1. The document describes the anatomy, development, and dimensions of each tooth in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. It provides the scientific names, eruption timing, contact points, and average measurements for each tooth type.
2. Key details are given for identifying tooth morphology and positioning, such as tooth numbering systems, occlusal relationships, functions in chewing and aesthetics, and variations between right and left sides.
3. Development periods are outlined for initial calcification, enamel completion, eruption times, and root growth for each tooth from infancy through late adolescence.
1. The document describes the anatomy, development, and dimensions of each tooth in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. It provides the scientific names, eruption timing, contact points, and average measurements for each tooth type.
2. Key details are given for identifying tooth morphology and positioning, such as tooth numbering systems, occlusal relationships, functions in chewing and aesthetics, and variations between right and left sides.
3. Development periods are outlined for initial calcification, enamel completion, eruption times, and root growth for each tooth from infancy through late adolescence.
1. The document describes the anatomy, development, and dimensions of each tooth in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. It provides the scientific names, eruption timing, contact points, and average measurements for each tooth type.
2. Key details are given for identifying tooth morphology and positioning, such as tooth numbering systems, occlusal relationships, functions in chewing and aesthetics, and variations between right and left sides.
3. Development periods are outlined for initial calcification, enamel completion, eruption times, and root growth for each tooth from infancy through late adolescence.
1. The document describes the anatomy, development, and dimensions of each tooth in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. It provides the scientific names, eruption timing, contact points, and average measurements for each tooth type.
2. Key details are given for identifying tooth morphology and positioning, such as tooth numbering systems, occlusal relationships, functions in chewing and aesthetics, and variations between right and left sides.
3. Development periods are outlined for initial calcification, enamel completion, eruption times, and root growth for each tooth from infancy through late adolescence.
The maxillary central incisors, located on either side of the midline of the maxilla, are the widest and most prominent of the anterior teeth. They are adjacent to the midline on the mesial and the maxillary lateral incisors on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular central and lateral incisors. In mastication, the function of the central incisors is to bite, cut and shear food. They are important for phonetics and esthetics. They provide support for the lips and help guide the mandible during functional movement.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 8 9 Palmer
International 11 21
Development
Intitial calcification 3 - 4 months Enamel completed 4 - 5 years Eruption is between 7 - 8 years Root completed 10 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 24.3 mm
Crown Length 10.9 mm
Root Length 13.4 mm
Crown Width 8.9 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 7.3 mm
2
Maxillary Lateral Incisor The maxillary lateral incisors are second from the midline in each quadrant. They contact the maxillary central incisor on the mesial and the maxillary canine on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular lateral incisor and the mandibular canine. The maxillary lateral incisor is in all aspects similar to the maxillary central incisor but is smaller and more rounded. Of the permanent dentition, with the exception of the third molars, the maxillary lateral incisors have a greater variation in tooth morphology than any of the other teeth.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 7 10 Palmer
International 12 22
Development
Intitial calcification 1 year Enamel completed 4 - 5 years Eruption is between 8 - 9 years Root completed 11 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.7 mm
Crown Length 9.6 mm
Root Length 13.1 mm
Crown Width 6.8 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 6.4 mm
3
Maxillary Canine The maxillary canines are the third teeth from the midline in each maxillary quadrant at the corners of the dental arches. Since they are the longest teeth in the dental arch and are firmly anchored in alveolar bone, they are often called the cornerstones of the mouth. They contact the maxillary lateral incisor on the mesial and the maxillary first premolar on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular canine and the buccal cusp tip of the mandibular first premolar. Canines have a variety of nicknames such as cuspids, fangs and eye-teeth. The canine has two functions of mastication: it aids the incisors with incising and it aids the posterior teeth with grinding. They also play a role in esthetics, speech and occlusion. They are the most steadfast teeth in the mouth, and function as guides in occlusion during mandibular movement. They protect premolars and molars from potentially damaging vertical and lateral forces during mastication. Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 6 11 Palmer
International 13 23
Development
Intitial calcification 4 - 5 months Enamel completed 6 - 7 years Eruption is between 11 - 12 years Root completed 13 - 15 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 27.8 mm
Crown Length 10.7 mm
Root Length 17.1 mm
Crown Width 7.9 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 8.3 mm
4
