i o n d i ve r ge n c e ) d o e s n o t a r i s e
i n a c o m p u t a t i o n a l s e n s e . Bu t , a s t he r e i s l i t t l e a gr e e m e n t i n d u s t r y - w i d e ,
o n t he p r e c i s e fo r m o f t he l o a d m o d e l s t o b e u s e d i n t hi s s i t u a t i o n , t he
s t a r t i n g p o i n t fo r p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n a ft e r fa u l t - c l e a r i n g m a y b e d i f-
fe r e n t fo r d i ffe r e n t l o a d m o d e l i n g a s s u m p t i o n s . Be c a u s e e xt r e m e s y s t e m
s t a t e s a r e i n vo l ve d , t hi s c o u l d l e a d t o t he s u b s e qu e n t u s e o f d i ffe r e n t
s o l u t i o n b r a n c he s . T hi s i s a p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e o f d i s a gr e e m e n t b e t w e e n
t r a n s i e n t s t a b i l i t y p r o gr a m s . If c o n ve n t i o n a l p o w e r fl o w r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
i s u s e d , e a c h m a c hi n e a c t s a s a s w i n g b u s , w i t h i n t e r n a l vo l t a ge a n d a n gl e
fi xe d b y t he fl u x e qu a t i o n s a n d r o t o r a n gl e . Di ffe r e n t p o w e r fl o w s o l u -
t i o n s w o u l d b e c ha r a c t e r i ze d b y d i ffe r e n t a c c e l e r a t i n g p o w e r s a t t he
m a c hi n e s . N o s t u d i e s o f t he b e ha vi o r o f p o w e r fl o w s o l u t i o n s u n d e r s u c h
c o n d i t i o n s ha ve b e e n u n d e r t a ke n b y t he a u t ho r .
T he c o n t o u r p r o gr a m ha s e n j o y e d c o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e s s i n a va r i e t y
o f a p p l i c a t i o n s a t S ECQ. It i s e a s y t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d e n j o y a b l e t o u s e .
It gi ve s s y s t e m p l a n n e r s a "fe e l " fo r s y s t e m b e ha vi o r u n o b t a i n a b l e b y
o t he r m e a n s . T he a u t ho r b e l i e ve s t ha t i t s m o s t s i gn i fi c a n t a p p l i c a t i o n s
ha ve y e t t o b e m a d e . O n e s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n i n vo l ve s u s i n g t he p r o gr a m
t o t r a c k t he c u r ve d "e d ge s " o f t he n o n l i n e a r , c o n ve x p o l y he d r a fo r m e d
b y t he i n t e r s e c t i o n o f n o n l i n e a r c o n s t r a i n t hy p e r s u r fa c e s . T hi s c o u l d l e a d
t o a w a y o f u s i n g l i n e a r p r o gr a m m i n g s o l u t i o n m e t ho d s o n n o n l i n e a r
p r o b l e m s , a n d s o p r o vi d e a n a l t e r n a t i ve t o "s u c c e s s i ve l i n e a r i za t i o n "
fo r s u c h p r o b l e m s .
Ma n u s c r i p t r e c e i ve d Ma y 7 , 1 9 8 4