jynfol@vrf;jyajryHk.

wdkufyGJac:oH

jrefrmjynfudk urBmqHk;wdkif ppftm%m&Sifpepfatmuf oGwfoGif;zdk@ etzppftkyfpk&J@ OD;aESmufwxGm

wrdkufeJ@ qGJxm;wJh vrf;ysufajryHkudk tvm;wl OD;aESmufwxGmwrdkuf&SdolawGu tr$ef;wif rdwfuyfvdrf;ay;ae
wm tm;vHk;todygbJ? wzufrSmvJ usaemfwdk@'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGbufrS avmufavmufvm;vm; vrf;jy
ajryHkr&Sd&aumif;vm;vdk@ w±kwf}uD;tygt0if EdkifiHwumydkif;wcsKd@u ar;aighwmawG }uHK&ygw,f? tckawmh
'gawGudk wefjyefEdkifzdk@ usaemfwdk@ 1990 rSm a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufwJh jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,fawGu tifrwef@
udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;wJh vrf;jyajryHkudk jynfolvlxktwGuf a&;qGJvdkufyg+yD? tJ'gudk jynfwGif;u jynfol@v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,f (92)OD;eJ@ jynfya&muf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (32)OD; pkpkaygif; (124)OD;u axmufcH
xm;ygw,f?
tqifhjrifht*FvdyfbmomeJ@ tifrwefvSypGm a&;qGJxm;wJh 'Dvrf;jyajryHk[m etzanmifESpfyifnDvmcH
bmvJ qdkwmudk jynfolvlxkudk tifrwef@udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm zGifhcsxm;ygw,f? jynfol@vrf;jyajryHk&J@ tqifh
1 rSm anmifESpfyifnDvmcHwifrubJ etz&J@ vrf;ysufajryHk (7)qifhpvHk;udk ajrmif;xJuefcsypfvdkufygw,f?
anmifESpfyifu xGufvmr,fh[m bm}uD;bJxGufvmvm etzuyHkESdyfxkwfa0wJh puULw&Guf tqifhom&Sd+yD;
wEdkifiHvHk; rvGJraoG vdkufem&r,fh tajccHOya'r[kwfbl;vdk@ &Sif;&Sif;ajymvdkufjcif;jzifh etz&J@nDvmcH/ etz&J@
jynfol@qENcH,lyGJ/ etz&J@ a&G;aumufyGJopfawGudk t+yD;tjywfy,fcsypfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
usaemfwdk@ 'DbufutwdkuftcHawGu etzvrf;ysufajryHkudk tqifhwdkif;rSm wdkufzsufa&; AsL[mcsxm;
ygw,f? 'gayrJh jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawG&J@ vrf;jyajryHkuawmh etztqifhtm;vHk;udk tqifh 1 rSmwif eif;acs
ypfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? 'g[m 2004 ck ar (14)&ufu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf xkwfjyefcJhwJhtwdkif; OD;wnf
csuf (6)&yfwdk@/ tajccHrl (104)csufwdk@[m (etzbufuwifjywJh) pOf;pm;&eftcsufrsm;omjzpf&r,f qdkwmeJ@vJ
vHk;0udkufnDaeygw,f?
jynfol@vrf;jyajryHk&J@ xufjrufr_eJ@vSyr_uawmh a&G;aumufcHjynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG&J@
tajccHOya'cszdk@ t"duwm0efudk jywfjywfom;om;azmfjyvdkufwmbJjzpfygw,f? vrf;jyajryHktqifh 4 rSm etz
&J@ “Oya'uJhodk@ tm%mwnfaom” 1§90 jyÏmef;csufudk twdtus,l+yD; tajccHOya'eJ@ywfoufvdk@ 1990 ck
a&G;aumufcHjynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk tm%mukeftyfxm;w,f? 'ga=umifh
qENcH,lyGJvkyfzdk@awmif xnfhrxm;ygbl;? tqifh 3 rSm etz/ tzGJ@csKyf/ wdkif;&if;om;ygwD-typf&yfwdkif;&if;om;
oHk;yGifhqdkifaygif;+yD; tajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDzGJ@zdk@ ajymxm;wmu rl=urf; qGJzdk@om jzpfw,f? tajccH
Oya'qGJzdk@ odk@r[kwf tajccHOya'cszdk@ajymwm r[kwfygbl;? tqifh 3 [m rl=urf;tqifhbJ jzpfw,f? tqifh 4 u
rS aemufqHk;t+yD;owftajccHOya' jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh tqifh 4 u tc&mjzpfygw,f? 'g[m 1§90 eJ@
vHk;0udkufnDaeygw,f?
