Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh

To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

Nguyn Duy Chnh
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng
Cho mng cc bn n c u sch t d n sch cho thit b di ng

Ngun: http://vnthuquan.net/

To ebook: Nguyn Kim V.
MC LC
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng

Nguyn Duy Chnh
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng
LI M U

Ung tr tu vn d ph thng thi trc, n nay tr thnh him hoi trong x hi Vit Nam.
Thanh nin ngy nay ch mng tng c ci hnh nh qua nhng truyn ngn ca Nguyn
Tun trong Vang bng mt thi (Nhng chic m t, Chn tr trong sng sm). Sch v vit v tr
li cng t i. Ti Vit Nam ngy trc, ngoi cun Vang Bng mt thi ch lc c vi ba cun
khc. Tr o kiu Nht th c bn dch cun Tr Th (The Book of Tea) ca Okakura Kakuzo ca
Bo Sn.
Mt tiu thuyt cng vit nhiu v th ung tr l cun Tr Tht ca Minh c Hoi Trinh.
hi ngoi, cun Tr Kinh ca V Th Ngc l mt bin kho tng i cng phu. Ngoi ra, thnh
thong c mt on thin nghin cu v tr Tu hay m tr ng ri rc trong tp ch. Mi y ti
c c mt bi ca Phan Quc Sn v m Nghi Hng rt th v.
Trong tc phm Sng p Lm Ng ng cho rng ung tr l mt trong nhng pht minh quan
trng nht ca i sng. Tr l mt phn v cng l mt biu tng ca s nhn nh. ng hn
mt mc bn v Tr v Tnh Bn.
Vit v cch ung tr, thng thc tr th Ty phng c hng trm cun nhng phn ln vit theo
cch nghin cu mt loi thc phm. Ngi Trung Hoa cng c nhiu sch vit v tr, ngh thut
ung tr, cn ngi Nht th a hn ln thnh mt o sng (Tr o). Ring Vit Nam, mc d
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
ung tr rt thnh hnh nhng li t ai tm nghin cu. V Th Ngc, tc gi cun Tr Kinh
ngm ngi m than rng vit v tr th gn nh cha c ai vit hoc vit v cng s lc. Nhn
xt c l khng sai. V v th khi ng t cho rng cun sch ng son l quyn sch u tin vit
v ngh thut ung tr bng Vit ng tng i y hn c th cng khng ngoa.

TR TU

Khi ni v tr tu thng l ni n cc loi tr xanh l nhng loi tr ngi Trung Hoa xut cng.
Nu tnh theo s ngi ung th ung tr ng u trong ba loi m phm -- tr, c ph v nc ngt.
Cc hc gi Ty phng vn cho rng Trung Hoa l ni pht xut cy tr. Th nhng khng phi cy
tr ch mc hoang trong vng nam nc Tu m c khp vng ng Nam . Thnh th Vit Nam ta
cng l qu hng ca cy tr, v cng c nhng cy tr c th. V Th Ngc vit v cch ung
tr kiu Vit Nam nh ch ti, ch n, ch kh ... v cho rng chng ta bit ung tr t lu i
nhng vn gi nguyn hnh thi mc mc ch khng cu k nh ngi Tu. Tc ung tr ti, tr n
ngy nay vn cn ph bin, k c mt loi cy tng t l cy vi cng rt thng dng ti min qu
nc ta.
Trong khi tr tu -- cng vi kiu cch ca ngi Tu -- ch hin hu trong mt tng lp thng lu
x hi, phng php ung tr ti, tr vi li khp mi ni. N tr thnh ti cho vn hc v
ngh thut (Ci m t ca Khi Hng hay bn nhc C Hng Nc) v l mt mn gii kht khng
th thiu ca ngi nh nng.
Trn mt kinh t, rt c th s vn ln ca Trung Hoa trong th k 21 ny s c mt phn ng gp
khng nh ca tr -- mt loi nng phm c o -- v m tu -- mt dng c v cng l mt loi
ngh phm c bit. Cho nn, khi nhn vo phng thc chim lnh th trng, sau thi k sn xut
nhng mn hng thng dng r mt, tip n phi l giai on ca nhng sn phm c th -- c mt
khng hai, khng c sn phm tng t thay th, hoc khng thay th ni. Tr tu v m tu c
th trong thnh phn . c o nhng thng dng, thng vng h cm, t loi t him ti loi
r mt, c kh nng sn xut qui m v thu ht mt lng nhn cng ng o l nhng yu t rt
ng k trn mt ngoi thng.