Maxillary First Premolar The maxillary first premolars are in the fourth position from the midline. They replace the deciduous maxillary first molar and are therefore succedaneous teeth. They contact the maxillary canine on the mesial and the maxillary second premolar on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular first and second premolars. They are often referred to as bicuspids because they commonly have two cusps. Because of its arch position, premolars are important in esthetics, maintain the vertical dimension of the face, support the corners of the mouth and cheeks, and prevent sagging in these areas.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 5 12 Palmer
International 14 24
Development
Intitial calcification 18 - 21 months Enamel completed 5 - 6 years Eruption is between 10 - 11 years Root completed 12 - 13 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.6 mm
Crown Length 8.7 mm
Root Length 13.9 mm (facial) 13.9 mm (lingual) Crown Width 7.3 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 9.4 mm
5
Maxillary Second Premolar
The maxillary second premolars are in the fifth position from the midline. They contact the maxillary first premolar on the mesial and the maxillary first molar on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular second premolars and first molars. They are often referred to as bicuspids because they commonly have two cusps. They replace the deciduous maxillary second molar and therefore are succedaneous teeth. Premolars aid the canines in shearing and cutting food. They also aid the molars with grinding during mastication. Because of its arch position, premolars are important in esthetics, maintain the vertical dimension of the face, and support the corners of the mouth.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 4 13 Palmer International 15 25
Development
Intitial calcification 2 - 2.5 years Enamel completed 6 - 7 years Eruption is between 10 - 12 years Root completed 12 - 14 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.4 mm
Crown Length 8.1 mm
Root Length 14.3 mm
Crown Width 6.9 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 9.1 mm
6
Maxillary First Molar The maxillary first molars are the first permanent molars to erupt and are sometimes referred to as six year molars. They erupt distal to the deciduous dentition and are not considered succedaneous as they do not replace any deciduous teeth. They contact the maxillary second premolar on the mesial and the maxillary second molar on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular first and second molars. They are considered the cornerstones in the development of occlusion because of their eruption pattern and location in the arch.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 3 14 Palmer International 16 26
Development
Intitial calcification at birth Enamel completed 3 - 4 years Eruption is between 6 years Root completed 9 - 10 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.0 mm
Crown Length 8.0 mm
Root Length 12.9 mm (mesiofacial) 12.7mm (distofacial) 14.0 mm (lingual)
Crown Width 10.8 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 11.6 mm
7
Maxillary Second Molar The maxillary second molars are the seventh teeth from the midline. Because they erupt at about age twelve, they are occasionally referred to as twelve year molars. They contact the maxillary first molar on the mesial and the maxillary third molar on the distal. They occlude with the mandibular second and third molars.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 2 15 Palmer International 17 27
Development
Intitial calcification 2.5 - 3 years Enamel completed 7 - 8 years Eruption is between 12 - 13 years Root completed 14 - 16 years.
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 21.4 mm
Crown Length 7.7 mm
Root Length 13.1 mm (mesiofacial) 12.5 mm (distofacial) 13.7 mm (lingual)
Crown Width 9.7 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 11.4 mm
8
Maxillary Third Molar The maxillary third molars are the last teeth in the maxillary arch. They are often referred to as the wisdom teeth and their time of eruption is unpredictable. Their only proximal contact is with the second molar on the mesial. They occlude with the mandibular third molars. They have more variations than all other teeth in their sizes, root numbers, crown and root forms.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 1 16 Palmer International 18 28
Development
Intitial calcification 7 - 9 years Enamel completed 12 - 16 years Eruption is between 17 - 21 years Root completed 18 - 25 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 18.2 mm
Crown Length 7.0 mm
Root Length 10.8 mm (mesiofacial) 10.1 mm (distofacial) 11.2 mm (lingual)
Crown Width 9.0 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 10.7 mm
9
Mandibular Central Incisor The mandibular central incisors, the smallest teeth in the permanent dentition, are located adjacent to the midline on the mesial and the mandibular lateral incisors on the distal. The mesial incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor contacts the mesial marginal ridge of the maxillary central incisor in centric occlusion. They lack major variations and their general contours are simple when compared to other teeth. As part of human dentition the incisors function as a group in mastication, esthetics and phonetics. Both the central and lateral incisors function in biting and incising as a team.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 25 24 Palmer International 41 31
Development
Intitial calcification 3 - 4 months Enamel completed 4 - 5 years Eruption is between 4 - 6 years Root completed 9 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.0 mm
Crown Length 9.2 mm
Root Length 12.8 mm
Crown Width 5.6 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 6.0 mm
10
Mandibular Lateral Incisor The mandibular lateral incisors are the second teeth from the midline in each quadrant. They are slightly larger than the mandibular central incisors, but otherwise their forms and functions are parallel. They contact the mandibular central incisor on the mesial and the mandibular canine on the distal. The mesial incisal edge of the mandibular lateral incisor contacts the distal marginal ridge of the maxillary central incisor and the mesial marginal ridge of the maxillary lateral incisor in centric occlusion.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 26 23 Palmer International 42 32