tqifh 3 rSm tajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDxJ etzudkxnfhxm;+yD; etzanmifESpfyifu xGuf
vmr,fh[mudk “tajccHa&;qGJzdk@” ajymxm;wmuawmh twdkuftcHawG acgif;rmw,f/ aysmhajymif;r_r&Sdbl;vdk@
jynfwGif;jynfyu ^m%fwxGmwrdkuform;awG ajymaewmawGudk wefjyefwJhtaeeJ@a&m/ trsKd;om;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&;taeeJ@yg xnfhxm;wmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh pdwful;r,OfbJ jynfol@buf&yfwnfa&;rl pGJpGJjrJjrJqkyfudkif
xm;wmudkawmh tqHk;tjzwfuswJt h qifh 4 rSm awG@&ygw,f?
aemufxyfvSyr_awGuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfemrnfudk wvHk;rSxnfhrxm;wmjzpfw,f? Armjynf
'Drdkua&pDorm;awG[m a':atmifqef;pk=unfryg&if bmrSrvkyfwwfbl;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfa&; awmif;
qdkwmuvGJ&if bmrS rvkyfwwfbl;vdk@ OD;aESmufwxGmwrdkuform;awG ajymae=uwmudk 'Dvrf;jyajryHkrSm vSvS
yy ausmfv$m;xm;w,f? tckvrf;jyajryHk (7)qifhpvHk;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfemrnf/ 'Drdkua&pDemrnf/
zuf'&,femrnfawG bmwckrS xnfhrxm;ygbl;? 'gayrJh tqifh 2 rSm etz/ tzGJ@csKyftrwf/ wdkif;&if;om;
trwfawG oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHk+yD; “trsK;d rsKd;tzHkzHkaom wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ta&;udpPrsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;”
aqG;aEG;&efqdkwm tifrwefus,fjyef@+yD; tifrwefvSwJhtuGufjzpfygw,f? 'Dacgif;pOfatmufrSm wduswJh a&S@
vkyfief;pOf tygt0if trsKd;rsKd;xnfhvdk@&ygw,f?
 'Djynfol@vrf;jyajryHk[m ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyfqD acgif;wyfxm;wmjzpfvdk@ t*FvdyfbmomeJ@bJ
xkwfxm;+yD; jrefrmbmomeJ@ xkwfrxm;ygbl;? 'ga=umifh t*Fvdyfpmtm;enf;olawGtzdk@ em;vnfr_vGJwm/ r&Sif;
wmawG jzpfEdkifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dvrf;jyajryHk[m usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDorm;awG e*dkrlvucsxm;wJh w&m;
udk,fawG/ tajccHrlawGeJ@ uGJvGJr_&Sdr&Sdudk t*Fvdyfpm }udK;pm;tm;xkwf aphaphpyfpyfzwf+yD; }udKufovdkqef;ppf
=unfhyg? tbufbufu rSwfausmufwifcHEdkifygw,f? usaemfhtaeeJ@ wwfoavmuf rSwfoavmuf t*Fvdyfpm
av;eJ@ zwf=unfhwmawmh tm;vHk;&Sif;/ tm;vHk;rSefuefaewmawG@&ygw,f?