LCH S


Theo truyn thuyt, trong mt ln tun th phng Nam, vua Thn Nng v tnh ung mt ni nc
un si c l cy tr ri vo. ng ung ri khen l tr lm cho c th phn chn, tinh thn thoi mi,
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
sng sut.
Mt cu chuyn khc th li vit rng t Ma t s v ng qun trong mt bui ta thin nn bc tc
ct m mt vt i. Ch ng vt m mt mc ln cy tr, v tr thnh mt thc ung thng dng cho
nhng nh s tnh to khi tu tp. T cha chin, mn ung ny truyn ra dn gian.
Ngi Nht th k l v i Chin Quc (300-221BC), c mt danh y tinh thng 84,000 cy thuc.
ng dy cho con c 62,000 cy th cht. Nhng tng rng kin thc v 22,000 cy kia s khng
cn tm u ra. No ng trn m ng mc ln mt ci cy, cha tinh hoa ca 22,000 cy cn li.
l cy tr.
L d nhin, nhng cu chuyn ny ch l huyn thoi. Ngi Trung Hoa ci g khng r nguyn do
thng ba ra mt dt s t thi c s gn cho Thn Nng, Hong ... cng nh ngi Vit bt u
mt thn tch bng ngy xa, i vua Hng Vng th ... cu chuyn thm li k, va khin cho
nhng chng c a ra c ch da.
Chnh thc theo lch s th tr ch mi c cp n t thi Tam Quc, v n tn i ng,
ngi Tu vn ch dng cc loi tr mc hoang ch cha trng v ch bin thc ung ny. Tr cng
ch lu hnh trong gii thng lu min Nam Trung Hoa ch dn d cng cha ung v tc ung tr
cha c coi nh mt th thanh cao. Qu thc thi k hai min nam bc Trung Hoa i sng
cch bit nh hai th gii. n i Ty nc Tu thng nht th nhng sinh hot mi lan truyn ra
nhng vng khc. Ngi Tu pha trn cch ung tr vi sa ca ngi H (tc cc dn tc vng Ty
Vc) l nhng dn tc sng du mc. Tuy vic ung tr ph thng nhng vn c mt s c im
khc ngy nay:
Th nht tr vn cn coi nh mt v thuc, cha c my ni coi nh mt thc ung.
Th hai tr do dn chng vo vng hoang sn d lnh hi v ch cha bit trng thnh i, thnh
vn sn xut mt cch qui m.
Th ba tr ung theo kiu gin d l hi l vo em nu (nh kiu ch ti ca ta) ch cha kiu
cch nh sau ny.
Ti i ng, khi Lc V vit cun Tr Kinh th tr mi tr nn ph bin. T tr i, ni ni u
ung tr, tr thnh mt phong tro v sn xut tr cng thnh mt lnh vc kinh t qui m, em li
mt ngn khon ln cho triu nh. V k t ng, ri sau Tng, Nguyn, Minh, Thanh i no
cng coi thu nh vo tr l mt ngun li chnh.
Lc V, t l Hng Tim ngi t Cnh Lng, H Bc c mnh danh l tr tin ca Trung Hoa.
V chn ngn thi th, ng t quan, nh theo Thi Chc ha thng cha Thi Thng i tu
nhng khng c nn v n ch chuyn tm nghin cu v tr. ng b cng i tham kho vi
nhng nng phu, ti tn ni xem xt cch ch to ng hu c c kinh nghim thc t. Thnh
th nhng iu ng vit ra u c gi tr.
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
i ng, khu vc sn xut tr bao gm Giang Hoi, Lng Chit, Lnh Nam, Phc Kin, Kinh
Tng v t ti nay vn l nhng a khu ch yu. Theo Chu Trng Thnh, vic phong thnh i
ng bao gm ba nguyn nhn chnh:
Th nht, thi ng giao thng pht t, cc phng tin chuyn ch ci tin nhiu
Th hai, sau khi cun Tr Kinh ca Lc V vit ra, phong tro ung tr cng ln cao
Th ba, thi k Pht gio v Lo gio hng thnh v vic ung tr ti cc cha chin, miu mo
rt ph bin.
Chnh cun Tr Kinh ca Lc V l mt ng gp ln, v sau khi ng vit ra cun ny, vic ung tr
c nng ln hng ngh thut, cu k v c tr c ln tr thc. T Triu Trit i Minh vit:
trn i c i n thiu mc th cn chu ni nhng m thiu nc ung tr th khng sao chu
c.
Ng Khoan vit bi "i Tr Ca" ca tng th ung tr chng khc g thi nhn i trc ca tng ru.
Sau khi Lc V vit Tr Kinh, nhiu ngi khc cng c nhng tc phm vit v tr tuy khng ni
ting bng nhng cng lu truyn s sch. Ring i Minh c n 45 quyn, nay cn gi c trn
i 20 cun nhng vn chng cng b i sau thm tht nhiu. Tuy nhiu hu ht khng qua
su mc m Lc V cp l tr, dng c ung tr (kh), nc pha tr (thy), la un tr (ha),
ngi pha v ung tr (nhn), thi im ung tr (s).
i ng c T D (?) vit Thp Lc Thang Tr, Trng Hu Tn vit Tin Tr Thy K. i
Tng c u Dng Tu vit i Minh Thy K, Ph Tra Sn Thy K, Si Tng vit Tr Lc,
Tng T An vit ng Kh Thc Tr Lc, Triu Nh L vit Bc Uyn Bit Lc, Hng Phin vit
Tuyn Ha Bc Uyn Cng Tr Lc, Tng Huy Tng vit i Quan Tr Lun, Hong Nho vit
Phm Tr Yu Lc.
i Minh c Ha Th Th vit Tr S, Chu Cao Khi vit ng Sn Gii (?) Tr H, Phng Kh
Tn vit Gii Tr Tin, Hng Minh Ng vit La Gii Tr K, C Nguyn Khnh vit Tr Ph, Trn
K Nho vit Tr ng B, Trng Khim c vit Tr Kinh, Bn Tun vit Mnh Cp, in
Ngh Honh vit Ch Tuyn Tiu Phm, T Hin Trung vit Thy Phm Ton Trt.
i Thanh c Lu Nguyn Trng vit Tr S, D Hoi vit Tr S B, Mo Tng vit Gii Tr
Vng Sao, Lc nh Xn vit Tc Tr Kinh.
Trong tt c nhng tc phm vit sau ny ch Tc Tr Kinh l ng k, c h thng v ti liu di
do. Lc nh Xn t Ph Chiu, hiu Mn nh, ngi huyn Gia nh, t T Chu, tng lm tri
huyn Sng An, Phc Kin thi Khang Hi l ni c ni V Di ni ting tr ngon. Tc Tr Kinh phn
loi v sp t cc loi tr mt cch mch lc, ti liu minh bch, dn chng y v phm bnh
cng rt xc ng. Ngi ta bo rng nu v Lc V nh Khng T trong tr gia th Lc nh
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Xn cng lao phi snh ngang Chu Hi.

DC TNH CA TR


Theo thng k, mi nm ngi M ung khong 2.25 t gallon tr di mi dng thc -- nng,
ngui, b , p hng, c ng hay khng ng, thm mt ong, sa, kem, chanh. Mi lng tr
ung trung bnh cha khong 40 milligram caffeine (bng na caffeine trong c ph). Th nhng
ch l con s chia u ch ung tr mi ngi ung mt cch, m nht khc nhau. Hin nay trn th
trng c c loi decaffeinated tea v nhiu loi dc tr dng cc loi l (l i, l hng ...) tr
bnh v lm tan m. Nhng thng k kinh t cho thy ngi M chuyn dn t ung nc ngt sang
loi diet softdrink, sang nc lnh (nc sui, nc ct ...) v dn dn sang loi tr hay dc tr
(herbal tea). Nu qu nh th, ha ra ng phng i trc Ty phng mt bc xa. ng cha ta
ung nc lnh v ung tr ti hng ngn nm trc nhng mi n by gi nhn loi mi cng
nhn mt cch khoa hc l tr xanh (cha bin ch theo kiu Nht) v nc l l tt nht cho c th.
Nhiu ngi cho rng ung tr c tc dng lm gim au c hng v bt y bng. Mt ha cht
trong tr l cht polyphenols c th lm gim nguy c mt s chng bnh k c bnh cng mch mu
(atherosclerosis) v mt s bnh ung th. C ngi cn cho l ung tr s gia tng tui th.