Development
Intitial calcification 3 - 4 months Enamel completed 4 - 5 years Eruption is between 7 - 8 years Root completed 10 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 23.4 mm
Crown Length 9.8 mm
Root Length 13.6 mm
Crown Width 6.0 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 6.4 mm
11
Mandibular Canine The Mandibular canines are located third from the midline at the corners of the dental arches and often called the cornerstones of the mouth. They contact the mandibular lateral incisor on the mesial and the mandibular first premolar on the distal. They occlude with the maxillary canines and lateral incisors. The function of the canine in mastication is both incising and grinding. They also play a role in esthetics, speech and occlusion. The mandibular canines are the longest teeth in the mandibular dental arch with roots firmly anchored in alveolar bone.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 27 22 Palmer International 43 33
Development
Intitial calcification 4 - 5 months Enamel completed 6 - 7 years Eruption is between 9 - 11 years Root completed 12 - 14 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 27.5 mm
Crown Length 11.1 mm
Root Length 16.4 mm
Crown Width 7.1 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 7.9 mm
12
Mandibular First Premolar The mandibular first premolars are the fourth teeth from the midline and are a transition from the canines, while the second premolars are a transition to the molars. They are succedaneous teeth and replace the deciduous first molars. They contact the mandibular canine on the mesial and the mandibular second premolar on the distal. They occlude with the maxillary first premolars and canines. In function, the premolars aid the canines in shearing or cutting food, and supplement the molars in grinding during mastication.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 28 21 Palmer International 44 34
Development
Intitial calcification 2.25 - 2.5 years Enamel completed 6 - 7 years Eruption is between 11 - 12 years Root completed 13 - 14 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 23.2 mm
Crown Length 8.7 mm
Root Length 14.5 mm
Crown Width 7.2 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 8.0 mm
13
Mandibular Second Premolar The mandibular second premolars are the fifth teeth from the midline. They are succedaneous teeth and replace the deciduous second molars. They contact the mandibular first premolar on the mesial and the mandibular first molar on the distal. The occlude with the maxillary first and second premolars. The mandibular premolars are unique in that the first premolars are a transition from the canines and the second premolars are a transition to the molars. Because of its arch position, premolars maintain the vertical dimension of the face and support the corners of the mouth and cheeks.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 29 20 Palmer International 45 35
Development
Intitial calcification 2.25 - 2.5 years Enamel completed 6 - 7 years Eruption is between 11 - 12 years Root completed null
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.5 mm
Crown Length 8.5 mm
Root Length 14.7 mm
Crown Width 7.4 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 8.5 mm
14
Mandibular First Molar The mandibular first molars are the sixth teeth from the midline. They are the largest and the strongest mandibular molars. They erupt distal to the deciduous dentition and are not considered succedaneous as they do not replace any deciduous teeth. They are the first permanent molars to erupt on the mandible and are often referred to as six year molars. They contact the mandibular second premolar on the mesial and the mandibular second molar on the distal. They occlude with the maxillary second premolars and first molars. In mastication, the molars function is in grinding food. They also have a role in esthetics and phonetics through the support of muscles and the maintenance of vertical dimension.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 30 19 Palmer International 46 36
Development
Intitial calcification at birth Enamel completed 2.5 - 3 years Eruption is between 6 - 7 years Root completed 9 - 10 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 22.5 mm
Crown Length 8.1 mm
Root Length 14.4 mm (mesial) 13.5 mm (distal) Crown Width 11.6 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 10.6 mm
15
Mandibular Second Molar The mandibular second molars are the seventh teeth from the midline. They are the second mandibular molars to erupt and because of the age of eruption, are often referred to as twelve year molars. They contact the mandibular first molar on the mesial and the mandibular third molar on the distal. They occlude with the maxillary first and second molars.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 31 18 Palmer International 47 37
Development
Intitial calcification 2.5 - 3 years Enamel completed 7 - 8 years Eruption is between 11 - 13 years Root completed 14 - 15 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 21.4 mm
Crown Length 7.8 mm
Root Length M 13.6 mm (mesial) D 13.0 mm (distal) Crown Width 11.0 mm
Crown: Facial-Lingual 10.1 mm
16
Mandibular Third Molar The mandibular third molars are the eighth teeth from the midline and the last teeth in the mandibular arch in both position and sequence of eruption. Their only proximal contact is with the second molar on the mesial. They occlude with the maxillary second and third molars. They are often referred to as wisdom teeth and their time of eruption is unpredictable. They are more varied in size and shape than all other teeth except the maxillary third molars.
Nomenclature
Right Left Universal 32 17 Palmer International 48 38
Development
Intitial calcification 8 - 10 years Enamel completed 12 - 16 years Eruption is between 17 - 21 years Root completed 18 - 25 years
Average Dimensions (mm)
Overall Length 18.6 mm
Crown Length 7.2 mm
Root Length 11.4 mm (mesial) 10.7 mm (distal) Crown Width 10.7 mm