ylusifh&Sif;xefqdkwm rqvacwfrwdkifrD [dk;t&ifacwft*Fvdyfpmwwf c&pf,mefbmom0if csif;tzd;k
}uD; jzpfygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHu urBmausmf 0g&Sifwefydk@pfowif;pm}uD;rSm t*Fvdyfvdkaqmif;yg;a&;ol jzpfyg
w,f? 0g&Sifwefydk@pf qdkwm tvum;owif;pmr[kwfygbl;? xdkif;EdkifiHxJu wvw}udrf t*FvdyfvdkxkwfwJh/ we*F
aEGeHeJ@pwJh pmapmifav;vdk r[kwfygbl;? 'Dawmh 'DvdkvlrsKd;a&;wJh t*Fvdyfpm[m tifrwefudk tqifhjrifhjrifh vSvS
yyeJ@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&SdvSygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;&J@aemufqHk;rSmvnf; t"duwm0efcHoltjzpf rdrdemrnfudk zHk;eHywfu
tp tjynfhtpHkxnfhay;xm;ygw,f? cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf a=umufa=umufvef@vef@e@J a&;wJhpmr[kwfbJ rdrdZdkrD;ygwD
omru v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD/ nD!Gwfaomwdkif;&if;om;r[mrdwftzGJ@awGudkyg udk,fpm;jyKa=umif;
twdtvif;jyxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh (92)a,mufxJrSm v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD emrnfcHwm (2)a,muf
xJ ruygbl;?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ tckvdk jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGu axmifE_wfcrf;eif;+yD; tqifhjrifhjrifh
csufcsufcsmcsmeJ@ a&;xkwfvdkufwJhpmwrf;udk tawG;acgifwm odk@r[kwf r,foDvacgif; oef;&Smovdk twif;jzJ&J
+yD; tustaygufawG csKd@,Gif;csufawG vdkuf&Smnnf;wGm;aezdk@ roifhygbl;? b,favmuf}uD;a&yufr0ifatmifa&;
wJh Oya'bJjzpfjzpf/ a&S@aeawG w&m;ol}uD;awG &JawGu [muGufvpfuGufawG &Smaxmuf+yD; vkyfpm;vdk@&ygw,f?
0denf;wwf&if =uufowfvdk@&w,fqdkwJh Armpum;vJ&Sdygw,f?
'Dvrf;jyajryHk[m etz&J@ 5§96 udk ausmfv$m;Edkifzdk@twGuf befuDrGef;qD t*Fvdyfvdkay;pmtjzpf
xdk;xGif;r_&Sd&SdeJ@ xufxufjrufjrufxkwfwmjzpfw,f? ukvor*~u 'gudkoabmus+yD; etzudk em;csEdkifr,fvdk@
wu,f,lq+yD;xkwfwmvdk@ rxifygbl;? 'Dawmh 'Dvrf;jyajryHk&J@ tESpfom&u 1) ukvor*~eJ@wuG w±kwf/
ukvm;/ ±k&Sm;/ tmqD,HawGudk jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@&J@ tajrmftjrif}uD;r_/ oabmxm;}uD;r_ jywJh pif+ydKif
vrf;jyajryHk odk@r[kwf vrf;jyajryHktppf cif;usif;jyay;wm/ 2) etz&J@ anmifESpfyiftajccHOya'awG/ qENcH,lyGJ
awG/ vrf;ysufajryHkawGudk jynfolvlxku vHk;0y,fcsypfzdk@ wyfvSef@tcsufay;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh usef
wJh usaemfwdk@'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG wm0efu 'gudk jynfolvlxkxJa&mufatmif jzef@zdk@/ wdkufyGJv_H@aqmfzdk@ jzpfyg
w,f?