CC LOI TR


Tr c chia ra lm ba loi chnh l tr en (tc hng tr), tr xanh (lc tr) v tr long. C ba
loi u cng t mt loi cy, tc cy tr m tn khoa hc ca n l Camelia sinensis, thuc h
Theacae, mt loi cy xanh l quanh nm c hoa mu trng. Nhiu ngi cn k thm hai loi tr
khc l tr p (hng) v tr bnh.
Cy tr phi trng khong nm nm mi bt u hi l c v thu hoch trong khong 25 nm. Nu
nguyn, cy tr c th cao hng chc thc nhng tin vic thu hoch, ngi ta hm ch cho
cy cao chng mt thc, thc ri l cng. Khi cy gi, ngi ta ct ngang thn cho mm non
ny ra cho ma nm sau. C nh th, cy c th sng ti 100 nm. Tr thng c bn bng b u
nnh v cc loi phn hu c ch t khi dng phn ha hc. Ngi ta cng trnh khng dng thuc
tr su b v cy no b bnh thng b nh i.
Trong quyn All the tea in China, tc gi c k khai vi chc loi ngn ng ng Ty u c m na
n nh tr hoc ch. Ch v cch sao tm, tr khc nhau m chia ra lm ba loi nu trn. Sau y l
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
mt s yu t dng qui nh phm cht v gi c tr:
1.Chng loi cy tr
2. a phng trng
3. Cao ca vng t trng
4. iu kin thi tit trong ma tr v khi hi tr
5. Thi k hi trong nm
6. Gi hi tr trong ngy
7. Tui ca bi tr
8. Cch la l trn cy tr
9. Cch thc hi
10. Cch thc tr
11. Dng ca l tr (ty theo cch cun l m tr s ra hng v khc nhau)
12. Cch sy kh
13. Cch thm nh v phn loi
Ngoi ra cn nhiu tiu chun khc na.
Ngi ta bo rng nc Tu c n hn mt nghn loi tr (thc ra khng phi theo ngha 1000
chng loi m c ngha l nhiu lm) nhng ch c mt s c bit c xut cng. Du th cng
c hng trm ci tn c mang ra ngoi, khng phi l ngi thc snh si, khng ai nh ht c.
Tr c phn bit do cch (oxidation), lu hay mau, mi cch s cho hng v, mu sc, tnh cht
khc nhau. Loi ngn hn nht l tr xanh nh tr Nht Bn, Long Tnh (Lungching), Bch Loa
Xun (Pilochun). Loi va gm c Bch Ho Ngn Chm, Bao Chng (nh nht) ri ti ng
nh, Thit Quan m, Thy Tin, V Di, Long (lc a) ( trung bnh), v tng i m th c
Long (i Loan). Tr hon ton l loi tr en (hng tr) ngi u M thng dng. Mi loi tr
li mang theo nhiu dt s ly k. Nhiu loi c tn rt l t khi nghe ti. Cun sch vit rt k v tng
loi tr danh ting l cun All the tea in China (Cc loi tr Trung Quc) do Kit Chow v Ione
Kramer son. Sau y l 50 loi danh chng lit k trong sch:
Trn Mi: Chunmee (Chun Mei, Zhenmei)
i Phng: Dafeng
i Hng Bo: Dahongpao
Phng Hong n Tng: Fonghwang Tan-chung
Chu Tr, Bnh Thy Chu Tr: Zhucha, Pingshui(Gunpowder)
Hi Nam Hng Tr: Hainan
Hoa nh Vn Vu: Huading Yunwu
Hong Sn Mao Phong: Huangshan Mao Feng
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Hu Minh: Huiming
Hng Phin: Jasmine
Knh nh Lc Tuyt: Jingting Luxue
Cu Khanh: Jiukeng
Cu Khc Hng Mai: Jiuqu Hongmei
K Mn hng tr: Keemun (Qihong)
C Lao: Kooloo
Lan Hng Lan: Hsiang (Lanxiang)
Lan Kh Mao Phong: Lanxi Maofeng
Chnh Sn: Zhengshan
L Chi: Lichee
Lng Vn (Bch Mao): Lingyun (Baimao)
Lc Bo: Liubao
Lu Kh : Liuxi
Lc An Qua Phin: Luan Guapian
Long Tnh: Lung Ching
L Sn Vn V: Lushan Yunwu
Mng nh: Mengding
Bch Loa Xun: Pi Lo Chun
Bao Chng: Pouchong
Ph Nh : Pu-erh
Ph Pht Tr: Putuo Fo Cha
Tin Cng Huy Bch: Qiangang Huibai
Mai Khi: Meigui (Rose)
Thy Tin: Shui Hsien (Shuixian)
Thi Bnh Hu Khi: Taiping Houkui
Thin Mc Thanh nh: Tianmu Qingding
Thit Quan m: Ti Kwan Yin (Tieguanyin)
n Lc: Tunlu
Vi Sn Mao Tim: Weishan Maojian
Bch Ho Ngn Chm: Baihao Yinzhen
V Nguyn Danh Mai: Wuyuan Mingmei
Tn Dng Mao Tim: Xinyang Maojian
Ty Sn: Xishan
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Anh c: Yingde
Ngn Chm, Ngn Phong: Yinzhen, Yinfeng
Dng Kh Ha Thanh: Yongxi Huoqing
V Hoa: Yuhua
Ngc L : Yulu
Vn Nam: Yunnan
T Dun: Zisun

SN XUT TR


Tit Thanh Minh l thi im nh du ma hi tr. Khi , ma ng bng gi va qua, ma xun
va ti, tr non va ny ra, thch hp c vic thu hoch ln vic sao tm.
Sau khi mt tri mc, nhng git sng va kh th tng on ngi mang gi tro ln i tr theo
khu vc c qui nh. Tr thng c trng trn sn i theo tng bc nh bc thang. Th ch
ngt ng ba l non v mt bp, nu dng lm tr Long. Tr xanh l thng rt non, nn ch ngt
hai l, Long phi cn l to hn nn phi ngt ba. n chiu th em tr n cn tnh tin.
Trc ht tr c hong ngoi tri cho ho i. Sau em vo . Chuyn gia phi kim sot lun
lun cho hng v c ng . Khi n th, ngi ta mi cho tr vo sy. Tr c sy
nhiu ln nhng phi ng cch khi mt phm cht. Sau hai ngy bin ch, tr c gi l tr
sng. Tip theo l sng sy, ry, nht cng v phn loi thnh tng bc khc nhau. Cng nn thm
mt im l d mua tr t gi n my, thng dn chng ta ch c th thng thc nhng loi tr
k ngh. Hin nay bn Tu vn cn nhng vn tr c bit thuc loi cm k, canh gc ngy m
khng cho ai bn mng ti. Ti y c mt b phn chuyn mn hi v sn xut nhng loi tr siu
phm, ngy xa ginh tin vo cung, nay ring cho Trung ng ng v cc loi cn b cao cp.
Tc truyn rng tr ny khng c chm vo da tht ngi nn nhng th hi phi lun lun eo
bao tay di bng la. Tr ch ng vo c th con ngi mt ln duy nht l khi pha xong, ng
vo mi bc qun vng trc khi ung vo rut.
Ma hi tr ty theo tng loi v ty theo kh hu. ven Ty H, Hng Chu, ni sn xut tr Long
Tnh, ngi ta bt u t thng ba ko di n thng 10, tng cng 20-30 ln, mi ln cch nhau mt
tun hay 10 ngy. Thnh th, ung tr Long Tnh ta s thy l tr ton l bp non.
Mt ph n hi tr chuyn mn mt ngy hi c khong 600 gram. C bn tr sng th c mt
tr chn ngha l mt ngi mt ngy ch hi c khong 150 gram tr kh. Mt ki l tr Long Tnh
cn khong 60,000 bp tr. Nc Tu c chia thnh bn vng m ngi ta t tn l Giang Nam,
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Giang Bc, Ty Nam v Lnh Nam. Giang Nam, Giang Bc ni ting v cc loi tr xanh, Lnh Nam
c tr Long, cn Ty Nam trng nhiu tr en, tr bnh.

M NGHI HNG

Nghi Hng l tn mt huyn gn Thng Hi, thuc tnh Giang T. y c bit c mt th t st
rt mn, c cha thch anh, mica v nht l cht st. t st dng lm m tr khng trng men
(unglazed), thng c gi l m t sa (purple sand). t t sa khng nht thit phi l mu tm
m c ba mu chnh l mu vng sm (ta gi l mu gan g), mu sm (ta gi l mu da chu) v
mu nu thm ng mu en (t sa). Tuy nhin, trong ba loi mu u c nhiu sc (ty theo
lng st trong t st nhiu hay t), li cn ty theo th trn cc loi t v pha ch thm khong
cht (nhng tuyt i khng dng mu nhn to nhum) nn cc loi m t sa c th c t mu
ng n mu en. Ngoi ra, Nghi Hng cng cn c loi t st mu trng v mu xanh lc. t mu
xanh l loi qu nht, c Lc V ca tng trong b Tr Kinh.
m t sa khng phi ch l mt tr c m cn l mt tc phm ngh thut. m nn to nh ty theo
dng cho mt (c m), hai (song m) hay nhiu ngi (qun m). m qun m c th dng cho ba,
bn hay nhiu ngi nn c ci ch bng nm tay nhng cng c ci to bng ci m tr thng.
V hnh dng, m t sa chia lm ba loi:
m theo hnh k h cn i, ngha l trn trnh, vung vc, lc gic, bt gic hay nhiu mi. l
nhng m c th dng khun lm chun, ch im xuyt bng tay. m c th hnh tri o, tri th,
tri hng hay hoa sen, hoa thy tin nhng ch yu l cn i. Ngi th c th thm tht nn vung
m, vi m hay quai m khc i v c th trang tr trn thn m nhng hoa qu, con thn ln, con
chut ... hoc ch, th tng gi tr.
m theo hnh t nhin, ngha l do sng kin ca ngi nn m phng mt vt thng thy. Hnh
dng c th l ci thng go, ci b, cy thng, qu vi, bp hoa hng, b trc .. y l nhng ngh
phm cao chng t c thm m v ti kho lo ca ngi ngh s. Thng l hnh nh c mang mt
ngha tt p no . Con chut tng trng cho s tr ph, ly l con chut ku cht cht ng
m vi ch tc l y , bng sen tng trng cho s thanh cao, gn bn m chng hi tanh mi
bn. Mt ci m c c hnh mt con nga, mt bn c con kh ng nhn mt t ong. Ngi Tu gi
l m thng phong hu (con nga trn con ong v con kh) nhng c ln hai ch phong hu
ng m vi c phong tc hu. Thnh th ci m mang mt li chc thng quan tin chc. Li
biu tng rt thnh hnh Trung Quc.
m tng hp c hai c tnh trn, va cn i, va ngh thut chng hn nh mt qu b ng
(pumpkin), c nhng dy cun thnh vi, thnh quai hay mt ci m nn hnh mt by c, c ci np
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
l mt l sen trn l mt con nhi nh.