aemufwckowdxm;zdk@uawmh usaemfwdk@&J@ awG;ac:pOf;pm;enf; mind-set jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@
trsm;pk}uD;[m t"dutm;jzifh rqvacwf/ e0w-etzacwfudk jzwfoef;cJh&olawGjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf
wdk@odwJhtzGJ@tpnf;qdkwm tJ'Dumvwav#muf v$rf;rdk;}uD;pdk;cJhwJh/ }uD;pdk;aewJh rqvwygwD odk@r[kwf ppfwyfbJ
jzpfygw,f? wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf odk@r[kwf ppftm%m&SifpepfudkusihfoHk;wJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; odk@r[kwf ppfwyf
qdkwm A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk t"duxm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh waoG;-woH-wrdef@pepf
usifhoHk;wJhtzGJ@awGjzpfw,f? 'Drdkua&pDA[dkOD;pD;pepf vdk@emrnfcHayrJh A[dkOD;pD;u t"dujzpfygw,f? wOD;csif;u
tzGJ@tpnf;udkemcH/ atmufqifhu txufqifhudkemcH/ wygwDvHk;u A[dkaumfrwDudkemcHqdkwJh A[dkOD;pD;rludk
t"duxm;w,f? tenf;pku trsm;pkudkemcH/ A[dkaumfrwDu ygwDvHk;u|wfuGef*&ufudkemcHqdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDrl
xuf A[dkOD;pD;rlu tm;ydk}uD;ygw,f?
usaemfwdk@xJrSm wcsKd@u 1962 rwdkifrD ygvDref'Drdkua&pDumvudk tenf;tusOf;jzwfoef;cJhzl;wmvJ
&SdEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh 62 ckrwdkirf D 'Drdkua&pDumvqdkwmuvJ wif;jynfhusyfjynfhvpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDr[kwfbJ
tckacwf EdkifiHa&;ody`HtoHk;tE_ef;eJ@ajym&&if ,SOf+ydKifa&;tm%m&Sifpepf Competitive authoritarianism
odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufcHtm%m&Sifpepf Electoral authoritarianism rsKd;omjzpfvdk@ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygwD
tawG@t}uHK aumif;aumif;r&Edkifygbl;?
rqvacwfrSm wjcm;a&G;p&mtjzpf&SdcJhwJh Auy/ autif,l/ tufpftufpfat/ autdkifat/ rGefjynfopf
pwJh awmwGif;u vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@awG[mvJ tifrwef@udk jyif;xef=urf;wrf;wJh awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJ
udk wdkufae&wmjzpfvdk@ obm0uspGmbJ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk t"duaZmif;ay;&ygw,f? vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygwD
awGtjzpf &yfwnfvdk@ rjzpfEdkifygbl;? usaemfwdk@[m 'DvdktzGJ@tpnf;awGudk jzwfoef;cJh&wmjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;vdkvdk[m A[dkcsKyfukdifr_ odk@r[kwf a'gifvdkufzGJ@pnf;yHkudkbJ t±dk;pGJ tom;us
aecJh=uygw,f? A[dkaumfrwD odk@r[kwf A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@&J@ trdef@!¸ef=um;csufr&Sd&if atmufajcygwD
0ifawG bmrS oD;oef@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;cGifhr&Sd qdkwJh wygwDpepfpOf;pm;awG;ac:enf;u usaemfwdk@rSm
v$rf;rdk;aewwfygw,f?
tar&duefEdkifiH/ +AdwdefEdkifiHwdk@rSm tm%m& &DywfbvpfuefygwD/ avbmygwDtrwfawGu orw
bGwf&Sf/ 0ef}uD;csKyf wdkeDbvJwdk@&J@ tD&wfay:vpDukd us,fus,favmifavmifuef@uGufwm/ wyf±kyfa&;udk twd
tvif;awmif;qdkwmawG vkyf=uw,f? &rf;pzJvfE_wfxGufa&;udk vlod&Sif=um;aqmf=ocJh=uw,f? 'gawG[m
vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygwD awG&J@ vuQ%mjzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@&J@pOf;pm;awG;ac:enf;ta[mif;twdkif;qdk&if 'g
rsKd;awGu ygwDxJrSm A&rf;Awmjzpfapwm/ rif;rJh0g'jzpfapwm/ nD!Gwfr_ysufapwmtjzpf pOf;pm;rSmjzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh wu,fawmh 'gawG[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygwDawGrSm ygwD&J@*k%foduQm/ EdkifiH&J@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
udk,fjrifwJha'gifhuae “wpufusrsm; jynfhaomvm;odk@” udk,fydkiftod&Sd&SdeJ@ 0dkif;0ef;wm0ef,lr_omjzpfygw,f?