C IM CA M NGHI HNG


t st Nghi Hng nung ln rt rn chc bn b, khng b nt d thay i nhit bt thng khi
nc si vo. t cn c nhng kh khng rt nh (pores) phi soi knh hin vi in t mi thy
c. Nhng kh khng vi ti c tc dng cch nhit, va bo tn hng v, va khng lm cho
bn ngoi qu nng. Mt c tnh khc l khi c nung, m khng b co li hay bin dng nn ngh
nhn d dng lm np m c va vn, kht khao.
Khi trong dng thin nhin, t st Nghi Hng mm, c mu vng, nu en hay xanh nht. Sau khi
nung, t mu vng i sang mu da chu, mu en thnh mu t sa, cn mu xanh li bin thnh
mu gan g. Mu sc khc nhau ty theo lng ho cht trong t, nht l cht st.
t st c o ln t lng t su, phi kh thnh tng tng. Nhng tng t c tn thnh
bt ri c ry bng nhng ry tre lc i tt c si v cc cht khc ln trong t st. Bt t
st sau c vo nhng b nc hnh ch nht cao khong thc ri ri tho nc trong vo.
Ba ngy sau, dung dch t v nc li c gn qua mt b khc v nc bc hi i cho keo
li. t st c ct ra thnh tng bnh bn cho th lm gm.
Hin nay, khi du khch n thm inh Thc Trn (Dingshuzhen), mt thnh ph nh trong huyn
Nghi Hng u thy ton l xng lm gm. H sn xut loi, t bn, chu n ngi xanh.
Th nhng ch c t sa l qu hn c.
Ngi th lm gm mua t v dng chy gi ra, va gi va cho thm nc n bao gi cm
thy mm nn th thi. T lc gi n lc nhi t xong phi mt trn hai ngy. Khi dng dao
ct thy t mn nhn khng cn du vt bong bng hi th mi dng c.
Ngi th lc mi em chia tng t thnh tng nm cn lng k cng. Mi nm t c cn
thnh tng ming phng. y m, thnh m, np m u ct t ming t ny, c khi bng tay, c
khi dng khun. Sau , ngi th dng my quay bng tay hay p bng chn rp v gn nhng
ming t nn sn dnh vi nhau v c mit cho lng bng dng c bng g hay sng. Khi hnh
dng tng qut hon thnh, i ro nc ngi ta mi trang tr, thm tht nhng hoa vn hay vit
ch. Ngi th kho thng hay vit tn hiu, c khi ngy thng ch to, nin i hoc ng du vo
y m khi tc phm hon tt. Trin thng hnh vung, hnh trn hay bu dc khc ni. Nhng
chic m t tin c khi c thm mt ci trin nh bn trong np m, hoc mt con du khc di tay
cm. Trc y, m thng ng du tn hng sn xut r l mt mn hng sn xut theo s lng
nhiu nhng sau ny a s m ng du tn ngi, chng t nay h coi l mt tc phm v ngh
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
nhn t ho nn tn mnh. D nhin ci g cng c hai mt, v c xu p. Ngay c nhng loi
hng bn vi ng cng c con du nguch ngoc. Th nhng cng l mt hin tng cn ghi
nhn l nn cng nghip ang chuyn hng, mang nhiu mu sc ngh thut hn.
Ngoi con du c khi cn c vi ch Hn. Ch thng l ch tho do mt ngi gii th php
(php vit ch) bng bt tre nhn, khc hn vo thn m. C th ch l vi ch chc tng nhng
c khi l hn mt bi th, mt i cu i. Mt ci m p n u m ch vit non tay th cng
gim hn gi tr.
Nhng loi m sn xut theo kiu cng ngh th ch vit hay hoa vn c in bng mt loi mc
khng phai. Sau m c chuyn sang cho th cho vo l nung. m t thng nung trong
khong t 1100o n 1200oF, tuy khng nng bng s nhng nhit , m vn gi c tnh
thm nc.
Ngh nn m cho n nay vn i hi mt thi gian hc ngh lu theo kiu s ph t chn truyn.
Phi mt nhiu nm mi hc c ht b quyt. Tuy nhiu khi ngi ta nhi li nhng kiu m danh
ting c, nhng cng c ngh nhn mi sng to nhiu kiu mi. Nhng ngi snh si cho rng vi
phng php tn k, trnh cao ng, nhiu m thi mi c nt c o khng km g nhng chic
m do cc danh s xa nn ra, nu khng ni rng tri hn na. Chnh quyn Trung Cng cng
thnh lp nhiu c quan, nghin cu, p dng khoa hc ti to nhng chic m c khng sai mt
my. Tuy l gi nhng gi t khng khc g c bn cho nhng nh su tm. Ngoi gi tr
lch s, nhng tc phm cn l mt nim t ho v ngh thut ca h.
Trong nhng nm qua, ti Bc M ny nhiu ln trin lm m Nghi Hng. B su tp ca Tin S
La Qu Tng (K.S. Lo) c trng by trong khong 1990-92 ti Phoenix Art Museum, Trung Tm
Vn Ha Hoa Kiu San Francisco, Indianapolis Art Museum, v Ontario Museum.
m Nghi Hng cng c huy chng vng trong cc k ch phin quc t chng hn nh ti
Philadelphia nm 1926 v Leipzig v Liege trong thp nin 1930.

M NGHI HNG THEO THI GIAN


Theo truyn tng, Phm Li l ngi u tin tm ra cht t st vng Thi H. Sau khi ph xong
qun Ng, ng v n c ni y, ly vic nn gm lm tr tiu khin. Th nhng thi cha lm
m tr.
C theo nhng di ch khai qut c th ngay t i Tng (920-1279) ngi ta lm m tr t
Nghi Hng. Th nhng phi n th k th 16, i Minh th nhng kiu m nh mi ra i. Mt
iu l l khng phi ngi Tu ngh ra kiu m chn m chnh l h du nhp t u Chu. Ngy xa
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
h ch ung tr bt, quy trong nc.
Theo sch Dng Tin Mnh H Lc (Sch v cc m tr vng Dng Tin) ca Chu Cao Khi th
i Chnh c, Gia Tnh nh Minh c Cung Xun ti ngh tuyt vi, l ngi ni danh u tin v
lm m t sa. Cung Xun vn l gia ng ca Ng S t Nghi Hng thng theo hu Ng S n
hc ti cha Kim Sa. Trong cha c mt v ha thng c ti lm s nn Cung Xun theo nh s
hc ngh nn ra nhng tc phm trng chng khc g kim loi xa. Khi Cung Xun ni danh, ng
thng cng Bc Trng Khim (t Gia nh) khc trc, Lc T ng (t T Chu) chm ngc, v
Khng Thin L khm x c. Tt c u l nhng ngi ni ting i Minh. Cung Xun nn m
khng lu -- truyn k rng ng b quan s ti v yu chung ti ngh ng nn bc bch khin ng
phi b x m i -- nn tc phm ca ng hin nay lu truyn rt t. Sch v ch cn ghi mt chic
m ca ng hnh 6 mi hin tng tr ti Vin Tr C Hongkong nn nm Chnh c th 8 (1513).
Th nhng cn mt ci m khc cng ca Cung Xun ti Singapore th t thy sch v no cp.
Theo bi Nghi Hng v Nghin Mc (Yi Hsing and Inkstones) trong tp ch Arts of Asia, s
July/August 1971 th ng C.M. Wong, B Th ca Phng Thng Mi Singapore v l Ch Tch
Hip Hi Hoa Nhn ti y c trong b su tp ca ng mt m Cung Xun hnh v cy. m ny
nm 1506, c trin ca ngi ngh s. Phn di quai cm li cn mt vt du tay im vo m
ngi ta bo rng l vt ngn tay th su ca Cung Xun (bn tay phi ca ng c su ngn).

Sau thi Cung Xun, ngh thut lm m t nung vng Nghi Hng thnh t, n i Vn Lch cng
c nhiu danh th. L Ng vit l: Tr khng g bng dng m bng t sa, m vng Dng Tin l
hng nht. T i Minh tr i, vic dng m t sa ung tr tr nn thng dng. Ngi ta
n phm cht tr nh m cn kn chn c cch pha tr, nc no pha tr ngon, ung lc no
mi hp.
Trc kia, m tr bng s l qu nht nhng khi m t sa ra i th khng my ai cn chung m s
na. C nhn tng kt m t sa c by u im:
Ch nc si vo khng lm tr mt hng v, sc hng cn nguyn
Bnh tr dng lu, ch nc khng cng ra mi tr
Tr v khng b bin cht
Chu nng cao, ma ng thng gi nc si vo khng b nt
t truyn nhit, cm vo khng phng tay
Dng cng lu cng ln nc, bng ln
C nhiu mu khc nhau, d la chn
V m t sa l mt tc phm ngh thut nn trng m ngi ta c th nh gi c ngi nn vo
bc no. Thnh ra, trong nhng ngh nhn ngh snh s, th ngnh lm m tn li nhiu nht. Sau
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
i Cung Xun ngi ta thy c Thi Bng, ng Hn, Triu Lng, Nguyn Sng v L Mu
Lm l nhng th ni danh.
i Vn Lch, Thi i Bn, con ca Thi Bng l ngi ni ting hn c. Vn Chn Hanh vit
trong Trng Vt Ch l m tr t sa l loi tt nht, np va vn khng lm mt hng, li
khng bc hi. m do Cung Xun ch to qu nht, u nh nhn, hnh dng l lng. Thi i Bn
ch th c ci to, ci nh .... Cng ni danh vi i Bn c L (i) Trng Phng, T (i) Hu
Tuyn, ngi ta gi l Tam i.

T Hu Tuyn t S Honh, l hc tr ca Thi i Bn, c ti bt chc cc loi ng kh xa lm
m hnh tu l chui, i sen, c u, qu trng ...
Ni ting thi Vn Lch cn c u Chnh Xun, Thiu Vn Kim, Thiu Vn Ngn, Tng B Cung,
Trn Dng Khanh, Trn Tn Khanh, Mn L Sinh, Trn Quang Ph, Thiu Ci, Thiu Nh Tn, Chu
Hu Kh ...
Thi Vn Lch, ngoi vic nn m, cc ngh nhn cn dng t t sa iu khc v cc ch to vt
phm khc, rt thnh hnh. Ngi ni ting nht l Trn Trng M V Nguyn, An Huy. H Trn
trc vn Cnh c Trn lm s. Sau n Nghi Hng kt hp ngh thut gm vi nn m,
to ra cc loi nh hng, bnh hoa, cc chn giy .. rt xinh xn. Ngi ni danh ng vi Trn
Trng M th c Trm Qun Dng, t S Lng.
Sau i Vn Lch c Trn Tun Khanh, Chu Qui Sn, Trn Ha Chi, Trn nh Sinh, Tha Vn
Tng, Trm Qun Thnh, Trn Chn, T Lnh m, Hng Bt Tn, Trm T Trit, Trn T Hu, T
Th Kinh, Hu Mnh Thn, Tit Hin, Trnh T Hu ...
Trn y l nhng ngh nhn ni ting kho i Minh. V sau, ngi ta m phng rt nhiu nhng
kiu h ch to nn nhng m no thc s i Minh, ci no i sau kh ai bit c. t sa li
khng nin i nh gm nn cng kh phn bit chn gi.
Sang n i Thanh, ngh thut lm m cn thnh t hn na. Triu nh nh Thanh chung t
sa nn cng coi trng. Vn kh nh Thanh cn ghi lng hng mi nm tin cng vo cung. Phm
cht cng thm tinh vi, xo diu. Ngoi m t, ngi ta cn nn bn trng cy cnh, bnh hoa, v
dng c dng trong nh. Mu sc pha ch cng phong ph hn.
Ngh nhn ni ting i Thanh rt nhiu. Ngi xut sc nht l Trn Minh Vin, hiu Hc Phong,
li c tn l H An, ch ra hng chc th m tr, dng khc nhau, khng ci no ging ci no,
qu l bc thy trong ngh. Nhng tc phm m Trn Minh Vin cn li ht sc tinh xo, li y
sng to. Ci th hnh mt gc mai gi, ci th hnh b ci, trng nh mt ngh phm iu khc t
chn hn l mt tr c. ng cn nn nhng tri cy tm thng nh ht d, c u phng trng
ht sc tinh xo, thot trng khng ai bo l mt vt bng snh.
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
Sch Trng San Kinh Kh Huyn Ch, vit nm th hai i Gia Khnh, (Thanh) dng bn ch vn
gia yn ha (nh nh u khi la) ch khung cnh sinh hot by gi. i Ung Chnh, Cn Long
th c Trn Hn Vn, Dng Qu S, Trng Hoi Nhn. Ch to dng trong cung vua th c
Vng Nam Lm, Dng K Nguyn, Dng Hu Lan, Thiu C T, Thiu c Hinh, Thiu Ngc
nh nhng thin v m c trang tr, mu sc. Nhng chuyn gia cho rng kt hp hai k thut ca
Cnh c Trn (ni ch to s trng men) vi Nghi Hng lm gim i phong v ca m t sa,
bn cht vn gin phc, gn thin nhin. Cu k ha mt ngh thut vn d m bc khin cho
ngh thut nn m i hn sc thi, mt i tnh nguyn y ca n.
Sang i Gia Khnh, nhng ngi tn tui c Hu Dt Cng, Phm Chng n, Phan i Ha, Ct
T Hu, Ng Nguyt nh, Hoa Phng Tng, Trinh Tng, Qun c, Ng A Cn, Ha Long
Vn ...
Thi o Quang c Dng Bnh Nin v em gi l Dng Phng Nin cng vi Trn Hng Th,
Thiu i Hanh l nhng danh gia. Trn Hng Th hiu l Mn Sinh, i Gia Khnh lm huyn t
t Lt Dng. ng l ngi gii vit ch, v tranh, khc trin li thch su tm m t sa. Nhiu m
do Dng Bnh Nin v nh h Dng ch to ra, i cho hi kh, Trn Hng Th dng dao tre
khc, v, vit ch, th ln ri mi em nung. Vic kt hp hai ti danh, mt nn m, mt th ha
l sng tc mi ca thi . m thng c A Mn Tht (l tn th trai ca h Trn) hay
di y c khc Bnh Nin. i sau gi l m Mn Sinh (Mn Sinh h).
Theo chn Trn Hng Th, nhiu danh s khc nh Kiu Trng H, Ng i Trng cng ng ra ch
o vic nn m. T , mt k xo vn ch c coi nh ngh mn nay lan sang c gii nho gia.
Tuy khng c ph bin nh th ha nhng cng khng cn l mt tin ngh nh trc na.
Mt danh s vn gii v v trc l C T Tr li em vic khc trc, ha trc vo trang tr trn m.
H C khng nhng mang th php m cn khc hn nhng cnh trc, cnh mai ngha l coi chic
m nh mt t giy hay vung vi thi th ti hn mc.
Cn Thiu i Hanh th l mt ngh nhn ni ting khng km g Dng Bnh Nin. Trong khi
Dng ni danh v tinh xo th Thiu c ting v gin phc. ng khng cu k nhng cng c nhiu
sng kin c o. Chnh kiu np m u rng, khi rt th l li ra l do ng khi thy, ti nay vn
cn nhiu ngi bt chc v kh ph bin trn th trng.
Cui i Thanh, Chu Kin li c sng kin dng thic v ngc bt hay khm vo m t sa. Nhiu
thn m c bt thic v vit ch ri dng ngc trm thnh quai, thnh vi rp vo. Th k th 19
nhiu ngi cn bt ng hay thau nhng ni chung nhng kiu ny khng c chung lm.