wygwDpepfawG;ac:pOf;pm;enf;t±dk;pGJaeolawGqdk&if tar&duefEdkifiHwEdkifiHvHk;udk pDtdkifatu t&m&m
csKyfukdifxm;w,f/ qdkAD,uf-w±kwfuGefjrLepfpepfawGrSm ay:vpfAsL±dku t&m&mudk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifxm;ovdkrsKd;
tar&duefwEdkifiHvHk;[m pDtkid fat&J@tvdkqENtwdkif;om v_yf&Sm;ae&w,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,f? 'ga=umifh pDtdkifat
xuf ydkyg0g&SdwJh axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ (trsKd;om;vHk+cHKa&;at*sifpD NSA ) udkawmif rjrifEdkifjzpf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh
tar&dueft&if;&Sifpepf}uD;[m pDtdkifatbJjzpfjzpf/ tiftufpfatbJjzpfjzpf qdkAD,uf-w±kwfueG fjrLepfpepfawG
vdk A[dkuae OD;pD;csKyfudkif vnfywfaewmr[kwfbJ t&if;&Sifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmu udk,fhtodeJ@udk,f xdk;xGif;r_
&Sd&SdeJ@ tvsm;vdkufv_yf&Sm;vnfywfaejcif;jzpfw,fqdkwJh t"dutusqHk;tcsufudk em;rvnfEdkif jzpf=uygw,f?
wcsdefu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmifawG udk,fYrSmvJ olwdk@jzwfoef;cJh&wJh wygwDpepfygwD
odk@r[kwf ppfwyftzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@ 'DvdkpOf;pm;awG;ac:enf;a[mif;awG xif[yfaecJhzl;w,f? A[dkcGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ
,ltif'DyD±Hk;udk oGm;aqG;aEG;awmif;qdkolawG/ A[dk!e¸ f=um;csufr&SdbJ bk&m;wufqkawmif;olawGudk ta&;,l
wmawGvkyfcJhzl;w,f? tckawmh tift,fvf'D[m 'D wygwDpepf odk@r[kwf ppfwyf&J@ a'gifvdkuf A[dkcsKyfudkifa&;
pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_ yHkpHcGufa[mif;xJu wpwpeJ@ vGwfajrmuf &ifhusufvmaeyHk&ygw,f? olwdk@vdkbJ wjcm;'Drdk
ua&pDtiftm;pkawGvJ tvsm;vdkuf odk@r[kwf uGef,ufzGJ@pnf;yHk vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDygwD pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_yHkpH
opfbufudk ul;ajymif;zdk@vdkygw,f? A[dck sKyfudkifa&;udkOD;xdyfxm;wJh trdef@ay;EdkifiHa&;pepf/ trdef@ay;pD;yGm;a&;
pepfawG/ trdef@ay;ygwDpepfawG +ydKuswm/ ajymif;vJ&wmudk tav;teufqifjcifzdk@vdkygw,f?
'gha=umifh usaemfwdk@'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&J@wm0efu jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,fawGa&;qGJwJh (wenf;tm;
jzifh) jynfolawGa&;qGJwJh/ jynfo@l twGuf/ jynfolawG&J@vrf;jyajryHk Road Map of the people, for the
people, by the people bufu wcJeufaqmf=o+yD; ppfudkvdkeDtajccHOya'/ ppfudkvdkeDvrf;jyajryHkwdk@ wdkufzsuf
a&;rSonf ppftm%m&SifpepfwckvHk;z,f&Sm;a&;txd wdkufyGJ0if=uzdk@ jzpfyga=umif;?

*gr%d