Vo thi im ny, vic thng mi gia Trung Hoa v nc ngoi pht trin. Nhiu cng quc
chim nhng lnh a duyn hi hay cng p nh Thanh nhng lm t gii v Thanh nh
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
phi m ca cho h vo bun bn. Tr Tu tr thnh mt nng phm xut cng quan trng v m
Tu cng c sn xut qui m bn ra ngoi. Nhiu cng ty thnh lp ti Thng Hi, Nghi
Hng, Thin Tn, Hng Chu i l bn m Nghi Hng. Nhng kiu m thi cng vn theo m
dng c. Mt cng ty Thng Hi l Thit Ha Hin n nay vn cn. Thit Ha Hin ni ting v
ch vit trn m rt p. Nhng ngh nhn ni ting ca h gm c Tng Yn Hanh, Trn Quang
Minh, Phm i Sinh, Vng Din Xun, Trnh Th Trn. Nhng m xut cng thng c c con
du ca ngh nhn ln con du ca hng. Cui th k 19, u th k 20 c hai hng khc l Chn K
v Ng c Thnh cng pht t.
Thi Dn Quc m Nghi Hng c xut cng rt nhiu sang Nht Bn, ng Nam , u Chu v
M Chu. Thi cng c nhiu th kho nhng kiu thng gin d, cn i ch khng cu k nh
thi trc. C l v nhu cu thng mi v th hiu thay i. n thi lon lc thp nin 1930,
1940 vic sn xut m phi nh tr. Sau khi Trung Cng nm quyn, vic sn xut c qui t thnh
cng x nhng khng pht trin c. Thi Cch Mng Vn Ha li mt ln na k ngh ny b vi
dp. Trong ch Cng Sn, ung tr b coi l mt tn tch t sn, bc lt, phi sn xut nn b bi
xch. Vic lm m v th cng b trit h. Sau khi ng Tiu Bnh thi hnh chnh sch ci t, Trung
Cng phc hi ngnh nn m t sa. Nm 1979, x nghip Nghi Hng T Sa s dng n 600 nhn
cng. Hin nay, mt s th chuyn mn tr v tng i c trnh khi phc li c cng
nghip ny, nht l cng ngy cng c nhiu ngi a chung v su tp.
Ni n m tr khng th khng nhc n m sn xut ti i Loan. T khi chnh quyn dn quc
thin di sang hn o ny, nhiu ngi trong s di dn l nh su tp hoc dn bn x vng Giang
T. Ngh lm m cng c truyn theo. m i Loan cng p khng km g m sn xut ti lc
a. V phng din tinh xo v cu k c phn hn. Tuy nhin gi c thng t mt cht.
Hongkong v Singapore cng l ni c nhiu danh th trong c su tp ln ch to m. Vin Bo
Tng Tr Kh Hongkong (Flaggstaff House Museum of Tea Ware) c chnh thc m ca t ngy
27 thng ging nm 1984 trong Tin s K.S. Lo cng hin hn 600 mn, t tr c thi Ty Chu
(th k 11 trc TC) n tn gn y. Chnh Vin Bo tng ny t chc nhiu cuc trin lm,
trnh din phng thc ung tr, v thi nn m (ba ln 1986, 1989 v 1992) c rt nhiu ngi
hm m v tham d. Sng tc mi ca ngh nhn i nay tht phong ph, phi hp c quan im
ng v Ty thot hn nhng m dng ca i trc.
Phong kh ung tr hin nay cng tr thnh mt phong tro, tuy khng rm r nh nhng thng
thc khc nhng cng rt ng k. Nhiu tr tht, hip hi, trung tm, t chc v nhm nghin cu
c thnh lp khp ni trn th gii (k c ti M) nht l ti nhng ni c nhiu Hoa Kiu. Ti
Hoa lc (Bc Kinh, Hng Chu, Qung Chu) v i Loan, Hongkong, Singapore li cng pht trin.
Li c nhng tp ch bng Anh, Php, Hoa ng chuyn cho nhng ngi thch tr ngon v chung
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
vic su tp m t sa.
Mt im ng lu l hin nay cc kiu m tin ln mt bc rt xa. Trc y ngh nhn vn
coi m l chnh, hnh dng thay i ch ct chng t ci xo diu kt hp m thc thin nhin vi
cng dng ca tr c. Ngy nay, nhiu kiu m gn nh thot hn ci cng dng pha tr. C ci
hnh xe ct kt, chic gh my, ci ging, ci rng, ng tin Tuy l mt nhng khng tin. Nh
Thin Nhn th ha nhiu kiu c hnh dng nh nhng tc phm iu khc mi, trng cng hay v
tn k. Nhiu ngh nhn cng nn tng, tuy tinh xo nhng gn nh khng lin quan g n nhng
c tnh c o ca t t sa.
Vit Nam hin nay cng c nhiu ni nn m, thng l bt chc kiu Tu. My nm trc, c
ngi v thm qu em sang cho ti mt b tr trm bng cm thch hng, vn trng. m chn
theo hnh hoa sen, a l mt l sen. Tuy nhin y l loi m chng v khng th dng vo vic
pha tr. Vit Nam cng lm m theo kiu Nghi Hng nhng cha tinh xo. Nu thc s mun chim
mt ch ng trn th trng, chng ta cn phi u t v hc hi nhiu.

TR C


Ni ti m tr m khng nhc qua ti nhng dng c ph thuc th k cng thiu. Cng vi m,
ngi ung tr phi c chn, chn tng chn qun theo kiu Vit Nam hoc mt m chuyn theo kiu
Tu. C nhng loi chn kiu lm bng t t sa nhng cng c nhng chn s mng gi l s v
trng. Ty thch, mi ngi c mt cch chn mu, chn kiu. Hin nay ngi ta cng ch ra
nhiu kiu chn l mt, c khi trng nh mt ng trc, c khi hnh c lc (u phng). Ngoi ra phi
c a ng, cng xinh xinh nho nh cho hp vi chn ung tr. m mu no th ngi ta chn chn
v a cng mu . Th nhng thng th chn ch c nhng mu thng dng nh mu nu m,
mu hay mu vng ch khng thy m xanh hay mu en. Ngoi ra cn phi c bnh chuyn tr,
bn ng b tr v cha nc trng m, thuyn tr (ci chu nh m v hng nc trong m tro
ra), a ln ly, kn cho mt b tip mu kh hung h nu nhiu m, nhiu mu, nhiu kiu.
Ngi k hn cn mua c hp ng tr cng bng t nung v ng ng nhng vt dng linh tinh
nh cng xc tr (ging nh mt ci tha bng g hay mt ng tre vt mt u lng tr trc khi
vo m), mc b tr (gt bng g hay tre), tm thng vi, ci kp chn ( gp chn khi trng
nc si hu v sinh v khng phng tay), khn lau Kim c ci khay tr va vn cho mi b
cng khng phi d dng.
D nhin khng th thiu ci m nu nc pha tr bng kim loi, bng s hay m in. Cng nn c
mt ci bnh thy cha nc nng mc d nhiu ngi k khng chu dng nc bnh thy m
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
dng bnh t hm nng. Cu k hn th mua c nhit k vtimer hm tr cho tht chun. Ngi
kh tnh li cn cho rng phi bp than mi ngon. Th nhng nu my mc qu nh th th ung tr
khng cn th v c bao nhiu.


CCH DNG M


Nn chn m nh th no? Cu hi khng phi d tr li. N ty theo nhu cu. Thng th chng
ta ch ung mt mnh hay hai ngi nn m khng nn ln qu. m no ch rt ra hai ti bn ly l
va. m c m (ch rt c mt ly) cm lng cng m li mt cng rt i rt li hoi, khng tin.
m song m dng khi ung mt mnh v nu ung hai ngi th phi loi ln hn mi lm rt ra
cho mi ngi hai chn. Cng nn c thm mt hai m ln phng khi phi i tc khch sau
nhng bui hp mt ng ngi.
m dng hng ngy khng nn mua loi hnh dng k d, kh pha v cng kh ra. m trn hoc
m hnh k h, trang tr nh nhn, dim vi ch vit l tin nht. Tr, m cng khng thot khi
qui lut tin no ca ny tuy rng nhiu khi cng mua c mt ci m gi hi. Nhng m t tin
thng l t tt, da mn, trng qua cng bit loi thng phm. Nu thc s mun dng m vo
mc ch ung tr, ta nn kim nhng kiu gin phc, ming rng thn b (nh kiu ca Hu Mnh
Thn) d chm v thay b tr. Nhng kiu l lng, kiu c chng hn l dng. m tr bn
theo b, ngha l mi th trong mt set thng khng phi l loi ho hng, ch dng trong vic
tip khch ng ngi. m r tin hng song, s nhm tay, trong lng m ch li ch lm, th to.
m mua v khng nn dng ung ngay. Tt hn c l dng giy nhm nhuyn nh trong ngoi cho
sch s, trn tru ht nhng bi t st cn bm vo. Sau phi ra cho ht mi t. Thng th nn
nu trong nc si mt lc cho k hn. Nhng ngi chuyn mn ch l phi cho tr c vo nu
trong ba ting ng h tr thm vo nhng kh khng khin m sm mu hn v nhim mi tr.
Nu khng phi pha tr v i bn ln u. V Th Ngc ch mt b quyt ca ng l em m
ninh trong tr trong by ngy m, em ra ra s ri vo tr trong hai tun, m s c nh dng
hng trm nm. Cc chuyn gia ni l nu nh nh chn m dng cho loi tr ngon th khng nn
ti m bng tr thng m phi dng tr cng loi v mt trong m s nhim mi v nh hng n
tr sau ny.
Theo thi gian, m ung tr lu ngy cng ng mu dn, chuyn sang m hn lc mi mua v cng
bng hn. m t sa khng nn ra hay c bn trong m ch trng bng nc nng, cho kh v
dng khn sch lau bn ngoi. V th m dng lu nm c ng mt lp cao, cng dy, cng qu. Mi
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
ci m ch nn dng mt loi tr hng v thun nht. Mt b tr dng lu tr nn thn thit nh
mt ngi bn, khc hn nhng su tp khc ch l s thch m khng c lin h trc tip vi i
sng hng ngy. C ngi cu k cn v rng mi ln ung tr l phi hp c ng hnh kim (m un
nc), mc (tr), thy, ha v th (bnh tr). Ngi Vit Nam ta khng coi ung tr nh mt th
nghi l nh ngi Nht, li cng khng hu dng, ph din nh ngi Tu. Tuy cng chung m
Tu, tr Tu nhng thng l mt phn ca sinh hot lm tng hng v cho i sng. Khng ai ngh
rng phi ct cng i hng nghn dm kim cho c mt h nc pha tr.

CCH PHA TR


Pha tr l mt ngh thut. Chn m, chn tr nh m cn phi kn c nc. Thng th nn dng
nc lc hoc nc sui. Loi nc ct ngi ta ch l nht. Mt nguyn tc chung l lc tr hay
long dng m nh, ch c hng tr mi dng m ln. m nh hm tr mau, tr cng cao cng
lu. Sau y l phng php pha tr ca nh Thin Nhn (Tenren), mt hng bn tr danh ting ca
i Loan :
Sa son y dng c, gm bnh tr, thuyn tr (ci bt ln m), bn (bnh ng nc i,
np l mt ci a c l hng nc chy xung, dng lm a ng chn), chn ng tr v nc
si.
Trng bng nc si cho m chn nng u, tr pha ngon hn.
tr y khong na m
nc si cho n khi nc trn ra ngoi. ng np li.
Trong giy lt (trong vng 15 giy) ht nc ra thuyn tr. nc tr vo bn. L do l
cho tr ti ra hu nc tr c ngm u.
Li y nc v ng np li. i chng 45 giy n 1 pht cho tr ngm.
Trong khi ch i, nc vo thuyn (trong c m) cho n khi ngp khong mt na.
Ra chn bng cch xoay trn chn trong thuyn, ni tay cm. Ly ra xp ln bn.
45 giy n mt pht, nhc m ra. Gt nc bm vo chn m ln thnh thuyn tr.
Rt tr theo kiu xoay trn hay qua li cho tr trong mi chn u m bng nhau, khng chn
no lt hn chn no.
Ung tr. Ung chm chm thng thc hng v.
Tip tc i li t bc th su, mi ln thm chng 15 giy.
Theo ht c chu k ny chng ta thy hi rc ri v hu dng. Thc ra, pha tr ch t nng hai
iu. Mt l phi c nc si trng m, ra ly cho c rng ri. Trc khi ung cng nn rt
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
y nc vo m, vo thuyn tr hm cho m v ly nng k. Ngay c a ng chn cng ra
bng nc si. C nh th, tr c khi bt u pha mi kh ro v sch s.
Hai l tr phi , khng th h tin - ngha l tr kh trc khi pha phi khong 1/3 ti 2/5 m - v
khi n u phi cht m. Nc phi nng, tr phi lng th khi pha mi bc hi. Khng g
chn bng mt m tr pha nht nho.
Khi chm nc vo m, cng nn qu tay mt cht nc trn ra ngoi v khi y vung vo, nc
li tro ra mt ln na. Lc mi ti thm cho t c m. Nhn nhng git nc bn ngoi bc
hi nghi ngt cng l mt ci th v cng l mt cch lng nh thi gian ch ngm tr. Nc
u tin ra tr phi i, nc th hai v nc th ba ngon hn c. Tr ngon c th ung n nc
th by, th tm. Khi ung xong lm th no phi cn nc ra m, ra ly mt ln na trc
khi ct. Pha tr l mt cng vic m ngi ta phi tit , nhp nhng. Nu ni rng ngoi vt nh
hng n tm hn th y cng l lc cho lng mnh lng du.
V tr, tr ngon bao gi hi ln cng m. C loi th thm ngt, nh nhng thanh thot nh mi
lan, c loi li thm nng nh da tht mt a tr b bm (theo m t ca Lm Ng ng). Tr p
thng l th phm, du l p sm. Ung tr cng t ai n thm khc nh bnh ko. Tr t tin,
bn ti nhng tim tr ln thng c ci hng v ring c o. Loi thng phm, trm ri hai
trm mt pound, tnh ra cng khng phi l qu t.
Ngi ta vn cho rng tr o ca Nht ch trng v nghi thc, cn cch ung tr ca Tu nng v
phm cht ca tr. Ngi Trung Hoa coi vic ung tr l mt hnh thc thng ngon trong khi
ngi Nht rt cht ch v th tc, coi vic ung tr l mt hnh thc t l hn l i tm hng v. C
l v tr o ca Nht do cc thin s truyn b, v h dng tr tm s ha hp gia con ngi
vi con ngi, cao gi tr tinh thn, v thu ngn khong cch gia nhn v thin.

KT LUN


Trn thc t chng ta hm nay may mn hn c nhn ngy xa nhiu. Nu thch, chng ta c th
mua v th cc loi tr. Trong tim c bn mi loi, t tr i Loan n tr Trung Quc, tr Nht
Bn, tr Tch Lan. Tr trong hp cng c m tr ri cng c. Li thm mt th tr tin dng, r tin
l tr bao, mun pha ch nhng vo ly nc nng l xong. Ngi no gin tin na c th mua c tr
ng hp nh nc ngt.
m cng tht nhiu loi. Trong nhiu tim bch ha, c nhng m gi ch hai ba ng. Nhng nu ai
thch hng ngh thut hn, cu k hn th t nm mi ng, n vi chc, vi trm cng c. Ci
no cng ch m Tu, chng cn th nh kiu Nguyn Tun p xung xem vi c bng ming,
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
hay th vo nc xem c cn khng. Ty theo gi tin m chng ta c c b tr va . Ngi
thch su tp th ch cn b ra mt nghn ng l c th c c hai chc chic m Nghi Hng, i
Loan. Th nhng ci yu t quan trng nht thng thc tr l mt khung cnh yn tnh, mt tm
hn th thi th vn l ci g kh kim. Cho nn mi khi c mt bui sng thanh tn, khi ung tr ti
vn thng nhm c:

Nht on hu vn nhun
Nh on ph c mun
Tam on su kh trng
Duy hu vn t ng thin quyn
T on pht khinh hn
Bnh sinh bt bnh s
Tn hng mao khng tn
Ng on c ct thanh
Lc on thng tin linh
Tht on khit bt c
Duy gic lng dch tp tp thanh phong sinh ...
Chn th nht lm trn c hng
Chn th hai lm tan ni bun phin
Chn th ba thm vo rut ang kh ho
Ch cn li nm nghn cun sch
Chn th t lm m hi rm ra
Nhng chuyn bt bnh trong i
Cng theo l chn lng m bay i
Chn th nm lm c th sch s
Chn th su a ta ti ci tin
Chn th by khng ung c na
Ch thy hai bn cnh tay gi phn pht thi

Nhng cu ny in ngay trn hp ng tr ca nh Thin Nhn, di ci tn Tht On Tr ca L
ng.
Vit Nam cng l mt trong nhng qu hng ca cy tr, li ph thng, t thnh th n thn qu
u u cng ung. Nhng i tr ca ta cng ni ting, t thng du Bc Vit n cao nguyn
Trung phn u c nhng loi tr c o. Th nhng mt phn k thut ca ngi mnh cha tinh,
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net
li cha bit cch iu ch, qun tr sn xut v tiu th mt cch qui m nn hu nh th gii
khng ai bit n tr Vit Nam. Thnh th, tr ca ta vn ch gii hn trong phm vi quc ni, hoc
dng lm qu mi khi c dp ra nc ngoi. Cnh tranh c vi ngi chc cng cn phi mt thi
gian lu.
11/1996
TI LIU THAM KHO
I. Vit Ng
1. V Th Ngc, Tr Kinh, EastWest Institute Press 1987
2. Nguyn Tun, Vang Bng Mt Thi, Co Thm 1972
3. Bo Sn, Tr o (bn dch cun The book of Tea ca Okakura Kakuzo), Nh Xut Bn Tng
Hp An Giang 1990
4. Phan Quc Sn, Th Chi Nhng m Tr t Nung C, Nguyt San Y T 2/96
II. Anh Ng
1. Kit Chow v Ione Kramer, All the Tea in China, China Books and Peridicals, Inc. 1990
2. Roberta Stalberg, Shopping in China, China Books and Peridicals, Inc. 1988
3. Nhiu tc gi, The Book of Tea, Bn Dch ca Deke Dusinberre, Flammarion Paris
4. Arts of Asia, Yi Hsing and Inkstones, July/August 1971
5. Arts of Asia, Flaggstaff House Museum of Tea Ware 1984-1994, March/April 1994
6. Lin Yutang, The Importance of Living, The John Day Company, 1937 (k c bn dch ca Nguyn
Hin L v bn ch Hoa Sinh Hot ch Ngh Thut)
7. Herbert E. Plutschow, Historical Chanoyu, The Japan Times, Ltd. Tokyo 1986
8. Hobson R.L., The wares of the Ming Dynasty, Charles E. Tuttle Company 1962
9. Ti liu trong Internet
10. The K.S. Lo Cllection, Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware, Yixing, purple clay wares, Urban
Council of Hongkong 1994
III. Hoa ng
1. Minh i o T i ton, Ngh Thut gia xut bn x, i Bc 1989
2. Thanh i o T i ton, Ngh Thut gia xut bn x, i Bc 1989
3. Chu Trng Thnh, Bc Tng Tr Chi Sinh Sn D Kinh Doanh, Hc Sinh Th Cc, i Loan
1985
4. Lm V Ho, Lc Tr, Sinh Hot Y Hc Th Phng, i Bc 1995
5. Lu Phi Bch, Trung Quc Cng Ngh truyn k, Tinh Quang, i Bc 1987
6. Ng Tr Ha, Tr ch Vn Ha, Hnh Chnh Vin Vn Ha Kin Thit Uy Vin Hi n hnh,
i Bc 1987
Tr Tu V m Nghi Hng Nguyn Duy Chnh
To Ebook: Nguyn Kim V Ngun truyn: vnthuquan.net

Li cui: Cm n bn theo di ht cun truyn.
Ngun: http://vnthuquan.net
Pht hnh: Nguyn Kim V.

Ngun: Hng
c bn: Thnh Vin VNthuquan a ln
vo ngy: 27 thng 12 nm 2003